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<li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2022">September 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2022">August 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2022">July 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2022">June 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2022">May 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2022">April 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2022">March 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2022">February 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2022" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2022">January 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2021">December 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2021">November 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2021">October 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2021">September 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2021">August 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2021">July 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2021">June 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2021">May 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2021">April 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2021">March 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2021">February 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2021" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2021">January 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2020">December 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2020">November 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2020">October 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2020">September 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2020">August 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2020">July 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2020">June 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2020">May 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2020">April 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2020">March 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2020">February 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2020" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2020">January 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2019">December 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2019">November 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2019">October 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2019">September 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2019">August 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2019">July 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2019">June 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2019">May 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2019">April 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_March_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: March 2019">March 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_February_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: February 2019">February 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_January_2019" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: January 2019">January 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_December_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: December 2018">December 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_November_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: November 2018">November 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_October_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: October 2018">October 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_September_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: September 2018">September 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_August_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: August 2018">August 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_July_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: July 2018">July 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_June_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: June 2018">June 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_May_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: May 2018">May 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/The_Checks_and_Balances_Letter:_April_2018" title="The Checks and Balances Letter: April 2018">April 2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Bibliography">Bibliography</a> <ul><li><a href="/Scholarly_work_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Scholarly work related to the administrative state">Scholarly work related to the administrative state</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Administrative_Law_-_The_20th_Century_Bequeaths_an_%27Illegitimate_Exotic%27_in_Full_and_Terrifying_Flower%22_by_Stephen_P._Dresch_(2000)" title=""Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)">"Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Confronting_the_Administrative_Threat%22_by_Philip_Hamburger_and_Tony_Mills_(2017)" title=""Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)">"Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Constitutionalism_after_the_New_Deal%22_by_Cass_R._Sunstein_(1987)" title=""Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)">"Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Rulemaking_as_Legislating%22_by_Kathryn_Watts_(2015)" title=""Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)">"Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Study_of_Administration%22_by_Woodrow_Wilson_(1887)" title=""The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)">"The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Why_the_Modern_Administrative_State_Is_Inconsistent_with_the_Rule_of_Law%22_by_Richard_A._Epstein_(2008)" title=""Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)">"Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalist_No._23_by_Alexander_Hamilton_(1787)" title="Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)">Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)</a></li> <li><a href="/Scholarly_work_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Scholarly work related to the administrative state">More scholary articles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Quotes_about_the_administrative_state" title="Quotes about the administrative state">Quotes about the administrative state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/The_Administrative_State_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Administrative State Project">Tracking</a> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/admin-state/home">Administrative state legislation tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/Changes_to_the_Federal_Register" title="Changes to the Federal Register">Changes to the Federal Register</a></li> <li><a href="/Historical_additions_to_the_Federal_Register" title="Historical additions to the Federal Register">Historical additions to the Federal Register</a></li> <li><a href="/Completed_OIRA_review_of_federal_administrative_agency_rules" title="Completed OIRA review of federal administrative agency rules">Completed OIRA review of federal administrative agency rules</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_agency_rules_repealed_under_the_Congressional_Review_Act" title="Federal agency rules repealed under the Congressional Review Act">Federal agency rules repealed under the Congressional Review Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Concepts,_terms,_and_definitions_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Concepts, terms, and definitions related to the administrative state">Terms and definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/Glossary_of_administrative_state_terms" title="Glossary of administrative state terms">Glossary of administrative state terms</a></li> <li><a href="#Deference">Deference</a> <ul><li><a href="/Judicial_deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial deference">Judicial deference</a></li> <li><a href="/Skidmore_deference" title="Skidmore deference">Skidmore deference</a></li> <li><a href="/Auer_deference" title="Auer deference">Auer deference</a></li> <li><a href="/Chevron_deference" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevron deference">Chevron deference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/Formal_rulemaking" title="Formal rulemaking">Formal rulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/Informal_rulemaking" title="Informal rulemaking">Informal rulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/Hybrid_rulemaking" title="Hybrid rulemaking">Hybrid rulemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/Proposed_rule" title="Proposed rule">Proposed rule</a></li> <li><a href="/Final_rule" title="Final rule">Final rule</a></li> <li><a href="/Comment_period" title="Comment period">Comment period</a></li> <li>Ex parte communications</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/Nondelegation_doctrine" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/Adjudication" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li> <li><a href="/Administrative_law_judge" title="Administrative law judge">Administrative law judge</a></li> <li><a href="/Due_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Guidance_(administrative_state)" title="Guidance (administrative state)">Guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Executive agency</a></li> <li><a href="/Independent_federal_agency" title="Independent federal agency">Independent federal agency</a></li> <li><a href="/Concepts,_terms,_and_definitions_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Concepts, terms, and definitions related to the administrative state">More terms and definitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Laws,_statutes,_and_bills_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Laws, statutes, and bills related to the administrative state">Laws and statutes</a> <ul><li><a href="/Administrative_Procedure_Act" title="Administrative Procedure Act">Administrative Procedure Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Civil Service Reform Act">Civil Service Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Congressional_Review_Act" title="Congressional Review Act">Congressional Review Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Regulatory_Flexibility_Act" title="Regulatory Flexibility Act">Regulatory Flexibility Act</a></li> <li><a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">REINS Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/Truth_in_Regulating_Act" title="Truth in Regulating Act">Truth in Regulating Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Unfunded_Mandates_Reform_Act" title="Unfunded Mandates Reform Act">Unfunded Mandates Reform Act</a></li> <li><a href="/Laws,_statutes,_and_bills_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Laws, statutes, and bills related to the administrative state">More laws and statutes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Executive_orders_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Executive orders related to the administrative state">Executive orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Carter_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Carter related to the administrative state">Jimmy Carter</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12044_(Jimmy_Carter,_1978)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12044 (Jimmy Carter, 1978)">Presidential Executive Order 12044 (Jimmy Carter, 1978)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Reagan_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Reagan related to the administrative state">Ronald Reagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12291_(Ronald_Reagan,_1981)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12291 (Ronald Reagan, 1981)">Presidential Executive Order 12291 (Ronald Reagan, 1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12498_(Ronald_Reagan,_1985)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12498 (Ronald Reagan, 1985)">Presidential Executive Order 12498 (Ronald Reagan, 1985)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Clinton_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Clinton related to the administrative state">Bill Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_12866_(Bill_Clinton,_1993)" title="Presidential Executive Order 12866 (Bill Clinton, 1993)">Presidential Executive Order 12866 (Bill Clinton, 1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13132_(Bill_Clinton,_1999)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13132 (Bill Clinton, 1999)">Presidential Executive Order 13132 (Bill Clinton, 1999)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_George_W._Bush_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President George W. Bush related to the administrative state">George W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13258_(George_W._Bush,_2002)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13258 (George W. Bush, 2002)">Presidential Executive Order 13258 (George W. Bush, 2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13422_(George_W._Bush,_2007)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13422 (George W. Bush, 2007)">Presidential Executive Order 13422 (George W. Bush, 2007)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Obama_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Obama related to the administrative state">Barack Obama</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13497_(Barack_Obama,_2009)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13497 (Barack Obama, 2009)">Presidential Executive Order 13497 (Barack Obama, 2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13563_(Barack_Obama,_2011)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13563 (Barack Obama, 2011)">Presidential Executive Order 13563 (Barack Obama, 2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13610_(Barack_Obama,_2012)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13610 (Barack Obama, 2012)">Presidential Executive Order 13610 (Barack Obama, 2012)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Trump_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Trump related to the administrative state">Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13765_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13765 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13765 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13771_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13771 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13771 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13772_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13772 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13772 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13777_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13777 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13777 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13781_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13781 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13781 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13783_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13783 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13783 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13789_(Donald_Trump,_2017)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13789 (Donald Trump, 2017)">Presidential Executive Order 13789 (Donald Trump, 2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13836_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13836 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13836 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13837_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13837 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13837 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13839_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13839 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13839 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13843_(Donald_Trump,_2018)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13843 (Donald Trump, 2018)">Presidential Executive Order 13843 (Donald Trump, 2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/List_of_executive_orders_issued_by_President_Biden_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="List of executive orders issued by President Biden related to the administrative state">Joseph Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13990_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13990 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 13990 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_13992_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 13992 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 13992 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_14003_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 14003 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 14003 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_14018_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 14018 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 14018 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_Executive_Order_14025_(Joe_Biden,_2021)" title="Presidential Executive Order 14025 (Joe Biden, 2021)">Presidential Executive Order 14025 (Joe Biden, 2021)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Executive_orders_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Executive orders related to the administrative state">More executive orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Agencies_and_offices_of_the_administrative_state" title="Agencies and offices of the administrative state">Agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="#Executive_departments">Executive departments</a> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_State" title="U.S. Department of State">Dept. of State</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Defense" title="U.S. Department of Defense">Dept. of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Justice" title="U.S. Department of Justice">Dept. of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Treasury" title="U.S. Department of the Treasury">Dept. of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="U.S. Department of Homeland Security">Dept. of Homeland Security</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Education" title="U.S. Department of Education">Dept. of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">Dept. of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Labor" title="U.S. Department of Labor">Dept. of Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs">Dept. of Veterans Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Transportation" title="U.S. Department of Transportation">Dept. of Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Energy" title="U.S. Department of Energy">Dept. of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development">Dept. of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_the_Interior" title="U.S. Department of the Interior">Dept. of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">Dept. of Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Department_of_Commerce" title="U.S. Department of Commerce">Dept. of Commerce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Executive_agencies">Executive agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Office_of_Management_and_Budget" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs">U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">U.S. Civil Service Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="#Independent_agencies">Independent agencies</a> <ul><li><a href="/U.S._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/U.S._Small_Business_Administration" title="U.S. Small Business Administration">Small Business Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Administrative Conference of the United States">Administrative Conference of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Court_cases_and_lawsuits_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Court cases and lawsuits related to the administrative state">Court cases</a> <ul><li><a href="/Auer_v._Robbins" title="Auer v. Robbins">Auer v. Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/Chevron_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/Skidmore_v._Swift_%26_Co." title="Skidmore v. Swift & Co.">Skidmore v. Swift & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/Humphrey%27s_Executor_v._United_States" title="Humphrey's Executor v. United States">Humphrey's Executor v. United States</a></li> <li><a href="/Citizens_to_Preserve_Overton_Park_v._Volpe" title="Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe">Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/Court_cases_and_lawsuits_related_to_the_administrative_state" title="Court cases and lawsuits related to the administrative state">More court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/admin-state/home">Administrative state legislation tracker</a></li></ul> </div><table style="width:100%; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; background-color:#efefef;box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;"> <tbody><tr><td><big><b><a href="/REINS-style_state_laws" title="REINS-style state laws">What is a REINS-style state law?</a></b></big><br /> <p><a href="/REINS-style_state_laws" title="REINS-style state laws">REINS-style state laws</a> refer to state laws in the spirit of the federal <a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">Regulations from the Executive in Need of Scrutiny (REINS) Act</a> that require legislative approval of proposed state agency <a href="/Significant_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Significant rule">rules with associated costs in excess of a certain monetary threshold</a>. REINS-style state laws aim to give state legislators the preemptive authority to halt the initial enactment of certain administrative regulations. </p> </td> </tr></tbody></table> <table style="width:20%; background:#F0F0F0; font-size:100%; border:1px solid #ccc; float:right; padding:3px; text-align: center; margin-left:1.5%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: #000090; font-size:115%; color:white; height:30px">Administrative State </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state"><img alt="Administrative State Icon Gold.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/a/a3/Administrative_State_Icon_Gold.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #000090; font-size:100%; color:white; height:30px">Five Pillars of the Administrative State </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F0F0F0; font-size:100%;"><small>• <b><a href="/Five_pillars_of_the_administrative_state:_Nondelegation" title="Five pillars of the administrative state: Nondelegation">Nondelegation</a><br />• <a href="/Five_pillars_of_the_administrative_state:_Judicial_deference" title="Five pillars of the administrative state: Judicial deference">Judicial deference</a><br />• <a href="/Five_pillars_of_the_administrative_state:_Executive_control_of_agencies" title="Five pillars of the administrative state: Executive control of agencies">Executive control</a><br />• <a href="/Five_pillars_of_the_administrative_state:_Procedural_rights" title="Five pillars of the administrative state: Procedural rights">Procedural rights</a><br />• <a href="/Five_pillars_of_the_administrative_state:_Agency_dynamics" title="Five pillars of the administrative state: Agency dynamics">Agency dynamics</a></b></small> <hr style="background-color:#407374" /> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F0F0F0; font-size:100%;"><small><b>Click here for more coverage of the <a href="/Glossary_of_administrative_state_terms" title="Glossary of administrative state terms">administrative state</a> on Ballotpedia</b></small> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> The <b>Florida REINS-style state law</b> (Laws of Florida, Chapter 2010-279) is a <a href="/REINS-style_state_laws" title="REINS-style state laws">REINS-style state law</a> enacted by the <a href="/Florida_State_Legislature" title="Florida State Legislature">Florida State Legislature</a> on November 16, 2010, over the veto of then-Republican Florida Governor <a href="/Charlie_Crist" title="Charlie Crist">Charlie Crist</a> that amended the <a href="/Florida_Administrative_Procedure_Act" title="Florida Administrative Procedure Act">Florida Administrative Procedure Act</a> to require legislative approval of agency rules with associated economic costs of $1 million or more over five years before they can take effect, among other provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-law_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>Laws of Florida, Chapter 2010-279, includes the following provisions, according to an analysis by the <a href="/Florida_State_Legislature" title="Florida State Legislature">Florida State Legislature</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-analysis_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-analysis-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <table style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <tbody><tr><td style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"> <ul><li>Requires agencies to prepare statements of [estimated] regulatory costs (SERCs) and economic analyses for certain proposed rules, amended rules, and rule repeals;</li> <li>Stays the implementation of rules that trigger economic-development thresholds until the Legislature has had an opportunity to review and ratify them; and</li> <li>Gives 'substantially affected persons' additional time to review rules and submit lower-cost regulatory alternatives to the agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-3">[3]</a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p><p>REINS-style state laws refer to state laws in the spirit of the federal <a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">Regulations from the Executive in Need of Scrutiny (REINS) Act</a>. These laws require legislative approval of proposed state agency rules that carry associated costs in excess of a certain monetary threshold. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Legislative_history"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Legislative history</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ratification_and_the_rulemaking_process"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Ratification and the rulemaking process</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Provisions"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Provisions</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Statements_of_estimated_regulatory_costs"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Statements of estimated regulatory costs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Rulemaking_and_review_process"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Rulemaking and review process</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Challenging_rules"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Challenging rules</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Requests_for_additional_information"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Requests for additional information</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Noteworthy_use_of_the_Florida_REINS-style_state_law"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Noteworthy use of the Florida REINS-style state law</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Proposed_Styrofoam_packaging_ban_(2022)"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Proposed Styrofoam packaging ban (2022)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Early_use_of_the_Florida_REINS-style_state_law_(2011-2014)"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Early use of the Florida REINS-style state law (2011-2014)</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span></h2> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a>, <a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">REINS Act</a>, <a href="/Reform_proposals_related_to_the_nondelegation_doctrine" title="Reform proposals related to the nondelegation doctrine">Reform proposals related to the nondelegation doctrine</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The federal <a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">REINS Act</a>, which provisions of the Florida state law were modeled on, was initially designed by <a href="/Tea_Party" title="Tea Party">Tea Party</a> activist Lloyd Rogers in 2009. Rogers contacted former U.S. Representative <a href="/Geoff_Davis" title="Geoff Davis">Geoff Davis</a> (<a href="/Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican">R</a>-<a href="/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Ky.</a>) to propose legislation requiring that "all rules, regulations, or mandates that require citizens, state or local government financial expenditures must first be approved by the U.S. Congress before they can become effective." The proposal was incorporated into the <a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party">Republican Party</a>'s Pledge to America legislative agenda leading up to the 2010 election cycle and was later introduced as legislation. It has since been introduced in the 112th Congress (2011-2013) through the 118th Congress (2023-2025).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Legislative_history">Legislative history</span></h3> <p>House Bill (HB) 1565 was introduced to the <a href="/Florida_House_of_Representatives" title="Florida House of Representatives">Florida House of Representatives</a> on March 2, 2010, by the Economic Development & Community Affairs Policy Council, the Governmental Affairs Policy Committee, and Republican state Representatives <a href="/Chris_Dorworth" title="Chris Dorworth">Chris Dorworth</a>, <a href="/Clay_Ford" title="Clay Ford">Clay Ford</a>, and <a href="/Matt_Gaetz" title="Matt Gaetz">Matt Gaetz</a>. The bill proposed several changes to the agency rulemaking process in the <a href="/Florida_Administrative_Procedure_Act" title="Florida Administrative Procedure Act">Florida Administrative Procedure Act</a>, including a REINS-style provision requiring the state legislature to ratify all agency rules with economic costs in excess of $1 million over five years. The bill unanimously passed both chambers of the <a href="/Florida_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Legislature">Florida Legislature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fga_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fga-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-analysis_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-analysis-2">[2]</a></sup> </p><p>Governor <a href="/Charlie_Crist" title="Charlie Crist">Charlie Crist</a> (R) vetoed the bill, arguing in his veto message that "instead of addressing regulatory costs, this bill encroaches on the <a href="/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>." Crist argued that agency rulemaking is a lawful exercise of executive—not legislative—power. He also suggested that HB 1565 could harm the state's economy by slowing down the rulemaking process.<sup id="cite_ref-veto_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-veto-7">[7]</a></sup> </p><p>State lawmakers later voted in a special session to override the governor's veto. The House voted 99-21 and the Senate voted 32-7 to override the veto. The bill took effect on November 17, 2010, in Laws of Florida, Chapter 2010-279.<sup id="cite_ref-law_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> </p><p>Below is an abbreviated timeline of the legislative history of 2010 House Bill 1565 - Rulemaking:<sup id="cite_ref-law_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>March 2, 2010:</b> HB 1565 was introduced to the <a href="/Florida_House_of_Representatives" title="Florida House of Representatives">Florida House of Representatives</a> by the Economic Development & Community Affairs Policy Council, the Governmental Affairs Policy Committee, and Republican state Representatives <a href="/Chris_Dorworth" title="Chris Dorworth">Chris Dorworth</a>, <a href="/Clay_Ford" title="Clay Ford">Clay Ford</a>, and <a href="/Matt_Gaetz" title="Matt Gaetz">Matt Gaetz</a> and read for the first time.</li> <li><b>March 10, 2010:</b> The bill was referred to the Governmental Affairs Policy Committee.</li> <li><b>March 24, 2010:</b> The bill was reported favorably with a committee substitute by the Governmental Affairs Policy Committee.</li> <li><b>April 1, 2010:</b> The bill was referred to the Economic Development and Community Affairs Policy Council.</li> <li><b>April 16, 2010:</b> The bill was reported favorably with a committee substitute by the Economic Development and Community Affairs Policy Council.</li> <li><b>April 26, 2010:</b> The bill passed the <a href="/Florida_House_of_Representatives" title="Florida House of Representatives">House</a> as amended with a vote of 113-0.</li> <li><b>April 29, 2010:</b> The bill passed the <a href="/Florida_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Senate">Senate</a> with a vote of 36-0.</li> <li><b>May 28, 2010:</b> The bill was vetoed by Governor <a href="/Charlie_Crist" title="Charlie Crist">Charlie Crist</a> (R).</li> <li><b>November 16, 2010:</b> The <a href="/Florida_House_of_Representatives" title="Florida House of Representatives">House</a> voted to override the governor's veto with a vote of 99-21 and the <a href="/Florida_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Senate">Senate</a> voted to override the governor's veto with a vote of 32-7.</li> <li><b>November 17, 2010:</b> HB 1565 became effective as Laws of Florida, Chapter 2010-279.</li></ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Ratification_and_the_rulemaking_process">Ratification and the rulemaking process</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Florida_Administrative_Procedure_Act" title="Florida Administrative Procedure Act">Florida Administrative Procedure Act</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The Florida REINS-style state law requires that lawmakers ratify applicable rules before the rules can take effect. Agencies must submit ratification requests to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives no later than 30 days prior to the start of the next regular legislative session.<sup id="cite_ref-law_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law-1">[1]</a></sup> </p><p>Ratified rule requests are not codified as state statutes, nor does ratification replace the <a href="/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">rulemaking</a> process. Instead, ratified rule requests serve as validation for state agencies to <a href="/Promulgate" title="Promulgate">promulgate</a> the rules through the rulemaking process put forth in the <a href="/Florida_Administrative_Procedure_Act" title="Florida Administrative Procedure Act">Florida Administrative Procedure Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bar_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bar-9">[9]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Provisions">Provisions</span></h2> <p>The sections below contain a series of quotes explaining the major provisions of the law, according to an analysis by the <a href="/Florida_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Senate">Florida Senate</a>. The quotes outline the proposed changes in the law that impact "when agencies must prepare SERCs; what information those SERCs must evaluate; the Legislature’s role in reviewing and acting on proposed rules that impact economic-development issues; and how much time persons substantially affected by a rule have to review it and to submit an alternative."<sup id="cite_ref-analysis_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-analysis-2">[2]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Statements_of_estimated_regulatory_costs">Statements of estimated regulatory costs</span></h3> <p>The following section outlines amendments to requirements regarding agency preparation of statements of estimated regulatory costs (SERCs): </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"> <p><b>Section 1</b> amends s. 120.54, F.S., to require agencies to prepare SERCs on any proposed rule that either has an adverse impact (rather than simply an impact, as expressed in previous law) on small business, or is likely to directly or indirectly increase regulatory costs in excess of $200,000 in the aggregate in Florida within 1 year after implementation of the rule. The term 'regulatory costs' is not defined, but implies adverse impacts on the private-sector and individuals, not only small businesses. </p><p>The bill amends s. 120.54(4)(c), F.S., to provide that emergency rules are only effective for 90 days and not renewable unless the agency has initiated rulemaking on the subject of the emergency rule and either: </p> <ul><li>A filed challenge to the proposed rules remains pending; or</li> <li>The proposed rules are awaiting ratification by the Legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-3">[3]</a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Rulemaking_and_review_process">Rulemaking and review process</span></h3> <p>The following section outlines amendments to regulations regarding procedures for submitting and reviewing SERCs and proposed rules: </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"><b>Section 2</b> amends s. 120.541, F.S., to make a number of changes, such as extending certain deadlines, establishing thresholds for SERC review, and involving the Legislature in reviewing and acting on proposed rules. It deletes or rearranges existing provisions related to when a rule may be declared invalid to reflect the changes to this section of law. <p>The language in Section 1 referring to the $200,000 threshold of impact is repeated in this section. Additionally, an agency would be required to revise its SERC if any further change to the proposed rule increases regulatory costs. At least 45 days before filing a proposed rule for final adoption, an agency must provide a copy of its revised SERC to the person who submitted the lower cost regulatory alternative and to JAPC, and provide notice on its website that the document is available to the public. </p><p>An agency that fails to prepare or revise a SERC pursuant to these new conditions has committed a material failure to follow the state’s rulemaking procedures, notwithstanding provisions in s. 120.56(1)(c), F.S., that allow an agency to rebut charges that it has committed a material failure. Additionally, any rule that is challenged by a substantially affected person because it is an 'invalid exercise of delegated legislative authority' imposing regulatory costs on a regulated person, city, or county that could be reduced by a lower cost alternative, may not be automatically declared invalid unless: </p> <ul><li>This issue is raised in an administrative proceeding within 1 year after the rule’s effective date;</li> <li>The challenge is to the agency’s rejection of a lower-cost regulatory alternative pursuant to s.120.541(1)(a), F.S.,23 or under s. 120.54(3)(b)2.b., F.S., related to notification to SBRAC that the proposed rule impacts small businesses; and</li> <li>The substantial interests of the person challenging the agency on its proposed rule are materially affected by the rejection of the lower cost alternative.</li></ul> <p>Section 120.541(2)(a), F.S., is amended to require SERCs to include an economic analysis of whether the proposed rule, directly or indirectly: </p> <ul><li>Is likely to have an adverse impact on economic growth, private-sector job creation or employment, or private-sector investment in excess of $1 million in the aggregate within 5 years after implementation of the rule;</li> <li>Is likely to have an adverse impact on business competitiveness, including the ability of persons doing business in Florida to compete with persons doing business in other states or domestic markets, productivity, or innovation in excess of $1 million in the aggregate within 5 years after implementation of the rule; or</li> <li>Is likely to increase regulatory costs, including any transactional costs, in excess of $1 million in the aggregate within 5 years after implementation of the rule.</li></ul> <p>Additionally, SERCs must include: </p> <ul><li>Any transactional costs likely to be incurred by individuals, entities, or small businesses, 'any other costs necessary to comply with the rule;'</li> <li>The basis for the agency’s decision not to implement alternatives that would reduce adverse impacts on small businesses; and</li> <li>A description of any regulatory alternatives, rather than “good faith written proposals,” submitted by the parties and a statement by the agency that it is adopting the alternative or giving the reasons why it is rejecting the alternative.</li></ul> <p>Emergency rules adopted pursuant to s. 120.54(4), F.S., or federal standards adopted pursuant to s. 120.54(6), F.S., are exempt from this new economic analysis component of the SERC. </p><p>A new subsection (3) is created in s. 120.541, F.S., to require that any proposed rule which has an adverse impact or regulatory costs in excess of the criteria listed above may not go into effect until it is ratified by the Legislature. In such cases, the rule must be submitted to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives no later than 30 days prior to the next regular legislative session.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-3">[3]</a></sup> </p> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Challenging_rules">Challenging rules</span></h3> <p>The following section outlines amendments to regulations regarding the authority to challenge rules: </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"><b>Section 3</b> amends s. 120.56(2)(a), F.S., to allow a person substantially affected by a proposed rule to challenge the rule within 44 – rather than 20 – days after the SERC or revised SERC has been prepared and made available.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-3">[3]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Requests_for_additional_information">Requests for additional information</span></h3> <p>The following section outlines amendments to regulations regarding the time period for requesting or submitting additional information related to licensing: </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;"><b>Section 4</b> amends s. 120.60(1), F.S., to provide that an agency may establish by rule the time period for submitting any additional information requested by the agency related to licensing. For good cause shown, the agency must grant a request for an extension of time for submitting the additional information. If the applicant believes the agency’s request for additional information is not authorized by law or rule, the agency, at the applicant’s request, must proceed to process the application.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-3">[3]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Noteworthy_use_of_the_Florida_REINS-style_state_law"><a href="/Noteworthy_events" title="Noteworthy events">Noteworthy</a> use of the Florida REINS-style state law</span></h2> <p>The following sections identify a selection of noteworthy applications of the Florida REINS-style state law since its enactment in 2010. </p> <h3><span id="Proposed_Styrofoam_packaging_ban_.282022.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Proposed_Styrofoam_packaging_ban_(2022)">Proposed Styrofoam packaging ban (2022)</span></h3> <p>The <a href="/Florida_State_Legislature" title="Florida State Legislature">Florida State Legislature</a> in 2022 used the REINS-style provision of Laws of Florida, Chapter 2010-279, to withhold legislative approval of an agency proposal to ban Styrofoam packaging in grocery stores. Florida Agriculture Commissioner <a href="/Nikki_Fried" title="Nikki Fried">Nikki Fried</a> in 2021 proposed the ban through the rulemaking process, but state lawmakers did not advance a bill to approve the proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-fga_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fga-6">[6]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span id="Early_use_of_the_Florida_REINS-style_state_law_.282011-2014.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_use_of_the_Florida_REINS-style_state_law_(2011-2014)">Early use of the Florida REINS-style state law (2011-2014)</span></h3> <p>In a study of the four-year period after HB 1565 became law, the <i>Florida Bar Journal</i> found that the state legislature received 36 valid rule ratification requests out of the 8,535 rules filed by state agencies (roughly 2,100 rules per year).<sup id="cite_ref-bar_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bar-9">[9]</a></sup> </p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/REINS_Act" title="REINS Act">REINS Act</a></li> <li><a href="/REINS_Act_(Wisconsin)" class="mw-redirect" title="REINS Act (Wisconsin)">REINS Act (Wisconsin)</a></li> <li><a href="/Indiana_REINS-style_state_law" title="Indiana REINS-style state law">Indiana REINS-style state law</a></li> <li><a href="/Kansas_REINS-style_state_law" title="Kansas REINS-style state law">Kansas REINS-style state law</a></li> <li><a href="/REINS-style_state_laws" title="REINS-style state laws">REINS-style state laws</a></li> <li><a href="/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://laws.flrules.org/2010/279">Laws of Florida, Chapter 2010-279 (full text)</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=Florida+REINS-style+state+law">Search Google News for this topic</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-law-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-law_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-law_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-law_1-2">1.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-law_1-3">1.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Bills/billsdetail.aspx?BillId=44375"><i>Florida House of Representative</i>, "CS/CS/HB 1565 (2010) - Rulemaking," accessed October 20, 2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-analysis-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-analysis_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-analysis_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-analysis_2-2">2.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.japc.state.fl.us/Documents/Publications/SummariesAnalyses/2010/VetoCSCSH1565.pdf"><i>Florida House of Representatives</i>, "Veto Message Bill Analysis - CS/CS/HB 1565," accessed October 20, 2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quotedisclaimer-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_3-2">3.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_3-3">3.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_3-4">3.4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.jacksonsun.com/story/opinion/columnists/2017/01/04/we-were-never-closer-seeing-reins-act-become-law/96090608/"><i>The Jackson Sun</i>, "We were never closer to seeing REINS Act become law," January 4, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonherald.com/opinion/op_ed/2017/01/smith_congress_can_regain_power_with_reins"><i>Boston Herald</i>, "Smith: Congress can regain power with REINS," January 6, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fga-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fga_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fga_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://thefga.org/paper/florida-is-a-national-model-for-regulatory-reform/"><i>Foundation for Government Accountability</i>, "Why Florida is a National Model for Regulatory Reform," September 21, 2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-veto-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-veto_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.myfloridahouse.gov/Sections/Documents/loaddoc.aspx?FileName=Veto%20Message.pdf&DocumentType=VetoMessageDocuments&Session=2010&BillNumber=1565"><i>Governor Charlie Crist</i>, "Veto Message—HB 1565," May 28, 2010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.floridabar.org/the-florida-bar-journal/the-2010-amendments-to-the-apa-legislature-overrides-veto-of-law-to-require-legislative-ratification-of-million-dollar-rules/"><i>The Florida Bar Journal</i>, "THE 2010 AMENDMENTS TO THE APA: LEGISLATURE OVERRIDES VETO OF LAW TO REQUIRE LEGISLATIVE RATIFICATION OF “MILLION DOLLAR RULES," May 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bar-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bar_9-0">9.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-bar_9-1">9.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.floridabar.org/the-florida-bar-journal/legislative-rule-ratification-lessons-from-the.first-four-years/"><i>Florida Bar Journal</i>, "LEGISLATIVE RULE RATIFICATION: LESSONS FROM THE FIRST FOUR YEARS," accessed October 2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.frf.org/files/2022_Legislative_Session_Report.pdf"><i>Florida Retail Foundation</i>, "2022 Legislative Session Report," accessed October 21, 2022</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#bbccee;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:TASP_hnt" title="Template:TASP hnt"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#bbccee;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:TASP_hnt&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#bbccee;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. 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line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/Abbott_Laboratories_v._Gardner" title="Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner">Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner</a></i> • <i><a href="/A.L.A._Schechter_Poultry_Corp._v._United_States" title="A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States">A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/Association_of_Data_Processing_Service_Organizations_v._Camp" title="Association of Data Processing Service Organizations v. Camp">Association of Data Processing Service Organizations v. Camp</a></i> • <i><a href="/Auer_v._Robbins" title="Auer v. Robbins">Auer v. Robbins</a></i> • <i><a href="/Chevron_v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> • <i><a href="/Citizens_to_Preserve_Overton_Park_v._Volpe" title="Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe">Citizens to Preserve Overton Park v. Volpe</a></i> • <i><a href="/Federal_Trade_Commission_(FTC)_v._Standard_Oil_Company_of_California" title="Federal Trade Commission (FTC) v. Standard Oil Company of California">Federal Trade Commission (FTC) v. Standard Oil Company of California</a></i> • <i><a href="/Field_v._Clark" title="Field v. Clark">Field v. Clark</a></i> • <i><a href="/Food_and_Drug_Administration_v._Brown_and_Williamson_Tobacco_Corporation" title="Food and Drug Administration v. Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation">Food and Drug Administration v. Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation</a></i> • <i><a href="/Humphrey%27s_Executor_v._United_States" title="Humphrey's Executor v. United States">Humphrey's Executor v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service_(INS)_v._Chadha" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) v. Chadha">Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) v. Chadha</a></i> • <i><a href="/J.W._Hampton_Jr._%26_Company_v._United_States" title="J.W. Hampton Jr. & Company v. United States">J.W. Hampton Jr. & Company v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/Lucia_v._SEC" title="Lucia v. SEC">Lucia v. SEC</a></i> • <i><a href="/Marshall_v._Barlow%27s" title="Marshall v. Barlow's">Marshall v. Barlow's</a></i> • <i><a href="/Massachusetts_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency">Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency</a></i> • <i><a href="/Mistretta_v._United_States" title="Mistretta v. United States">Mistretta v. United States</a></i> • <i><a href="/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_(NFIB)_v._Sebelius" title="National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) v. Sebelius">National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) v. Sebelius</a></i> • <i><a href="/National_Labor_Relations_Board_v._Noel_Canning_Company" title="National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning Company">National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning Company</a></i> • <i><a href="/National_Labor_Relations_Board_v._Sears,_Roebuck_%26_Co." title="National Labor Relations Board v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.">National Labor Relations Board v. Sears, Roebuck & Co.</a></i> • <i><a href="/Panama_Refining_Co._v._Ryan" title="Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan">Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan</a></i> • <i><a href="/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_v._Chenery_Corporation" title="Securities and Exchange Commission v. Chenery Corporation">Securities and Exchange Commission v. Chenery Corporation</a></i> • <i><a href="/Skidmore_v._Swift_%26_Co." title="Skidmore v. Swift & Co.">Skidmore v. Swift & Co.</a></i> • <i><a href="/United_States_v._Lopez" title="United States v. Lopez">United States v. Lopez</a></i> • <i><a href="/United_States_v._Western_Pacific_Railroad_Co." title="United States v. Western Pacific Railroad Co.">United States v. Western Pacific Railroad Co.</a></i> • <i><a href="/Universal_Camera_Corporation_v._National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="Universal Camera Corporation v. National Labor Relations Board">Universal Camera Corporation v. National Labor Relations Board</a></i> • <i><a href="/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Corp._v._Natural_Resources_Defense_Council" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council">Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council</a></i> • <i><a href="/Wayman_v._Southard" title="Wayman v. Southard">Wayman v. Southard</a></i> • <i><a href="/Weyerhaeuser_Company_v._United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service">Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a></i> • <i><a href="/Whitman_v._American_Trucking_Associations" title="Whitman v. American Trucking Associations">Whitman v. American Trucking Associations</a></i> • <i><a href="/Wickard_v._Filburn" title="Wickard v. Filburn">Wickard v. Filburn</a></i> • <i><a href="/Wiener_v._United_States" title="Wiener v. United States">Wiener v. United States</a></i></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Terms</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Adjudication_(administrative_state)" title="Adjudication (administrative state)">Adjudication (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Administrative_judge" title="Administrative judge">Administrative judge</a> • <a href="/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a> • <a href="/Administrative_law_judge" title="Administrative law judge">Administrative law judge</a> • <a href="/Administrative_state" title="Administrative state">Administrative state</a> • <a href="/Arbitrary-or-capricious_test" title="Arbitrary-or-capricious test">Arbitrary-or-capricious test</a> • <a href="/Auer_deference" title="Auer deference">Auer deference</a> • <a href="/Barrier_to_entry" title="Barrier to entry">Barrier to entry</a> • <a href="/Bootleggers_and_Baptists" title="Bootleggers and Baptists">Bootleggers and Baptists</a> • <a href="/Chevron_deference_(doctrine)" title="Chevron deference (doctrine)">Chevron deference (doctrine)</a> • <a href="/Civil_servant" title="Civil servant">Civil servant</a> • <a href="/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a> • <a href="/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a> • <a href="/Codify_(administrative_state)" title="Codify (administrative state)">Codify (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Comment_period" title="Comment period">Comment period</a> • <a href="/Compliance_costs" title="Compliance costs">Compliance costs</a> • <a href="/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a> • <a href="/Coordination_(administrative_state)" title="Coordination (administrative state)">Coordination (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Deference_(administrative_state)" title="Deference (administrative state)">Deference (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Direct_and_indirect_costs_(administrative_state)" title="Direct and indirect costs (administrative state)">Direct and indirect costs (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Enabling_statute" title="Enabling statute">Enabling statute</a> • <a href="/Ex_parte_communication_(administrative_state)" title="Ex parte communication (administrative state)">Ex parte communication (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Executive_agency" title="Executive agency">Executive agency</a> • <a href="/Federal_law" title="Federal law">Federal law</a> • <a href="/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a> • <a href="/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a> • <a href="/Final_rule" title="Final rule">Final rule</a> • <a href="/Formal_rulemaking" title="Formal rulemaking">Formal rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Formalism_(law)" title="Formalism (law)">Formalism (law)</a> • <a href="/Functionalism_(law)" title="Functionalism (law)">Functionalism (law)</a> • <a href="/Guidance_(administrative_state)" title="Guidance (administrative state)">Guidance (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Hybrid_rulemaking" title="Hybrid rulemaking">Hybrid rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Incorporation_by_reference" title="Incorporation by reference">Incorporation by reference</a> • <a href="/Independent_federal_agency" title="Independent federal agency">Independent federal agency</a> • <a href="/Informal_rulemaking" title="Informal rulemaking">Informal rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Joint_resolution_of_disapproval_(administrative_state)" title="Joint resolution of disapproval (administrative state)">Joint resolution of disapproval (administrative state)</a> • <a href="/Major_rule" title="Major rule">Major rule</a> • <a href="/Negotiated_rulemaking" title="Negotiated rulemaking">Negotiated rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Nondelegation_doctrine" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a> • <a href="/OIRA_prompt_letter" title="OIRA prompt letter">OIRA prompt letter</a> • <a href="/Organic_statute" title="Organic statute">Organic statute</a> • <a href="/Pragmatism_(law)" title="Pragmatism (law)">Pragmatism (law)</a> • <a href="/Precautionary_principle" title="Precautionary principle">Precautionary principle</a> • <a href="/Promulgate" title="Promulgate">Promulgate</a> • <a href="/Proposed_rule" title="Proposed rule">Proposed rule</a> • <a href="/Publication_rulemaking" title="Publication rulemaking">Publication rulemaking</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_budget" title="Regulatory budget">Regulatory budget</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_dark_matter" title="Regulatory dark matter">Regulatory dark matter</a> • <a href="/Regulatory_impact_analysis" title="Regulatory impact analysis">Regulatory impact analysis</a> • <a 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authority">Statutory authority</a> • <a href="/Substantive_law_and_procedural_law" title="Substantive law and procedural law">Substantive law and procedural law</a> • <a href="/Sue_and_settle" title="Sue and settle">Sue and settle</a> • <a href="/Sunset_provision" title="Sunset provision">Sunset provision</a> • <a href="/Unified_Agenda_of_Federal_Regulatory_and_Deregulatory_Actions" title="Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions">Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions</a> • <a href="/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a> • <a href="/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">United States Statutes at Large</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Bibliography</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><small> <ul><li><a href="/%22Administrative_Law_-_The_20th_Century_Bequeaths_an_%27Illegitimate_Exotic%27_in_Full_and_Terrifying_Flower%22_by_Stephen_P._Dresch_(2000)" title=""Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)">"Administrative Law - The 20th Century Bequeaths an 'Illegitimate Exotic' in Full and Terrifying Flower" by Stephen P. Dresch (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Confronting_the_Administrative_Threat%22_by_Philip_Hamburger_and_Tony_Mills_(2017)" title=""Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)">"Confronting the Administrative Threat" by Philip Hamburger and Tony Mills (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Constitutionalism_after_the_New_Deal%22_by_Cass_R._Sunstein_(1987)" title=""Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)">"Constitutionalism after the New Deal" by Cass R. Sunstein (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/Federalist_No._23_by_Alexander_Hamilton_(1787)" title="Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)">Federalist No. 23 by Alexander Hamilton (1787)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22From_Administrative_State_to_Constitutional_Government%22_by_Joseph_Postell_(2012)" title=""From Administrative State to Constitutional Government" by Joseph Postell (2012)">"From Administrative State to Constitutional Government" by Joseph Postell (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Interring_the_Nondelegation_Doctrine%22_by_Eric_A._Posner_and_Adrian_Vermeule_(2002)" title=""Interring the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Eric A. Posner and Adrian Vermeule (2002)">"Interring the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Eric A. Posner and Adrian Vermeule (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Rulemaking_as_Legislating%22_by_Kathryn_Watts_(2015)" title=""Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)">"Rulemaking as Legislating" by Kathryn Watts (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Checks_%26_Balances_of_the_Regulatory_State%22_by_Paul_R._Verkuil_(2016)" title=""The Checks & Balances of the Regulatory State" by Paul R. Verkuil (2016)">"The Checks & Balances of the Regulatory State" by Paul R. Verkuil (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Myth_of_the_Nondelegation_Doctrine%22_by_Keith_E._Whittington_and_Jason_Iuliano_(2017)" title=""The Myth of the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Keith E. Whittington and Jason Iuliano (2017)">"The Myth of the Nondelegation Doctrine" by Keith E. Whittington and Jason Iuliano (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Progressive_Origins_of_the_Administrative_State:_Wilson,_Goodnow,_and_Landis%22_by_Ronald_J._Pestritto_(2007)" title=""The Progressive Origins of the Administrative State: Wilson, Goodnow, and Landis" by Ronald J. Pestritto (2007)">"The Progressive Origins of the Administrative State: Wilson, Goodnow, and Landis" by Ronald J. Pestritto (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Rise_and_Rise_of_the_Administrative_State%22_by_Gary_Lawson_(1994)" title=""The Rise and Rise of the Administrative State" by Gary Lawson (1994)">"The Rise and Rise of the Administrative State" by Gary Lawson (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Study_of_Administration%22_by_Woodrow_Wilson_(1887)" title=""The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)">"The Study of Administration" by Woodrow Wilson (1887)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22The_Threat_to_Liberty%22_by_Steven_F._Hayward_(2017)" title=""The Threat to Liberty" by Steven F. Hayward (2017)">"The Threat to Liberty" by Steven F. Hayward (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/%22Why_the_Modern_Administrative_State_Is_Inconsistent_with_the_Rule_of_Law%22_by_Richard_A._Epstein_(2008)" title=""Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)">"Why the Modern Administrative State Is Inconsistent with the Rule of Law" by Richard A. Epstein (2008)</a></li></ul> </small></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#bbccee;;"><b>Agencies</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Administrative_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Administrative Conference of the United States">Administrative Conference of the United States</a> • <a href="/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">United States Civil Service Commission</a> • <a href="/U.S._Government_Accountability_Office" title="U.S. Government Accountability Office">U.S. Government Accountability Office</a> • <a href="/U.S._Office_of_Information_and_Regulatory_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs">U.S. Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs</a> • <a href="/U.S._Office_of_Management_and_Budget" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Office of Management and Budget">U.S. Office of Management and Budget</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:Ballotpedia" title="Template:Ballotpedia"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:Ballotpedia&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#0744ac; color: white;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;">Ballotpedia</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"><b><a href="/Ballotpedia:About" title="Ballotpedia:About">About</a></b></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact information">Overview</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:What_people_are_saying" title="Ballotpedia:What people are saying">What people are saying</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Donate" title="Ballotpedia:Donate">Support Ballotpedia</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Overview_and_contact_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia:Overview and contact 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Rasmussen">Scott Rasmussen</a> <hr /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#f0a237; color: white;;"><span style="color:#0b47a8"><b>Editorial Content</b></span></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Geoff_Pallay" title="Ballotpedia:Geoff Pallay">Geoff Pallay, Director of Editorial Content and Editor-in-Chief</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ken_Carbullido" title="Ballotpedia:Ken Carbullido">Ken Carbullido, Vice President of Election Product and Technology Strategy</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Norm_Leahy" title="Ballotpedia:Norm Leahy">Norm Leahy, Senior Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Daniel_Anderson" title="Ballotpedia:Daniel Anderson">Daniel Anderson, Managing Editor</a> • <a href="/Ballotpedia:Ryan_Byrne" title="Ballotpedia:Ryan Byrne">Ryan Byrne, Managing 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