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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Restrictions in the language compiled</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Restrictions_in_the_language_compiled-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Restrictions in the language compiled subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Restrictions_in_the_language_compiled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Declaration_before_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_before_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Declaration before use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_before_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parallel_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallel_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Parallel processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallel_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extensions_to_ALGOL_68" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensions_to_ALGOL_68"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Extensions to ALGOL 68</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extensions_to_ALGOL_68-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extensions to ALGOL 68 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extensions_to_ALGOL_68-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Straightening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Straightening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Straightening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Straightening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efficient_array_handling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efficient_array_handling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Efficient array handling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efficient_array_handling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indexable_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indexable_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Indexable structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indexable_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<span>Declaration modules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_modules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nested_modules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nested_modules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Nested modules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nested_modules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Code_and_alien_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code_and_alien_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Code and alien access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Code_and_alien_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">ALGOL 68RS</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">I. F. Currie, J. D. Morrison</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Signals_and_Radar_Establishment" title="Royal Signals and Radar Establishment">Royal Signals and Radar Establishment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">August 1977<span class="noprint">; 47 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1977-08</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">algol68toc 1.14 / 25 August 2012<span class="noprint">; 12 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2012-08-25</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VMS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ICL_2900_Series" title="ICL 2900 Series">ICL 2900 Series</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a>, <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Translator_(computing)" title="Translator (computing)">translator</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> (parts)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://algol68.sourceforge.net">algol68<wbr />.sourceforge<wbr />.net</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>ALGOL 68RS</b> is the second <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a> <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> written by I. F. Currie and J. D. Morrison, at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Signals_and_Radar_Establishment" title="Royal Signals and Radar Establishment">Royal Signals and Radar Establishment</a> (RSRE).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the earlier <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68-R" title="ALGOL 68-R">ALGOL 68-R</a>, it was designed to be <a href="/wiki/Software_portability" title="Software portability">portable</a>, and implemented the language of the Revised Report. </p><p>Versions of ALGOL 68RS were written for the <a href="/wiki/ICL_2900_Series" title="ICL 2900 Series">ICL 2900 Series</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a> running <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VMS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, parts of this compiler were released into the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Translator_(computing)" title="Translator (computing)">translator</a> from ALGOL 68 to <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, as part of the public release of the <a href="/wiki/Hardware_description_language" title="Hardware description language">hardware description language</a> <a href="/wiki/ELLA_(programming_language)" title="ELLA (programming language)">ELLA</a>, also by the RSRE. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL_68RS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68-R" title="ALGOL 68-R">ALGOL 68-R</a> compiler, written by I.F. Currie, J.D. Morrison, and <a href="/wiki/Susan_G._Bond" title="Susan G. Bond">S.G. Bond</a>, was a great success, it suffered from two major problems: it had been written for the nearly obsolete <a href="/wiki/ICT_1900_series" title="ICT 1900 series">ICL 1900</a> computer, and it implemented an out-of-date version of the language as it was released before the Revised Report on ALGOL 68 was available. </p><p>RSRE needed a newer compiler for various internal projects, so the team of Currie and Morrison wrote a new compiler designed for <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">cross-platform</a> <a href="/wiki/Software_portability" title="Software portability">software portability</a> between machines. The compiler dealt with the parsing of ALGOL 68, producing a high level intermediate language known as <i>stream language</i> that is then compiled to <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a> by a <i>translator</i>. The compiler needed to know only the sizes of the various object machine <a href="/wiki/Data_type" title="Data type">data types</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encoding</a> (set) available. </p><p>The compiler was written in ALGOL 68, <a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping_(compilers)" title="Bootstrapping (compilers)">bootstrapped</a> initially using the ALGOL 68-R compiler. </p><p>A team of two programmers at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Computing_Services" title="Oxford University Computing Services">Oxford University Computing Services</a> wrote a code generator for the ICL 2900 series.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Martyn_Thomas" title="Martyn Thomas">Martyn Thomas</a> of South West Universities Regional Computer Centre (SWURCC) arranged that this system be sponsored by <a href="/wiki/International_Computers_Limited" title="International Computers Limited">International Computers Limited</a> (ICL) and sold as an official ICL product.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, the <i>Avon Universities Joint Computer Centre</i>, a large user of <a href="/wiki/Multics" title="Multics">Multics</a> requested the SWURCC team to produce a Multics version of ALGOL 68RS. A version for the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC) <a href="/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a> computer was also written. </p><p>Eventually the team at SWURCC formed a company, <a href="/wiki/Altran_Praxis" title="Altran Praxis">Praxis</a>, initially supporting the Multics version of ALGOL 68RS. </p><p>RSRE also used the ALGOL 68RS compiler for internal projects, including the <a href="/wiki/Flex_machine" title="Flex machine">Flex machine</a> and the ELLA hardware design language. When it was decided to make ELLA freely available, Praxis was commissioned to write an ALGOL 68 to <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> translator named <i>ctrans</i>, based on the ALGOL 68RS compiler. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restrictions_in_the_language_compiled">Restrictions in the language compiled</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL_68RS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Restrictions in the language compiled"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the earlier ALGOL 68-R compiler, ALGOL 68RS was a <a href="/wiki/One-pass_compiler" title="One-pass compiler">one-pass compiler</a>, which required some restrictions on the language compiled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_before_use">Declaration before use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL_68RS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Declaration before use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ALGOL 68 program: </p> <pre><b>PROC</b> even = (<b>INT</b> number) <b>BOOL</b>: ( number = 0 | <b>TRUE</b> | odd (<b>ABS</b> (number - 1))); <b>PROC</b> odd = (<b>INT</b> number) <b>BOOL</b>: ( number = 0 | <b>FALSE</b> | even (<b>ABS</b> (number - 1))); </pre> <p>would have to be re-written as: </p> <pre><b>PROC</b> (<b>INT</b>) <b>BOOL</b> odd; <b>PROC</b> even = (<b>INT</b> number) <b>BOOL</b> : ( number = 0 | <b>TRUE</b> | odd (<b>ABS</b> (number - 1))); odd := (<b>INT</b> number) <b>BOOL</b> : ( number = 0 | <b>FALSE</b> | even (<b>ABS</b> (number - 1))); </pre> <p>To allow recursive declarations of <i>modes</i> (types) a special <i>stub</i> mode declaration was used to inform the compiler that an upcoming symbol was a mode rather than an operator: </p> <pre><b>MODE</b> <b>B</b>, <b>A</b> = <b>STRUCT</b> (<b>REF</b> <b>B</b> b), <b>B</b> = [1:10] <b>REF</b> <b>A</b>; </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parallel_processing">Parallel processing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL_68RS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Parallel processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like ALGOL 68-R, the operators <b>PAR</b> clause and the <b>SEMA</b> mode with its associated <b>UP</b>, <b>DOWN</b>, and <b>LEVEL</b>, were omitted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extensions_to_ALGOL_68">Extensions to ALGOL 68</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL_68RS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Extensions to ALGOL 68"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Straightening">Straightening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL_68RS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Straightening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One major misfeature of ALGOL 68 is that it is impossible to write the standard <i>transput</i> (<a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a>) procedures in pure ALGOL 68. The <i>print</i> procedure takes, for example, an array of items to print of any mode and, by a process named <i>straightening</i>, converts them into simple values that can be printed. For example: </p> <pre><b>STRUCT</b> (<b>INT</b> a, <b>REAL</b> b) c := ...; print(c); { magically transformed to print ((a <b>OF</b> c, b <b>OF</b> c)); } </pre> <p>The writers of ALGOL 68RS decided to make <i>straightening</i> available as part of the language. A <b>STRAIGHT</b> mode resembles an <a href="/wiki/Array_data_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Array data structure">array</a> but has the special feature that items can be <a href="/wiki/Type_conversion" title="Type conversion">coerced</a> to a <b>STRAIGHT</b> mode if their components can be coerced to the mode. For example: </p> <pre><b>STRUCT</b> (<b>INT</b> a, <b>REAL</b> b) c; <b>STRAIGHT</b> <b>UNION</b> (<b>INT</b>, <b>REAL</b>) z = c; </pre> <p>Both the fields of <b>C</b> can be coerced to <b>UNION</b> (<b>INT</b>, <b>REAL</b>) so the field "a <b>OF</b> c" can be accessed as z[1] and "b <b>OF</b> c" is z[2]. </p><p>The standard <i>print</i> procedure can now be declared as: </p> <pre><b>MODE</b> <b>PRINTMODE</b> = <b>UNION</b> (<b>INT</b>, <b>REAL</b>, ... <b>STRAIGHT</b> <b>PRINTMODE</b>); <b>PROC</b> print = ([] <b>PRINTMODE</b> arguments ) <b>VOID</b>: ...; </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Efficient_array_handling">Efficient array handling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL_68RS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Efficient array handling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ALGOL 68 array modes are very powerful, including multiple dimensions, defined upper and lower bounds, trimming (making a new array by taking a contiguous subset of an array), slicing (making a new array by removing one dimension from an array), and rowing (making a new array by adding a dimension to an extant array. </p><p>For example: </p> <pre>[5:23, -7:7] <b>INT</b> a; { a two dimensional array } <b>REF</b> [,] <b>INT</b> b = a [ 6:21, 0:3 ] { a slice of a } <b>REF</b> [] <b>INT</b> c = a [5] { just one row of a } </pre> <p>While the compiler made all efforts to generate optimal code for all cases, it was felt that adding some simpler facilities would allow better code in some cases. To this end ALGOL 68RS included <i>indexable structures</i> (i-structs), <i>vectors</i>, and the <b>FORALL</b> statement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indexable_structures">Indexable structures</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL_68RS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Indexable structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ALGOL 68 already included fixed length structures to efficiently handle characters and bit-data on <a href="/wiki/Word_(computer_architecture)" title="Word (computer architecture)">word</a>-based machines, the <b>BYTES</b> and <b>BITS</b> modes. A <b>BYTES</b> variable held one machine word of characters, a <b>BITS</b> variable held the bits of one machine word. </p><p>ALGOL 68RS generalised these ideas. A <b>STRUCT</b> 4 <b>CHAR</b> variable held exactly 4 chars. The size was part of the type. On most ALGOL 68RS systems, the mode <b>BYTES</b> was equivalent to <b>STRUCT</b> 4 <b>CHAR</b>. </p> <pre><b>MODE</b> <b>BYTES</b> = <b>STRUCT</b> 4 <b>CHAR</b>; <b>OP</b> <b>ELEM</b> = (<b>INT</b> index, <b>BYTES</b> val) <b>CHAR</b>: val[index]; ... <b>BYTES</b> b = "abcd"; ... print (2 <b>ELEM</b> b); </pre> <p>The ALGOL 68RS compiler would compile any <a href="/wiki/String_(computer_science)" title="String (computer science)">string</a> constant to an appropriate <b>STRUCT</b> <i>n</i> <b>CHAR</b>. </p><p>In contexts where a <b>VECTOR</b> or array was wanted, an i-struct could be widened to the appropriate <b>VECTOR</b> or array type. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vectors">Vectors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL_68RS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Vectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>VECTOR</b> is a simplified array, with only one dimension and a lower bound fixed at 1. </p> <pre><b>VECTOR</b> [4] <b>INT</b> a; { similar to [1:4] <b>INT</b> a; } </pre> <p>In any context where an array was required a <b>VECTOR</b> could be converted to an array. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FORALL_statement">FORALL statement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL_68RS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: FORALL statement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>FORALL</b> statement allows efficient stepping through the elements of an array. </p> <pre>[12] <b>INT</b> a := ...; <b>FORALL</b> xa <b>IN</b> a <b>DO</b> xa := xa * 2 <b>OD</b> </pre> <p><i>xa</i> will be a reference to each element of <i>a</i> in turn. <b>FORALL</b> can step through multiple arrays in parallel, and be controlled by a <b>WHILE</b> clause: </p> <pre>[12] <b>INT</b> a, b; ... <b>FORALL</b> xa <b>IN</b> a, xb <b>IN</b> b <b>WHILE</b> xa > xb <b>DO</b> f(xa, xb) <b>OD</b> </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separate_compiling">Separate compiling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL_68RS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Separate compiling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ALGOL 68RS provided a mechanism to build <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a> similar to the separate compiling facilities of <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68-R#Separate_compiling" title="ALGOL 68-R">ALGOL 68-R</a> and a mechanism to build programs in a <a href="/wiki/Top-down_and_bottom-up_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-down and bottom-up design">top-down</a> manner similar to those of <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68C#The_ENVIRON_and_USING_clauses" title="ALGOL 68C">ALGOL 68C</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declaration_modules">Declaration modules</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL_68RS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Declaration modules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Libraries in ALGOL 68RS are written using <i>declaration modules</i> which consist of a sequence of <b>MODE</b>, variable, operator and procedure declarations followed by a <i>keep list</i> which defines which declarations are visible to other segments. </p><p>The library user then adds a <b>USE</b> header that tells the compiler to make the symbols of one or more declaration libraries available to the program. </p><p>For example, a graphics library might be written as: </p> <pre><b>DECS</b> graphlib <b>USE</b> some other library <b>MODE</b> <b>GRAPHDATA</b> = <b>STRUCT</b> ( ... ); <b>MODE</b> <b>GRAPH</b> = <b>REF</b> <b>GRAPHDATA</b>; <b>PROC</b> new graph = ( ... ) <b>GRAPH</b> : ...; <b>PROC</b> draw graph = (<b>GRAPH</b> g) <b>VOID</b> : ...; ... <b>KEEP</b> <b>GRAPH</b>, new graph, draw graph <b>FINISH</b> </pre> <p>And a user program to use this library would look like: </p> <pre><b>PROGRAM</b> myprog <b>USE</b> graphlib <b>BEGIN</b> <b>GRAPH</b> g = new graph (...); ... draw graph (g); ... <b>END</b> <b>FINISH</b> </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nested_modules">Nested modules</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL_68RS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nested modules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To support a top-down programming style, ALGOL 68RS provided the <b>HERE</b> and <b>CONTEXT</b> facilities. </p><p>A program could be written with parts to be filled in later marked by a <b>HERE</b> tag followed by a <i>keeplist</i> of declarations to be made available. </p> <pre><b>PROGRAM</b> (pass1, pass2) compiler <b>BEGIN</b> <b>STRING</b> source := ...; <b>TREE</b> parsetree; ... <b>HERE</b> pass1 (source, parsetree); ... <b>INSTRUCTIONS</b> insts; <b>HERE</b> pass2 (parsetree, insts); ... <b>END</b> <b>FINISH</b> </pre> <p>The code to be executed in the context of the <b>HERE</b> tags would be written as: </p> <pre><b>PROGRAM</b> pass1 implementation <b>CONTEXT</b> pass1 <b>IN</b> compiler <b>BEGIN</b> ... { code using "source" and "parsetree" } <b>END</b> <b>FINISH</b> </pre> <p><b>HERE</b> is similar to the ALGOL 68C <b>ENVIRON</b> and <b>CONTEXT</b> is equivalent to the ALGOL 68C <b>USING</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_and_alien_access">Code and alien access</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL_68RS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Code and alien access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ALGOL 68RS was intended to be usable for low level <a href="/wiki/Systems_programming" title="Systems programming">systems programming</a>. To allow this, facilities were included for access to machine code and non-ALGOL 68RS objects. </p><p>Code was inserted with the <b>CODE</b> construct: </p> <pre><b>SOMEMODE</b> <b>CODE</b> (<i>item1</i>, <i>item2</i>, ...) "...<i>code</i>..." </pre> <p>Where the <i>item</i>s are ALGOL 68RS values to be made available to the code insertion and <b>SOMEMODE</b> is the mode returned. The mode can be omitted if the code returns no value. </p><p>Access to non-ALGOL68 objects was available with the <b>ALIEN</b> insertion: </p> <pre><b>SOMEMODE</b> <i>name</i> = <b>ALIEN</b> "<i>external-name</i>" </pre> <p>Any simple ALGOL 68RS object could be <i>cast</i> into a <b>VECTOR</b> of characters using the <b>SPELL</b> operator: </p> <pre><b>STRUCT</b> (<b>INT</b> a, <b>REAL</b> b) c = ...; print (("internal repr = ", <b>SPELL</b> c, newline)); </pre> <p>A <i>simple</i> object is one that contains no arrays or <b>VECTOR</b>s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Availability">Availability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL_68RS&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Availability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ALGOL 68 to C translator written by Praxis for the ELLA system contains most of the ALGOL 68RS compiler. The notable exception is the code for handling <b>FORMAT</b>s. </p><p>As of September 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ALGOL_68RS&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, ALGOL 68RS is available from <a href="/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge">SourceForge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ALGOL_68RS&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBondWoodward1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_G._Bond" title="Susan G. Bond">Bond, S. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Philip_Woodward" title="Philip Woodward">Woodward, P. M.</a> (August 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121214110935/http://www.ntis.gov/search/product.aspx?ABBR=ADA049572">"Introduction to the 'RS' Portable ALGOL 68 Compiler"</a>. <i>Technical Note</i> (802). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntis.gov/search/product.aspx?ABBR=ADA049572">the original</a> on 14 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technical+Note&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+%27RS%27+Portable+ALGOL+68+Compiler&rft.issue=802&rft.date=1977-08&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=S.+G.&rft.au=Woodward%2C+P.+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntis.gov%2Fsearch%2Fproduct.aspx%3FABBR%3DADA049572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL+68RS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodwardBond1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Woodward" title="Philip Woodward">Woodward, P. M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Susan_G._Bond" title="Susan G. 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Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-3490-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7131-3490-2"><bdi>978-0-7131-3490-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+ALGOL+68+for+Users+of+RS+Systems&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold+%28Publishers%29+Ltd.&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-7131-3490-2&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rft.au=Bond%2C+S.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL+68RS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Lindsey" title="Charles H. Lindsey">Lindsey, C. H.</a> (August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1061807">"Survey of Viable ALGOL 68 Implementations"</a>. <i>ALGOL Bulletin</i> (52): 5–8. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0084-6198">0084-6198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ALGOL+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Survey+of+Viable+ALGOL+68+Implementations&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=5-8&rft.date=1998-08&rft.issn=0084-6198&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D1061807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL+68RS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multicians.org/site-avon.html">"Multics Site History: Avon"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Multics+Site+History%3A+Avon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multicians.org%2Fsite-avon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL+68RS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Lindsey" title="Charles H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SourceForge&rft.atitle=Open+source+ALGOL+68+implementations&rft.aulast=van+der+Veer&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft.au=NevilleDNZ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fprojects%2Falgol68%2Ffiles%2Falgol68toc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AALGOL+68RS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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58">ALGOL 58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABC_ALGOL" title="ABC ALGOL">ABC ALGOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALCOR" title="ALCOR">ALCOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGO" title="ALGO">ALGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68C" title="ALGOL 68C">ALGOL 68C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68-R" title="ALGOL 68-R">ALGOL 68-R</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ALGOL 68RS</a> (<a href="/wiki/ELLA_(programming_language)" title="ELLA (programming language)">ELLA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68S" title="ALGOL 68S">ALGOL 68S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_N" title="ALGOL N">ALGOL N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_W" title="ALGOL W">ALGOL W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_X" title="ALGOL X">ALGOL X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Autocode" title="Atlas Autocode">Atlas Autocode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_IMP" title="Edinburgh IMP">Edinburgh IMP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Large_Systems#ALGOL" title="Burroughs Large Systems">Burroughs ALGOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORAL" title="CORAL">CORAL</a> 66</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_ALGOL_30" title="Dartmouth ALGOL 30">Dartmouth ALGOL 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DASK" title="DASK">DASK</a> ALGOL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DG/L" title="DG/L">DG/L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_ALGOL" title="Elliott ALGOL">Elliott ALGOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Systems_Problem_Oriented_Language" title="Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language">Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language</a> (ESPOL) → New Executive Programming Language (<a href="/wiki/NEWP" title="NEWP">NEWP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLACC" title="FLACC">FLACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMP_(programming_language)" title="IMP (programming language)">IMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JOVIAL" title="JOVIAL">JOVIAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_KDF9" title="English Electric KDF9">Kidsgrove</a> Algol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAD_(programming_language)" title="MAD (programming language)">MAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_(programming_language)" title="Mary (programming language)">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NELIAC" title="NELIAC">NELIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTL/2" title="RTL/2">RTL/2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-algol" title="S-algol">S-algol</a>, <a href="/wiki/PS-algol" title="PS-algol">PS-algol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napier88" title="Napier88">Napier88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li> <li>Small Machine ALGOL Like Language (<a href="/wiki/SMALL" title="SMALL">SMALL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMIL_(computer)" title="SMIL (computer)">SMIL</a> ALGOL</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(philosophy_of_mathematics)" title="Formalism (philosophy of mathematics)">Formalisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jensen%27s_device" title="Jensen's device">Jensen's device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wijngaarden_grammar" title="Van Wijngaarden grammar">Van Wijngaarden grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional<br />associations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALCOR" title="ALCOR">ALCOR</a> Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSI_Group" title="BSI Group">BSI Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification</a> (EASC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Information_Processing" title="International Federation for Information Processing">International Federation for Information Processing</a> (IFIP) <a href="/wiki/IFIP_Working_Group_2.1" title="IFIP Working Group 2.1">IFIP Working Group 2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Angewandte_Mathematik_und_Mechanik" title="Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik">Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics</a> (GAMM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Brothers_(computer_company)" title="Elliott Brothers (computer company)">Elliott Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnecentralen" title="Regnecentralen">Regnecentralen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester University">Manchester University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Radar_Establishment" title="Royal Radar Establishment">Royal Radar Establishment</a> (RRE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_L._Bauer" title="Friedrich L. Bauer">Friedrich L. Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bottenbruch" title="Hermann Bottenbruch">Hermann Bottenbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Katz" title="Charles Katz">Charles Katz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Perlis" title="Alan Perlis">Alan Perlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Rutishauser" title="Heinz Rutishauser">Heinz Rutishauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Samelson" title="Klaus Samelson">Klaus Samelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Wegstein" title="Joseph Henry Wegstein">Joseph Henry Wegstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MAD_(programming_language)" title="MAD (programming language)">MAD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Arden" title="Bruce Arden">Bruce Arden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Galler" title="Bernard Galler">Bernard Galler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Graham_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert M. Graham (computer scientist)">Robert M. Graham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Backus^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Carl_Backhouse" title="Roland Carl Backhouse">Roland Carl Backhouse</a></li> <li>Bauer^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bird_(computer_scientist)" title="Richard Bird (computer scientist)">Richard Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Bourne" title="Stephen R. Bourne">Stephen R. Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Ershov" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrey Ershov">Andrey Ershov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Floyd" title="Robert W. Floyd">Robert W. Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Gibbons" title="Jeremy Gibbons">Jeremy Gibbons</a></li> <li>Julien Green</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gries" title="David Gries">David Gries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hehner" title="Eric Hehner">Eric Hehner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Hoare" title="Tony Hoare">Tony Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Jensen" title="Jørn Jensen">Jørn Jensen</a></li> <li>Katz^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Landin" title="Peter Landin">Peter Landin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Maibaum" title="Tom Maibaum">Tom Maibaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conor_McBride" title="Conor McBride">Conor McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_Morgan_(computer_scientist)" title="Carroll Morgan (computer scientist)">Carroll Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Naur" title="Peter Naur">Peter Naur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Nivat" title="Maurice Nivat">Maurice Nivat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._L._Peck" title="John E. L. Peck">John E. L. Peck</a></li> <li>Perlis^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Randell" title="Brian Randell">Brian Randell</a></li> <li>Rutishauser^</li> <li>Samelson^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_T._Schwartz" title="Jacob T. Schwartz">Jacob T. Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha_Sharir" title="Micha Sharir">Micha Sharir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turner_(computer_scientist)" title="David Turner (computer scientist)">David Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Vauquois" title="Bernard Vauquois">Bernard Vauquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiiti_Wada" title="Eiiti Wada">Eiiti Wada</a></li> <li>Wegstein^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_van_Wijngaarden" title="Adriaan van Wijngaarden">Adriaan van Wijngaarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Woodger" title="Mike Woodger">Mike Woodger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ole-Johan_Dahl" title="Ole-Johan Dahl">Ole-Johan Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard">Kristen Nygaard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bauer^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_G._Bond" title="Susan G. Bond">Susan G. Bond</a></li> <li>Bourne^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dewar" title="Robert Dewar">Robert Dewar</a></li> <li>Dijkstra^</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Goos" class="extiw" title="de:Gerhard Goos">Gerhard Goos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Guy" title="Michael Guy">Michael Guy</a></li> <li>Hoare^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_H._A._Koster" title="Cornelis H. A. Koster">Cornelis H. A. Koster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Landin" title="Peter Landin">Peter Landin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Lindsey" title="Charles H. Lindsey">Charles H. Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_J._Mailloux" title="Barry J. Mailloux">Barry J. Mailloux</a></li> <li>McCarthy^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Meertens" title="Lambert Meertens">Lambert Meertens</a></li> <li>Naur^</li> <li>Peck^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_van_der_Poel" title="Willem van der Poel">Willem van der Poel</a></li> <li>Randell^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_T._Ross" title="Douglas T. Ross">Douglas T. Ross</a></li> <li>Samelson^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Sintzoff" title="Michel Sintzoff">Michel Sintzoff</a></li> <li>van Wijngaarden^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a></li> <li>Woodger^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Woodward" title="Philip Woodward">Philip Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuo_Yoneda" title="Nobuo Yoneda">Nobuo Yoneda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Abelson" title="Hal Abelson">Hal Abelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barnes_(computer_scientist)" title="John Barnes (computer scientist)">John Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Brooker" title="Tony Brooker">Tony Brooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Morrison" title="Ron Morrison">Ron Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Hearn" title="Peter O'Hearn">Peter O'Hearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Reynolds" title="John C. Reynolds">John C. Reynolds</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_Bulletin" title="ALGOL Bulletin">ALGOL Bulletin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58#ALGOL_58's_influence_on_ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58 influence on ALGOL 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68#Comparisons_with_other_languages" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68 to other languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_ALGOL_68_and_C%2B%2B" title="Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++">ALGOL 68 to C++</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>^ = full name and link in prior ALGOL version above</b><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Algol_programming_language_family" title="Category:Algol programming language family">Category: ALGOL</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:ALGOL_60" title="Category:ALGOL 60">Category: ALGOL 60</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ALGOL_68RS&oldid=1188529418">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ALGOL_68RS&oldid=1188529418</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ALGOL_68_implementation" title="Category:ALGOL 68 implementation">ALGOL 68 implementation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_computing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:History of computing in the United Kingdom">History of computing in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2020">Use dmy dates from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_September_2020" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2020">Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 December 2023, at 00:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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