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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="كريستين نيغارد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كريستين نيغارد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="کریستین نیقارد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کریستین نیقارد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ক্রিস্টেন নিগার্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্রিস্টেন নিগার্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kristen Nygaard" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kristen Nygaard" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kristen Nygaard" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kristen Nygaard" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kristen Nygaard" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristen Nygaard" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="کریستین نیگارد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کریستین نیگارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kristen Nygaard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D5%86%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Քրիսթեն Նյուգոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրիսթեն Նյուգոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്രിസ്റ്റൻ നിഗാർഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രിസ്റ്റൻ നിഗാർഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B0_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC)" title="كريستين نيجارد (استاذ جامعة من النرويج) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كريستين نيجارد (استاذ جامعة من النرويج)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard_(computerpionier)" title="Kristen Nygaard (computerpionier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kristen Nygaard (computerpionier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="クリステン・ニゴール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリステン・ニゴール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kristen Nygaard" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kristen Nygaard" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kristen Nygaard" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kristen Nygaard" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kristen Nygaard" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80,_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Нюгор, Кристен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нюгор, Кристен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kristen Nygaard" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Кристен Нигард – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кристен Нигард" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kristen Nygaard" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kristen Nygaard" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kristen Nygaard" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kristen Nygaard" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%8E%D2%91%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Крістен Нюґор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Крістен Нюґор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E5%A5%88%E5%8A%A0%E7%89%B9" title="克利斯登·奈加特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克利斯登·奈加特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Norwegian computer scientist and mathematician</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Danish footballer, see <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard_(footballer)" title="Kristen Nygaard (footballer)">Kristen Nygaard (footballer)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Kristen Nygaard</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kristen-Nygaard-SBLP-1997-head.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Kristen-Nygaard-SBLP-1997-head.png/220px-Kristen-Nygaard-SBLP-1997-head.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Kristen-Nygaard-SBLP-1997-head.png 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="392" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kristen Nygaard at the Brazilian Symposium on Programming Languages (SBLP '97)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1926-08-27</span>)</span>27 August 1926<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 August 2002<span style="display:none">(2002-08-10)</span> (aged 75)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Oslo,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norway</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category">Norway</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">M.Sc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a> (1956)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object-oriented programming</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> (2001)<br /><a href="/wiki/IEEE_John_von_Neumann_Medal" title="IEEE John von Neumann Medal">IEEE John von Neumann Medal</a> (2002)<br />Royal Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav" title="Order of St. Olav">Order of St. Olav</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener_Award_for_Social_and_Professional_Responsibility" title="Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility">Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Defense_Research_Establishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Defense Research Establishment">Norwegian Defense Research Establishment</a><br />Norwegian Operational Research Society<br /><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Computing_Center" title="Norwegian Computing Center">Norwegian Computing Center</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University" title="Aarhus University">Aarhus University</a><br />University of Oslo<br /><a href="/wiki/Simula_Research_Laboratory" title="Simula Research Laboratory">Simula Research Laboratory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Theoretical Aspects of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method" title="Monte Carlo method">Monte Carlo methods</a> </i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1956)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kristen Nygaard</b> (27 August 1926 – 10 August 2002) was a Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> pioneer, and politician. Internationally, Nygaard is acknowledged as the co-inventor of <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming language</a> <a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ole-Johan_Dahl" title="Ole-Johan Dahl">Ole-Johan Dahl</a> in the 1960s. Nygaard and Dahl received the 2001 A. M. <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> for their contribution to <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristen_Nygaard&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nygaard was born in Oslo and received his master's degree in mathematics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a> in 1956. His thesis on abstract probability theory was entitled "Theoretical Aspects of <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method" title="Monte Carlo method">Monte Carlo methods</a>". </p><p>Nygaard worked full-time at the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Defense_Research_Establishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Defense Research Establishment">Norwegian Defense Research Establishment</a> from 1948 to 1960, in <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> and programming (1948–1954) and <a href="/wiki/Operational_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Operational research">operational research</a> (1952–1960). </p><p>From 1957 to 1960, he was head of the first <a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">operations research</a> groups in the Norwegian defense establishment. He was cofounder and first chairman of the Norwegian Operational Research Society (1959–1964). In 1960, he was hired by the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Computing_Center" title="Norwegian Computing Center">Norwegian Computing Center</a> (NCC), responsible for building up the NCC as a research institute in the 1960s, becoming its Director of Research in 1962. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Object-oriented_programming">Object-oriented programming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristen_Nygaard&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Object-oriented programming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With Ole-Johan Dahl, he developed the initial ideas for object-oriented programming (OOP) in the 1960s at the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Computing_Center" title="Norwegian Computing Center">Norwegian Computing Center</a> (Norsk Regnesentral (NR)) as part of the <a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a> I (1961–1965) and Simula 67 (1965–1968) <a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">simulation</a> <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a>, which began as an extended variant and <a href="/wiki/Subset" title="Subset">superset</a> of <a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CommonBase_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommonBase-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The languages introduced the core concepts of object-oriented programming: <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">objects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">classes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a>, virtual quantities, and <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computing)" title="Thread (computing)">multi-threaded</a> (quasi-parallel) program execution. In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/Association_Internationale_pour_les_Technologies_Objets" title="Association Internationale pour les Technologies Objets">Association Internationale pour les Technologies Objets</a> (AITO) established an annual prize in the name of Ole-Johan Dahl and Kristen Nygaard to honor their pioneering work on object-orientation. This <a href="/wiki/Dahl%E2%80%93Nygaard_Prize" title="Dahl–Nygaard Prize">Dahl–Nygaard Prize</a> is awarded annually to two individuals that have made significant technical contributions to the field of object-orientation. The work should be in the spirit of the pioneer conceptual and/or implementation work of Dahl and Nygaard which shaped the present view of object-oriented programming. The prize is presented each year at the ECOOP conference. The prize consists of two awards given to a senior and a junior professional. </p><p>He conducted research for Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> on planning, control, and data processing, all evaluated in light of the objectives of <a href="/wiki/Organised_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised labour">organised labour</a> (1971–1973), working together with <a href="/wiki/Olav_Terje_Bergo" title="Olav Terje Bergo">Olav Terje Bergo</a>. His other research and development work included the social impact of computer technology, and the general system description language DELTA (1973–1975), working with Erik Holbaek-Hanssen and Petter Haandlykken. </p><p>Nygaard was a professor at <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University" title="Aarhus University">Aarhus University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (1975–1976) and then became professor emeritus at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a> (part-time from 1977, full-time 1984–1996). His work in <a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> included research and education in system development and the social impact of computer technology, and became the foundation of the Scandinavian School in System Development, which is closely linked to the field of <a href="/wiki/Participatory_design" title="Participatory design">participatory design</a>. </p><p>Starting in 1976, he was engaged in developing and (since 1986) implementing the general object-oriented programming language <a href="/wiki/BETA_(programming_language)" title="BETA (programming language)">BETA</a>, together with Bent Bruun Kristensen, Ole Lehrmann Madsen, and <a href="/wiki/Birger_M%C3%B8ller-Pedersen" title="Birger Møller-Pedersen">Birger Møller-Pedersen</a>. The language is now available on a wide range of computers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristen_Nygaard&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first half of the 1980s, Nygaard was chairman of the steering committee of the Scandinavian research program System Development and Profession Oriented Languages (SYDPOL), coordinating research and supporting working groups in system development, language research, and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>. Also in the 1980s, he was chairman of the steering committee for the Cost-13 (European Common Market Commission)-financed research project on the extensions of profession-oriented languages necessary when artificial intelligence and information technology are becoming part of professional work. </p><p>Nygaard's research from 1995 to 1999 was related to <a href="/wiki/Distributed_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed systems">distributed systems</a>. He was the leader of General Object-Oriented Distributed Systems (GOODS), a three-year <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Research Council">Norwegian Research Council</a>-supported project starting in 1997, aiming at enriching object-oriented languages and system development methods by new basic concepts that make it possible to describe the relation between layered and/or distributed programs and the computer hardware and people carrying out these <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer programs</a>. The GOODS team also included Haakon Bryhni, Dag Sjøberg, and Ole Smørdal. </p><p>Nygaard's final research interests were studies of the introductory teaching of programming, and creating a process-oriented conceptual platform for <a href="/wiki/Informatics" title="Informatics">informatics</a>. These subjects are to be developed in a new research project named Comprehensive Object-Oriented Learning (COOL), together with several international test sites. He was giving lectures and courses on these subjects in Norway and elsewhere. In November 1999, he became chair of an advisory committee on Broadband Communication for the Norwegian Department for Municipal and Regional Affairs. He held a part-time position at <a href="/wiki/Simula_Research_Laboratory" title="Simula Research Laboratory">Simula Research Laboratory</a> from 2001, when the research institute was opened. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristen_Nygaard&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1990, he received an honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Lund_University" title="Lund University">Lund University</a>, Sweden. In June 1991, he became the first individual to be given an honorary doctorate by <a href="/wiki/Aalborg_University" title="Aalborg University">Aalborg University</a>, Denmark. He became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Academy of Science">Norwegian Academy of Sciences</a>. </p><p>In October 1990, <a href="/wiki/Computer_Professionals_for_Social_Responsibility" title="Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility">Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility</a> awarded him its <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Wiener_Award_for_Social_and_Professional_Responsibility" title="Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility">Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility</a>. </p><p>In 1999, he and Dahl became the first people to receive the then new Rosing Prize, awarded by the Norwegian Data Association for exceptional professional achievements. </p><p>In June 2000, he was awarded an Honorary Fellowship for "his originating of object technology concepts" by the <a href="/wiki/Object_Management_Group" title="Object Management Group">Object Management Group</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">technical standards</a> group for object-orientation, which maintains several <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) standards. </p><p>In November 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE) awarded Nygaard and Dahl the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_John_von_Neumann_Medal" title="IEEE John von Neumann Medal">IEEE John von Neumann Medal</a> "For the introduction of the concepts underlying <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> through the design and implementation of Simula 67".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2002, he was given, once more with Ole-Johan Dahl, the 2001 A. M. <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM), with the citation: "For ideas fundamental to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>, through their design of the <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> Simula I and Simula 67." </p><p>In August 2000, he was made Commander of the Royal Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Olav" title="Order of St. Olav">Order of St. Olav</a> by then King <a href="/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald V of Norway">Harald V of Norway</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristen_Nygaard&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1984 and 1985, Nygaard was chairman of the Informatics Committee of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a>, and active in the design of the university's plan for developing research, education and computing and communication facilities at all faculties of the university. </p><p>He was the first chairman of the Environment Protection Committee of the Norwegian Association for the Protection of Nature. </p><p>He was for 10 years (in the 1970s) Norwegian representative in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (<a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>) activities on information technology. He has been a member of the Research Committee of the Norwegian Federation of Trade Unions, and cooperated with unions in many countries. </p><p>For several years, he was engaged in running an experimental social institution trying new ways to create humane living conditions for socially outcast alcoholics. </p><p>Nygaard was active in <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian politics">Norwegian politics</a>. In the mid and late 1960s, he was a member of the National Executive Committee of the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)" title="Liberal Party (Norway)">Liberal Party</a>, and chair of that party's Strategy Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a minor ballot candidate in the <a href="/wiki/1949_Norwegian_parliamentary_election" title="1949 Norwegian parliamentary election">1949 parliamentary election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the intense political fight before the 1972 referendum on whether Norway should become a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Common_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Common Market">European Common Market</a> (later the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>), he worked as coordinator for the many youth organisations that worked against membership. </p><p>From 1971 to 2001, Nygaard was a member of the Labour Party, and a member of their committees on research policies. </p><p>In November 1988, he became chair of the Information Committee on Norway and the EEC, in August 1990 reorganized as <i>Nei til EF</i> an organization disseminating information about Norway's relation to the Common Market, and coordinating the efforts to keep Norway outside. (No to European Union membership for Norway, literally "No to the EU"). In 1993, when the EEC ratified the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> the organization changed its name to reflect this. <i>Nei til EF</i> became the largest political organization in Norway (145,000 members in 1994, from a population of 4 million). Nygaard worked with <a href="/wiki/Anne_Enger_Lahnstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Enger Lahnstein">Anne Enger Lahnstein</a>, leader of the anti-EU <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Centre Party</a>, in this campaign. In the referendum on 28 November 1994, "Nei til EU" succeeded: 52.2% of the electorate voted "No", and the <a href="/wiki/Voter_participation" class="mw-redirect" title="Voter participation">voter participation</a> was the highest ever in Norway's history: 88.8%. The strategy of the campaign, insisted by Nygaard, was that it had to be <i>for</i> something as well as against, i.e., the Scandinavian welfare state Nygaard considered threatened by the Maastricht Agreement. </p><p>He resigned as chair in 1995, and was later the chair of the organization's strategy committee and a member of its council. </p><p>In 1996 and 1997, Nygaard was the coordinator of the efforts to establish The European Anti-Maastricht Movement (TEAM), a cooperative network between national organizations opposing the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union</a> (EMU) and the <a href="/wiki/Maastricht_Treaty" title="Maastricht Treaty">Maastricht Treaty</a> in European countries within and outside the EU. <a href="/wiki/The_European_Alliance_of_EU-critical_Movements" title="The European Alliance of EU-critical Movements">The European Alliance of EU-critical Movements</a> (TEAM) was successfully started 3 March 1997. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristen_Nygaard&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kristen Nygaard married Johanna Nygaard in 1951. She worked at the Norwegian Agency for Aid to Developing Countries. She specialized for a number of years in recruiting and giving administrative support to specialists working in East Africa. Johanna and Kristen Nygaard had three children and seven grandchildren. </p><p>Nygaard died of a heart attack in 2002. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristen_Nygaard&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristen_Nygaard&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140126044933/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Nygaard.html">"Nygaard biography"</a>. <i>history.mcs.st</i>. 26 January 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Nygaard.html">the original</a> on 26 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.mcs.st&rft.atitle=Nygaard+biography&rft.date=2014-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FNygaard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristen+Nygaard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CommonBase-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CommonBase_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlMyhrhaugNygaard1970" class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a href="/wiki/Ole-Johan_Dahl" title="Ole-Johan Dahl">Dahl, Ole-Johan</a>; Myhrhaug, Bjørn; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nygaard, Kristen</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131225084408/http://www.edelweb.fr/Simula/scb-1.pdf">Common Base Language</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Norwegian Computing Center. p. 1.3.1. Archived from the original on 25 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Common+Base+Language&rft.pages=1.3.1&rft.pub=Norwegian+Computing+Center&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=Ole-Johan&rft.au=Myhrhaug%2C+Bj%C3%B8rn&rft.au=Nygaard%2C+Kristen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edelweb.fr%2FSimula%2F%237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristen+Nygaard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kristennygaard.no/in_memoriam_kristen/">In Memoriam Kristen</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNygaard1996" class="citation cs2">Nygaard, Kristen (1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aisel.aisnet.org/sjis/vol8/iss2/6/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Those Were the Days"? Or "Heroic Times Are Here Again"?"</a>, <i>Scandinavian Journal of Information Systems</i>, <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">91–</span>108</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Journal+of+Information+Systems&rft.atitle=%22Those+Were+the+Days%22%3F+Or+%22Heroic+Times+Are+Here+Again%22%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Nygaard&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faisel.aisnet.org%2Fsjis%2Fvol8%2Fiss2%2F6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristen+Nygaard" class="Z3988"></span>. See in particular p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/histstat/nos/nos_xi_013.pdf">"Norges Offisielle Statistikk. XI. 13. Stortingsvalget 1949"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Norwegian). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Norway" title="Statistics Norway">Statistics Norway</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norges+Offisielle+Statistikk.+XI.+13.+Stortingsvalget+1949&rft.pub=Statistics+Norway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fhiststat%2Fnos%2Fnos_xi_013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristen+Nygaard" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021016163932/http://www.ifi.uio.no/~kristen/PRIVATDOK_MAPPE/PR_CV_KN.html">Curriculum Vitae for Kristen Nygaard</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 16 October 2002) (15 February 2002, Long Version)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristen_Nygaard&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kristen_Nygaard" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Kristen Nygaard">Kristen Nygaard</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kristennygaard.org/PRIVATDOK_MAPPE/PR_CV_KN.html">Curriculum Vitae for Kristen Nygaard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111127103840/http://hannemyr.com/en/nygaard_bibliography.php">Kristen Nygaard bibliography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ub.uio.no/english/subjects/informatics-mathematics/informatics/themes/dns/index.html">Resources on Ole-Johan Dahl, Kristen Nygaard, and Simula</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15199-6_5">[1]</a> Berntsen D., Elgsaas K., Hegna H. (2010) The Many Dimensions of Kristen Nygaard, Creator of Object-Oriented Programming and the Scandinavian School of System Development. In: Tatnall A. (eds) History of Computing. Learning from the Past. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, vol 325. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Nygaard/">[2]</a> MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive: Kristen Nygaard.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ub.uio.no/fag/naturvitenskap-teknologi/informatikk/faglig/dns/dokumenter/early_years.pdf">[3]</a> Marius Nygaard. Notes on Kristen Nygaard's early years and his political work. Chapter in ”People behind informatics” by Lazlo Bözörményi and Stefan Podlipnig. Institute of Information Technology, University of Klagenfurt 2003</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of <a href="/wiki/Nei_til_EU" class="mw-redirect" title="Nei til EU">Nei til EU</a> </b><br />1990–1995 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stein_%C3%98rnh%C3%B8i" title="Stein Ørnhøi">Stein Ørnhøi</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:ALGOL_programming" title="Template:ALGOL programming"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ALGOL_programming" title="Template talk:ALGOL programming"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ALGOL_programming" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ALGOL programming"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ALGOL445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL" title="ALGOL">ALGOL</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_implementation" title="Programming language implementation">Implementations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_standard" title="Technical standard">Technical<br />standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>ABC ALGOL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALCOR" title="ALCOR">ALCOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGO" title="ALGO">ALGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68C" title="ALGOL 68C">ALGOL 68C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68-R" title="ALGOL 68-R">ALGOL 68-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68RS" title="ALGOL 68RS">ALGOL 68RS</a> (<a href="/wiki/ELLA_(programming_language)" title="ELLA (programming language)">ELLA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68S" title="ALGOL 68S">ALGOL 68S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_N" title="ALGOL N">ALGOL N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_W" title="ALGOL W">ALGOL W</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_X" class="mw-redirect" title="ALGOL X">ALGOL X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Autocode" title="Atlas Autocode">Atlas Autocode</a> (<a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_IMP" title="Edinburgh IMP">Edinburgh IMP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Large_Systems#ALGOL" title="Burroughs Large Systems">Burroughs ALGOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORAL" title="CORAL">CORAL</a> 66</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_ALGOL_30" title="Dartmouth ALGOL 30">Dartmouth ALGOL 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DASK" title="DASK">DASK</a> ALGOL</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DG/L" title="DG/L">DG/L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_ALGOL" title="Elliott ALGOL">Elliott ALGOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Systems_Problem_Oriented_Language" title="Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language">Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language</a> (ESPOL) → New Executive Programming Language (<a href="/wiki/NEWP" title="NEWP">NEWP</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLACC" title="FLACC">FLACC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMP_(programming_language)" title="IMP (programming language)">IMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JOVIAL" title="JOVIAL">JOVIAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_KDF9" title="English Electric KDF9">Kidsgrove</a> Algol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAD_(programming_language)" title="MAD (programming language)">MAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_(programming_language)" title="Mary (programming language)">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NELIAC" title="NELIAC">NELIAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTL/2" title="RTL/2">RTL/2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-algol" title="S-algol">S-algol</a>, <a href="/wiki/PS-algol" title="PS-algol">PS-algol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napier88" title="Napier88">Napier88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></li> <li>Small Machine ALGOL Like Language (<a href="/wiki/SMALL" title="SMALL">SMALL</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMIL_(computer)" title="SMIL (computer)">SMIL</a> ALGOL</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(philosophy_of_mathematics)" title="Formalism (philosophy of mathematics)">Formalisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jensen%27s_device" title="Jensen's device">Jensen's device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Wijngaarden_grammar" title="Van Wijngaarden grammar">Van Wijngaarden grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_practice" title="Community of practice">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional<br />associations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ALCOR" title="ALCOR">ALCOR</a> Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a> (ACM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSI_Group" title="BSI Group">BSI Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification</a> (EASC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Information_Processing" title="International Federation for Information Processing">International Federation for Information Processing</a> (IFIP) <a href="/wiki/IFIP_Working_Group_2.1" title="IFIP Working Group 2.1">IFIP Working Group 2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Angewandte_Mathematik_und_Mechanik" title="Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik">Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics</a> (GAMM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Brothers_(computer_company)" title="Elliott Brothers (computer company)">Elliott Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnecentralen" title="Regnecentralen">Regnecentralen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester University">Manchester University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Radar_Establishment" title="Royal Radar Establishment">Royal Radar Establishment</a> (RRE)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_L._Bauer" title="Friedrich L. Bauer">Friedrich L. Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bottenbruch" title="Hermann Bottenbruch">Hermann Bottenbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Katz" title="Charles Katz">Charles Katz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Perlis" title="Alan Perlis">Alan Perlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Rutishauser" title="Heinz Rutishauser">Heinz Rutishauser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Samelson" title="Klaus Samelson">Klaus Samelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Wegstein" title="Joseph Henry Wegstein">Joseph Henry Wegstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/MAD_(programming_language)" title="MAD (programming language)">MAD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Arden" title="Bruce Arden">Bruce Arden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Galler" title="Bernard Galler">Bernard Galler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Graham_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert M. Graham (computer scientist)">Robert M. Graham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">ALGOL 60</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Backus^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Carl_Backhouse" title="Roland Carl Backhouse">Roland Carl Backhouse</a></li> <li>Bauer^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bird_(computer_scientist)" title="Richard Bird (computer scientist)">Richard Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Bourne" title="Stephen R. Bourne">Stephen R. Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Ershov" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrey Ershov">Andrey Ershov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Floyd" title="Robert W. Floyd">Robert W. Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Gibbons" title="Jeremy Gibbons">Jeremy Gibbons</a></li> <li>Julien Green</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gries" title="David Gries">David Gries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hehner" title="Eric Hehner">Eric Hehner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Hoare" title="Tony Hoare">Tony Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rn_Jensen" title="Jørn Jensen">Jørn Jensen</a></li> <li>Katz^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Landin" title="Peter Landin">Peter Landin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Maibaum" title="Tom Maibaum">Tom Maibaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conor_McBride" title="Conor McBride">Conor McBride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_Morgan_(computer_scientist)" title="Carroll Morgan (computer scientist)">Carroll Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Naur" title="Peter Naur">Peter Naur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Nivat" title="Maurice Nivat">Maurice Nivat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._L._Peck" title="John E. L. Peck">John E. L. Peck</a></li> <li>Perlis^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Randell" title="Brian Randell">Brian Randell</a></li> <li>Rutishauser^</li> <li>Samelson^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_T._Schwartz" title="Jacob T. Schwartz">Jacob T. Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha_Sharir" title="Micha Sharir">Micha Sharir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turner_(computer_scientist)" title="David Turner (computer scientist)">David Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Vauquois" title="Bernard Vauquois">Bernard Vauquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eiiti_Wada" title="Eiiti Wada">Eiiti Wada</a></li> <li>Wegstein^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriaan_van_Wijngaarden" title="Adriaan van Wijngaarden">Adriaan van Wijngaarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Woodger" title="Mike Woodger">Mike Woodger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ole-Johan_Dahl" title="Ole-Johan Dahl">Ole-Johan Dahl</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kristen Nygaard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bauer^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_G._Bond" title="Susan G. Bond">Susan G. Bond</a></li> <li>Bourne^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dewar" title="Robert Dewar">Robert Dewar</a></li> <li>Dijkstra^</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Goos" class="extiw" title="de:Gerhard Goos">Gerhard Goos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Guy" title="Michael Guy">Michael Guy</a></li> <li>Hoare^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelis_H._A._Koster" title="Cornelis H. A. Koster">Cornelis H. A. Koster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Landin" title="Peter Landin">Peter Landin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Lindsey" title="Charles H. Lindsey">Charles H. Lindsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_J._Mailloux" title="Barry J. Mailloux">Barry J. Mailloux</a></li> <li>McCarthy^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_Meertens" title="Lambert Meertens">Lambert Meertens</a></li> <li>Naur^</li> <li>Peck^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_van_der_Poel" title="Willem van der Poel">Willem van der Poel</a></li> <li>Randell^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_T._Ross" title="Douglas T. Ross">Douglas T. Ross</a></li> <li>Samelson^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Sintzoff" title="Michel Sintzoff">Michel Sintzoff</a></li> <li>van Wijngaarden^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a></li> <li>Woodger^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Woodward" title="Philip Woodward">Philip Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuo_Yoneda" title="Nobuo Yoneda">Nobuo Yoneda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Abelson" title="Hal Abelson">Hal Abelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barnes_(computer_scientist)" title="John Barnes (computer scientist)">John Barnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Brooker" title="Tony Brooker">Tony Brooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Morrison" title="Ron Morrison">Ron Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Hearn" title="Peter O'Hearn">Peter O'Hearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Reynolds" title="John C. Reynolds">John C. Reynolds</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_Bulletin" title="ALGOL Bulletin">ALGOL Bulletin</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparison</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_58#ALGOL_58's_influence_on_ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 58">ALGOL 58 influence on ALGOL 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_68#Comparisons_with_other_languages" title="ALGOL 68">ALGOL 68 to other languages</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>^ = full name and link in prior ALGOL version above</b><br /><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Algol_programming_language_family" title="Category:Algol programming language family">Category: ALGOL</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:ALGOL_60" title="Category:ALGOL 60">Category: ALGOL 60</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="University_of_Oslo170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ffffff;color: #000000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:University_of_Oslo" title="Template:University of Oslo"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #000000">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:University_of_Oslo" title="Template talk:University of Oslo"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #000000">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:University_of_Oslo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:University of Oslo"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #000000">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="University_of_Oslo170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffffff;color: #000000;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1943_University_of_Oslo_fire" title="1943 University of Oslo fire">1943 fire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffffff;color: #000000;;width:1%">Campuses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blindern" title="Blindern">Blindern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo_Faculty_of_Law" title="University of Oslo Faculty of Law">Downtown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universitetsplassen" title="Universitetsplassen">Universitetsplassen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffffff;color: #000000;;width:1%">Faculties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo_Faculty_of_Law" title="University of Oslo Faculty of Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo_Faculty_of_Medicine" title="University of Oslo Faculty of Medicine">Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffffff;color: #000000;;width:1%">Institutes and centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Institute_at_Athens" title="Norwegian Institute at Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Ibsen_Studies" title="Centre for Ibsen Studies">Ibsen Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Clinical_Dentistry_(Oslo)" title="Institute of Clinical Dentistry (Oslo)">Clinical Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Research_Center_for_Computers_and_Law" title="Norwegian Research Center for Computers and Law">Computers and Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Development_and_the_Environment" title="Centre for Development and the Environment">Development and the Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Gender_Institute" title="Nordic Gender Institute">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Centre_for_Human_Rights" title="Norwegian Centre for Human Rights">Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Internet_Exchange" title="Norwegian Internet Exchange">Internet Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Psychology,_University_of_Oslo" title="Department of Psychology, University of Oslo">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Sociology_and_Human_Geography,_University_of_Oslo" title="Department of Sociology and Human Geography, University of Oslo">Sociology and Human Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Library_of_Oslo" class="mw-redirect" title="University Library of Oslo">University Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffffff;color: #000000;;width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Cultural_History,_Oslo" title="Museum of Cultural History, Oslo">Museum of Cultural History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Viking Ship Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum_at_the_University_of_Oslo" title="Natural History Museum at the University of Oslo">Natural History Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_Botanical_Garden_(Oslo)" title="University Botanical Garden (Oslo)">Botanical Garden</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffffff;color: #000000;;width:1%">Hospitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_University_Hospital" title="Oslo University Hospital">Oslo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_University_Hospital,_Aker" title="Oslo University Hospital, Aker">Aker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_University_Hospital,_Radiumhospitalet" title="Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet"> Radiumhospitalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_University_Hospital,_Rikshospitalet" title="Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet">Rikshospitalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_University_Hospital,_Ullev%C3%A5l" title="Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål">Ullevål</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akershus_University_Hospital" title="Akershus University Hospital">Akershus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffffff;color: #000000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo#Affiliated_institutes" title="University of Oslo">Affiliated institutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Centre_for_Violence_and_Traumatic_Stress_Studies" title="Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies">Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Studies_of_the_Holocaust_and_Religious_Minorities" title="Center for Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities">Studies of the Holocaust and Religious Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_International_Climate_and_Environmental_Research" title="Centre for International Climate and Environmental Research">International Climate and Environmental Research</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frisch_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frisch Centre (page does not exist)">Frisch Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simula_Research_Laboratory" title="Simula Research Laboratory">Simula Research Laboratory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffffff;color: #000000;;width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollon_(Norwegian_magazine)" title="Apollon (Norwegian magazine)">Apollon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ibsen_Studies" title="Ibsen Studies">Ibsen Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Journal_of_Human_Rights" title="Nordic Journal of Human Rights">Nordic Journal of Human Rights</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_Journal_of_Philosophical_Logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordic Journal of Philosophical Logic (page does not exist)">Nordic Journal of Philosophical Logic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#ffffff;color: #000000;;width:1%">Student life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chateau_Neuf" title="Chateau Neuf">Chateau Neuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Student_Life_in_Oslo" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation for Student Life in Oslo">Foundation for Student Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Students%27_Society" title="Norwegian Students' Society">Students' Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universitas_(newspaper)" title="Universitas (newspaper)"><i>Universitas</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="A._M._Turing_Award_laureates58" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turing_Award_laureates" title="Template:Turing Award laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turing_Award_laureates" title="Template talk:Turing Award laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turing_Award_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turing Award laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="A._M._Turing_Award_laureates58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">A. M. Turing Award</a> <a href="/wiki/Laureate" title="Laureate">laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Perlis" title="Alan Perlis">Alan Perlis</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes" title="Maurice Wilkes">Maurice Vincent Wilkes</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hamming" title="Richard Hamming">Richard Hamming</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_H._Wilkinson" title="James H. Wilkinson">James H. Wilkinson</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bachman" title="Charles Bachman">Charles Bachman</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a>; <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert A. Simon</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_O._Rabin" title="Michael O. Rabin">Michael O. Rabin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dana_Scott" title="Dana Scott">Dana Scott</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Floyd" title="Robert W. Floyd">Robert W. Floyd</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_E._Iverson" title="Kenneth E. Iverson">Kenneth E. Iverson</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Hoare" title="Tony Hoare">Tony Hoare</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd" title="Edgar F. Codd">Edgar F. Codd</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cook" title="Stephen Cook">Stephen Cook</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Karp" title="Richard M. Karp">Richard Karp</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Hopcroft" title="John Hopcroft">John Hopcroft</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tarjan" title="Robert Tarjan">Robert Tarjan</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Cocke_(computer_scientist)" title="John Cocke (computer scientist)">John Cocke</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sutherland" title="Ivan Sutherland">Ivan Sutherland</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Kahan" title="William Kahan">William Kahan</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fernando_J._Corbat%C3%B3" title="Fernando J. Corbató">Fernando J. Corbató</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Milner" title="Robin Milner">Robin Milner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Butler_Lampson" title="Butler Lampson">Butler Lampson</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Juris_Hartmanis" title="Juris Hartmanis">Juris Hartmanis</a>; <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Stearns" title="Richard E. Stearns">Richard E. Stearns</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feigenbaum" title="Edward Feigenbaum">Edward Feigenbaum</a>; <a href="/wiki/Raj_Reddy" title="Raj Reddy">Raj Reddy</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Blum" title="Manuel Blum">Manuel Blum</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Amir_Pnueli" title="Amir Pnueli">Amir Pnueli</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(computer_scientist)" title="Jim Gray (computer scientist)">Jim Gray</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Brooks" title="Fred Brooks">Fred Brooks</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Yao" title="Andrew Yao">Andrew Yao</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ole-Johan_Dahl" title="Ole-Johan Dahl">Ole-Johan Dahl</a>; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kristen Nygaard</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Rivest" title="Ron Rivest">Ron Rivest</a>; <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shamir" title="Adi Shamir">Adi Shamir</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Adleman" title="Leonard Adleman">Leonard Adleman</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Alan Kay</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Kahn (computer scientist)">Bob Kahn</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Naur" title="Peter Naur">Peter Naur</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Allen" title="Frances Allen">Frances Allen</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_M._Clarke" title="Edmund M. Clarke">Edmund M. Clarke</a>; <a href="/wiki/E._Allen_Emerson" title="E. Allen Emerson">E. Allen Emerson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sifakis" title="Joseph Sifakis">Joseph Sifakis</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Liskov" title="Barbara Liskov">Barbara Liskov</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Thacker" title="Charles P. Thacker">Charles P. Thacker</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Valiant" title="Leslie Valiant">Leslie G. Valiant</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Judea_Pearl" title="Judea Pearl">Judea Pearl</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shafi_Goldwasser" title="Shafi Goldwasser">Shafi Goldwasser</a>; <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Micali" title="Silvio Micali">Silvio Micali</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Lamport" title="Leslie Lamport">Leslie Lamport</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stonebraker" title="Michael Stonebraker">Michael Stonebraker</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hellman" title="Martin Hellman">Martin Hellman</a>; <a href="/wiki/Whitfield_Diffie" title="Whitfield Diffie">Whitfield Diffie</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hennessy" title="John L. Hennessy">John L. Hennessy</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Patterson_(computer_scientist)" title="David Patterson (computer scientist)">David Patterson</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yoshua_Bengio" title="Yoshua Bengio">Yoshua Bengio</a>; <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Geoffrey Hinton</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yann_LeCun" title="Yann LeCun">Yann LeCun</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Catmull" title="Edwin Catmull">Ed Catmull</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Pat Hanrahan</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Aho" title="Alfred Aho">Alfred Aho</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Ullman" title="Jeffrey Ullman">Jeffrey Ullman</a> (2020) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Dongarra" title="Jack Dongarra">Jack Dongarra</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Avi_Wigderson" title="Avi Wigderson">Avi Wigderson</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92744#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1865" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92744#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1865" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92744#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/138831904">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82251022">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV034997">Italy</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20041123005&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073634921">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90256669">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007422990505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/profile/81100392381">Association for Computing Machinery</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7005508879">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:nygaard.kristen">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/98/892">DBLP</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/510246">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/937090">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristen_Nygaard&oldid=1210190980">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kristen_Nygaard&oldid=1210190980</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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href="/wiki/Category:Waldorf_school_alumni" title="Category:Waldorf school alumni">Waldorf school alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_University_of_Oslo" title="Category:Academic staff of the University of Oslo">Academic staff of the University of Oslo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1926_births" title="Category:1926 births">1926 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2002_deaths" title="Category:2002 deaths">2002 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Norwegian_Academy_of_Science_and_Letters" title="Category:Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters">Members of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dahl%E2%80%93Nygaard_Prize" title="Category:Dahl–Nygaard Prize">Dahl–Nygaard Prize</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit 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