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Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Near_Eastern_archaeology&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Near+Eastern+archaeology%22">"Near Eastern archaeology"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Near+Eastern+archaeology%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Near+Eastern+archaeology%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Near+Eastern+archaeology%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Near+Eastern+archaeology%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Near+Eastern+archaeology%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_helmet_of_Meskalamdug_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Golden_helmet_of_Meskalamdug_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/220px-Golden_helmet_of_Meskalamdug_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Golden_helmet_of_Meskalamdug_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/330px-Golden_helmet_of_Meskalamdug_in_the_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Golden_helmet_of_Meskalamdug_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/440px-Golden_helmet_of_Meskalamdug_in_the_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4760" data-file-height="4523" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Meskalamdug" title="Meskalamdug">Meskalamdug</a> helmet, British Museum electrotype copy, original was in the Iraq Museum, Bagdad. The holes around the border suggest that another piece was normally affixed, as for example in the full mask attributed to <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a>. The hairbun attached at the back of the head is visible in other rulers as well, such as Sargon or <a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Stele_of_the_Vultures" title="Stele of the Vultures">Stele of the Vultures</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Near Eastern archaeology</b> is a regional branch of the wider, global discipline of <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>. It refers generally to the excavation and study of <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> from antiquity to the recent past.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near_Eastern_archaeology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The definition of the Near East is usually based around <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, including the historical <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. The history of archaeological investigation in this region grew out of the 19th century discipline of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">biblical archaeology</a>, efforts mostly by Europeans to uncover evidence for <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bible">Christian biblical</a> narratives. Much archaeological work in this region is still influenced by that discipline, although within the last three decades there has been a marked tendency by some archaeologists to dissociate their work from biblical frameworks. </p><p>The most common fields of study are biblical archaeology dealing with the region and history of the Bible; <a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a> dealing with <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptology</a> dealing with the history of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_archaeology" title="Prehistoric archaeology">prehistoric archaeology</a> which is not tied to a region but instead deals with the origins of <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> before the invention of <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_subdivisions">Geographic subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near_Eastern_archaeology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near_Eastern_archaeology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Egyptology is one example of a specialized branch that deals with the Nile Valley cultures of Egypt and associated regions in sub-Saharan Africa, the Sinai Peninsula to the east, and parts of North Africa. It includes language studies, history and archaeology and other related disciplines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Levant">Southern Levant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near_Eastern_archaeology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Southern Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> (or Syria-Palestine) is used to refer to the area adjacent to the east coast of the Mediterranean. The southern region included in this term encompasses <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, and part of <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> was its ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> name and was also in use during the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> (1095–1291), the period of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule (1517-1917) and the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British Mandate</a> (1918–1948). The same region is also called the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>. The foregoing names can be perceived as having political overtones, meaning that the more neutral, geographically based term the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">southern Levant</a> has become popular with archaeologists who wish to refer to this area without prejudice or political orientation. In many contexts the Sinai Peninsula is also considered to be part of the southern Levant, although it is part of the modern state of Egypt. Archaeologically, it is distinguished from the heartland of Egypt, the Nile Valley and Delta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Levant">Northern Levant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near_Eastern_archaeology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Northern Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term northern Levant can be used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, the Syrian littoral and portions of the Mediterranean coast of Turkey in the province of <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a>. These regions are often included in Greater Syria, a name used to refer to the whole area between Anatolia, Mesopotamia, and Arabia. The Mediterranean coast of Lebanon, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic</a>, and parts of northern Israel are also known as <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, after the ancient kingdom. However, this term suffers from the same problems as Canaan and equivalents and so is generally now only used in a strict historical sense. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatolia">Anatolia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near_Eastern_archaeology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anatolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, most of modern Turkey, is bordered by several seas and includes parts of Northern Mesopotamia. The <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> rise in Turkey and flow south into Iraq. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyprus">Cyprus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near_Eastern_archaeology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cyprus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (ancient <a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a>), a large island in the eastern Mediterranean was a separate cultural entity during most periods of human occupation. However, its proximity to both Anatolia and the northern and southern Levant was responsible for influences from and to both these regions. This was especially the case as Cyprus was an important source of copper for much of the region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near_Eastern_archaeology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mesopotamia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> ("The Land of Two Rivers") is considered to begin more or less near the modern border with Iraq and refers to the flat valley of the southern Tigris and Euphrates and their tributaries. These rivers empty into the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a> waterway that separates Iraq from Iran. Sumerology is a very specialized discipline that deals with the history, language and archaeology of ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> (southern Mesopotamia), mostly during the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="4th millennium BCE">4th</a> and 3rd millennium BCE. Assyriology deals with the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrians</a> who succeeded the Sumerians and covers much of the region while that language was still in use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near_Eastern_archaeology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, includes a large plateau and its periphery, including the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a>. Sub-disciplines of this region deal mostly with the languages, history and archaeology of regions within this large area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabian_Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near_Eastern_archaeology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Arabian Peninsula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Arabian Peninsula and its offshore islands is a separate geographical zone that has contacts with Sinai, the well-watered regions to the north, and by sea with the far-east. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisations">Organisations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near_Eastern_archaeology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the historic interest in the archaeology of the Near East, especially due to the biblical links of the area, there are a large number of organisations dedicated to the archaeological investigation of the region. These include the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Overseas_Research" title="American Society of Overseas Research">American Society of Overseas Research</a> which publishes the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_Archaeology_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Near Eastern Archaeology Magazine">Near Eastern Archaeology Magazine</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_British_Research_in_the_Levant" title="Council for British Research in the Levant">Council for British Research in the Levant</a> which publishes the journal <i>Levant</i>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Netherlands_Institute_for_the_Near_East" title="The Netherlands Institute for the Near East">the Netherlands Institute for the Near East</a> which publishes the journal <i>Bibliotheca Orientalis</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near_Eastern_archaeology&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyriologists" title="List of Assyriologists">List of Assyriologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_archaeology" title="Levantine archaeology">Levantine archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetic history of the Middle East</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_Archaeology_(journal)" title="Near Eastern Archaeology (journal)">Near Eastern Archaeology</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_bioarchaeology" title="Near Eastern bioarchaeology">Near Eastern bioarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICAANE" title="ICAANE">ICAANE</a> (International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near_Eastern_archaeology&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPorter2010" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Benjamin W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315427690-4/near-eastern-archaeology-imperial-pasts-postcolonial-presents-possibilities-decolonized-future-benjamin-porter">"Near Eastern Archaeology: Imperial Pasts, Postcolonial Presents, and the Possibilities of a Decolonized Future"</a>. In Lydon, Jane; Rizvi, Uzma Z. (eds.). <i>Handbook of Postcolonial Archaeology</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315427690">10.4324/9781315427690</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-42769-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-42769-0"><bdi>978-1-315-42769-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Near+Eastern+Archaeology%3A+Imperial+Pasts%2C+Postcolonial+Presents%2C+and+the+Possibilities+of+a+Decolonized+Future&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Postcolonial+Archaeology&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315427690&rft.isbn=978-1-315-42769-0&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9781315427690-4%2Fnear-eastern-archaeology-imperial-pasts-postcolonial-presents-possibilities-decolonized-future-benjamin-porter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear+Eastern+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near_Eastern_archaeology&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard2003" class="citation book cs1">Richard, Suzanne (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khR0apPid8gC"><i>Near Eastern Archaeology: A Reader</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-083-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-083-5"><bdi>978-1-57506-083-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Near+Eastern+Archaeology%3A+A+Reader&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-083-5&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkhR0apPid8gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANear+Eastern+archaeology" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Near_Eastern_archaeology&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218213302/http://www.ancientneareast.net/">Ancient Near East.net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etana.org">ETANA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060111134323/http://www.eblaforum.org/library/bcah/">Introduction to Biblical Archaeology</a> (2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129004659/http://www.biblicalarcheology.net/">Resources on Biblical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centuryone.org/pottery.html">Pottery types of the Levant</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centuryone.com/jerusalemwalls.html">Jerusalem: The Circuit of the Walls</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropology.uw.edu.pl/">Bioarchaeology of the Near 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title="History of archaeology">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">Antiquarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Johann Joachim Winckelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Hoare,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Hoare, 2nd Baronet">Richard Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lloyd_Stephens" title="John Lloyd Stephens">John Lloyd Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Holmes" title="William Henry Holmes">William Henry Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Pitt_Rivers" title="Augustus Pitt Rivers">Augustus Pitt Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Wheeler" title="Mortimer Wheeler">Mortimer Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Garrod" title="Dorothy Garrod">Dorothy Garrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Uhle" title="Max Uhle">Max Uhle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_V._Kidder" title="Alfred V. Kidder">Alfred V. Kidder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Method and theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_theory" title="Archaeological theory">Archaeological theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_archaeology" title="Philosophy of archaeology">Philosophy of archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_diving" title="Archaeological diving">Archaeological diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_ethics" title="Archaeological ethics">Archaeological ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_archaeological_sites" title="Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites">Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(archaeology)" title="Survey (archaeology)">Survey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geophysical_survey_(archaeology)" title="Geophysical survey (archaeology)">geophysical survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance_survey" title="Electrical resistance survey">electrical resistance survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sondage" title="Sondage">Sondage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_layer" title="Burnt layer">Burnt layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_excavation" title="Archaeological excavation">Excavation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">Lithic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-excavation_analysis" title="Post-excavation analysis">Post-excavation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subfields_of_archaeology" title="Subfields of archaeology">Sub-disciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chronological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_archaeology" title="Prehistoric archaeology">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_archaeology" title="Biblical archaeology">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_archaeology" title="Classical archaeology">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_archaeology" title="Medieval archaeology">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-medieval_archaeology" title="Post-medieval archaeology">Post-Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_archaeology" title="Historical archaeology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_archaeology" title="Contemporary archaeology">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_archaeology" title="African archaeology">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Americas" title="Archaeology of the Americas">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_in_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology in Asia">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_archaeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian archaeology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Oceania" title="Archaeology in Oceania">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptology" title="Egyptology">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Mesopotamian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubiology" title="Nubiology">Nubian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_archaeology" title="Aerial archaeology">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeogenetics" title="Archaeogenetics">Archaeogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_bioarchaeology" title="Medieval bioarchaeology">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_bioarchaeology" title="Near Eastern bioarchaeology">Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteology" title="Osteology">Osteology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleopathology" title="Paleopathology">Paleopathology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calceology" title="Calceology">Calceology</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:1%">Thematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_science" title="Archaeological science">Archaeometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battlefield_archaeology" title="Battlefield archaeology">Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_archaeology" title="Conflict archaeology">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_archaeology" title="Funerary archaeology">Funerary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_archaeology" title="Gender archaeology">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_archaeology" title="Indigenous archaeology">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_archaeology" title="Industrial archaeology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeological sites by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">Periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeologists" title="List of archaeologists">Archaeologists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptologists" title="List of Egyptologists">Egyptologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyriologists" title="List of Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittitology" title="Hittitology">Hittitologists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeology_journals" title="List of archaeology journals">Journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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