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and Mycenae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Troy_and_Mycenae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy and criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Heinrich Schliemann</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هاينريش شليمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هاينريش شليمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrix_%C5%9Eliman" title="Henrix Şliman – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Henrix Şliman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هاینریش شلیمان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هاینریش شلیمان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Генрых Шліман – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генрых Шліман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Генрых Шліман – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Генрых Шліман" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хайнрих Шлиман – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хайнрих Шлиман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BB%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Ερρίκος Σλήμαν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερρίκος Σλήμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B4%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هاینریش شلیمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هاینریش شلیمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%A6%AC%ED%9E%88_%EC%8A%90%EB%A6%AC%EB%A7%8C" title="하인리히 슐리만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하인리히 슐리만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AD_%D5%87%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հենրիխ Շլիման – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հենրիխ Շլիման" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="היינריך שלימן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היינריך שלימן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰაინრიხ შლიმანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰაინრიხ შლიმანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Генрих Шлиман – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Генрих Шлиман" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_Schliemann" title="Henricus Schliemann – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Henricus Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrihs_%C5%A0l%C4%ABmanis" title="Heinrihs Šlīmanis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Heinrihs Šlīmanis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хајнрих Шлиман – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хајнрих Шлиман" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%B4%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هاينريش شليمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هاينريش شليمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="ハインリヒ・シュリーマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハインリヒ・シュリーマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гайнрих Шлиман – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гайнрих Шлиман" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Шлиман, Генрих – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шлиман, Генрих" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Shliman" title="Henrik Shliman – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Henrik Shliman" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хајнрих Шлиман – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хајнрих Шлиман" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann" title="Heinrich Schliemann – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Heinrich Schliemann" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Генріх Шліман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генріх Шліман" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%BC" title="海因里希·施里曼 – Wu" lang="wuu" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German businessman and archaeologist (1822–1890)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Schliemann" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Schliemann_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Schliemann (disambiguation)">Schliemann (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Heinrich Schliemann</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Schliemann_(HeidICON_28763)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Heinrich_Schliemann_%28HeidICON_28763%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Heinrich_Schliemann_%28HeidICON_28763%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Heinrich_Schliemann_%28HeidICON_28763%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Heinrich_Schliemann_%28HeidICON_28763%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Heinrich_Schliemann_%28HeidICON_28763%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Heinrich_Schliemann_%28HeidICON_28763%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1445" data-file-height="2033" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1822-01-06</span>)</span>6 January 1822<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Neubukow" title="Neubukow">Neubukow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 December 1890<span style="display:none">(1890-12-26)</span> (aged 68)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Ekaterina Petrovna Lyschin</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="12 October 1852">1852</span>; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="July 1869">1869</span>)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Schliemann" title="Sophia Schliemann">Sophia Schliemann</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="23 September 1869">1869</span>)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5 (3 w/ Lyschin, 2 w/ Schliemann, incl. <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon_Schliemann" title="Agamemnon Schliemann">Agamemnon</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʃliːman]</a></span>; 6 January 1822 – 26 December 1890) was a German businessman and an influential amateur archaeologist. He was an advocate of the <a href="/wiki/Historicity" title="Historicity">historicity</a> of places mentioned in the works of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and an archaeological excavator of <a href="/wiki/Hisarlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisarlik">Hisarlik</a>, now presumed to be the site of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> sites <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a>. His work lent weight to the idea that Homer's <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> reflects <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Iliad" title="Historicity of the Iliad">historical events</a>. Schliemann's excavation of nine layers of archaeological remains has been criticized as destructive of significant historical artifacts, including the layer that is believed to be the Homeric Troy.<sup id="cite_ref-Stefan_Lovgren_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stefan_Lovgren-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schliemann&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schliemann was born January 6, 1822, in <a href="/wiki/Neubukow" title="Neubukow">Neubukow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a> (part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>) to Luise Therese Sophie Schliemann and Ernst Schliemann, a Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">minister</a>. He was the fifth of nine children. The family moved to <a href="/wiki/Ankershagen" title="Ankershagen">Ankershagen</a> in summer 1823. Their second home houses the <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann_Museum" title="Heinrich Schliemann Museum">Heinrich Schliemann Museum</a> today.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heinrich's father was a poor pastor. His mother died in 1831, when Heinrich was nine years old, and his father sent Heinrich to live with his uncle Friedrich Schliemann, also a pastor. When he was eleven years old, his father paid for his enrollment in the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a> (grammar school) at <a href="/wiki/Neustrelitz" title="Neustrelitz">Neustrelitz</a>, but he had to leave it after three months. Heinrich's interest in history was initially encouraged by his father, who had schooled him in the tales of the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a> and had given him a copy of Ludwig Jerrer's <i>Illustrated History of the World</i> for Christmas in 1829. Schliemann claimed that at the age of 7 he had declared he would one day excavate the city of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ilios_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilios-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cottrell_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cottrell-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heinrich had to transfer to the <a href="/wiki/Realschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Realschule">Realschule</a> (vocational school) after his father was accused of embezzling church funds<sup id="cite_ref-payne_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payne-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> and made his exams in 1836. His family's poverty made a university education impossible. In his archaeological career, there was often a division between Schliemann and the educated professionals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At age 14, after leaving Realschule, Heinrich became an apprentice at Herr Holtz's grocery in <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrstenberg/Havel" title="Fürstenberg/Havel">Fürstenberg</a>. He later told that his passion for Homer was born when he heard a drunken miller reciting it at the grocer's.<sup id="cite_ref-payne_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payne-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 70">: 70 </span></sup> He laboured for five years, until he was forced to leave because he hurt his chest, lifting a heavy barrel and coughing up blood.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1841, Schliemann moved to <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and became a <a href="/wiki/Cabin_boy" title="Cabin boy">cabin boy</a> on the <i>Dorothea,</i> a <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</a> bound for <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. After twelve days at sea, the ship foundered in a gale. The survivors washed up on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-payne_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payne-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup> Schliemann became a messenger, office attendant, and later, a bookkeeper in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schliemann&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2_38_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2_38_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg/170px-%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2_38_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2_38_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg/255px-%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2_38_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2_38_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg/340px-%D0%A8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B2_38_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Schliemann as a young man</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 1, 1844, 22-year-old Schliemann took a position with B. H. Schröder & Co., an import/export firm. In 1846, the firm sent him as a <a href="/wiki/General_Agent" class="mw-redirect" title="General Agent">General Agent</a> to <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In time, Schliemann represented a number of companies. He learned Russian and Greek, employing a system that he used his entire life to learn languages; Schliemann claimed that it took him six weeks to learn a language<sup id="cite_ref-payne_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payne-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 30">: 30 </span></sup> and wrote his diary in the language of whatever country he happened to be in. By the end of his life, he could converse in English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Swedish, Polish, Greek, Latin, and Arabic, besides his native German.<sup id="cite_ref-cw_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28–30">: 28–30 </span></sup> </p><p>Schliemann's ability with languages was an important part of his career as a businessman in the importing trade. In 1850, he learned of the death of his brother, Ludwig, who had become wealthy as a speculator in the California gold fields.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schliemann went to California in early 1851 and started a bank in <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a> buying and reselling over a million dollars' worth of gold dust in just six months. When the local Rothschild agent complained about short-weight consignments, he left California, pretending it was because of illness.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he was there, California became the 31st state in September 1850, and Schliemann acquired <a href="/wiki/United_States_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="United States citizenship">United States citizenship</a>. Schliemann propounded this story in his autobiography of 1881, though he clearly was in St Petersburg that day, and "in actual fact, ...obtained his American citizenship only in 1869."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to his memoirs, before arriving in California he dined in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, with President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> and his family,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but W. Calder III says that Schliemann didn't attend but simply read about a similar gathering in the papers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schliemann also published what he said was an eyewitness account of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Fire_of_1851" title="San Francisco Fire of 1851">San Francisco Fire of 1851</a>, which he said was in June although it took place in May. At the time he was in Sacramento and used the report of the fire in the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sacramento_Daily_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sacramento Daily Journal (page does not exist)">Sacramento Daily Journal</a></i> to write his report.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 7, 1852, he sold his business and returned to Russia. There he attempted to live the life of a gentleman, which brought him into contact with Ekaterina Petrovna Lyschin (1826–1896), the niece of one of his wealthy friends, whom he married on October 12, 1852.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Schliemann next made a good profit trading in <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo dye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1858, Schliemann was 36 years old and wealthy enough to retire. In his memoirs, he claimed that he wished to dedicate himself to the pursuit of Troy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amateur_archaeologist">Amateur archaeologist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schliemann&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Amateur archaeologist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaskeAgamemnon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/MaskeAgamemnon.JPG/220px-MaskeAgamemnon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/MaskeAgamemnon.JPG/330px-MaskeAgamemnon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/MaskeAgamemnon.JPG/440px-MaskeAgamemnon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1457" data-file-height="1472" /></a><figcaption>The '<a href="/wiki/Mask_of_Agamemnon" title="Mask of Agamemnon">Mask of Agamemnon</a>', discovered by Heinrich Schliemann in 1876 at <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> now exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archaeological Museum of Athens">National Archaeological Museum of Athens</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Heinrich Schliemann was an amateur archaeologist. He was obsessed with the stories of Homer and ancient Mediterranean civilizations. He dedicated the second part of his life to unveiling the actual physical remains of the cities of Homer's epic tales. Many refer to him as the "father of pre-Hellenistic archaeology".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1868, Schliemann visited sites in the Greek world, published his second book <i>Ithaka, der Peloponnesus und Troja</i> in which he described ancient sites in Greece and the Ottoman Empire and asserted that Hissarlik was the site of Troy. He submitted this book as a dissertation to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rostock" title="University of Rostock">University of Rostock</a>. In 1869, he was awarded a PhD <i>in absentia</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the university for that submission.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Traill wrote that the examiners gave him his PhD on the basis of his topographical analyses of <a href="/wiki/Homer%27s_Ithaca" title="Homer's Ithaca">Ithaca</a>, which were in part simply translations of another author's work or drawn from poetic descriptions by the same author.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1999312_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1999312-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other researchers who worked with documents from the university archives clearly contradict Traill's statements.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schliemann was an honorary member of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London" title="Society of Antiquaries of London">Society of Antiquaries of London</a> and elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a> in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Troy_and_Mycenae">Troy and Mycenae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schliemann&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Troy and Mycenae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sophia_Schliemann_wearing_gold_jewelry_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sophia_Schliemann_wearing_gold_jewelry_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Sophia_Schliemann_wearing_gold_jewelry_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sophia_Schliemann_wearing_gold_jewelry_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Sophia_Schliemann_wearing_gold_jewelry_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Sophia_Schliemann_wearing_gold_jewelry_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Sophia_Schliemann_wearing_gold_jewelry_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Schliemann" title="Sophia Schliemann">Sophia Schliemann</a> (<i>née</i> Engastromenos) wearing finds recovered at <a href="/wiki/Hisarlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisarlik">Hisarlik</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Schliemann's first interest of a classical nature seems to have been the location of Troy. At the time he began excavating in Turkey, the site commonly believed to be Troy was at <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C4%B1narba%C5%9F%C4%B1_K%C3%B6y%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pınarbaşı Köyü (page does not exist)">Pınarbaşı</a>, a hilltop at the south end of the Trojan Plain.<sup id="cite_ref-Easton_1998_339_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Easton_1998_339-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site had been previously excavated by English amateur archaeologist and local expert <a href="/wiki/Frank_Calvert" title="Frank Calvert">Frank Calvert</a>. Schliemann performed soundings at Pınarbaşı but was disappointed by his findings.<sup id="cite_ref-Easton_1998_339_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Easton_1998_339-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was Calvert who identified <a href="/wiki/Hissarlik" class="mw-redirect" title="Hissarlik">Hissarlik</a> as Troy and suggested Schliemann dig there on land owned by Calvert's family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen19993_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen19993-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schliemann was at first skeptical about the identification of Hissarlik with Troy but was persuaded by Calvert.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1870, Schliemann began <a href="/wiki/Schliemann%27s_Trench" title="Schliemann's Trench">digging a trench</a> at Hissarlik, and by 1873 had discovered nine buried cities. </p><p>Schliemann found pure copper and metal molds as well as a lot of other metal tools, cutlery, shields, and vases which were found at around 28 to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">29<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> feet deep at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Schliemann_1875_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schliemann_1875-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The day before digging was to stop on 15 June 1873, was the day he discovered gold, which he took to be <a href="/wiki/Priam%27s_Treasure" title="Priam's Treasure">Priam's Treasure</a> trove.<sup id="cite_ref-cw_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 36–39">: 36–39 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leo_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 131, 153, 163–213">: 131, 153, 163–213 </span></sup> Recent research has confirmed several settlements on the site spanning 3,600 years.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The layer that Schliemann referred to as "the Burnt City"<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and believed to be Troy is now thought to be from 3,000 to 2,000 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> too early to be the location of the Trojan War as Homer describes it. </p><p>He later wrote that he had seen the gold glinting in the dirt and dismissed the workmen so that he and Sophia could excavate it themselves; they removed it in her shawl. However, Schliemann's oft-repeated story of the treasure's being carried by Sophia in her shawl was untrue. Schliemann later admitted fabricating it; at the time of the discovery Sophia was in fact with her family in Athens, following the death of her father.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schliemann smuggled the treasure out of the Ottoman Empire into Greece. The Ottoman Empire sued Schliemann in a Greek court, and Schliemann was forced to pay a 10,000 gold <a href="/wiki/Franc" title="Franc">franc</a> <a href="/wiki/Indemnity" title="Indemnity">indemnity</a>. Schliemann ended up sending 50,000 gold francs to the <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> Imperial Museum, and got the permission for further excavations at Hissarlik.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1874 Schliemann published <i>Troy and Its Remains</i>. Schliemann at first offered his collections, which included Priam's Gold, to the Greek government, then the French, and finally the Russians. In 1881, his collections ended up in Berlin, housed first in the Ethnographic Museum, and then the Museum for Pre- and Early History, until the start of <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a>. In 1939, all exhibits were packed and stored in the museum basement, then moved to the Prussian State Bank vault in January 1941. In 1941, the treasure was moved to the <a href="/wiki/Flakturm" class="mw-redirect" title="Flakturm">Flakturm</a> located at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Zoological_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Zoological Garden">Berlin Zoological Garden</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Zoo_Tower" title="Zoo Tower">Zoo Tower</a>. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Unverzagt" title="Wilhelm Unverzagt">Wilhelm Unverzagt</a> protected the three crates containing the Trojan gold when the <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle for Berlin">Battle for Berlin</a> commenced, right up until <a href="/wiki/SMERSH" title="SMERSH">SMERSH</a> forces took control of the tower on 1 May. On 26 May 1945, Soviet forces, led by Lt. Gen. Nikolai Antipenko, Andre Konstantinov, deputy head of the Arts Committee, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lazarev" title="Viktor Lazarev">Viktor Lazarev</a>, and Serafim Druzhinin, took the three crates away on trucks. The crates were then flown to Moscow on 30 June 1945, and taken to the <a href="/wiki/Pushkin_Museum" title="Pushkin Museum">Pushkin Museum</a> ten days later. In 1994, the museum admitted the collection was in their possession.<sup id="cite_ref-cw_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leo_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1876, he began digging at <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a>, under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Stamatakis" title="Panagiotis Stamatakis">Panagiotis Stamatakis</a>, a Greek archaeologist attached to the excavation as a condition of Schliemann's permit.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, he discovered the <a href="/wiki/Grave_Circle_A,_Mycenae" title="Grave Circle A, Mycenae">Shaft Graves</a>, with their skeletons and more regal gold, including the so-called <a href="/wiki/Mask_of_Agamemnon" title="Mask of Agamemnon">Mask of Agamemnon</a>. These findings were published in <i>Mycenae</i> in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-cw_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 57–58">: 57–58 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-leo_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 226–252, 385">: 226–252, 385 </span></sup> </p><p>Although he had received permission in 1876 to continue excavation, Schliemann did not reopen the dig site at Troy until 1878–1879, after another excavation in Ithaca designed to locate a site mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Emile_Burnouf" class="mw-redirect" title="Emile Burnouf">Emile Burnouf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> joined him there in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1880 Schliemann began excavation of the <a href="/wiki/Treasury_of_Minyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Treasury of Minyas">Treasury of Minyas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Orchomenus_(Boeotia)" title="Orchomenus (Boeotia)">Orchomenus (Boeotia)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1882 to 1883 Schliemann made a sixth excavation at Troy, in 1884 an excavation of <a href="/wiki/Tiryns" title="Tiryns">Tiryns</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_D%C3%B6rpfeld" title="Wilhelm Dörpfeld">Wilhelm Dörpfeld</a>, and from 1889 to 1890 a seventh and eighth excavation at Troy, also with Dörpfeld.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schliemann&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After learning that his childhood sweetheart Minna had married, Schliemann married Ekaterina Petrovna Lyschin (1826–1896) on October 12, 1852. She was the niece of one of his wealthy friends in St Petersburg and they had three children; a son, Sergey (1855–1941), and two daughters, Natalya (1859–1869) and Nadezhda (1861–1935).<sup id="cite_ref-Allen_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence of his many travels, Schliemann was often separated from his wife and children. He spent a month studying at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a> in 1866, while moving his assets from St. Petersburg to Paris to invest in real estate. He asked his wife to join him, but she refused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1999114_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1999114-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schliemann threatened to divorce Ekaterina twice before doing so. In 1869, he bought property and settled in <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a> for about three months to take advantage of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>'s liberal divorce laws, although he obtained the divorce by lying about his residency in the U.S. and his intention to remain in the state. He moved to Athens as soon as an Indiana court granted him the divorce and married again two months later.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A former teacher and Athenian friend, Theokletos Vimpos, the Archbishop of Mantineia and Kynouria, helped Schliemann find someone "enthusiastic about Homer and about a rebirth of my beloved Greece...with a Greek name and a soul impassioned for learning." The archbishop suggested the 17 years old <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Schliemann" title="Sophia Schliemann">Sophia Engastromenos</a>, daughter of his cousin. They were married by the archbishop on 23 September 1869. They later had two children, Andromache and <a href="/wiki/Agamemnon_Schliemann" title="Agamemnon Schliemann">Agamemnon Schliemann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-leo_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leo-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90–91, 159–163">: 90–91, 159–163 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schliemann&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schliemann_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Schliemann_grave.jpg/220px-Schliemann_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Schliemann_grave.jpg/330px-Schliemann_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Schliemann_grave.jpg/440px-Schliemann_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>Schliemann's grave in the <a href="/wiki/First_Cemetery_of_Athens" title="First Cemetery of Athens">First Cemetery of Athens</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On August 1, 1890, Schliemann returned reluctantly to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, and in November travelled to <a href="/wiki/Halle,_Saxony-Anhalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle, Saxony-Anhalt">Halle</a>, where his chronic ear infection was operated upon, on November 13. The doctors deemed the operation a success, but his inner ear became painfully inflamed. Ignoring his doctors' advice, he left the hospital and travelled to <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. From the last, he planned to return to <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> in time for Christmas, but his ear condition became even worse. Too sick to make the boat ride from <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> to <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, Schliemann remained in Naples but managed to make a journey to the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>. On <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas Day">Christmas Day</a> 1890, he collapsed into a coma; he died in a Naples hotel room the following day; the cause of death was <a href="/wiki/Cholesteatoma" title="Cholesteatoma">cholesteatoma</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>His corpse was then transported by friends to the <a href="/wiki/First_Cemetery_of_Athens" title="First Cemetery of Athens">First Cemetery</a> in Athens. It was interred in a <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> shaped like a temple erected in ancient Greek style, designed by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ziller" title="Ernst Ziller">Ernst Ziller</a> in the form of an <a href="/wiki/Amphiprostyle" title="Amphiprostyle">amphiprostyle</a> temple on top of a tall base. The <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> circling the outside of the mausoleum shows Schliemann conducting the excavations at Mycenae and other sites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_criticism">Legacy and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schliemann&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schliemann_mansion_1900.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Schliemann_mansion_1900.png/220px-Schliemann_mansion_1900.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Schliemann_mansion_1900.png/330px-Schliemann_mansion_1900.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cc/Schliemann_mansion_1900.png/440px-Schliemann_mansion_1900.png 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1516" /></a><figcaption>The Schliemann mansion in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, ca. 1910, now housing the <a href="/wiki/Numismatic_Museum_of_Athens" title="Numismatic Museum of Athens">Numismatic Museum of Athens</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Schliemann's magnificent residence in the city centre of Athens, the <i>Iliou Melathron</i> (Ιλίου Μέλαθρον, "Palace of <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Ilium</a>"), today houses the <a href="/wiki/Numismatic_Museum_of_Athens" title="Numismatic Museum of Athens">Numismatic Museum of Athens</a>. </p><p>Along with <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Sir Arthur Evans</a>, Schliemann was a pioneer in the study of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean civilization</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. The two men knew of each other, Evans having visited Schliemann's sites. Schliemann had planned to excavate at <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> but died before fulfilling that dream. Evans bought the site and stepped in to take charge of the project, which was then still in its infancy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further excavation of the <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Troy</a> site by others indicated that the level Schliemann named the Troy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i> was inaccurate, although they retain the names given by Schliemann. In a 1998 article for <i><a href="/wiki/Classical_World_(journal)" title="Classical World (journal)">The Classical World</a>,</i> D.F. Easton wrote that Schliemann "was not very good at separating fact from interpretation"<sup id="cite_ref-Easton_1998_341_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Easton_1998_341-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and claimed that, "Even in 1872 Frank Calvert could see from the pottery that Troy II had to be hundreds of years too early to be the Troy of the Trojan War, a point finally proven by the discovery of Mycenaean pottery in Troy VI in 1890."<sup id="cite_ref-Easton_1998_341_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Easton_1998_341-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "King Priam's Treasure" was found in the Troy II level, that of the Early Bronze Age, long before Priam's city of Troy VI or Troy VIIa in the prosperous and elaborate Mycenaean Age. Moreover, the finds were unique. The elaborate gold artifacts do not appear to belong to the Early Bronze Age. </p><p>His excavations were condemned by later archaeologists as having destroyed the main layers of the real Troy. <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_W._Harl" title="Kenneth W. Harl">Kenneth W. Harl</a>, in the Teaching Company's <i>Great Ancient Civilizations of Asia Minor</i> lecture series, sarcastically claimed that Schliemann's excavations were carried out with such rough methods that he did to Troy what the Greeks could not do in their times, destroying and levelling down the entire city walls to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1972, Professor William Calder of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado" title="University of Colorado">University of Colorado</a>, speaking at a commemoration of Schliemann's birthday, claimed that he had uncovered several possible problems in Schliemann's work. Other investigators followed, such as Professor David Traill of the University of California.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2004 article of the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> called into question Schliemann's qualifications, his motives, and his methods: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In northwestern Turkey, Heinrich Schliemann excavated the site believed to be Troy in 1870. Schliemann was a German adventurer and <a href="/wiki/Con-man" class="mw-redirect" title="Con-man">con-man</a> who took sole credit for the discovery, even though he was digging at the site, called Hisarlik, at the behest of British archaeologist Frank Calvert. [...] Eager to find the legendary treasures of Troy, Schliemann blasted his way down to the second city, where he found what he believed were the jewels that once belonged to Helen. As it turns out, the jewels were a thousand years older than the time described in Homer's epic.<sup id="cite_ref-Stefan_Lovgren_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stefan_Lovgren-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A 2005 article presented similar criticisms, when reporting on a speech by University of Pennsylvania scholar C. Brian Rose: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann was the first to explore the Mound of Troy in the 1870s. Unfortunately, he had had no formal education in archaeology, and dug an enormous trench "which we still call the Schliemann Trench," according to Rose, because in the process Schliemann "destroyed a phenomenal amount of material." [...] Only much later in his career would he accept the fact that the treasure had been found at a layer one thousand years removed from the battle between the Greeks and Trojans, and thus that it could not have been the treasure of King Priam. Schliemann may not have discovered the truth, but the publicity stunt worked, making Schliemann and the site famous and igniting the field of Homeric studies in the late 19th century. During this period he was criticized and ridiculed of claims to fathering an offspring with a local Assyrian Girl sparking infidelity and adultery which Schliemann did not confirm or deny. '<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Schliemann's methods have been described as "savage and brutal. He plowed through layers of soil and everything in them without proper record keeping—no mapping of finds, few descriptions of discoveries."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His rough excavation, conclusory interpretation and appropriation of artifacts were criticised by contemporary antiquarians, among them Spyridon Comnos and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Salisbury_III" title="Stephen Salisbury III">Stephen Salisbury III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fame of his discoveries overshadowed such criticism through most of the twentieth century, such that <a href="/wiki/Carl_Blegen" title="Carl Blegen">Carl Blegen</a> excused his recklessness: "Although there were some regrettable blunders, those criticisms are largely colored by a comparison with modern techniques of digging; but it is only fair to remember that before 1876 very few persons, if anyone, yet really knew how excavations should properly be conducted. There was no science of archaeological investigation, and there was probably no other digger who was better than Schliemann in actual field work."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1874, Schliemann also initiated and sponsored the removal of medieval edifices from the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a>, including the great <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Tower_(Acropolis_of_Athens)" title="Frankish Tower (Acropolis of Athens)">Frankish Tower</a>. Despite considerable opposition, including from <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">King George I of the Hellenes</a>, Schliemann saw the project through.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaelen1959242–243_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaelen1959242–243-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eminent historian of <a href="/wiki/Frankokratia" title="Frankokratia">Frankish Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(historian)" title="William Miller (historian)">William Miller</a>, later denounced this as "an act of vandalism unworthy of any people imbued with a sense of the continuity of history",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1908401_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1908401-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "pedantic barbarism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaelen1959242_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaelen1959242-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his excavations at Troy, Schliemann found many <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastikas</a> adorned on pottery<sup id="cite_ref-Schliemann_1875_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schliemann_1875-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consulted with Aryan nationalist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Louis_Burnouf" title="Émile-Louis Burnouf">Émile-Louis Burnouf</a> to identify the symbol. Claiming that the symbol was connected with the Aryans, Burnouf adopted and popularised the swastika as a symbol of Aryan nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-Swastika:_The_Power_of_a_Symbol_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swastika:_The_Power_of_a_Symbol-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schliemann&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Heinrich_Schliemann_in_Neues_Museum,_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bust_of_Heinrich_Schliemann_in_Neues_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg/150px-Bust_of_Heinrich_Schliemann_in_Neues_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bust_of_Heinrich_Schliemann_in_Neues_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg/225px-Bust_of_Heinrich_Schliemann_in_Neues_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bust_of_Heinrich_Schliemann_in_Neues_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg/300px-Bust_of_Heinrich_Schliemann_in_Neues_Museum%2C_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1462" data-file-height="2183" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Schliemann in <a href="/wiki/Neues_Museum" title="Neues Museum">Neues Museum</a>, Berlin</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>La Chine et le Japon au temps présent</i> (1867)</li> <li><i>Ithaka, der Peloponnesus und Troja</i> (1868) (reissued by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2010. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01682-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01682-7">978-1-108-01682-7</a>)</li> <li><i>Trojanische Altertümer: Bericht über die Ausgrabungen in Troja</i> (1874) (reissued by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01703-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01703-9">978-1-108-01703-9</a>)</li> <li><i>Troja und seine Ruinen</i> (1875). Translated into English as <i>Troy and its Remains</i> (1875) (reissued by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01717-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01717-6">978-1-108-01717-6</a>)</li> <li><i>Mykena</i> (1878). Translated into English as <i>Mycenae: A Narrative of Researches and Discoveries at Mycenae and Tiryns</i> (1878) (reissued by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01692-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01692-6">978-1-108-01692-6</a>)</li> <li><i>Ilios, City and Country of the Trojans</i> (1880) (reissued by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01679-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01679-7">978-1-108-01679-7</a>)</li> <li><i>Orchomenos: Bericht über meine Ausgrabungen in Böotischen Orchomenos</i> (1881) (reissued by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01718-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01718-3">978-1-108-01718-3</a>)</li> <li><i>Tiryns: Der prähistorische Palast der Könige von Tiryns</i> (1885) (reissued by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01720-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01720-6">978-1-108-01720-6</a>). Translated into English <i>Tiryns: The Prehistoric Palace of the Kings of Tiryns</i> (1885)</li> <li><i>Bericht über de Ausgrabungen in Troja im Jahre 1890</i> (1891) (reissued by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01719-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-01719-0">978-1-108-01719-0</a>).</li> <li>Heinrich Schliemann; Sophia Schliemann (ed.): <i>Heinrich Schliemann's Autobiography</i>. Leipzig, 1892. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/schliemann1892">Online version in German</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schliemann&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeologists" title="List of archaeologists">List of archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_polyglots" title="List of polyglots">List of polyglots</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schliemann&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stefan_Lovgren-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stefan_Lovgren_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stefan_Lovgren_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovgren2004" class="citation web cs1">Lovgren, Stefan (2004-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040515123339/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/05/0514_040514_troy.html">"Did Troy really exist ?"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. National Geographic Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/05/0514_040514_troy.html">the original</a> on May 15, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=Did+Troy+really+exist+%3F&rft.date=2004-05-14&rft.aulast=Lovgren&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2F05%2F0514_040514_troy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelia_Mauén.d." class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cornelia Maué (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180427230405/https://www.schliemann-museum.de/hsm/anliegen.html">"website of schliemann-museum Ankershagen"</a> (in German). Schliemann-museum.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schliemann-museum.de/hsm/anliegen.html">the original</a> on 27 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=website+of+schliemann-museum+Ankershagen&rft.pub=Schliemann-museum.de&rft.au=Cornelia+Mau%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schliemann-museum.de%2Fhsm%2Fanliegen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ilios-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ilios_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchliemann1881" class="citation book cs1">Schliemann, Heinrich (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028248593"><i>Ilios: The City and Country of the Trojans: the Results of Researches and Discoveries on the Site of Troy and Through the Troad in the Years 1871-72-73-78-79; Including an Autobiography of the Author</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)#Harper_&_Brothers_(1833–1962)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper & Brothers</a>. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ilios%3A+The+City+and+Country+of+the+Trojans%3A+the+Results+of+Researches+and+Discoveries+on+the+Site+of+Troy+and+Through+the+Troad+in+the+Years+1871-72-73-78-79%3B+Including+an+Autobiography+of+the+Author&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Schliemann&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924028248593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cottrell-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cottrell_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottrell1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Cottrell" title="Leonard Cottrell">Cottrell, Leonard</a> (1984). <i>The Bull of Minos: The discoveries of Schliemann and Evans</i>. <a href="/wiki/George_Bell_%26_Sons#History" title="George Bell & Sons">Bell & Hyman Ltd</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7135-2432-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7135-2432-1"><bdi>978-0-7135-2432-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bull+of+Minos%3A+The+discoveries+of+Schliemann+and+Evans&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Bell+%26+Hyman+Ltd&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7135-2432-1&rft.aulast=Cottrell&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-payne-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-payne_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-payne_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-payne_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-payne_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1959" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Robert (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G1TPdd9JCr8C&q=embezzled"><i>The Gold of Troy: The Story of Heinrich Schliemann and the Buried Cities of Ancient Greece</i></a>. Dorset Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-531-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-531-4"><bdi>978-0-88029-531-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gold+of+Troy%3A+The+Story+of+Heinrich+Schliemann+and+the+Buried+Cities+of+Ancient+Greece&rft.pub=Dorset+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-88029-531-4&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG1TPdd9JCr8C%26q%3Dembezzled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_M_Calder;_David_A_Traill1986" class="citation book cs1">William M Calder; David A Traill (1986). <i>Myth, scandal, and history: the Heinrich Schliemann controversy and a first edition of the Mycenaean diary</i>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814317952" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814317952"><bdi>978-0814317952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth%2C+scandal%2C+and+history%3A+the+Heinrich+Schliemann+controversy+and+a+first+edition+of+the+Mycenaean+diary&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0814317952&rft.au=William+M+Calder%3B+David+A+Traill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Schliemann, Heinrich" in <a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie" title="Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie">Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Schliemann,_Heinrich">at de.wikisource</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Naveen_Vashishta" class="citation book cs1">Dr. Naveen Vashishta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340608060"><i>PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF ARCHAEOLOGY</i></a>. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PRINCIPLES+AND+METHODS+OF+ARCHAEOLOGY&rft.pages=38&rft.au=Dr.+Naveen+Vashishta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F340608060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cw-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cw_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cw_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cw_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cw_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCeram1994" class="citation book cs1">Ceram, C.W. (1994). <i>Gods, Graves & Scholars</i>. New York: Wingd Books. pp. 39, 54–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780517119815" title="Special:BookSources/9780517119815"><bdi>9780517119815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Graves+%26+Scholars&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=39%2C+54-55&rft.pub=Wingd+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780517119815&rft.aulast=Ceram&rft.aufirst=C.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstableRohrbough2015" class="citation journal cs1">Constable, Giles; Rohrbough, Malcolm J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44650947">"THE ROTHSCHILDS AND THE GOLD RUSH: Benjamin Davidson and Heinrich Schliemann in California, 1851-52"</a>. <i>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>105</b> (4): i–115. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-9746">0065-9746</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44650947">44650947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=THE+ROTHSCHILDS+AND+THE+GOLD+RUSH%3A+Benjamin+Davidson+and+Heinrich+Schliemann+in+California%2C+1851-52&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=i-115&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44650947%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0065-9746&rft.aulast=Constable&rft.aufirst=Giles&rft.au=Rohrbough%2C+Malcolm+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44650947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinrich_Schliemann;_William_M_Calder;_David_A_Traill1986" class="citation book cs1">Heinrich Schliemann; William M Calder; David A Traill (1986). <i>Myth, scandal, and history : the Heinrich Schliemann controversy and a first edition of the Mycenaean diary</i>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0814317952" title="Special:BookSources/0814317952"><bdi>0814317952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth%2C+scandal%2C+and+history+%3A+the+Heinrich+Schliemann+controversy+and+a+first+edition+of+the+Mycenaean+diary&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0814317952&rft.au=Heinrich+Schliemann%3B+William+M+Calder%3B+David+A+Traill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1999" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Susan Heuck (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rV8vyYn-qMgC&q=Schliemann+gold+dust&pg=PA112"><i>Finding the walls of Troy: Frank Calvert and Heinrich Schliemann at Hisarlík</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20868-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20868-1"><bdi>978-0-520-20868-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+the+walls+of+Troy%3A+Frank+Calvert+and+Heinrich+Schliemann+at+Hisarl%C3%ADk&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20868-1&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Susan+Heuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrV8vyYn-qMgC%26q%3DSchliemann%2Bgold%2Bdust%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christo Thanos and Wout Arentzen,<i>Schliemann and The California Gold Rush,</i>Leiden, Sidestone Press, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8890-255-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8890-255-0">978-90-8890-255-0</a>, pp. 46–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leo Deuel, <i>Memoirs of Heinrich Schliemann: A Documentary Portrait Drawn from his Autobiographical Writings, Letters, and Excavation Reports</i>, New York: Harper, 1977, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-011106-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-011106-2">0-06-011106-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DNoAAAAMAAJ&q=President">p. 67</a>; he also mentions meeting President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Calder III, "Schliemann on Schliemann: A Study in the Use of Sources," GRBS 13 (1972) 335-353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Traill, David A. "Schliemann's Mendacity: Fire and Fever in California." The Classical Journal 74, no. 4 (1979): 348-55. Accessed April 23, 2020. www.jstor.org/stable/3297144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuchêne1996" class="citation book cs1">Duchêne, Hervé (1996). <i>The Golden Treasures of Troy: The Dream of Heinrich Schliemann</i>. Thames & Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Treasures+of+Troy%3A+The+Dream+of+Heinrich+Schliemann&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Duch%C3%AAne&rft.aufirst=Herv%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard, Wolfgang. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609140754/http://www.uni-rostock.de/presse/31/Schliemann.html">"Homer-Forschung zu Schliemanns Zeit und heute"</a>. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homer-Forschung+zu+Schliemanns+Zeit+und+heute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-rostock.de%2Fpresse%2F31%2FSchliemann.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> (in German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen1999312-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen1999312_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAllen1999">Allen 1999</a>, p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilfried Bölke: Promotion an der Rostocker Universität. In: Bölke 1996, S. 160–168 Richter 1980a: W. Richter, „Ithaque, le Péloponnèse et Troie“ und das Promotionsverfahren Heinrich Schliemanns. In: Ethnogr. Archäol. Zeitschrift 21, 1980, S. 667-678. Richter 1980b: W. Richter, Die „altgriechisch geschriebene Dissertation“ Heinrich Schliemanns und die Darstellung seiner Promotion im biographischen Schrifttum. In: Antikerezeption, Antikeverhältnis, Antikebegegnung in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, Schriften der Winckelmann-Gesellschaft, Bd. 6, S. 671-691.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlists">"MemberListS"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MemberListS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fmemberlists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Easton_1998_339-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Easton_1998_339_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Easton_1998_339_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston1998" class="citation journal cs1">Easton, D.F. (May–June 1998). 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New York: Harper & Row. pp. 212–219, 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060111069" title="Special:BookSources/9780060111069"><bdi>9780060111069</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Heinrich+Schliemann&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=212-219%2C+385&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780060111069&rft.aulast=Deuel&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archaeology.co.uk/articles/reviews/review-troy-myth-and-reality.htm">"Review – Troy: myth and reality"</a>. <i>Current Archaeology</i>. 2020-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Heinrich Schliemann: Hero or Fraud?". <i>The Classical World</i>. <b>91</b> (5): 335–343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4352102">10.2307/4352102</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4352102">4352102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+World&rft.atitle=Heinrich+Schliemann%3A+Hero+or+Fraud%3F&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=335-343&rft.date=1998-05%2F1998-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4352102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4352102%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=D.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarl" class="citation web cs1">Harl, Kenneth W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/courses/course_detail.aspx?cid=363">"Great Ancient Civilizations of Asia Minor"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Ancient+Civilizations+of+Asia+Minor&rft.aulast=Harl&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegreatcourses.com%2Ftgc%2Fcourses%2Fcourse_detail.aspx%3Fcid%3D363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCline2013" class="citation book cs1">Cline, Eric H. (2013-04-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JcE8BAAAQBAJ&q=schliemann+David+Traill+of+the+University+of+California&pg=PA73"><i>The Trojan War: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933365-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933365-3"><bdi>978-0-19-933365-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trojan+War%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-04-12&rft.isbn=978-0-19-933365-3&rft.aulast=Cline&rft.aufirst=Eric+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJcE8BAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dschliemann%2BDavid%2BTraill%2Bof%2Bthe%2BUniversity%2Bof%2BCalifornia%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes2005" class="citation web cs1">Stokes, Lauren (2005-11-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swarthmorephoenix.com/2005/11/23/trojan-wars-and-tourism-a-lecture-by-c-brian-rose/">"Trojan wars and tourism: a lecture by C. Brian Rose"</a>. Swarthmore The Phoenix<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trojan+wars+and+tourism%3A+a+lecture+by+C.+Brian+Rose&rft.pub=Swarthmore+The+Phoenix&rft.date=2005-11-23&rft.aulast=Stokes&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswarthmorephoenix.com%2F2005%2F11%2F23%2Ftrojan-wars-and-tourism-a-lecture-by-c-brian-rose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubalcabaCline2011" class="citation book cs1">Rubalcaba, Jill; <a href="/wiki/Eric_H._Cline" title="Eric H. Cline">Cline, Eric</a> (2011). <i>Digging for Troy</i>. Charlesworth. pp. 30, 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58089-326-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58089-326-8"><bdi>978-1-58089-326-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digging+for+Troy&rft.pages=30%2C+41&rft.pub=Charlesworth&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58089-326-8&rft.aulast=Rubalcaba&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft.au=Cline%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalisbury1875" class="citation conference cs1">Salisbury, Stephen (April 28, 1875). <i>Report of the Council</i>. Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society at the Semi-Annual Meeting, Held in Boston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Council&rft.date=1875-04-28&rft.aulast=Salisbury&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlegen1995" class="citation book cs1">Blegen, Carl W. (1995). <i>Troy and the Trojans</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Troy+and+the+Trojans&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Blegen&rft.aufirst=Carl+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaelen1959242–243-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaelen1959242–243_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaelen1959">Baelen 1959</a>, pp. 242–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1908401-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1908401_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1908">Miller 1908</a>, p. 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaelen1959242-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaelen1959242_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaelen1959">Baelen 1959</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swastika:_The_Power_of_a_Symbol-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swastika:_The_Power_of_a_Symbol_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221206233237/https://humanjourney.us/the-evolution-of-language-section/external-symbols/swastika-the-hidden-power-of-a-symbol/">"Swastika: The Power of a Symbol"</a>. <i>The Human Journey</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanjourney.us/the-evolution-of-language-section/external-symbols/swastika-the-hidden-power-of-a-symbol/">the original</a> on 2022-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Human+Journey&rft.atitle=Swastika%3A+The+Power+of+a+Symbol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanjourney.us%2Fthe-evolution-of-language-section%2Fexternal-symbols%2Fswastika-the-hidden-power-of-a-symbol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schliemann&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaelen1959" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Baelen, Jean (1959). "L'Acropole pendant la guerre d'Indépendance [II. Le drame de la Tour Franque]". <i>Bulletin de l'Association Guillaume Budé</i> (in French). <b>1</b> (2): 240–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbude.1959.3856">10.3406/bude.1959.3856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+de+l%27Association+Guillaume+Bud%C3%A9&rft.atitle=L%27Acropole+pendant+la+guerre+d%27Ind%C3%A9pendance+%5BII.+Le+drame+de+la+Tour+Franque%5D&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=240-298&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbude.1959.3856&rft.aulast=Baelen&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Miller_(historian)" title="William Miller (historian)">Miller, William</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/latinsinlevanta00millgoog"><i>The Latins in the Levant, a History of Frankish Greece (1204–1566)</i></a>. New York: E.P. Dutton and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latins+in+the+Levant%2C+a+History+of+Frankish+Greece+%281204%E2%80%931566%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=E.P.+Dutton+and+Company&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flatinsinlevanta00millgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schliemann&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoorstin1983" class="citation book cs1">Boorstin, Daniel (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoverers00boor"><i>The Discoverers</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-40229-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-40229-1"><bdi>978-0-394-40229-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discoverers&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-394-40229-1&rft.aulast=Boorstin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscoverers00boor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant1939" class="citation book cs1">Durant, Will (1939). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofgreece00dura"><i>The Life of Greece: Being a history of Greek civilization from the beginnings, and of civilization in the Near East from the death of Alexander, to the Roman conquest</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/355696346">355696346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Greece%3A+Being+a+history+of+Greek+civilization+from+the+beginnings%2C+and+of+civilization+in+the+Near+East+from+the+death+of+Alexander%2C+to+the+Roman+conquest&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F355696346&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofgreece00dura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaston1998" class="citation journal cs1">Easton, D.F. (May–June 1998). "Heinrich Schliemann: Hero or Fraud?". <i>The Classical World</i>. <b>91</b> (5): 335–343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4352102">10.2307/4352102</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4352102">4352102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+World&rft.atitle=Heinrich+Schliemann%3A+Hero+or+Fraud%3F&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=335-343&rft.date=1998-05%2F1998-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4352102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4352102%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Easton&rft.aufirst=D.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoolePoole,_Gray1966" class="citation book cs1">Poole, Lynn; Poole, Gray (1966). <i>One Passion, Two Loves</i>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Y._Crowell_Co." title="Thomas Y. Crowell Co.">Crowell</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/284890">284890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Passion%2C+Two+Loves&rft.pub=Crowell&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F284890&rft.aulast=Poole&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft.au=Poole%2C+Gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilberman1990" class="citation book cs1">Silberman, Neil Asher (1990). <i>Between Past and Present: Archaeology, Ideology, and Nationalism in the Modern Middle East</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-41610-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-41610-8"><bdi>978-0-385-41610-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Past+and+Present%3A+Archaeology%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Nationalism+in+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-385-41610-8&rft.aulast=Silberman&rft.aufirst=Neil+Asher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolstikovTreister,_Mikhail1996" class="citation book cs1">Tolstikov, Vladimir; Treister, Mikhail (1996). <i>The Gold of Troy. Searching for Homer's Fabled City</i>. <a href="/wiki/Abrams_Books" title="Abrams Books">Harry N. Abrams</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3394-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3394-1"><bdi>978-0-8109-3394-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gold+of+Troy.+Searching+for+Homer%27s+Fabled+City&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-3394-1&rft.aulast=Tolstikov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft.au=Treister%2C+Mikhail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraill1995" class="citation book cs1">Traill, David A. (1995). <i>Schliemann of Troy: Treasure and Deceit</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-14042-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-14042-7"><bdi>978-0-312-14042-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schliemann+of+Troy%3A+Treasure+and+Deceit&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-312-14042-7&rft.aulast=Traill&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1987" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Michael (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchoftrojan00wood"><i>In Search of the Trojan War</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/New_American_Library" title="New American Library">New American Library</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-25960-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-25960-7"><bdi>978-0-452-25960-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Trojan+War&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-452-25960-7&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchoftrojan00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schliemann&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner,_David2007" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, David (2007). "Schliemann's Diary: Greece and the Troad, 1868". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Annual_of_the_British_School_at_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="The Annual of the British School at Athens">The Annual of the British School at Athens</a></i>. <b>102</b>. <a href="/wiki/British_School_at_Athens" title="British School at Athens">British School at Athens</a>: 345–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0068245400021511">10.1017/S0068245400021511</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30245254">30245254</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162902456">162902456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annual+of+the+British+School+at+Athens&rft.atitle=Schliemann%27s+Diary%3A+Greece+and+the+Troad%2C+1868&rft.volume=102&rft.pages=345-391&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162902456%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30245254%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0068245400021511&rft.au=Turner%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schliemann&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Heinrich_Schliemann" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Heinrich Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Johann_Ludwig_Heinrich_Julius_Schliemann" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Johann Ludwig Heinrich Julius Schliemann">Heinrich Schliemann</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/43142">Works by Heinrich Schliemann</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Schliemann%2C%20Heinrich%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Heinrich%20Schliemann%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schliemann%2C%20Heinrich%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Heinrich%20Schliemann%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schliemann%2C%20H%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Heinrich%20Schliemann%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Schliemann%2C%20Heinrich%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Heinrich%20Schliemann%22%29%20OR%20%28%221822-1890%22%20AND%20Schliemann%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Heinrich Schliemann</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_of_Classical_Studies_at_Athens" title="American School of Classical Studies at Athens">American School of Classical Studies at Athens</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071005213805/http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/archives/Gennadius/Schliemann/SchScope.htm">Heinrich Schliemann and Family Papers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived October 5, 2007).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogarth,_David_George1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_George_Hogarth" title="David George Hogarth">Hogarth, David George</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Schliemann, Heinrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Schliemann,_Heinrich">"Schliemann, Heinrich" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 341.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schliemann%2C+Heinrich&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=341&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.au=Hogarth%2C+David+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte exhibition on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smb.museum/en/exhibitions/detail/the-worlds-of-schliemann/">The Worlds of Schliemann: His Life. His Discoveries. His Legacy</a> (13.05.2022 to 08.01.2023).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Schliemann, Heinrich"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Schliemann,_Heinrich">"Schliemann, Heinrich" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schliemann%2C+Heinrich&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CoLY21L_JMk">Schliemann's porky pies (lies) about excavating Troy - Curator's Corner S5 Ep11 from the British Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mbc.cyfrowemazowsze.pl/publication/69457"><i>Original Skizzen Heinrich Schliemann's zu dessen Werk Ilios</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180525210410/http://mbc.cyfrowemazowsze.pl/publication/69457">Archived</a> 2018-05-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – photographic and drawing documentation of Schliemann's excavations prepared most probably for his publication <i>Atlas trojanischer Alterthümer</i> (1874)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5uo76U2QMtk">"How to pronounce Schliemann (Germany/German) - PronounceNames.com"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. April 26, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/5uo76U2QMtk">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=How+to+pronounce+Schliemann+%28Germany%2FGerman%29+-+PronounceNames.com&rft.date=2018-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D5uo76U2QMtk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHeinrich+Schliemann" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118608215">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50001384">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119239981">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119239981">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00455593">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Schliemann, Heinrich"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV009354">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35480749">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990007630&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX977425">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1716605">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068916361">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90632067">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000156475&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000105601&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=262920">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018M4725">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx01tt411fhr0x">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810690107405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/136923">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267501105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515446906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14173358">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01038268?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500065958">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/363462">RKD Artists</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/968382">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118608215.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118608215">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027126536">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6pc3gvz">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Archaeological_site_of_Mycenae" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Archaeological_site_of_Mycenae" title="Template:Archaeological site of Mycenae"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Archaeological_site_of_Mycenae" title="Template talk:Archaeological site of Mycenae"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological_site_of_Mycenae" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Archaeological site of Mycenae"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Archaeological_site_of_Mycenae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Archaeological site of Mycenae</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beehive_tomb" title="Beehive tomb"><i>Tholos</i> tombs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cyclopean</li> <li>Epano Phournos</li> <li>Lion</li> <li>Kato Phournos</li> <li>Panagia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Aegisthus" title="Tomb of Aegisthus">Tomb of Aegisthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasury_of_Atreus" title="Treasury of Atreus">Treasury of Atreus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Clytemnestra" title="Tomb of Clytemnestra">Tomb of Clytemnestra</a></li> <li>Tomb of the Genii</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Treasury_of_Atreus_-_Klearchos_Kapoutsis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="image of the Treasury of Atreus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Treasury_of_Atreus_-_Klearchos_Kapoutsis.jpg/65px-Treasury_of_Atreus_-_Klearchos_Kapoutsis.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Treasury_of_Atreus_-_Klearchos_Kapoutsis.jpg/98px-Treasury_of_Atreus_-_Klearchos_Kapoutsis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Treasury_of_Atreus_-_Klearchos_Kapoutsis.jpg/130px-Treasury_of_Atreus_-_Klearchos_Kapoutsis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_Circle_A,_Mycenae,_090957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="image of Grave Circle A" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Grave_Circle_A%2C_Mycenae%2C_090957.jpg/65px-Grave_Circle_A%2C_Mycenae%2C_090957.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Grave_Circle_A%2C_Mycenae%2C_090957.jpg/98px-Grave_Circle_A%2C_Mycenae%2C_090957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Grave_Circle_A%2C_Mycenae%2C_090957.jpg/130px-Grave_Circle_A%2C_Mycenae%2C_090957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3471" data-file-height="2311" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_Gate,_Mycenae,_201507.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of the Lion Gate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lion_Gate%2C_Mycenae%2C_201507.jpg/65px-Lion_Gate%2C_Mycenae%2C_201507.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lion_Gate%2C_Mycenae%2C_201507.jpg/98px-Lion_Gate%2C_Mycenae%2C_201507.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lion_Gate%2C_Mycenae%2C_201507.jpg/130px-Lion_Gate%2C_Mycenae%2C_201507.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5765" data-file-height="3835" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gruppbild_fr%C3%A5n_gr%C3%A4vningarna_i_Asine._%C3%96vre_raden_fr.v_-_SMVK_-_C07780_(Alan_Wace_cropped).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of Alan Wace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gruppbild_fr%C3%A5n_gr%C3%A4vningarna_i_Asine._%C3%96vre_raden_fr.v_-_SMVK_-_C07780_%28Alan_Wace_cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-65px-Gruppbild_fr%C3%A5n_gr%C3%A4vningarna_i_Asine._%C3%96vre_raden_fr.v_-_SMVK_-_C07780_%28Alan_Wace_cropped%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="65" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gruppbild_fr%C3%A5n_gr%C3%A4vningarna_i_Asine._%C3%96vre_raden_fr.v_-_SMVK_-_C07780_%28Alan_Wace_cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-98px-Gruppbild_fr%C3%A5n_gr%C3%A4vningarna_i_Asine._%C3%96vre_raden_fr.v_-_SMVK_-_C07780_%28Alan_Wace_cropped%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gruppbild_fr%C3%A5n_gr%C3%A4vningarna_i_Asine._%C3%96vre_raden_fr.v_-_SMVK_-_C07780_%28Alan_Wace_cropped%29.tif/lossy-page1-130px-Gruppbild_fr%C3%A5n_gr%C3%A4vningarna_i_Asine._%C3%96vre_raden_fr.v_-_SMVK_-_C07780_%28Alan_Wace_cropped%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grave circles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grave_Circle_A,_Mycenae" title="Grave Circle A, Mycenae">Grave Circle A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_Circle_B,_Mycenae" title="Grave Circle B, Mycenae">Grave Circle B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citadel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Mycenae" title="Fortifications of Mycenae">Fortifications of Mycenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult_Center,_Mycenae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cult Center, Mycenae (page does not exist)">Cult Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaron_of_Mycenae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaron of Mycenae">Megaron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists and excavators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veli_Pasha" title="Veli Pasha">Veli Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriakos_Pittakis" title="Kyriakos Pittakis">Kyriakos Pittakis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Heinrich Schliemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Stamatakis" title="Panagiotis Stamatakis">Panagiotis Stamatakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christos_Tsountas" title="Christos Tsountas">Christos Tsountas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Wace" title="Alan Wace">Alan Wace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winifred_Lamb" title="Winifred Lamb">Winifred Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Taylour" title="William Taylour">William Taylour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Mylonas" title="George E. Mylonas">George Mylonas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_French" title="Elizabeth French">Elizabeth French</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spyros_Iakovidis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spyros Iakovidis (page does not exist)">Spyros Iakovidis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schliemann&oldid=1255946495">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Schliemann&oldid=1255946495</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heinrich_Schliemann" 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