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cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Circadian" redirects here. For the albums, see <a href="/wiki/Circadian_(5th_Projekt_album)" title="Circadian (5th Projekt album)">Circadian (5th Projekt album)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circadian_(Intervals_album)" title="Circadian (Intervals album)">Circadian (Intervals album)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>A circadian rhythm (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/sərˈkeɪdiən/</a>), or circadian cycle, is a natural oscillation that repeats roughly every 24 hours. Circadian rhythms can refer to any process that originates within an organism (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Endogeny_(biology)" title="Endogeny (biology)">endogenous</a>) and responds to the environment (is <a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(chronobiology)" title="Entrainment (chronobiology)">entrained</a> by the environment). Circadian rhythms are regulated by a <a href="/wiki/Circadian_clock" title="Circadian clock">circadian clock</a> whose primary function is to rhythmically co-ordinate biological processes so they occur at the correct time to maximize the fitness of an individual. Circadian rhythms have been widely observed in <a href="/wiki/Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Animals">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> and there is evidence that they evolved independently in each of these kingdoms of life.<a href="#cite_note-Edgar_459%E2%80%93464-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: skyblue">Circadian rhythm</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Biological_clock_human.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Biological_clock_human.svg/220px-Biological_clock_human.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Biological_clock_human.svg/330px-Biological_clock_human.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Biological_clock_human.svg/440px-Biological_clock_human.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="620"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Features of the human circadian biological clock</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/sərˈkeɪdiən/</a> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Repeats roughly every 24 hours</td></tr></tbody></table> The term circadian comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">circa</a>, meaning "around", and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dies#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:dies">dies</a>, meaning "day". Processes with 24-hour cycles are more generally called diurnal rhythms; diurnal rhythms should not be called circadian rhythms unless they can be confirmed as endogenous, and not environmental.<a href="#cite_note-Vitaterna_2001-3">[3]</a> Although circadian rhythms are endogenous, they are adjusted to the local environment by external cues called <a href="/wiki/Zeitgeber" title="Zeitgeber">zeitgebers</a> (from <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Zeitgeber#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Zeitgeber">Zeitgeber</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈtsaɪtˌɡeːbɐ]</a>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'time giver')), which include light, temperature and <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> cycles. In clinical settings, an abnormal circadian rhythm in humans is known as a <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm_sleep_disorder" title="Circadian rhythm sleep disorder">circadian rhythm sleep disorder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bass_348%E2%80%93356-4">[4]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Criteria">2 Criteria</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Origin">3 Origin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Importance_in_animals">4 Importance in animals</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Effect_of_circadian_disruption">4.1 Effect of circadian disruption</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Effect_of_light%E2%80%93dark_cycle">4.2 Effect of light–dark cycle</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Arctic_animals">4.3 Arctic animals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Butterflies_and_moths">4.4 Butterflies and moths</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#In_plants">5 In plants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#In_Drosophila">6 In Drosophila</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#PER-TIM_model">6.1 PER-TIM model</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#In_mammals">7 In mammals</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Humans">7.1 Humans</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Biological_markers_and_effects">7.2 Biological markers and effects</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Outside_the_%22master_clock%22">7.3 Outside the "master clock"</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Light_and_the_biological_clock">8 Light and the biological clock</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Enforced_longer_or_shorter_cycles">9 Enforced longer or shorter cycles</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Human_health">10 Human health</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Foundation_of_circadian_medicine">10.1 Foundation of circadian medicine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Causes_of_disruption_to_circadian_rhythms">10.2 Causes of disruption to circadian rhythms</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Indoor_lighting">10.2.1 Indoor lighting</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Airline_pilots_and_cabin_crew">10.2.2 Airline pilots and cabin crew</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Effect_of_drugs">10.2.3 Effect of drugs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Consequences_of_disruption_to_circadian_rhythms">10.3 Consequences of disruption to circadian rhythms</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Disruption">10.3.1 Disruption</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Relationship_with_cardiovascular_disease">10.3.2 Relationship with cardiovascular disease</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Obesity_and_diabetes">10.3.3 Obesity and diabetes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Cognitive_effects">10.3.4 Cognitive effects</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Society_and_culture">11 Society and culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#See_also">12 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#References">13 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Further_reading">14 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The earliest recorded account of a circadian process is credited to <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>, dating from the 4th century BC, probably provided to him by report of <a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sea_captain" title="Sea captain">ship's captain</a> serving under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>. In his book, 'Περὶ φυτῶν ἱστορία', or 'Enquiry into plants', Theophrastus describes a "tree with many leaves like the <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a>, and that this closes at night, but opens at sunrise, and by noon is completely unfolded; and at evening again it closes by degrees and remains shut at night, and the natives say that it goes to sleep."<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The tree mentioned by him was much later identified as the <a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind</a> tree by the botanist, H Bretzl, in his book on the botanical findings of the Alexandrian campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Chinese medicine">Chinese medical texts</a> dated to around the 13th century, including the Noon and Midnight Manual and the Mnemonic Rhyme to Aid in the Selection of Acu-points According to the Diurnal Cycle, the Day of the Month and the Season of the Year.<a href="#cite_note-cl-7">[7]</a> In 1729, French scientist <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_d%27Ortous_de_Mairan" title="Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan">Jean-Jacques d'Ortous de Mairan</a> conducted the first experiment designed to distinguish an endogenous clock from responses to daily stimuli. He noted that 24-hour patterns in the movement of the leaves of the plant <a href="/wiki/Mimosa_pudica" title="Mimosa pudica">Mimosa pudica</a> persisted, even when the plants were kept in constant darkness.<a href="#cite_note-de_mairan_1729-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid16761955-9">[9]</a> In 1896, Patrick and Gilbert observed that during a prolonged period of <a href="/wiki/Sleep_deprivation" title="Sleep deprivation">sleep deprivation</a>, sleepiness increases and decreases with a period of approximately 24 hours.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1918, <a href="/w/index.php?title=J.S._Szymanski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J.S. Szymanski (page does not exist)">J.S. Szymanski</a> showed that animals are capable of maintaining 24-hour activity patterns in the absence of external cues such as light and changes in temperature.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In the early 20th century, circadian rhythms were noticed in the rhythmic feeding times of bees. <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Forel" title="Auguste Forel">Auguste Forel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Beling" title="Ingeborg Beling">Ingeborg Beling</a>, and Oskar Wahl conducted numerous experiments to determine whether this rhythm was attributable to an endogenous clock.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The existence of circadian rhythm was independently discovered in <a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">fruit flies</a> in 1935 by two German zoologists, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Kalmus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Kalmus (page does not exist)">Hans Kalmus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erwin_B%C3%BCnning" title="Erwin Bünning">Erwin Bünning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-pitt93-14">[14]</a> In 1954, an important experiment reported by <a href="/wiki/Colin_Pittendrigh" title="Colin Pittendrigh">Colin Pittendrigh</a> demonstrated that <a href="/wiki/Eclosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclosion">eclosion</a> (the process of <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupa</a> turning into adult) in <a href="/wiki/Drosophila_pseudoobscura" title="Drosophila pseudoobscura">Drosophila pseudoobscura</a> was a circadian behaviour. He demonstrated that while temperature played a vital role in eclosion rhythm, the period of eclosion was delayed but not stopped when temperature was decreased.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-pitt93-14">[14]</a> The term circadian was coined by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Halberg" title="Franz Halberg">Franz Halberg</a> in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> According to Halberg's original definition: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The term "circadian" was derived from circa (about) and dies (day); it may serve to imply that certain physiologic periods are close to 24 hours, if not exactly that length. Herein, "circadian" might be applied to all "24-hour" rhythms, whether or not their periods, individually or on the average, are different from 24 hours, longer or shorter, by a few minutes or hours.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-kouk-18">[18]</a></blockquote> In 1977, the International Committee on Nomenclature of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Society_for_Chronobiology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Society for Chronobiology (page does not exist)">International Society for Chronobiology</a> formally adopted the definition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Circadian: relating to biologic variations or rhythms with a frequency of 1 cycle in 24 ± 4 h; circa (about, approximately) and dies (day or 24 h). Note: term describes rhythms with an about 24-h cycle length, whether they are frequency-synchronized with (acceptable) or are desynchronized or free-running from the local environmental time scale, with periods of slightly yet consistently different from 24-h.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Ron_Konopka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ron Konopka">Ron Konopka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Benzer" title="Seymour Benzer">Seymour Benzer</a> identified the first clock mutation in Drosophila in 1971, naming the gene "<a href="/wiki/Period_(gene)" title="Period (gene)">period</a>" (per) gene, the first discovered genetic determinant of behavioral rhythmicity.<a href="#cite_note-pmid5002428-20">[20]</a> The per gene was isolated in 1984 by two teams of researchers. Konopka, Jeffrey Hall, Michael Roshbash and their team showed that per locus is the centre of the circadian rhythm, and that loss of per stops circadian activity.<a href="#cite_note-reddy-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-zehring-22">[22]</a> At the same time, Michael W. Young's team reported similar effects of per, and that the gene covers 7.1-kilobase (kb) interval on the X chromosome and encodes a 4.5-kb poly(A)+ RNA.<a href="#cite_note-bargi1-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-bargi2-24">[24]</a> They went on to discover the key genes and neurones in Drosophila circadian system, for which Hall, Rosbash and Young received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel17-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Takahashi" title="Joseph Takahashi">Joseph Takahashi</a> discovered the first mammalian circadian clock mutation (clockΔ19) using mice in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> However, recent studies show that deletion of clock does not lead to a behavioral phenotype (the animals still have normal circadian rhythms), which questions its importance in rhythm generation.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The first human clock mutation was identified in an extended Utah family by Chris Jones, and genetically characterized by Ying-Hui Fu and Louis Ptacek. Affected individuals are extreme '<a href="/wiki/Lark_(person)" title="Lark (person)">morning larks</a>' with 4-hour advanced sleep and other rhythms. This form of <a href="/wiki/Familial_advanced_sleep_phase_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome">familial advanced sleep phase syndrome</a> is caused by a single <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> change, S662➔G, in the human PER2 protein.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Criteria">Criteria</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Criteria" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> To be called circadian, a biological rhythm must meet these three general criteria:<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <ol><li>The rhythm has an endogenously derived free-running period of time that lasts approximately 24 hours. The rhythm persists in constant conditions, i.e. constant darkness, with a period of about 24 hours. The period of the rhythm in constant conditions is called the free-running period and is denoted by the Greek letter τ (tau). The rationale for this criterion is to distinguish circadian rhythms from simple responses to daily external cues. A rhythm cannot be said to be <a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">endogenous</a> unless it has been tested and persists in conditions without external periodic input. In diurnal animals (active during daylight hours), in general τ is slightly greater than 24 hours, whereas, in nocturnal animals (active at night), in general τ is shorter than 24 hours.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The rhythms are entrainable. The rhythm can be reset by exposure to external stimuli (such as light and heat), a process called <a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(chronobiology)" title="Entrainment (chronobiology)">entrainment</a>. The external stimulus used to entrain a rhythm is called the <a href="/wiki/Zeitgeber" title="Zeitgeber">zeitgeber</a>, or "time giver". Travel across <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zones</a> illustrates the ability of the human biological clock to adjust to the local time; a person will usually experience <a href="/wiki/Jet_lag" title="Jet lag">jet lag</a> before entrainment of their circadian clock has brought it into sync with local time.</li> <li>The rhythms exhibit temperature compensation. In other words, they maintain circadian periodicity over a range of physiological temperatures. Many organisms live at a broad range of temperatures, and differences in thermal energy will affect the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">kinetics</a> of all molecular processes in their cell(s). In order to keep track of time, the organism's circadian clock must maintain roughly a 24-hour periodicity despite the changing kinetics, a property known as temperature compensation. The <a href="/wiki/Q10_(temperature_coefficient)" title="Q10 (temperature coefficient)">Q10 temperature coefficient</a> is a measure of this compensating effect. If the Q10 coefficient remains approximately 1 as temperature increases, the rhythm is considered to be temperature-compensated.</li></ol> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is missing information about independently evolved four times [PMID 11533719]. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Circadian_rhythm" title="Talk:Circadian rhythm">talk page</a>. (September 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Circadian rhythms allow organisms to anticipate and prepare for precise and regular environmental changes. They thus enable organisms to make better use of environmental resources (e.g. light and food) compared to those that cannot predict such availability. It has therefore been suggested that circadian rhythms put organisms at a selective advantage in evolutionary terms. However, rhythmicity appears to be as important in regulating and coordinating internal metabolic processes, as in coordinating with the environment.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> This is suggested by the maintenance (heritability) of circadian rhythms in fruit flies after several hundred generations in constant laboratory conditions,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> as well as in creatures in constant darkness in the wild, and by the experimental elimination of behavioral—but not physiological—circadian rhythms in <a href="/wiki/Quail" title="Quail">quail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> What drove circadian rhythms to evolve has been an enigmatic question. Previous hypotheses emphasized that photosensitive proteins and circadian rhythms may have originated together in the earliest cells, with the purpose of protecting replicating DNA from high levels of damaging <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> radiation during the daytime. As a result, replication was relegated to the dark. However, evidence for this is lacking: in fact the simplest organisms with a circadian rhythm, the cyanobacteria, do the opposite of this: they divide more in the daytime.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Recent studies instead highlight the importance of co-evolution of <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> proteins with circadian oscillators in all three domains of life following the <a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Great Oxidation Event</a> approximately 2.3 billion years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Edgar_459%E2%80%93464-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bass_348%E2%80%93356-4">[4]</a> The current view is that circadian changes in environmental oxygen levels and the production of <a href="/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species" title="Reactive oxygen species">reactive oxygen species</a> (ROS) in the presence of daylight are likely to have driven a need to evolve circadian rhythms to preempt, and therefore counteract, damaging <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox reactions</a> on a daily basis. The simplest known <a href="/wiki/Circadian_clock" title="Circadian clock">circadian clocks</a> are <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_circadian_rhythms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial circadian rhythms">bacterial circadian rhythms</a>, exemplified by the prokaryote <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a>. Recent research has demonstrated that the circadian clock of <a href="/wiki/Synechococcus_elongatus" title="Synechococcus elongatus">Synechococcus elongatus</a> can be reconstituted in vitro with just the three proteins (<a href="/wiki/KaiA" title="KaiA">KaiA</a>, <a href="/wiki/KaiB" title="KaiB">KaiB</a>, <a href="/wiki/KaiC" title="KaiC">KaiC</a>)<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> of their central oscillator. This clock has been shown to sustain a 22-hour rhythm over several days upon the addition of <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>. Previous explanations of the <a href="/wiki/Prokaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryotic">prokaryotic</a> circadian timekeeper were dependent upon a DNA transcription/translation feedback mechanism.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A defect in the human homologue of the <a href="/wiki/Drosophila" title="Drosophila">Drosophila</a> "<a href="/wiki/Period_(gene)" title="Period (gene)">period</a>" gene was identified as a cause of the sleep disorder FASPS (<a href="/wiki/Familial_advanced_sleep_phase_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome">Familial advanced sleep phase syndrome</a>), underscoring the conserved nature of the molecular circadian clock through evolution. Many more genetic components of the biological clock are now known. Their interactions result in an interlocked feedback loop of gene products resulting in periodic fluctuations that the cells of the body interpret as a specific time of the day.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> It is now known that the molecular circadian clock can function within a single cell. That is, it is cell-autonomous.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> This was shown by <a href="/wiki/Gene_Block" title="Gene Block">Gene Block</a> in isolated mollusk basal retinal neurons (BRNs).<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> At the same time, different cells may communicate with each other resulting in a synchronized output of electrical signaling. These may interface with <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">endocrine glands</a> of the brain to result in periodic release of hormones. The receptors for these hormones may be located far across the body and synchronize the peripheral clocks of various organs. Thus, the information of the time of the day as relayed by the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eyes</a> travels to the clock in the brain, and, through that, clocks in the rest of the body may be synchronized. This is how the timing of, for example, sleep/wake, body temperature, thirst, and appetite are coordinately controlled by the biological clock.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Importance_in_animals">Importance in animals</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Importance in animals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Circadian rhythmicity is present in the sleeping and feeding patterns of animals, including human beings. There are also clear patterns of core body temperature, <a href="/wiki/Neural_oscillation" title="Neural oscillation">brain wave</a> activity, <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormone</a> production, cell regeneration, and other biological activities. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Photoperiodism" title="Photoperiodism">photoperiodism</a>, the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of day or night, is vital to both plants and animals, and the circadian system plays a role in the measurement and interpretation of day length. Timely prediction of seasonal periods of weather conditions, food availability, or predator activity is crucial for survival of many species. Although not the only parameter, the changing length of the photoperiod (day length) is the most predictive environmental cue for the seasonal timing of physiology and behavior, most notably for timing of migration, hibernation, and reproduction.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_circadian_disruption">Effect of circadian disruption</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Effect of circadian disruption" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deletion_(genetics)" title="Deletion (genetics)">deletions</a> of <a href="/wiki/CLOCK" title="CLOCK">clock</a> genes in mice have demonstrated the importance of body clocks to ensure the proper timing of cellular/metabolic events; clock-mutant mice are <a href="/wiki/Polyphagia" title="Polyphagia">hyperphagic</a> and obese, and have altered glucose metabolism.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15845877-45">[45]</a> In mice, deletion of the <a href="/wiki/Rev-ErbA_alpha" title="Rev-ErbA alpha">Rev-ErbA alpha</a> clock gene can result in diet-induced <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a> and changes the balance between <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and lipid utilization, predisposing to <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22562834-46">[46]</a> However, it is not clear whether there is a strong association between clock gene polymorphisms in humans and the susceptibility to develop the metabolic syndrome.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22828941-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid18071340-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_light–dark_cycle">Effect of light–dark cycle</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Effect of light–dark cycle" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The rhythm is linked to the light–dark cycle. Animals, including humans, kept in total darkness for extended periods eventually function with a <a href="/wiki/Free-running_sleep" title="Free-running sleep">free-running</a> rhythm. Their sleep cycle is pushed back or forward each "day", depending on whether their "day", their <a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">endogenous</a> period, is shorter or longer than 24 hours. The environmental cues that reset the rhythms each day are called zeitgebers.<a href="#cite_note-health.am-49">[49]</a> Totally blind subterranean mammals (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Blind_mole_rat" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind mole rat">blind mole rat</a> Spalax sp.) are able to maintain their endogenous clocks in the apparent absence of external stimuli. Although they lack image-forming eyes, their <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptors</a> (which detect light) are still functional; they do surface periodically as well.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Free-running organisms that normally have one or two consolidated sleep episodes will still have them when in an environment shielded from external cues, but the rhythm is not entrained to the 24-hour light–dark cycle in nature. The sleep–wake rhythm may, in these circumstances, become out of phase with other circadian or <a href="/wiki/Ultradian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultradian">ultradian</a> rhythms such as metabolic, hormonal, CNS electrical, or <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> rhythms.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Recent research has influenced the design of <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">spacecraft</a> environments, as systems that mimic the light–dark cycle have been found to be highly beneficial to astronauts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">unreliable medical source?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Light_therapy" title="Light therapy">Light therapy</a> has been trialed as a <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm_sleep_disorder#Treatment" title="Circadian rhythm sleep disorder">treatment for sleep disorders</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arctic_animals">Arctic animals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arctic animals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Norwegian researchers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Troms%C3%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Tromsø">University of Tromsø</a> have shown that some <a href="/wiki/Arctic#Flora_and_fauna" title="Arctic">Arctic animals</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Rock_Ptarmigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock Ptarmigan">ptarmigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a>) show circadian rhythms only in the parts of the year that have daily sunrises and sunsets. In one study of reindeer, animals at <a href="/wiki/70th_parallel_north" title="70th parallel north">70 degrees North</a> showed circadian rhythms in the autumn, winter and spring, but not in the summer. Reindeer on <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> at <a href="/wiki/78th_parallel_north" title="78th parallel north">78 degrees North</a> showed such rhythms only in autumn and spring. The researchers suspect that other Arctic animals as well may not show circadian rhythms in the constant light of summer and the constant dark of winter.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> A 2006 study in northern Alaska found that day-living <a href="/wiki/Ground_squirrel" title="Ground squirrel">ground squirrels</a> and nocturnal <a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">porcupines</a> strictly maintain their circadian rhythms through 82 days and nights of sunshine. The researchers speculate that these two rodents notice that the apparent distance between the sun and the horizon is shortest once a day, and thus have a sufficient signal to entrain (adjust) by.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Butterflies_and_moths">Butterflies and moths</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Butterflies and moths" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The navigation of the fall migration of the <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">Eastern North American monarch butterfly</a> (Danaus plexippus) to their overwintering grounds in central Mexico uses a time-compensated sun compass that depends upon a circadian clock in their antennae.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Circadian rhythm is also known to control mating behavioral in certain moth species such as <a href="/wiki/Spodoptera_littoralis" title="Spodoptera littoralis">Spodoptera littoralis</a>, where females produce specific <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a> that attracts and resets the male circadian rhythm to induce mating at night.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="In_plants">In plants</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In plants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jungpflanze_des_Seidenbaums_(Schlafbaum).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jungpflanze_des_Seidenbaums_%28Schlafbaum%29.png/220px-Jungpflanze_des_Seidenbaums_%28Schlafbaum%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3892" data-file-height="2849"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 161px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jungpflanze_des_Seidenbaums_%28Schlafbaum%29.png/220px-Jungpflanze_des_Seidenbaums_%28Schlafbaum%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="161" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jungpflanze_des_Seidenbaums_%28Schlafbaum%29.png/330px-Jungpflanze_des_Seidenbaums_%28Schlafbaum%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Jungpflanze_des_Seidenbaums_%28Schlafbaum%29.png/440px-Jungpflanze_des_Seidenbaums_%28Schlafbaum%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sleeping tree by day and night</figcaption></figure> Plant circadian rhythms tell the plant what season it is and when to flower for the best chance of attracting pollinators. Behaviors showing rhythms include leaf movement (<a href="/wiki/Nyctinasty" title="Nyctinasty">Nyctinasty</a>), growth, germination, stomatal/gas exchange, <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzyme activity">enzyme activity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthetic</a> activity, and fragrance emission, among others.<a href="#cite_note-webb03-58">[58]</a> Circadian rhythms occur as a plant entrains to synchronize with the light cycle of its surrounding environment. These rhythms are <a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">endogenously</a> generated, self-sustaining and are relatively constant over a range of ambient temperatures. Important features include two interacting <a href="/wiki/Transcription_translation_feedback_loop" title="Transcription translation feedback loop">transcription-translation feedback loops</a>: <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> containing PAS domains, which facilitate protein-protein interactions; and several photoreceptors that fine-tune the clock to different light conditions. Anticipation of changes in the environment allows appropriate changes in a plant's physiological state, conferring an adaptive advantage.<a href="#cite_note-mcclung06-59">[59]</a> A better understanding of plant circadian rhythms has applications in agriculture, such as helping farmers stagger crop harvests to extend crop availability and securing against massive losses due to weather. Light is the signal by which plants synchronize their internal clocks to their environment and is sensed by a wide variety of photoreceptors. Red and blue light are absorbed through several <a href="/wiki/Phytochrome" title="Phytochrome">phytochromes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cryptochrome" title="Cryptochrome">cryptochromes</a>. Phytochrome A, phyA, is light labile and allows germination and de-etiolation when light is scarce.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Phytochromes B–E are more stable with phyB, the main phytochrome in seedlings grown in the light. The cryptochrome (cry) gene is also a light-sensitive component of the circadian clock and is thought to be involved both as a photoreceptor and as part of the clock's endogenous pacemaker mechanism. Cryptochromes 1–2 (involved in blue–UVA) help to maintain the period length in the clock through a whole range of light conditions.<a href="#cite_note-webb03-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-mcclung06-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Data_on_circadian_rhythm_of_gene_expression_in_four_seedlings._Two_of_these_Arabidopsis_thaliana_seedlings_carry_a_firefly_luciferase_reporter_for_transcription_of_the_gene_CCA1_and_two_for_TOC1.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Graph showing two pairs of rhythmic timeseries, peaking at alternating times of day, over six, 24-hour cycles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Data_on_circadian_rhythm_of_gene_expression_in_four_seedlings._Two_of_these_Arabidopsis_thaliana_seedlings_carry_a_firefly_luciferase_reporter_for_transcription_of_the_gene_CCA1_and_two_for_TOC1.png/220px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="648"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Data_on_circadian_rhythm_of_gene_expression_in_four_seedlings._Two_of_these_Arabidopsis_thaliana_seedlings_carry_a_firefly_luciferase_reporter_for_transcription_of_the_gene_CCA1_and_two_for_TOC1.png/220px-thumbnail.png" data-alt="Graph showing two pairs of rhythmic timeseries, peaking at alternating times of day, over six, 24-hour cycles." data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Data_on_circadian_rhythm_of_gene_expression_in_four_seedlings._Two_of_these_Arabidopsis_thaliana_seedlings_carry_a_firefly_luciferase_reporter_for_transcription_of_the_gene_CCA1_and_two_for_TOC1.png/330px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Data_on_circadian_rhythm_of_gene_expression_in_four_seedlings._Two_of_these_Arabidopsis_thaliana_seedlings_carry_a_firefly_luciferase_reporter_for_transcription_of_the_gene_CCA1_and_two_for_TOC1.png/440px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Graph showing timeseries data from <a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence_imaging" title="Bioluminescence imaging">bioluminescence imaging</a> of circadian reporter genes. <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">Transgenic</a> seedlings of <a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a> were imaged by a cooled <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD camera</a> under three cycles of 12h light: 12h dark followed by 3 days of constant light (from 96h). Their genomes carry firefly <a href="/wiki/Luciferase" title="Luciferase">luciferase</a> <a href="/wiki/Reporter_gene" title="Reporter gene">reporter genes</a> driven by the promoter sequences of clock genes. The signals of seedlings 61 (red) and 62 (blue) reflect transcription of the gene <a href="/wiki/Circadian_Clock_Associated_1" title="Circadian Clock Associated 1">CCA1</a>, peaking after lights-on (48h, 72h, etc.). Seedlings 64 (pale grey) and 65 (teal) reflect <a href="/wiki/TOC1_(gene)" title="TOC1 (gene)">TOC1</a>, peaking before lights-off (36h, 60h, etc.). The timeseries show 24-hour, circadian rhythms of gene expression in the living plants.</figcaption></figure> The central oscillator generates a self-sustaining rhythm and is driven by two interacting feedback loops that are active at different times of day. The morning loop consists of <a href="/wiki/CCA1" class="mw-redirect" title="CCA1">CCA1</a> (Circadian and Clock-Associated 1) and <a href="/wiki/LHY" class="mw-redirect" title="LHY">LHY</a> (Late Elongated Hypocotyl), which encode closely related <a href="/wiki/MYB_(gene)" title="MYB (gene)">MYB transcription factors</a> that regulate circadian rhythms in Arabidopsis, as well as <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-response_regulator" title="Pseudo-response regulator">PRR 7 and 9</a> (Pseudo-Response Regulators.) The evening loop consists of GI (Gigantea) and ELF4, both involved in regulation of flowering time genes.<a href="#cite_note-Mizoguchi-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> When CCA1 and LHY are overexpressed (under constant light or dark conditions), plants become arrhythmic, and mRNA signals reduce, contributing to a <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a> loop. Gene expression of CCA1 and LHY oscillates and peaks in the early morning, whereas <a href="/wiki/TOC1_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="TOC1 gene">TOC1 gene</a> expression oscillates and peaks in the early evening. While it was previously hypothesised that these three genes model a negative feedback loop in which over-expressed CCA1 and LHY repress TOC1 and over-expressed TOC1 is a positive regulator of CCA1 and LHY,<a href="#cite_note-mcclung06-59">[59]</a> it was shown in 2012 by Andrew Millar and others that TOC1, in fact, serves as a repressor not only of CCA1, LHY, and PRR7 and 9 in the morning loop but also of GI and ELF4 in the evening loop. This finding and further computational modeling of <a href="/wiki/TOC1_gene" class="mw-redirect" title="TOC1 gene">TOC1 gene</a> functions and interactions suggest a reframing of the plant circadian clock as a triple negative-component <a href="/wiki/Repressilator" title="Repressilator">repressilator</a> model rather than the positive/negative-element feedback loop characterizing the clock in mammals.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In 2018, researchers found that the expression of PRR5 and TOC1 hnRNA nascent transcripts follows the same oscillatory pattern as processed mRNA transcripts rhythmically in A. thaliana. LNKs binds to the 5'region of PRR5 and TOC1 and interacts with RNAP II and other transcription factors. Moreover, RVE8-LNKs interaction enables a permissive histone-methylation pattern (H3K4me3) to be modified and the histone-modification itself parallels the oscillation of clock gene expression.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> It has previously been found that matching a plant's circadian rhythm to its external environment's light and dark cycles has the potential to positively affect the plant.<a href="#cite_note-:02-65">[65]</a> Researchers came to this conclusion by performing experiments on three different varieties of <a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a>. One of these varieties had a normal 24-hour circadian cycle.<a href="#cite_note-:02-65">[65]</a> The other two varieties were mutated, one to have a circadian cycle of more than 27 hours, and one to have a shorter than normal circadian cycle of 20 hours.<a href="#cite_note-:02-65">[65]</a> The Arabidopsis with the 24-hour circadian cycle was grown in three different environments.<a href="#cite_note-:02-65">[65]</a> One of these environments had a 20-hour light and dark cycle (10 hours of light and 10 hours of dark), the other had a 24-hour light and dark cycle (12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark),and the final environment had a 28-hour light and dark cycle (14 hours of light and 14 hours of dark).<a href="#cite_note-:02-65">[65]</a> The two mutated plants were grown in both an environment that had a 20-hour light and dark cycle and in an environment that had a 28-hour light and dark cycle.<a href="#cite_note-:02-65">[65]</a> It was found that the variety of Arabidopsis with a 24-hour circadian rhythm cycle grew best in an environment that also had a 24-hour light and dark cycle.<a href="#cite_note-:02-65">[65]</a> Overall, it was found that all the varieties of Arabidopsis thaliana had greater levels of <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> and increased growth in environments whose light and dark cycles matched their circadian rhythm.<a href="#cite_note-:02-65">[65]</a> Researchers suggested that a reason for this could be that matching an Arabidopsis's circadian rhythm to its environment could allow the plant to be better prepared for dawn and dusk, and thus be able to better synchronize its processes.<a href="#cite_note-:02-65">[65]</a> In this study, it was also found that the genes that help to control chlorophyll peaked a few hours after dawn.<a href="#cite_note-:02-65">[65]</a> This appears to be consistent with the proposed phenomenon known as metabolic dawn.<a href="#cite_note-:1-66">[66]</a> According to the metabolic dawn hypothesis, sugars produced by photosynthesis have potential to help regulate the circadian rhythm and certain photosynthetic and metabolic pathways.<a href="#cite_note-:1-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> As the sun rises, more light becomes available, which normally allows more photosynthesis to occur.<a href="#cite_note-:1-66">[66]</a> The sugars produced by photosynthesis repress PRR7.<a href="#cite_note-:2-68">[68]</a> This repression of PRR7 then leads to the increased expression of CCA1.<a href="#cite_note-:2-68">[68]</a> On the other hand, decreased photosynthetic sugar levels increase PRR7 expression and decrease CCA1 expression.<a href="#cite_note-:1-66">[66]</a> This feedback loop between CCA1 and PRR7 is what is proposed to cause metabolic dawn.<a href="#cite_note-:1-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="In_Drosophila">In Drosophila</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Drosophila" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drosophila_circadian_rhythm" title="Drosophila circadian rhythm">Drosophila circadian rhythm</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drosophila_brains_and_the_circadian_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Drosophila_brains_and_the_circadian_system.jpg/220px-Drosophila_brains_and_the_circadian_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="1124"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 360px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Drosophila_brains_and_the_circadian_system.jpg/220px-Drosophila_brains_and_the_circadian_system.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="360" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Drosophila_brains_and_the_circadian_system.jpg/330px-Drosophila_brains_and_the_circadian_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Drosophila_brains_and_the_circadian_system.jpg/440px-Drosophila_brains_and_the_circadian_system.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Key centers of the mammalian and Drosophila brains (A) and the circadian system in Drosophila (B)</figcaption></figure> The molecular mechanism of circadian rhythm and light perception are best understood in Drosophila. Clock genes are discovered from Drosophila, and they act together with the clock neurones. There are two unique rhythms, one during the process of hatching (called <a href="/wiki/Eclosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclosion">eclosion</a>) from the pupa, and the other during mating.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The clock neurones are located in distinct clusters in the central brain. The best-understood clock neurones are the large and small lateral ventral neurons (l-LNvs and s-LNvs) of the <a href="/wiki/Optic_lobe_(arthropods)" title="Optic lobe (arthropods)">optic lobe</a>. These neurones produce pigment dispersing factor (PDF), a neuropeptide that acts as a circadian neuromodulator between different clock neurones.<a href="#cite_note-yoshi-71">[71]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drosophila_circadian_rhythm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Drosophila_circadian_rhythm.jpg/220px-Drosophila_circadian_rhythm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Drosophila_circadian_rhythm.jpg/220px-Drosophila_circadian_rhythm.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Drosophila_circadian_rhythm.jpg/330px-Drosophila_circadian_rhythm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Drosophila_circadian_rhythm.jpg/440px-Drosophila_circadian_rhythm.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Molecular interactions of clock genes and proteins during Drosophila circadian rhythm</figcaption></figure> Drosophila circadian rhythm is through a transcription-translation feedback loop. The core clock mechanism consists of two interdependent feedback loops, namely the PER/TIM loop and the CLK/CYC loop.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The CLK/CYC loop occurs during the day and initiates the transcription of the per and tim genes. But their proteins levels remain low until dusk, because during daylight also activates the doubletime (dbt) gene. DBT protein causes phosphorylation and turnover of monomeric PER proteins.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> TIM is also phosphorylated by shaggy until sunset. After sunset, DBT disappears, so that PER molecules stably bind to TIM. PER/TIM dimer enters the nucleus several at night, and binds to CLK/CYC dimers. Bound PER completely stops the transcriptional activity of CLK and CYC.<a href="#cite_note-helfrich05-75">[75]</a> In the early morning, light activates the cry gene and its protein CRY causes the breakdown of TIM. Thus PER/TIM dimer dissociates, and the unbound PER becomes unstable. PER undergoes progressive phosphorylation and ultimately degradation. Absence of PER and TIM allows activation of clk and cyc genes. Thus, the clock is reset to start the next circadian cycle.<a href="#cite_note-lalch-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PER-TIM_model">PER-TIM model</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: PER-TIM model" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> This protein model was developed based on the oscillations of the PER and TIM proteins in the Drosophila.<a href="#cite_note-leloup-77">[77]</a> It is based on its predecessor, the PER model where it was explained how the PER gene and its protein influence the biological clock.<a href="#cite_note-gold1995-78">[78]</a> The model includes the formation of a nuclear PER-TIM complex which influences the transcription of the PER and the TIM genes (by providing negative feedback) and the multiple phosphorylation of these two proteins. The circadian oscillations of these two proteins seem to synchronise with the light-dark cycle even if they are not necessarily dependent on it.<a href="#cite_note-gold2002-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-leloup-77">[77]</a> Both PER and TIM proteins are phosphorylated and after they form the PER-TIM nuclear complex they return inside the nucleus to stop the expression of the PER and TIM mRNA. This inhibition lasts as long as the protein, or the mRNA is not degraded.<a href="#cite_note-leloup-77">[77]</a> When this happens, the complex releases the inhibition. Here can also be mentioned that the degradation of the TIM protein is sped up by light.<a href="#cite_note-gold2002-79">[79]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="In_mammals">In mammals</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In mammals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circadian_rhythm_labeled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Circadian_rhythm_labeled.jpg/300px-Circadian_rhythm_labeled.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="267"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Circadian_rhythm_labeled.jpg/300px-Circadian_rhythm_labeled.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Circadian_rhythm_labeled.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A variation of an <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Eskin#Eskinogram" title="Arnold Eskin">eskinogram</a> illustrating the influence of light and darkness on circadian rhythms and related <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> and behavior through the <a href="/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus" title="Suprachiasmatic nucleus">suprachiasmatic nucleus</a> in humans</figcaption></figure> The primary <a href="/wiki/Circadian_clock" title="Circadian clock">circadian clock</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> is located in the <a href="/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus" title="Suprachiasmatic nucleus">suprachiasmatic nucleus</a> (or nuclei) (SCN), a pair of distinct groups of <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>. Destruction of the SCN results in the complete absence of a regular sleep–wake rhythm. The SCN receives information about illumination through the eyes. The <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> of the eye contains "classical" <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptors</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rods</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cones</a>"), which are used for conventional vision. But the retina also contains specialized <a href="/wiki/Photosensitive_ganglion_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosensitive ganglion cell">ganglion cells</a> that are directly photosensitive, and project directly to the SCN, where they help in the entrainment (synchronization) of this master circadian clock. The proteins involved in the SCN clock are homologous to those found in the fruit fly.<a href="#cite_note-HHMI-BioInteractive-80">[80]</a> These cells contain the photopigment <a href="/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin">melanopsin</a> and their signals follow a pathway called the <a href="/wiki/Retinohypothalamic_tract" title="Retinohypothalamic tract">retinohypothalamic tract</a>, leading to the SCN. If cells from the SCN are removed and cultured, they maintain their own rhythm in the absence of external cues.<a href="#cite_note-Welsh2010-81">[81]</a> The SCN takes the information on the lengths of the day and night from the retina, interprets it, and passes it on to the <a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">pineal gland</a>, a tiny structure shaped like a <a href="/wiki/Pine_cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine cone">pine cone</a> and located on the <a href="/wiki/Epithalamus" title="Epithalamus">epithalamus</a>. In response, the pineal secretes the hormone <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Secretion of melatonin peaks at night and ebbs during the day and its presence provides information about night-length. Several studies have indicated that pineal melatonin feeds back on SCN rhythmicity to modulate circadian patterns of activity and other processes. However, the nature and system-level significance of this feedback are unknown.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The circadian rhythms of humans can be entrained to slightly shorter and longer periods than the Earth's 24 hours. Researchers at Harvard have shown that human subjects can at least be entrained to a 23.5-hour cycle and a 24.65-hour cycle.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humans">Humans</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Humans" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circadian_rhythm.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Circadian_rhythm.svg/300px-Circadian_rhythm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 225px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Circadian_rhythm.svg/300px-Circadian_rhythm.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Circadian_rhythm.svg/450px-Circadian_rhythm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Circadian_rhythm.svg/600px-Circadian_rhythm.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>When eyes receive light from the sun, the pineal gland's production of melatonin is inhibited, and the hormones produced keep the human awake. When the eyes do not receive light, melatonin is produced in the pineal gland and the human becomes tired.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sleep#Circadian_clock" title="Sleep">Sleep § Circadian clock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phase_response_curve#Light" title="Phase response curve">Phase response curve § Light</a></div> Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (like clocks) and daylight, the researchers were not aware of the phase-delaying effects of indoor electric lights.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Circadian_rhythm#Dubious" title="Talk:Circadian rhythm">discuss</a>] The subjects were allowed to turn on light when they were awake and to turn it off when they wanted to sleep. Electric light in the evening delayed their circadian phase.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> A more stringent study conducted in 1999 by <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> estimated the natural human rhythm to be closer to 24 hours and 11 minutes: much closer to the <a href="/wiki/Solar_time" title="Solar time">solar day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Consistent with this research was a more recent study from 2010, which also identified sex differences, with the circadian period for women being slightly shorter (24.09 hours) than for men (24.19 hours).<a href="#cite_note-:0-88">[88]</a> In this study, women tended to wake up earlier than men and exhibit a greater preference for morning activities than men, although the underlying biological mechanisms for these differences are unknown.<a href="#cite_note-:0-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_markers_and_effects">Biological markers and effects</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Biological markers and effects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The classic phase markers for measuring the timing of a mammal's circadian rhythm are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a> secretion by the <a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">pineal gland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Benloucif-89">[89]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_body_temperature" title="Human body temperature">core body temperature</a> minimum,<a href="#cite_note-Benloucif-89">[89]</a> and</li> <li>plasma level of <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28578301-90">[90]</a></li></ul> For temperature studies, subjects must remain awake but calm and semi-reclined in near darkness while their rectal temperatures are taken continuously. Though variation is great among normal <a href="/wiki/Chronotype" title="Chronotype">chronotypes</a>, the average human adult's temperature reaches its minimum at about 5:00 a.m., about two hours before habitual wake time. Baehr et al.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> found that, in young adults, the daily body temperature minimum occurred at about 04:00 (4 a.m.) for morning types, but at about 06:00 (6 a.m.) for evening types. This minimum occurred at approximately the middle of the eight-hour sleep period for morning types, but closer to waking in evening types. Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolite</a> can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time) of the presence of the hormone in the blood or saliva have been used as circadian markers. However, newer research indicates that the melatonin offset may be the more reliable marker. Benloucif et al.<a href="#cite_note-Benloucif-89">[89]</a> found that melatonin phase markers were more stable and more highly correlated with the timing of sleep than the core temperature minimum. They found that both sleep offset and melatonin offset are more strongly correlated with phase markers than the onset of sleep. In addition, the declining phase of the melatonin levels is more reliable and stable than the termination of melatonin synthesis. Other physiological changes that occur according to a circadian rhythm include <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a> and many cellular processes "including <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_stress" title="Oxidative stress">oxidative stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell metabolism">cell metabolism</a>, immune and inflammatory responses,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epigenetics" title="Epigenetics">epigenetic</a> modification, <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">hypoxia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hyperoxia" title="Hyperoxia">hyperoxia</a> response pathways, <a href="/wiki/Unfolded_protein_response" title="Unfolded protein response">endoplasmic reticular stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autophagy" title="Autophagy">autophagy</a>, and regulation of the <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cell</a> environment."<a href="#cite_note-workshop-93">[93]</a> In a study of young men, it was found that the heart rate reaches its lowest average rate during sleep, and its highest average rate shortly after waking.<a href="#cite_note-HeartRate-94">[94]</a> In contradiction to previous studies, it has been found that there is no effect of body temperature on performance on psychological tests. This is likely due to evolutionary pressures for higher cognitive function compared to the other areas of function examined in previous studies.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='Outside_the_"master_clock"'>Outside the "master clock"</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=15" title='Edit section: Outside the "master clock"' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> More-or-less independent circadian rhythms are found in many organs and cells in the body outside the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the "master clock". Indeed, neuroscientist Joseph Takahashi and colleagues stated in a 2013 article that "almost every cell in the body contains a circadian clock".<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> For example, these clocks, called peripheral oscillators, have been found in the adrenal gland, <a href="/wiki/Oesophagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Oesophagus">oesophagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lungs">lungs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">thymus</a>, and skin.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> There is also some evidence that the olfactory bulb<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> and prostate<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> may experience oscillations, at least when cultured. Though oscillators in the skin respond to light, a systemic influence has not been proven.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In addition, many oscillators, such as <a href="/wiki/Liver_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Liver cells">liver cells</a>, for example, have been shown to respond to inputs other than light, such as feeding.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Light_and_the_biological_clock">Light and the biological clock</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Light and the biological clock" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Light_effects_on_circadian_rhythm" title="Light effects on circadian rhythm">Light effects on circadian rhythm</a></div> Light resets the biological clock in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Phase_response_curve" title="Phase response curve">phase response curve</a> (PRC). Depending on the timing, light can advance or delay the circadian rhythm. Both the PRC and the required <a href="/wiki/Illuminance" title="Illuminance">illuminance</a> vary from species to species, and lower light levels are required to reset the clocks in <a href="/wiki/Nocturnality" title="Nocturnality">nocturnal</a> rodents than in humans.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Enforced_longer_or_shorter_cycles">Enforced longer or shorter cycles</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Enforced longer or shorter cycles" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> Various studies on humans have made use of enforced sleep/wake cycles strongly different from 24 hours, such as those conducted by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Kleitman" title="Nathaniel Kleitman">Nathaniel Kleitman</a> in 1938 (28 hours) and <a href="/wiki/Derk-Jan_Dijk" title="Derk-Jan Dijk">Derk-Jan Dijk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Czeisler" title="Charles Czeisler">Charles Czeisler</a> in the 1990s (20 hours). Because people with a normal (typical) <a href="/wiki/Circadian_clock" title="Circadian clock">circadian clock</a> cannot entrain to such abnormal day/night rhythms,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> this is referred to as a forced desynchrony protocol. Under such a protocol, sleep and wake episodes are uncoupled from the body's endogenous circadian period, which allows researchers to assess the effects of circadian phase (i.e., the relative timing of the circadian cycle) on aspects of sleep and wakefulness including <a href="/wiki/Sleep_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep latency">sleep latency</a> and other functions - both physiological, behavioral, and cognitive.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Studies also show that <a href="/wiki/Cyclosa_turbinata" title="Cyclosa turbinata">Cyclosa turbinata</a> is unique in that its locomotor and web-building activity cause it to have an exceptionally short-period circadian clock, about 19 hours. When C. turbinata spiders are placed into chambers with periods of 19, 24, or 29 hours of evenly split light and dark, none of the spiders exhibited decreased longevity in their own circadian clock. These findings suggest that C. turbinata do not have the same costs of extreme desynchronization as do other species of animals. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Human_health">Human health</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Human health" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Day_Sleepers_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Day_Sleepers_crop.jpg/220px-Day_Sleepers_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="499"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 129px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Day_Sleepers_crop.jpg/220px-Day_Sleepers_crop.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Day_Sleepers_crop.jpg/330px-Day_Sleepers_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Day_Sleepers_crop.jpg/440px-Day_Sleepers_crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A short nap during the day does not affect circadian rhythms.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_of_circadian_medicine">Foundation of circadian medicine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Foundation of circadian medicine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The leading edge of circadian biology research is translation of basic body clock mechanisms into clinical tools, and this is especially relevant to the treatment of cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Timing of medical treatment in coordination with the body clock, <a href="/wiki/Chronotherapy_(treatment_scheduling)" title="Chronotherapy (treatment scheduling)">chronotherapeutics</a>, may also benefit patients with hypertension (high blood pressure) by significantly increasing efficacy and reduce drug toxicity or adverse reactions.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> 3) "Circadian Pharmacology" or drugs targeting the circadian clock mechanism have been shown experimentally in rodent models to significantly reduce the damage due to heart attacks and prevent heart failure.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Importantly, for rational translation of the most promising Circadian Medicine therapies to clinical practice, it is imperative that we understand how it helps treat disease in both biological sexes.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes_of_disruption_to_circadian_rhythms">Causes of disruption to circadian rhythms</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Causes of disruption to circadian rhythms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indoor_lighting">Indoor lighting</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Indoor lighting" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Lighting requirements for circadian regulation are not simply the same as those for vision; planning of indoor lighting in offices and institutions is beginning to take this into account.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Animal studies on the effects of light in laboratory conditions have until recently considered light intensity (<a href="/wiki/Irradiance" title="Irradiance">irradiance</a>) but not color, which can be shown to "act as an essential regulator of biological timing in more natural settings".<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Blue LED lighting suppresses <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a> production five times more than the orange-yellow <a href="/wiki/Sodium-vapor_lamp" title="Sodium-vapor lamp">high-pressure sodium (HPS) light</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Metal_halide_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal halide lamp">metal halide lamp</a>, which is white light, suppresses melatonin at a rate more than three times greater than HPS.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Biology_of_depression#Circadian_rhythm" title="Biology of depression">Depression symptoms</a> from long term nighttime light exposure can be undone by returning to a normal cycle.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Airline_pilots_and_cabin_crew">Airline pilots and cabin crew</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Airline pilots and cabin crew" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Due to the nature of work of airline pilots, who often cross several time zones and regions of sunlight and darkness in one day, and spend many hours awake both day and night, they are often unable to maintain sleep patterns that correspond to the natural human circadian rhythm; this situation can easily lead to <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (physical)">fatigue</a>. The <a href="/wiki/NTSB" class="mw-redirect" title="NTSB">NTSB</a> cites this as contributing to many accidents,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> and has conducted several research studies in order to find methods of combating fatigue in pilots.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effect_of_drugs">Effect of drugs</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Effect of drugs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals with substance use disorder display disrupted rhythms. These disrupted rhythms can increase the risk for substance abuse and relapse. It is possible that genetic and/or environmental disturbances to the normal sleep and wake cycle can increase the susceptibility to addiction.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-127">[127]</a> It is difficult to determine if a disturbance in the circadian rhythm is at fault for an increase in prevalence for substance abuse—or if other environmental factors such as stress are to blame. Changes to the circadian rhythm and sleep occur once an individual begins abusing drugs and alcohol. Once an individual stops using drugs and alcohol, the circadian rhythm continues to be disrupted.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Alcohol</a> consumption disrupts circadian rhythms, with acute intake causing dose-dependent alterations in melatonin and cortisol levels, as well as core body temperature, which normalize the following morning, while chronic alcohol use leads to more severe and persistent disruptions that are associated with alcohol use disorders (AUD) and withdrawal symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The stabilization of sleep and the circadian rhythm might possibly help to reduce the vulnerability to addiction and reduce the chances of relapse.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-127">[127]</a> Circadian rhythms and <a href="/wiki/CLOCK" title="CLOCK">clock</a> genes expressed in brain regions outside the <a href="/wiki/Suprachiasmatic_nucleus" title="Suprachiasmatic nucleus">suprachiasmatic nucleus</a> may significantly influence the effects produced by drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Moreover, genetic manipulations of clock genes profoundly affect cocaine's actions.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consequences_of_disruption_to_circadian_rhythms">Consequences of disruption to circadian rhythms</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Consequences of disruption to circadian rhythms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disruption">Disruption</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Disruption" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm_sleep_disorder" title="Circadian rhythm sleep disorder">Circadian rhythm sleep disorder</a></div> Disruption to rhythms usually has a negative effect. Many travelers have experienced the condition known as <a href="/wiki/Jet_lag" title="Jet lag">jet lag</a>, with its associated symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (physical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disorientation" class="mw-redirect" title="Disorientation">disorientation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> A number of other disorders, such as <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">depression</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep disorders</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Delayed_sleep_phase_disorder" title="Delayed sleep phase disorder">delayed sleep phase disorder</a> (DSPD), are associated with irregular or pathological functioning of circadian rhythms.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Disruption to rhythms in the longer term is believed to have significant adverse health consequences for peripheral organs outside the brain, in particular in the development or exacerbation of cardiovascular disease.<a href="#cite_note-Zelinski2014-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Studies have shown that maintaining normal sleep and circadian rhythms is important for many aspects of brain and health.<a href="#cite_note-Zelinski2014-135">[135]</a> A number of studies have also indicated that a <a href="/wiki/Power-nap" class="mw-redirect" title="Power-nap">power-nap</a>, a short period of sleep during the day, can reduce stress and may improve productivity without any measurable effect on normal circadian rhythms.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Circadian rhythms also play a part in the <a href="/wiki/Reticular_activating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Reticular activating system">reticular activating system</a>, which is crucial for maintaining a state of consciousness. A reversal[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] in the sleep–wake cycle may be a sign or complication of <a href="/wiki/Uremia" title="Uremia">uremia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Azotemia" title="Azotemia">azotemia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury" title="Acute kidney injury">acute kidney injury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Studies have also helped elucidate how light has a <a href="/wiki/Light_effects_on_circadian_rhythm" title="Light effects on circadian rhythm">direct effect</a> on human health through its influence on the circadian biology.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_with_cardiovascular_disease">Relationship with cardiovascular disease</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Relationship with cardiovascular disease" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> One of the first studies to determine how disruption of circadian rhythms causes cardiovascular disease was performed in the Tau hamsters, which have a genetic defect in their circadian clock mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-Circadian_rhythm_disorganization_pr-144">[144]</a> When maintained in a 24-hour light-dark cycle that was "out of sync" with their normal 22 circadian mechanism they developed profound cardiovascular and renal disease; however, when the Tau animals were raised for their entire lifespan on a 22-hour daily light-dark cycle they had a healthy cardiovascular system.<a href="#cite_note-Circadian_rhythm_disorganization_pr-144">[144]</a> The adverse effects of circadian misalignment on human physiology has been studied in the laboratory using a misalignment protocol,<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> and by studying shift workers.<a href="#cite_note-pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kervezee_396%E2%80%93412-148">[148]</a> Circadian misalignment is associated with many risk factors of cardiovascular disease. High levels of the atherosclerosis biomarker, resistin, have been reported in shift workers indicating the link between circadian misalignment and plaque build up in arteries.<a href="#cite_note-Kervezee_396%E2%80%93412-148">[148]</a> Additionally, elevated triacylglyceride levels (molecules used to store excess fatty acids) were observed and contribute to the hardening of arteries, which is associated with cardiovascular diseases including heart attack, stroke and heart disease.<a href="#cite_note-Kervezee_396%E2%80%93412-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Proper_e147%E2%80%93e157-149">[149]</a> Shift work and the resulting circadian misalignment is also associated with hypertension.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22211891-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Obesity_and_diabetes">Obesity and diabetes</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Obesity and diabetes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a> are associated with lifestyle and genetic factors. Among those factors, disruption of the circadian clockwork and/or misalignment of the circadian timing system with the external environment (e.g., light–dark cycle) can play a role in the development of metabolic disorders.<a href="#cite_note-Zelinski2014-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shift_work" title="Shift work">Shift work</a> or chronic <a href="/wiki/Jet_lag" title="Jet lag">jet lag</a> have profound consequences for circadian and metabolic events in the body. Animals that are forced to eat during their resting period show increased body mass and altered expression of clock and metabolic genes.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-Proper_e147%E2%80%93e157-149">[149]</a> In humans, shift work that favours irregular eating times is associated with altered insulin sensitivity, diabetes and higher body mass.<a href="#cite_note-pmid22211891-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Proper_e147%E2%80%93e157-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cognitive_effects">Cognitive effects</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cognitive effects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Reduced cognitive function has been associated with circadian misalignment. Chronic shift workers display increased rates of operational error, impaired visual-motor performance and processing efficacy which can lead to both a reduction in performance and potential safety issues.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Increased risk of dementia is associated with chronic night shift workers compared to day shift workers, particularly for individuals over 50 years old.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Society and culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Jeffrey C. Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Michael W. Young</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a> were awarded <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm".<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Press_Release-158">[158]</a> Circadian rhythms was taken as an example of scientific knowledge being transferred into the public sphere.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actigraphy" title="Actigraphy">Actigraphy</a> (also known as actimetry)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARNTL" class="mw-redirect" title="ARNTL">ARNTL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARNTL2" title="ARNTL2">ARNTL2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_circadian_rhythms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial circadian rhythms">Bacterial circadian rhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm_sleep_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Circadian rhythm sleep disorders">Circadian rhythm sleep disorders</a>, such as <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_sleep_phase_disorder" title="Advanced sleep phase disorder">Advanced sleep phase disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_sleep_phase_disorder" title="Delayed sleep phase disorder">Delayed sleep phase disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-24-hour_sleep%E2%80%93wake_disorder" title="Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder">Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronodisruption" title="Chronodisruption">Chronodisruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLOCK" title="CLOCK">CLOCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circasemidian_rhythm" title="Circasemidian rhythm">Circasemidian rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circaseptan" title="Circaseptan">Circaseptan</a>, 7-day biological cycle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptochrome" title="Cryptochrome">Cryptochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRY1" class="mw-redirect" title="CRY1">CRY1</a> and <a href="/wiki/CRY2" class="mw-redirect" title="CRY2">CRY2</a>: the cryptochrome family genes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diurnal_cycle" title="Diurnal cycle">Diurnal cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_effects_on_circadian_rhythm" title="Light effects on circadian rhythm">Light effects on circadian rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_in_school_buildings" title="Light in school buildings">Light in school buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PER1" class="mw-redirect" title="PER1">PER1</a>, <a href="/wiki/PER2" title="PER2">PER2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PER3" title="PER3">PER3</a>: the period family genes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosensitive_ganglion_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosensitive ganglion cell">Photosensitive ganglion cell</a>: part of the eye which is involved in regulating circadian rhythm.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphasic_sleep" title="Polyphasic sleep">Polyphasic sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rev-ErbA_alpha" title="Rev-ErbA alpha">Rev-ErbA alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="Segmented sleep">Segmented sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep architecture">Sleep architecture</a> (sleep in humans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_in_non-human_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep in non-human animals">Sleep in non-human animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefania_Follini" title="Stefania Follini">Stefania Follini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultradian_rhythm" title="Ultradian rhythm">Ultradian rhythm</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Edgar_459–464-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edgar_459%E2%80%93464_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edgar_459%E2%80%93464_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Journal of Biological Rhythms. 33 (3): 233–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0748730418768120">10.1177/0748730418768120</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29665713">29665713</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4933390">4933390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Rhythms&rft.atitle=A+Clockwork+Wikipedia%3A+From+a+Broad+Perspective+to+a+Case+Study&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4933390%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29665713&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0748730418768120&rft.aulast=Benjakob&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Aviram%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0748730418768120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircadian+rhythm" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAschoff1965" class="citation book cs1">Aschoff J, ed. 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Science. 217 (4565): 1104–11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982Sci...217.1104T">1982Sci...217.1104T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.6287576">10.1126/science.6287576</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6287576">6287576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+circadian+rhythmicity&rft.volume=217&rft.issue=4565&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1104-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=1982-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6287576&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.6287576&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982Sci...217.1104T&rft.aulast=Takahashi&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Zatz%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircadian+rhythm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomitaNakajimaKondoIwasaki2005" class="citation journal cs1">Tomita J, Nakajima M, Kondo T, Iwasaki H (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1102540">"No transcription-translation feedback in circadian rhythm of KaiC phosphorylation"</a>. Science. 307 (5707): 251–4. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...307..251T">2005Sci...307..251T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1102540">10.1126/science.1102540</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15550625">15550625</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9447128">9447128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=No+transcription-translation+feedback+in+circadian+rhythm+of+KaiC+phosphorylation&rft.volume=307&rft.issue=5707&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1102540&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9447128%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15550625&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...307..251T&rft.aulast=Tomita&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Nakajima%2C+M&rft.au=Kondo%2C+T&rft.au=Iwasaki%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1102540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircadian+rhythm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore-EdeSulzmanFuller1982" class="citation book cs1">Moore-Ede MC, Sulzman FM, Fuller CA (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clocksthattimeus0000moor">The Clocks that Time Us: Physiology of the Circadian Timing System</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-13581-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-13581-9"><bdi>978-0-674-13581-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clocks+that+Time+Us%3A+Physiology+of+the+Circadian+Timing+System&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-674-13581-9&rft.aulast=Moore-Ede&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Sulzman%2C+FM&rft.au=Fuller%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclocksthattimeus0000moor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACircadian+rhythm" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Circadian_rhythm" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythm</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&oldid=1272694388">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&oldid=1272694388</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Circadian_rhythm&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 29 January 2025, at 21:36 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkadiese_ritme" title="Sirkadiese ritme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sirkadiese ritme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A" title="نظم يوماوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظم يوماوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="ছন্দঃপূৰ্ণ চক্ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছন্দঃপূৰ্ণ চক্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkad_ritmi" title="Sirkad ritmi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sirkad ritmi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF" title="দেহঘড়ি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দেহঘড়ি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Циркаден ритъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Циркаден ритъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jednodnevni_biolo%C5%A1ki_ritam" title="Jednodnevni biološki ritam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jednodnevni biološki ritam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritme_circadiari" title="Ritme circadiari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ritme circadiari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkadi%C3%A1nn%C3%AD_rytmus" title="Cirkadiánní rytmus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cirkadiánní rytmus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_circadaidd" title="Rhythm circadaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhythm circadaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8gnrytme" title="Døgnrytme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Døgnrytme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadiane_Rhythmik" title="Circadiane Rhythmik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Circadiane Rhythmik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsirkadiaanr%C3%BCtm" title="Tsirkadiaanrütm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tsirkadiaanrütm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%81%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Κιρκάδιος ρυθμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κιρκάδιος ρυθμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo_circadiano" title="Ritmo circadiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ritmo circadiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagnokta_ritmo" title="Tagnokta ritmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tagnokta ritmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erritmo_zirkadiano" title="Erritmo zirkadiano – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erritmo zirkadiano" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="چرخه شبانه‌روزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چرخه شبانه‌روزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rythme_circadien" title="Rythme circadien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rythme circadien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo_circadiano" title="Ritmo circadiano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ritmo circadiano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%9C%EB%8F%99%EC%9D%BC_%EC%A3%BC%EA%B8%B0" title="활동일 주기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="활동일 주기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BC%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%B4" title="Ցիրկադային ռիթմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցիրկադային ռիթմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritme_sirkadian" title="Ritme sirkadian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ritme sirkadian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A6gursveifla" title="Dægursveifla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dægursveifla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo_circadiano" title="Ritmo circadiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ritmo circadiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99" title="שעון צירקדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שעון צירקדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC" title="Циркадалық ритм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Циркадалық ритм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritm_sikadyen" title="Ritm sikadyen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ritm sikadyen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerus_circadianus" title="Numerus circadianus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Numerus circadianus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkadi%C3%A1n_ritmus" title="Cirkadián ritmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cirkadián ritmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4-%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="അന്തർജാത-നിജാവർത്തനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്തർജാത-നിജാവർത്തനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritma_sirkadian" title="Ritma sirkadian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ritma sirkadian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadiaan_ritme" title="Circadiaan ritme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Circadiaan ritme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E6%97%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="概日リズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="概日リズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8gnrytme" title="Døgnrytme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Døgnrytme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B8gnrytme" title="Døgnrytme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Døgnrytme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritme_circadian" title="Ritme circadian – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ritme circadian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytm_dobowy" title="Rytm dobowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rytm dobowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmo_circadiano" title="Ritmo circadiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ritmo circadiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritm_circadian" title="Ritm circadian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ritm circadian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC" title="Циркадный ритм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Циркадный ритм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="දෛනික රිද්මය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෛනික රිද්මය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Circadian rhythm" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkadiani_ritem" title="Cirkadiani ritem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cirkadiani ritem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Циркадијални ритам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Циркадијални ритам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkadijani_ritam" title="Cirkadijani ritam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cirkadijani ritam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sis%C3%A4inen_kello" title="Sisäinen kello – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sisäinen kello" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dygnsrytm" title="Dygnsrytm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dygnsrytm" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyolojik_saat" title="Biyolojik saat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biyolojik saat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC" title="Циркадний ритм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Циркадний ритм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="یومیہ تبدیلی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یومیہ تبدیلی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%E1%BB%8Bp_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87u_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc_h%E1%BA%B1ng_ng%C3%A0y" title="Nhịp điệu sinh học hằng ngày – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhịp điệu sinh học hằng ngày" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%9D%E5%A4%9C%E7%AF%80%E5%BE%8B" title="晝夜節律 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="晝夜節律" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%BC%E5%A4%9C%E8%8A%82%E5%BE%8B" title="昼夜节律 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="昼夜节律" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 January 2025, at 21:36 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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