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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In various jurisdictions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_various_jurisdictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In various jurisdictions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_various_jurisdictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liechtenstein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liechtenstein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Liechtenstein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liechtenstein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impeachment_proceedings_and_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impeachment_proceedings_and_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16.1</span> <span>Impeachment proceedings and attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impeachment_proceedings_and_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>Peru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.19</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.20</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.21</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.22</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.23</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.24</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.25</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.26</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Impeachment</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A9" title="سحب الثقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سحب الثقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Impeachment" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0mpi%C3%A7ment" title="İmpiçment – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İmpiçment" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n-h%C4%81i" title="Tân-hāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tân-hāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Імпічмент – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імпічмент" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Імпічмэнт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Імпічмэнт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="महाभियोग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="महाभियोग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Импийчмънт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Импийчмънт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Impeachment" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Импичмент – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Импичмент" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Impeachment" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchelgyhuddiad" title="Uchelgyhuddiad – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Uchelgyhuddiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigsret" title="Rigsret – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rigsret" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtsenthebungsverfahren" title="Amtsenthebungsverfahren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amtsenthebungsverfahren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Impeachment" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%86%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Διαδικασία μομφής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαδικασία μομφής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceso_de_destituci%C3%B3n" title="Proceso de destitución – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proceso de destitución" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elpostenigo" title="Elpostenigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elpostenigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Impeachment" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="استیضاح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استیضاح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destitution" title="Destitution – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Destitution" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1inseamh" title="Táinseamh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Táinseamh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%84%ED%95%B5" title="탄핵 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탄핵" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B4%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF" title="Իմպիչմենտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իմպիչմենտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="महाभियोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महाभियोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendakwaan_dan_pemakzulan" title="Pendakwaan dan pemakzulan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendakwaan dan pemakzulan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impeachment" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%97%D7%94" title="הליך הדחה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הליך הדחה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Impeachment" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Импичмент – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Импичмент" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Импичмент – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Импичмент" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Импичмент – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Импичмент" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedimentum" title="Impedimentum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Impedimentum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C4%AB%C4%8Dments" title="Impīčments – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Impīčments" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apkalta" title="Apkalta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apkalta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6zjogi_felel%C5%91ss%C3%A9gre_von%C3%A1s" title="Közjogi felelősségre vonás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közjogi felelősségre vonás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="महाभियोग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="महाभियोग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencabaran" title="Pencabaran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pencabaran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afzetting_(bestuur)" title="Afzetting (bestuur) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afzetting (bestuur)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="महाभियोग – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="महाभियोग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%BE%E5%8A%BE" title="弾劾 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="弾劾" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksrett" title="Riksrett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Riksrett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksrett" title="Riksrett – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Riksrett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Impeachment" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AF%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97" title="ମହାଭିଯୋଗ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମହାଭିଯୋଗ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impichment" title="Impichment – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Impichment" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮਹਾਂਦੋਸ਼ ਕੇਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਹਾਂਦੋਸ਼ ਕੇਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B0%DB%81" title="مواخذہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مواخذہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="استیضاح – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="استیضاح" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Impeachment" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Impeachment" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Impeachment" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Импичмент – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Импичмент" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Impeachment" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Импичмент – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Импичмент" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opoziv_(politika)" title="Opoziv (politika) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Opoziv (politika)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksr%C3%A4tt" title="Riksrätt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Riksrätt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasakdal" title="Pagsasakdal – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pagsasakdal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Импичмент – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Импичмент" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="การฟ้องให้ขับออกจากตำแหน่ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การฟ้องให้ขับออกจากตำแหน่ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meclis_soru%C5%9Fturmas%C4%B1" title="Meclis soruşturması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Meclis soruşturması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Імпічмент – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імпічмент" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Impeachment" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%E1%BA%ADn_t%E1%BB%99i" title="Luận tội – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Luận tội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B9%E5%8A%BE" title="弹劾 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弹劾" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%88%E5%8A%BE" title="彈劾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="彈劾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%B9%E5%8A%BE" title="弹劾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弹劾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q480498#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="View the content page [c]" 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legislature(s)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the process of charging a public official. For challenging a witness in a legal proceeding, see <a href="/wiki/Witness_impeachment" title="Witness impeachment">Witness impeachment</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidente_da_Coreia_do_Sul,_Park_Geun-hye,_visita_o_Brasil_-_c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Presidente_da_Coreia_do_Sul%2C_Park_Geun-hye%2C_visita_o_Brasil_-_c.jpg/220px-Presidente_da_Coreia_do_Sul%2C_Park_Geun-hye%2C_visita_o_Brasil_-_c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Presidente_da_Coreia_do_Sul%2C_Park_Geun-hye%2C_visita_o_Brasil_-_c.jpg/330px-Presidente_da_Coreia_do_Sul%2C_Park_Geun-hye%2C_visita_o_Brasil_-_c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Presidente_da_Coreia_do_Sul%2C_Park_Geun-hye%2C_visita_o_Brasil_-_c.jpg/440px-Presidente_da_Coreia_do_Sul%2C_Park_Geun-hye%2C_visita_o_Brasil_-_c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>Brazilian president <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a> (left) and South Korean president <a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-hye" title="Park Geun-hye">Park Geun-hye</a> (right) were both impeached and removed from office in 2016 and 2017, respectively.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Impeachment</b> is a process by which a <a href="/wiki/Legislative_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative body">legislative body</a> or other legally constituted tribunal initiates charges against a <a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">public official</a> for misconduct.<sup id="cite_ref-EBrit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBrit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be understood as a unique process involving both <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">legal</a> elements.<sup id="cite_ref-GerhardtTheLaw_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GerhardtTheLaw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gerhardt3dedition_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerhardt3dedition-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gerhardt20_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerhardt20-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, impeachment tends to be confined to <a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">ministerial</a> officials<sup id="cite_ref-WorldBook_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldBook-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the unique nature of their positions may place ministers beyond the reach of the law to prosecute, or their misconduct is not codified into law as an offense except through the unique expectations of their high office. Both "<a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">peers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commoners" class="mw-redirect" title="Commoners">commoners</a>" have been subject to the process, however.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1990 to 2020, there have been at least 272 impeachment charges against 132 different <a href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">heads of state</a> in 63 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="/wiki/Democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracies">democracies</a> (with the notable exception of the United States) involve the courts (often a national <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_court" title="Constitutional court">constitutional court</a>) in some way.<sup id="cite_ref-Designing_Better_Impeachments_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Designing_Better_Impeachments-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EBrit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBrit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Latin America, which includes almost 40% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential systems</a>, ten presidents from seven countries were removed from office by their national legislatures via impeachments or declarations of incapacity between 1978 and 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>National legislations differ regarding both the consequences and definition of impeachment, but the intent is nearly always to expeditiously vacate the office. In most nations the process begins in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">lower house</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral assembly</a> who bring charges of misconduct, then the <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a> administers an <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial" title="Impeachment trial">impeachment trial</a> and sentencing.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldBook_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldBook-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most commonly, an official is considered impeached after the house votes to accept the charges, and impeachment itself does not remove the official from office.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldBook_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldBook-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because impeachment involves a departure from the normal constitutional procedures by which individuals achieve high office (election, ratification, or appointment) and because it generally requires a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a>, it is usually reserved for those deemed to have committed serious abuses of their office.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, for example, impeachment at the federal level is limited to those who may have committed "<a href="/wiki/High_crimes_and_misdemeanors" title="High crimes and misdemeanors">Treason, Bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors</a>"—the latter phrase referring to offenses against the government or the constitution, grave <a href="/wiki/Abuses_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Abuses of power">abuses of power</a>, violations of the <a href="/wiki/Public_trust" title="Public trust">public trust</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Political_crime" title="Political crime">political crimes</a>, even if not <a href="/wiki/Indictable" class="mw-redirect" title="Indictable">indictable</a> criminal offenses.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerhardt3dedition_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerhardt3dedition-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> has the sole power of impeachments while the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> has the sole power to try impeachments (<i>i.e.</i>, to acquit or convict); the validity of an impeachment trial is a <a href="/wiki/Political_question" title="Political question">political question</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Nonjusticiable" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonjusticiable">nonjusticiable</a> (<i>i.e.</i>, is not reviewable by the courts).<sup id="cite_ref-ImpeachmentAnnotated_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ImpeachmentAnnotated-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, impeachment is a remedial rather than penal process,<sup id="cite_ref-ImpeachmentAnnotated_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ImpeachmentAnnotated-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CRSReport2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRSReport2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> intended to "effectively 'maintain constitutional government' by removing individuals unfit for office";<sup id="cite_ref-CRSReport2015_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRSReport2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> persons subject to impeachment and removal remain "liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law."<sup id="cite_ref-CRSReport2015_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRSReport2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Impeachment is provided for in the constitutional laws of many countries including Brazil, France, India, Ireland, the Philippines, Russia, South Korea, and the United States. It is distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a> procedure available in some countries whereby a motion of censure can be used to remove a government and its ministers from office. Such a procedure is not applicable in countries with presidential forms of government like the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_history">Etymology and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "impeachment" likely derives from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">empeechier</i></span> from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">impedīre</i></span> expressing the idea of catching or ensnaring by the 'foot' (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pes, pedis</i></span>), and has analogues in the modern <a href="/wiki/French_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="French Language">French</a> verb <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">empêcher</i></span> (to prevent) and the modern <a href="/wiki/English_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="English Language">English</a> <i>impede</i>. Medieval popular etymology also associated it (wrongly) with derivations from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">impetere</i></span> (to attack). </p><p>The process was first used by the English "<a href="/wiki/Good_Parliament" title="Good Parliament">Good Parliament</a>" against <a href="/wiki/William_Latimer,_4th_Baron_Latimer" title="William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer">William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer</a> in the second half of the 14th century. Following the English example, the constitutions of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> (1776), <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> (1780) and other states thereafter adopted the impeachment mechanism, but they restricted the punishment to removal of the official from office. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, kings of the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti Empire">Ashanti Empire</a> who violated any of the <a href="/wiki/Oaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Oaths">oaths</a> taken during their enstoolment were destooled by <a href="/wiki/Kingmaker" title="Kingmaker">Kingmakers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Obeng_1996_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obeng_1996-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, if a king punished citizens arbitrarily or was exposed to be corrupt, he would be destooled. Destoolment entailed Kingmakers removing the sandals of the king and bumping his buttocks on the ground three times. Once destooled from office, his sanctity and thus reverence were lost, as he could not exercise any powers he had as king; this included Chief administrator, Judge, and Military Commander. The now previous king was disposed of the Stool, swords and other <a href="/wiki/Regalia" title="Regalia">regalia</a> which symbolized his office and authority. He also lost the position as custodian of the land. However, despite being destooled from office, the king remained a member of the royal family from which he was elected.<sup id="cite_ref-Obeng_1996_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obeng_1996-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_various_jurisdictions">In various jurisdictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In various jurisdictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Dilma_Rousseff" title="Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff">Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_proposals_against_Michel_Temer" title="Impeachment proposals against Michel Temer">Impeachment proposals against Michel Temer</a></div> <p>In Brazil, as in most other Latin American countries, "impeachment" refers to the definitive removal from office. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">president of Brazil</a> may be provisionally removed from office by the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">Chamber of Deputies</a> and then tried and definitely removed from office by the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Senate">Federal Senate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Brazilian Constitution</a> requires that two-thirds of the Deputies vote in favor of the opening of the impeachment process of the President and that two-thirds of the Senators vote for impeachment. State governors and municipal mayors can also be impeached by the respective legislative bodies. Article 2 of Law no. 1.079, from 10 April 1950, or "The Law of Impeachment", states that "The crimes defined in this law, even when simply attempted, are subject to the penalty of loss of office, with disqualification for up to five years for the exercise of any public function, to be imposed by the Federal Senate in proceedings against the President of the Republic, Ministers of State, Ministers of the Supreme Federal Tribunal, or the Attorney General." </p><p><b>Initiation:</b> An accusation of a responsibility crime against the President may be brought by any Brazilian citizen; however, the President of the Chamber of Deputies holds prerogative to accept the charge, which if accepted will be read at the next session and reported to the President of the Republic. </p><p><b>Extraordinary Committee:</b> An extraordinary committee is established, consisting of members from each political party in proportion to their party's membership. The committee is responsible for assessing the need for impeachment proceedings. The President is given ten parliamentary sessions to present their defense. Following this, two legislative sessions are held to allow for the formulation of a legal opinion by a rapporteur regarding whether or not impeachment proceedings should be initiated and brought to trial in the Senate. </p><p>The rapporteur's opinion is subject to a vote within the committee. If the majority accepts the rapporteur's opinion, it is deemed adopted. However, if the majority rejects the rapporteur's opinion, the committee adopts an alternative opinion proposed by the majority. For instance, if the rapporteur recommends against impeachment but fails to secure majority support, the committee will adopt the opinion to proceed with impeachment. Conversely, if the rapporteur advises impeachment but does not obtain majority approval, the committee will adopt the opinion not to impeach. </p><p>If the committee vote is successful, the rapporteur's opinion is considered adopted, thereby determining the course of action regarding impeachment. </p><p><b>Chamber of Deputies:</b> The Chamber issues a call-out vote to accept the opinion of the committee, requiring a supermajority of two thirds in favor of an impeachment opinion (or a supermajority of two thirds against a dismissal opinion) of the committee, in order to authorize the Senate impeachment proceedings. The President is suspended (provisionally removed) from office as soon as the Senate receives and accepts from the Chamber of Deputies the impeachment charges and decides to proceed with a trial. </p><p><b>The Senate:</b> The process in the Senate had been historically lacking in procedural guidance until 1992, when the Senate published in the Official Diary of the Union the step-by-step procedure of the Senate's impeachment process, which involves the formation of another special committee and closely resembles the lower house process, with time constraints imposed on the steps taken. The committee's opinion must be presented within 10 days, after which it is put to a call-out vote at the next session. The vote must proceed within a single session; the vote on President Rousseff took over 20 hours. A simple majority vote in the Senate begins formal deliberation on the complaint, immediately suspends the President from office, installs the Vice President as acting president, and begins a 20-day period for written defense as well as up to 180-days for the trial. In the event the trial proceeds slowly and exceeds 180 days, the Brazilian Constitution determines that the President is entitled to return and stay provisionally in office until the trial comes to its decision. </p><p><b>Senate plenary deliberation:</b> The committee interrogates the accused or their counsel, from which they have a right to abstain, and also a probative session which guarantees the accused rights to contradiction, or <i>audiatur et altera pars,</i> allowing access to the courts and due process of law under Article 5 of the constitution. The accused has 15 days to present written arguments in defense and answer to the evidence gathered, and then the committee shall issue an opinion on the merits within ten days. The entire package is published for each senator before a single plenary session issues a call-out vote, which shall proceed to trial on a simple majority and close the case otherwise. </p><p><b>Senate trial:</b> A hearing for the complainant and the accused convenes within 48 hours of notification from deliberation, from which a trial is scheduled by the president of the Supreme Court no less than ten days after the hearing. The senators sit as judges, while witnesses are interrogated and cross-examined; all questions must be presented to the president of the Supreme Court, who, as prescribed in the Constitution, presides over the trial. The president of the Supreme Court allots time for debate and rebuttal, after which time the parties leave the chamber and the senators deliberate on the indictment. The President of the Supreme Court reads the summary of the grounds, the charges, the defense and the evidence to the Senate. The senators in turn issue their judgement. On conviction by a supermajority of two thirds, the president of the Supreme Court pronounces the sentence and the accused is immediately notified. If there is no supermajority for conviction, the accused is acquitted. </p><p>Upon conviction, the officeholder has his or her political rights revoked for eight years, which bars them from running for any office during that time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Collor_de_Mello" title="Fernando Collor de Mello">Fernando Collor de Mello</a>, the 32nd President of Brazil, resigned in 1992 amidst impeachment proceedings. Despite his resignation, the Senate nonetheless voted to convict him and bar him from holding any office for eight years, due to evidence of <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribery</a> and misappropriation. </p><p>In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">Chamber of Deputies</a> initiated <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Dilma_Rousseff" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeachment process against Dilma Rousseff">an impeachment case</a> against President <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a> on allegations of budgetary mismanagement, a crime of responsibility under the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 May 2016, after 20 hours of deliberation, the admissibility of the accusation was approved by the Senate with 55 votes in favor and 22 against (an absolute majority would have been sufficient for this step) and Vice President <a href="/wiki/Michel_Temer" title="Michel Temer">Michel Temer</a> was notified to assume the duties of the President pending trial. On 31 August, 61 senators voted in favor of impeachment and 20 voted against it, thus achieving the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> majority needed for Rousseff's definitive removal. A vote to disqualify her for five years was taken and failed (in spite of the Constitution not separating disqualification from removal) having less than two thirds in favor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croatia">Croatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Croatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of impeaching the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">president of Croatia</a> can be initiated by a two-thirds majority vote in favor in the <a href="/wiki/Sabor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabor">Sabor</a> and is thereafter referred to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia">Constitutional Court</a>, which must accept such a proposal with a two-thirds majority vote in favor in order for the president to be removed from office. This has never occurred in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Croatia">Republic of Croatia</a>. In case of a successful impeachment motion a president's constitutional term of five years would be terminated and an election called within 60 days of the vacancy occurring. During the period of vacancy the presidential powers and duties would be carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Croatian_Parliament" title="Speaker of the Croatian Parliament">speaker of the Croatian Parliament</a> in his/her capacity as Acting President of the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, the constitution was changed. Since 2013, the process can be started by at least three-fifths of present senators, and must be approved by at least three-fifths of all members of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic">Chamber of Deputies</a> within three months. Also, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="President of the Czech Republic">President</a> can be impeached for high treason (newly defined in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitution of the Czech Republic">Constitution</a>) or any serious infringement of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process starts in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Senate of the Czech Republic">Senate of the Czech Republic</a> which has the right to only impeach the president. After the approval by the Chamber of Deputies, the case is passed to the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic">Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic</a>, which has to decide the verdict against the president. If the Court finds the President guilty, then the President is removed from office and is permanently barred from being elected President of the Czech Republic again.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No Czech president has ever been impeached, though members of the Senate <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_V%C3%A1clav_Klaus" title="Impeachment of Václav Klaus">sought to impeach President Václav Klaus in 2013</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This case was dismissed by the court, which reasoned that his mandate had expired.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate also proposed to impeach president <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Zeman" title="Miloš Zeman">Miloš Zeman</a> in 2019 <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the Chamber of Deputies did not vote on the issue in time and thus the case did not even proceed to the Court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Impeachment_of_the_Realm_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Impeachment of the Realm (Denmark)">Court of Impeachment of the Realm (Denmark)</a></div> <p>In Denmark the possibility for current and former ministers being impeached was established with the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Constitution">Danish Constitution</a> of 1849. Unlike many other countries <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> does not have a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Court">Constitutional Court</a> who would normally handle these types of cases. Instead Denmark has a special <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Impeachment_of_the_Realm_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Impeachment of the Realm (Denmark)">Court of Impeachment</a> (In Danish: Rigsretten) which is called upon every time a current and former minister have been impeached. The role of the Impeachment Court is to process and deliver judgments against current and former ministers who are accused of unlawful conduct in office. The legal content of ministerial responsibility is laid down in the Ministerial Accountability Act which has its background in section 13 of the Danish Constitution, according to which the ministers' accountability is determined in more detail by law. In Denmark the normal practice in terms of impeachment cases is that it needs to be brought up in the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish Parliament">Danish Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Folketing" title="Folketing">Folketing</a>) first for debate between the different members and parties in the parliament. After the debate the members of the Danish Parliament vote on whether a current or former minister needs to be impeached. If there is a majority in the Danish Parliament for an impeachment case against a current or former minister, an Impeachment Court is called into session. In Denmark the Impeachment Court consists of up to 15 Supreme Court judges and 15 parliament members appointed by the Danish Parliament. The members of the Impeachment Court in Denmark serve a six-year term in this position.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1995 the former Minister of Justice Erik Ninn-Hansen from the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Denmark)" title="Conservative People's Party (Denmark)">Conservative People's Party</a> was impeached in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Case" title="Tamil Case">Tamil Case</a>. The case was centered around the illegal processing of family reunification applications. From September 1987 to January 1989 applications for family reunification of Tamil refugees from civil war-torn <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> were put on hold in violation of Danish and International law. On 22 June 1995, Ninn-Hansen was found guilty of violating paragraph five subsection one of the Danish Ministerial Responsibility Act which says: A minister is punished if he intentionally or through gross negligence neglects the duties incumbent on him under the constitution or legislation in general or according to the nature of his post. A majority of the judges in that impeachment case voted for former Minister of Justice Erik Ninn-Hansen to receive a suspended sentence of four months with one year of probation. The reason why the sentence was made suspended was especially in relation to Ninn-Hansen's personal circumstances, in particular, his health and age – Ninn-Hansen was 73 years old when the sentence was handed down. After the verdict, Ninn-Hansen complained to the European Court of Human Rights and complained, among other things, that the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Impeachment_of_the_Realm_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Impeachment of the Realm (Denmark)">Court of Impeachment</a> was not impartial. The European Court of Human Rights dismissed the complaint on 18 May 1999. As a direct result and consequence of this case, the Conservative-led government and Prime Minister at that time Poul Schlüter was forced to step down from power.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2021 the former Minister for Immigration and Integration <a href="/wiki/Inger_St%C3%B8jberg" title="Inger Støjberg">Inger Støjberg</a> at that time member of the Danish Liberal Party <span title="Danish-language text"><span lang="da" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)" title="Venstre (Denmark)">Venstre</a></span></span> was impeached when it was discovered that she had possibly against both Danish and International law tried to separate couples in refugee centres in Denmark, as the wives of the couples were under legal age. According to a commission report Inger Støjberg had also lied in the Danish Parliament and failed to report relevant details to the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Ombudsman" title="Parliamentary Ombudsman">Parliamentary Ombudsman</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision to initiate an impeachment case was adopted by the Danish Parliament with a 141–30 vote and decision (In Denmark 90 members of the parliament need to vote for impeachment before it can be implemented). On 13 December 2021 former Minister for Immigration and Integration <a href="/wiki/Inger_St%C3%B8jberg" title="Inger Støjberg">Inger Støjberg</a> was convicted by the special Court of Impeachment of separating asylum seeker families illegally according to Danish and international law and sentenced to 60 days in prison.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the judges in the special Court of Impeachment (25 out of 26 judges) found that it had been proven that Inger Støjberg on 10 February 2016 decided that an accommodation scheme should apply without the possibility of exceptions, so that all asylum-seeking spouses and cohabiting couples where one was a minor aged 15–17, had to be separated and accommodated separately in separate asylum centers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 December, a majority in the Folketing voted that the sentence means that she is no longer worthy of sitting in the Folketing and she therefore immediately lost her seat.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In France the comparable procedure is called <i>destitution</i>. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president of France</a> can be impeached by the <a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">French Parliament</a> for willfully violating the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">Constitution</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">national laws</a>. The process of impeachment is written in the 68th article of the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="French Constitution">French Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Either the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a> can begin the process. Then, the impeachment proposal must be transmitted to the other house, which can acknowledge the impeachment process within 15 days. After the upper and lower houses' agreement, they unite in joint session to form the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_(France)" title="High Court (France)">High Court</a>. </p><p>The High Court must decide whether or not to declare the removal from office of the president. The impeachment procedure in front of the National Assembly and the Senate, as well as the removal from office by the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_(France)" title="High Court (France)">High Court</a> require a majority of two thirds of the members of the House involved or of the High Court; no proxy voting is allowed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">federal president of Germany</a> can be impeached both by the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a> for willfully violating federal law. Once the Bundestag or the Bundesrat impeaches the president, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitutional Court of Germany">Federal Constitutional Court</a> decides whether the President is guilty as charged and, if this is the case, whether to remove him or her from office. The Federal Constitutional Court also has the power to remove federal judges from office for willfully violating core principles of the <a href="/wiki/Grundgesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundgesetz">federal constitution</a> or a <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">state</a> constitution. The impeachment procedure is regulated in Article 61 of the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</a>. </p><p>There is no formal impeachment process for the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">chancellor of Germany</a>; however, the Bundestag can replace the chancellor at any time by voting for a new chancellor (<a href="/wiki/Constructive_vote_of_no_confidence" title="Constructive vote of no confidence">constructive vote of no confidence</a>, Article 67 of the Basic Law). </p><p>There has never been an impeachment against the President so far. Constructive votes of no confidence against the chancellor occurred in 1972 and 1982, with only the second one being successful. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">chief executive of Hong Kong</a> can be impeached by the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Hong_Kong" title="Legislative Council of Hong Kong">Legislative Council</a>. A motion for investigation, initiated jointly by at least one-fourth of all the legislators charging the Chief Executive with "serious breach of law or dereliction of duty" and refusing to resign, shall first be passed by the council. An independent investigation committee, chaired by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Court_of_Final_Appeal" title="Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal">chief justice of the Court of Final Appeal</a>, will then carry out the investigation and report back to the council. If the Council find the evidence sufficient to substantiate the charges, it may pass a motion of impeachment by a two-thirds majority.<sup id="cite_ref-HKSAR_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HKSAR-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Article 73(9)">: Article 73(9) </span></sup> </p><p>However, the Legislative Council does not have the power to actually remove the chief executive from office, as the chief executive is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">Central People's Government</a> (State Council of China). The council can only report the result to the Central People's Government for its decision.<sup id="cite_ref-HKSAR_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HKSAR-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Article 45">: Article 45 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 13 of Hungary's <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Fundamental Law</a> (constitution) provides for the process of impeaching and removing the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">president</a>. The president enjoys immunity from criminal prosecution while in office, but may be charged with crimes committed during his term afterwards. Should the president violate the constitution while discharging his duties or commit a willful criminal offense, he may be removed from office. Removal proceedings may be proposed by the concurring recommendation of one-fifth of the 199 members of the country's unicameral Parliament. Parliament votes on the proposal by secret ballot, and if two thirds of all representatives agree, the president is impeached. Once impeached, the president's powers are suspended, and the Constitutional Court decides whether or not the President should be removed from office.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president</a> and judges, including the chief justice of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">supreme court</a> and high courts, can be impeached by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">parliament</a> before the expiry of the term for violation of the Constitution. Other than impeachment, no other penalty can be given to a president in position for the violation of the Constitution under <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_XIX" class="extiw" title="s:Constitution of India/Part XIX">Article 361</a> of the constitution. However, a president after his/her removal can be punished for her/his already proven unlawful activity under <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Insults_to_National_Honour_Act,_1971" title="Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971">disrespecting the constitution</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No president has faced impeachment proceedings. Hence, the provisions for impeachment have never been tested. The sitting president cannot be charged and needs to step down in order for that to happen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Ireland"></span><span class="anchor" id="Republic_of_Ireland"></span> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution of Ireland</a> states the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President of Ireland</a> may be impeached for "stated misbehaviour".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president may not be otherwise removed from office or made <a href="/wiki/Accountability" title="Accountability">answerable</a> for his actions,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although if five judges of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court (Ireland)">Supreme Court</a> rule that he has become "permanently incapacitated" then a new <a href="/wiki/Irish_presidential_election" title="Irish presidential election">presidential election</a> must be held within 60 days and the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_(Ireland)" title="Presidential Commission (Ireland)">Presidential Commission</a> will deputise in the interim.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Impeachment is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas</a> (parliament) with one house (<a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad</a>) preferring a <a href="/wiki/Charge_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charge (law)">charge</a> and the other directing the ensuing investigation and final vote.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charge requires a <a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">motion</a> signed by at least thirty members and consequent <a href="/wiki/Resolution_(law)" title="Resolution (law)">resolution</a> supported by at least two-thirds of the total membership.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investigation may be made by the house itself or delegated to another "court, tribunal or body".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president is removed from office only if at least two-thirds of the total membership of the investigating house support an ensuing resolution that, not only has the charge been sustained, but also the misbehaviour was serious enough to render the president "unfit to continue in office".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CahillaneHickey2023_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CahillaneHickey2023-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of January 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> no impeachment of a president has ever taken place. The dignity of what is a largely ceremonial office is considered important, so it is likely that a president would resign from office long before undergoing formal conviction or impeachment. In 1976, after being criticised by <a href="/wiki/Paddy_Donegan" title="Paddy Donegan">a minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cearbhall_%C3%93_D%C3%A1laigh" title="Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh">Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh</a> resigned "to protect the dignity and independence of the presidency as an institution", although there was no question of impeachment.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Constitution also states that <a href="/wiki/Comptroller_and_Auditor_General_(Ireland)" title="Comptroller and Auditor General (Ireland)">Comptroller and Auditor General</a> and justices of the <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland#Superior_courts" title="Courts of the Republic of Ireland">superior courts</a> can be removed from office for "stated misbehaviour", it does not describe this as <i>impeachment</i> and the requirement in each case is simple resolution by each house of the Oireachtas.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process is nevertheless informally called "impeachment".<sup id="cite_ref-CahillaneHickey2023_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CahillaneHickey2023-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Italy, according to Article 90 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President of Italy</a> can be impeached through a majority vote of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a> in joint session for high treason and for attempting to overthrow the Constitution. If impeached, the president of the Republic is then tried by the Constitutional Court integrated with sixteen citizens older than forty chosen by lot from a list compiled by the Parliament every nine years. </p><p>Italian press and political forces made use of the term "impeachment" for the attempt by some members of parliamentary opposition to initiate the procedure provided for in Article 90 against Presidents <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cossiga" title="Francesco Cossiga">Francesco Cossiga</a> (1991),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a> (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Sergio Mattarella</a> (2018).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By Article 78 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Constitution of Japan</a>, judges can be impeached.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The voting method is specified by laws. The <a href="/wiki/National_Diet" title="National Diet">National Diet</a> has two organs, namely <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">裁判官訴追委員会</span></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Saibankan sotsui iinkai</i></span>) and <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">裁判官弾劾裁判所</span></span> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Saibankan dangai saibansho</i></span>), which is established by Article 64 of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former has a role similar to prosecutor and the latter is analogous to Court. Seven judges were removed by them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Liechtenstein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Members of the Liechtenstein Government can be impeached before the State Court for breaches of the Constitution or of other laws.<sup id="cite_ref-liechtensteinConstitution_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liechtensteinConstitution-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Article 62">: Article 62 </span></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary monarchy</a> the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Sovereign Prince</a> cannot be impeached as he "is not subject to the jurisdiction of the courts and does not have legal responsibility".<sup id="cite_ref-liechtensteinConstitution_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liechtensteinConstitution-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Article 7">: Article 7 </span></sup> The same is true of any member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Liechtenstein" title="House of Liechtenstein">Princely House</a> who exercises the function of head of state should the Prince be temporarily prevented or in preparation for the Succession.<sup id="cite_ref-liechtensteinConstitution_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liechtensteinConstitution-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Article 7">: Article 7 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2009_m._Respublikos_Prezidento_rinkimai_Paksas_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2009_m._Respublikos_Prezidento_rinkimai_Paksas_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-2009_m._Respublikos_Prezidento_rinkimai_Paksas_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/2009_m._Respublikos_Prezidento_rinkimai_Paksas_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-2009_m._Respublikos_Prezidento_rinkimai_Paksas_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/2009_m._Respublikos_Prezidento_rinkimai_Paksas_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Lithuanian President <a href="/wiki/Rolandas_Paksas" title="Rolandas Paksas">Rolandas Paksas</a> was the first European <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> to have been impeached.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Lithuania">Republic of Lithuania</a>, the president may be impeached by a three-fifths majority in the <a href="/wiki/Seimas" title="Seimas">Seimas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Rolandas_Paksas" title="Rolandas Paksas">Rolandas Paksas</a> was removed from office by impeachment on 6 April 2004 after the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Lithuania" title="Constitutional Court of Lithuania">Constitutional Court of Lithuania</a> found him guilty of having violated his oath and the constitution. He was the first European <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> to have been impeached.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Impeachment" title="Special:EditPage/Impeachment">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeachment (Norway)">Impeachment (Norway)</a></div> <p>Members of government, representatives of the national assembly (<a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Stortinget</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Norway" title="Supreme Court of Norway">Supreme Court</a> judges can be impeached for criminal offenses tied to their duties and committed in office, according to the Constitution of 1814, §§ 86 and 87. The procedural rules were modeled after the U.S. rules and are quite similar to them. Impeachment has been used eight times since 1814, last in 1927. Many argue that impeachment has fallen into <a href="/wiki/Desuetude" title="Desuetude">desuetude</a>. In cases of impeachment, an appointed court (Riksrett) takes effect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_Philippines" title="Impeachment in the Philippines">Impeachment in the Philippines</a></div> <p>Impeachment in the Philippines follows procedures similar to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Under Sections<span class="nowrap"> </span>2 and 3, Article XI, <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives of the Philippines</a> has the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment against the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">president</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">vice president</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a>, members of the Constitutional Commissions (<a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Elections (Philippines)">Commission on Elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Commission_(Philippines)" title="Civil Service Commission (Philippines)">Civil Service Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Audit_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Audit (Philippines)">Commission on Audit</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Ombudsman" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Ombudsman">ombudsman</a>. When a third of its membership has endorsed <a href="/wiki/Article_of_impeachment" title="Article of impeachment">article(s) of impeachment</a>, it is then transmitted to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate of the Philippines</a> which tries and decide, as impeachment tribunal, the impeachment case.<sup id="cite_ref-Article_XI_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article_XI-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A main difference from U.S. proceedings, however, is that only one third of House members are required to approve the motion to impeach the president (as opposed to a simple majority of those present and voting in their U.S. counterpart). In the Senate, selected members of the House of Representatives act as the prosecutors and the senators act as judges with the Senate president presiding over the proceedings (the chief justice jointly presides with the Senate president if the president is on trial). Like the United States, to convict the official in question requires that a minimum of two thirds (i.e. 16 of 24 members) of all the members of the Senate vote in favor of conviction. If an impeachment attempt is unsuccessful or the official is acquitted, no new cases can be filed against that impeachable official for at least one full year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Impeachment_proceedings_and_attempts">Impeachment proceedings and attempts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Impeachment proceedings and attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Impeachment" title="Special:EditPage/Impeachment">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> was the first official <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Joseph_Estrada" title="Trial of Joseph Estrada">impeached</a> by the House in 2000, but the trial ended prematurely due to outrage over a vote to open an envelope where that motion was narrowly defeated by his allies. Estrada was deposed days later during the <a href="/wiki/2001_EDSA_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 EDSA Revolution">2001 EDSA Revolution</a>. </p><p>In 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2008, impeachment complaints were filed against President <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a>, but none of the cases reached the required endorsement of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> of the members for transmittal to, and trial by, the Senate. </p><p>In March 2011, the House of Representatives <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Merceditas_Gutierrez" title="Impeachment of Merceditas Gutierrez">impeached</a> <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman_of_the_Philippines" title="Ombudsman of the Philippines">Ombudsman</a> <a href="/wiki/Merceditas_Gutierrez" title="Merceditas Gutierrez">Merceditas Gutierrez</a>, becoming the second person to be impeached. In April, Gutierrez resigned prior to the Senate's convening as an impeachment court. </p><p>In December 2011, in what was described as "blitzkrieg fashion", 188 of the 285 members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a> <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Renato_Corona" title="Impeachment of Renato Corona">voted</a> to transmit the 56-page <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_impeachment" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of impeachment">articles of impeachment</a> against <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines">chief justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Renato_Corona" title="Renato Corona">Renato Corona</a> in <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Renato_Corona" title="Impeachment of Renato Corona">his impeachment</a>. </p><p>To date, three officials had been successfully impeached by the House of Representatives, and two were not convicted. The latter, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Corona" title="Renato Corona">Chief Justice Renato C. Corona</a>, was convicted on 29 May 2012, by the Senate under Article II of the Articles of Impeachment (for betraying public trust), with 20–3 votes from the Senator Judges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peru">Peru</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: missing impeachment of Vizcarra and Castillo.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski,_ao_lado_de_seus_vice-presidentes,_discursa_sobre_seu_processo_de_impeachment_-_c.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski%2C_ao_lado_de_seus_vice-presidentes%2C_discursa_sobre_seu_processo_de_impeachment_-_c.png/220px-Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski%2C_ao_lado_de_seus_vice-presidentes%2C_discursa_sobre_seu_processo_de_impeachment_-_c.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski%2C_ao_lado_de_seus_vice-presidentes%2C_discursa_sobre_seu_processo_de_impeachment_-_c.png/330px-Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski%2C_ao_lado_de_seus_vice-presidentes%2C_discursa_sobre_seu_processo_de_impeachment_-_c.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski%2C_ao_lado_de_seus_vice-presidentes%2C_discursa_sobre_seu_processo_de_impeachment_-_c.png 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">Peru's president</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" title="Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a> speaks about the impeachment process against him.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_process_against_Pedro_Pablo_Kuczynski" class="mw-redirect" title="First impeachment process against Pedro Pablo Kuczynski">first impeachment process against Pedro Pablo Kuczynski</a>, then the incumbent <a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President of Peru</a> since 2016, was initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Peru">Congress of Peru</a> on 15 December 2017. According to <a href="/wiki/Luis_Galarreta" title="Luis Galarreta">Luis Galarreta</a>, the President of the Congress, the whole process of impeachment could have taken as little as a week to complete.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event was part of the second stage of the <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932021_Peruvian_political_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–2021 Peruvian political crisis">political crisis</a> generated by the confrontation between the Government of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and the Congress, in which the opposition Popular Force has an absolute majority. The impeachment request was rejected by the congress on 21 December 2017, for failing to obtain sufficient votes for the deposition.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Poland, referral to the <a href="/wiki/State_Tribunal_(Poland)" title="State Tribunal (Poland)">State Tribunal</a> is used instead of the process of impeachment, which is traditionally used in some other nations as a way of addressing similar allegations against persons holding analogous offices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Romania" title="President of Romania">president</a> can be impeached by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament</a> and is then suspended. A referendum then follows to determine whether the suspended President should be removed from office. President <a href="/wiki/Traian_B%C4%83sescu" title="Traian Băsescu">Traian Băsescu</a> was impeached twice by the Parliament: in 2007 and then again in July 2012. <a href="/wiki/2007_Romanian_presidential_impeachment_referendum" title="2007 Romanian presidential impeachment referendum">A referendum was held</a> on 19 May 2007 and a large majority of the electorate voted against removing the president from office. For the most recent suspension <a href="/wiki/2012_Romanian_presidential_impeachment_referendum" title="2012 Romanian presidential impeachment referendum">a referendum was held</a> on 29 July 2012; the results were heavily against the president, but the referendum was invalidated due to low turnout.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (October 2017)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_Russia" title="Impeachment in Russia">Impeachment in Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeltsin_1993_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Yeltsin_1993_cropped.jpg/220px-Yeltsin_1993_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Yeltsin_1993_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="284" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>, as president of Russia, survived several impeachment attempts.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1999, members of the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="State Duma of Russia">State Duma of Russia</a>, led by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a>, unsuccessfully attempted to impeach President <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> on charges relating to his role in the <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a> and launching the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a> (1995–96); efforts to launch impeachment proceedings failed.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Constitution of Singapore">Constitution of Singapore</a> allows the impeachment of a sitting <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">president</a> on charges of treason, violation of the Constitution, corruption, or attempting to mislead the Presidential Elections Committee for the purpose of demonstrating eligibility to be elected as president. The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">prime minister</a> or at least one-quarter of all <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">members of Parliament</a> (MPs) can pass an impeachment motion, which can succeed only if at least half of all MPs (excluding nominated members) vote in favor, whereupon the chief justice of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Singapore" title="Supreme Court of Singapore">Supreme Court</a> will appoint a tribunal to investigate allegations against the president. If the tribunal finds the president guilty, or otherwise declares that the president is "permanently incapable of discharging the functions of his office by reason of mental or physical infirmity", Parliament will hold a vote on a resolution to remove the president from office, which requires a three-quarters majority to succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No president has ever been removed from office in this fashion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_South_Africa" title="Impeachment in South Africa">Impeachment in South Africa</a></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a> was established in 1910, the only officials who could be impeached (though the term itself was not used) were the chief justice and judges of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Supreme Court of South Africa">Supreme Court of South Africa</a>. The scope was broadened when the country became a republic in 1961, to include the <a href="/wiki/State_President_of_South_Africa" title="State President of South Africa">state president</a>. It was further broadened in 1981 to include the new office of <a href="/wiki/Vice_State_President_of_South_Africa" title="Vice State President of South Africa">vice state president</a>; and in 1994 to include the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_President_of_South_Africa" title="Deputy President of South Africa">executive deputy presidents</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Protector" title="Public Protector">public protector</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Auditor-General_(South_Africa)" title="Auditor-General (South Africa)">Auditor-General</a>. Since 1997, members of certain commissions established by the Constitution can also be impeached. The grounds for impeachment, and the procedures to be followed, have changed several times over the years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Korea#on_Impeachment" title="Constitutional Court of Korea">Constitutional Court of Korea § on Impeachment</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Park_Geun-hye" title="Impeachment of Park Geun-hye">Impeachment of Park Geun-hye</a></div> <p>According to the Article 65(1) of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea" title="Constitution of South Korea">Constitution of South Korea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Korea" title="Prime Minister of South Korea">Prime Minister</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_South_Korea" title="State Council of South Korea">State Council</a>, heads of Executive Ministries, <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Constitutional_Court_of_Korea" title="Justice of the Constitutional Court of Korea">Justices of the Constitutional Court</a>, judges, members of <a href="/wiki/National_Election_Commission_(South_Korea)" title="National Election Commission (South Korea)">the National Election Commission</a>, the chairperson and members of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Audit_and_Inspection" title="Board of Audit and Inspection">Board of Audit and Inspection</a> can be impeached by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly</a> when they violated the Constitution or other statutory duties. By article 65(2) of the Constitution, proposal of impeachment needs simple majority of votes among quorum of one-thirds of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly</a>. However, exceptionally, impeachment on <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President of South Korea</a> needs simple majority of votes among quorum of two-thirds of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly</a>. When impeachment proposal is passed in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly</a>, it is finally reviewed under jurisdiction the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Korea" title="Constitutional Court of Korea">Constitutional Court of Korea</a>, according to article 111(1) of the Constitution. During review of impeachment in the Constitutional Court, the impeached is suspended from exercising power by article 65(3) of the Constitution. </p><p>Two presidents have been impeached since the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">Republic of Korea</a> in 1948. <a href="/wiki/Roh_Moo-hyun" title="Roh Moo-hyun">Roh Moo-hyun</a> in 2004 was impeached by the National Assembly but was overturned by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Korea" title="Constitutional Court of Korea">Constitutional Court</a>. <a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-hye" title="Park Geun-hye">Park Geun-hye</a> in 2016 was impeached by the National Assembly, and the impeachment was confirmed by the Constitutional Court on 10 March 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2021, Judge Lim Seong-geun of the Busan High Court was impeached by the National Assembly for meddling in politically sensitive trials, the first ever impeachment of a judge in Korean history. Unlike presidential impeachments, only a simple majority is required to impeach.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judge Lim's term expired before the Constitutional Court could render a verdict, leading the court to dismiss the case.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Constitution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a> may initiate an investigation of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">president</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Turkey" title="Vice President of Turkey">vice president</a> or any member of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Turkey" title="Cabinet of Turkey">Cabinet</a> upon the proposal of simple majority of its total members, and within a period less than a month, the approval of three-fifths of the total members.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investigation would be carried out by a commission of fifteen members of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Assembly</a>, each nominated by the political parties in proportion to their representation therein. The commission would submit its report indicating the outcome of the investigation to the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Speaker of the Grand National Assembly">speaker</a> within two months. If the investigation is not completed within this period, the commission's time may be renewed for another month. Within ten days of its submission to the speaker, the report would be distributed to all members of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Assembly</a>, and ten days after its distribution, the report would be discussed on the floor. Upon the approval of two thirds of the total number of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Assembly</a> by secret vote, the person or persons, about whom the investigation was conducted, may be tried before the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Constitutional Court</a>. The trial would be finalized within three months, and if not, a one-time additional period of three months shall be granted. The president, about whom an investigation has been initiated, may not call for an <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Turkey" title="Elections in Turkey">election</a>. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">president</a>, who is convicted by the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Turkey" title="Constitutional Court of Turkey">Court</a>, would be removed from office.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The provision of this article shall also apply to the offenses for which the president allegedly worked during his term of office.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Impeachment in the United Kingdom">Impeachment in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, in principle, anybody may be prosecuted and tried by the two Houses of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> for any crime.<sup id="cite_ref-UK0001_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK0001-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recorded impeachment is that of <a href="/wiki/William_Latimer,_4th_Baron_Latimer" title="William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer">William Latimer, 4th Baron Latimer</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Good_Parliament" title="Good Parliament">Good Parliament</a> of 1376. The latest was that of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dundas,_1st_Viscount_Melville" title="Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville">Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville</a> which started in 1805 and which ended with his acquittal in June 1806.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the centuries, the procedure has been supplemented by other forms of oversight including <a href="/wiki/Select_committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Select committee (United Kingdom)">select committees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motions_of_no_confidence_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Motions of no confidence in the United Kingdom">confidence motions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a>, while the privilege of peers to trial only in the House of Lords was abolished in 1948 (see <a href="/wiki/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords#Trials" title="Judicial functions of the House of Lords">Judicial functions of the House of Lords § Trials</a>), and thus impeachment, which has not kept up with modern norms of democracy or procedural fairness, is generally considered obsolete.<sup id="cite_ref-UK0001_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK0001-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senate_in_session.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Senate_in_session.jpg/300px-Senate_in_session.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Senate_in_session.jpg/450px-Senate_in_session.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Senate_in_session.jpg/600px-Senate_in_session.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2001" data-file-height="1332" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">impeachment trial</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States president</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in 1999, Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/William_H._Rehnquist" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Rehnquist">William H. Rehnquist</a> presiding. The House managers are seated beside the quarter-circular tables on the left and the president's personal counsel on the right, much in the fashion of <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">United States president Andrew Johnson's trial</a> in 1868.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment in the United States">Impeachment in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Federal impeachment in the United States</a></div> <p>In the federal system, <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article One of the United States Constitution</a> provides that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> has the "sole Power of Impeachment" and the Senate has "the sole Power to try all Impeachments".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article Two provides that "The President, Vice President and all civil <a href="/wiki/Officers_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Officers of the United States">Officers of the United States</a>, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/High_Crimes_and_Misdemeanors" class="mw-redirect" title="High Crimes and Misdemeanors">high Crimes and Misdemeanors</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-OfficesEligible_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OfficesEligible-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, impeachment is the first of two stages; an official may be impeached by a majority vote of the House, but conviction and removal from office in the Senate requires "the concurrence of two thirds of the members present".<sup id="cite_ref-https_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-https-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Impeachment is analogous to an <a href="/wiki/Indictment" title="Indictment">indictment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the House practice manual, "Impeachment is a constitutional remedy to address serious offenses against the system of government. It is the first step in a remedial process – that of removal from public office and possible disqualification from holding further office. The purpose of impeachment is not punishment; rather, its function is primarily to maintain constitutional government."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Impeachment may be understood as a unique process involving both <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">legal</a> elements.<sup id="cite_ref-GerhardtTheLaw_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GerhardtTheLaw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gerhardt3dedition_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerhardt3dedition-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gerhardt20_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerhardt20-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Constitution provides that "Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally accepted that "a former President may be prosecuted for crimes of which he was acquitted by the Senate".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> has impeached an official 22 times since 1789: four times for presidents, fifteen times for federal judges, twice for a Cabinet secretary, and once for a senator.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Senate:_Impeachment_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Senate:_Impeachment-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 22, the Senate voted to remove 8 officials impeached by the House of Representatives (all federal judges) from office.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Senate:_Impeachment_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Senate:_Impeachment-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four impeachment trials in the Senate of presidents were: <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson in 1868</a>, <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Impeachment of Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton in 1998</a>, and <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="First impeachment of Donald Trump">Donald Trump in 2019</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second impeachment of Donald Trump">again in 2021</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All four impeachments were followed by acquittal in the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Senate:_Impeachment_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Senate:_Impeachment-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">impeachment process was also commenced against Richard Nixon</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_resignation_speech" title="Richard Nixon's resignation speech">he resigned</a> in 1974 to avoid an impeachment vote.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost all <a href="/wiki/State_constitution_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="State constitution (United States)">state constitutions</a> set forth parallel impeachment procedures for <a href="/wiki/State_governments_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="State governments in the United States">state governments</a>, allowing the <a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">state legislature</a> to impeach officials of the state government.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1789 through 2008, 14 <a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">governors</a> have been impeached (including two who were impeached twice), of whom seven governors were convicted.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_investigation" title="Impeachment investigation">Impeachment investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_impeachments_of_heads_of_state" title="List of impeachments of heads of state">List of impeachments of heads of state</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-EBrit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBrit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBrit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/impeachment">"impeachment | Definition, Process, History, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117172738/https://www.britannica.com/topic/impeachment">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=impeachment+%7C+Definition%2C+Process%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fimpeachment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandauBrantleyDavisKoenigsberg1997" class="citation book cs1">Landau, Sidney; Brantley, Sheila; Davis, Samuel; Koenigsberg, Ruth, eds. (1997). <i>Funk & Wagnall's Standard Desk Dictionary</i>. Vol. 1 (1996 ed.). United States: Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-308-10353-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-308-10353-5"><bdi>978-0-308-10353-5</bdi></a>. <q>1. To charge (a high public official) before a legally constituted tribunal with crime or misdemeanor in office. 2. To bring discredit upon the honesty or validity of.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Funk+%26+Wagnall%27s+Standard+Desk+Dictionary&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=322&rft.edition=1996&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row%2C+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-308-10353-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GerhardtTheLaw-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GerhardtTheLaw_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GerhardtTheLaw_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_J._Gerhardt" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Gerhardt" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael J. Gerhardt">Michael J. Gerhardt</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/12/14/impeachment-is-law-saying-political-process-only-helps-trumps-narrative/">"Impeachment is the law. Saying 'political process' only helps Trump's narrative"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114062623/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/12/14/impeachment-is-law-saying-political-process-only-helps-trumps-narrative/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2021</span>. <q>while it's true that politics are bound up in how impeachment plays out, it's a myth that impeachment is just political. Rather, it's the principal legal remedy that the Constitution expressly specifies to hold presidents accountable</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Impeachment+is+the+law.+Saying+%27political+process%27+only+helps+Trump%27s+narrative.&rft.au=Michael+J.+Gerhardt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Foutlook%2F2019%2F12%2F14%2Fimpeachment-is-law-saying-political-process-only-helps-trumps-narrative%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerhardt3dedition-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerhardt3dedition_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerhardt3dedition_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerhardt3dedition_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_J._Gerhardt2019" class="citation book cs1">Michael J. Gerhardt (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3d6NDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Federal Impeachment Process: A Constitutional and Historical Analysis</i></a> (3d ed.). University of Chicago Press. pp. 106–07. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226554976" title="Special:BookSources/9780226554976"><bdi>9780226554976</bdi></a>. <q>The ratification debates support the conclusion that 'other high Crimes and Misdemeanors' were not limited to indictable offenses but rather included great offenses against the federal government. ... Justices James Wilson and Joseph Story expressed agreement with Hamilton's understanding of impeachment as a political proceeding and impeachable offenses as political crimes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Federal+Impeachment+Process%3A+A+Constitutional+and+Historical+Analysis&rft.pages=106-07&rft.edition=3d&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780226554976&rft.au=Michael+J.+Gerhardt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3d6NDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gerhardt20-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gerhardt20_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gerhardt20_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhardt2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gerhardt" title="Michael Gerhardt">Gerhardt, Michael</a> (2018). <i>Impeachment: What Everyone Needs to Know</i>. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190903657" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190903657"><bdi>978-0190903657</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2018013560">2018013560</a>. <q>Impeachment has elements of both legal and political proceedings. As a result, it is a unique process.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impeachment%3A+What+Everyone+Needs+to+Know&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2018013560&rft.isbn=978-0190903657&rft.aulast=Gerhardt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/impeachment.htm">"U.S. Senate: About Impeachment"</a>. <i>www.senate.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230907130839/https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/impeachment.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.senate.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+About+Impeachment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fabout%2Fpowers-procedures%2Fimpeachment.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldBook-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorldBook_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldBook_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldBook_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Davidson, Roger (2005). "Impeachment". <i>World Book Encyclopedia</i>. Vol. I 10 (2005 ed.). Chicago. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7166-0105-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7166-0105-2"><bdi>0-7166-0105-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Impeachment&rft.btitle=World+Book+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=92&rft.edition=2005&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7166-0105-2&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/impeachment/">"Impeachment"</a>. <i>UK Parliament Glossary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208165239/https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/impeachment/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2021</span>. <q>Impeachment is when a peer or commoner is accused of 'high crimes and misdemeanours, beyond the reach of the law or which no other authority in the state will prosecute.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+Parliament+Glossary&rft.atitle=Impeachment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fsite-information%2Fglossary%2Fimpeachment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawler2019" class="citation web cs1">Lawler, David (19 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.axios.com/impeachment-other-countries-4a5aee7f-90f9-43df-a7e7-cc76ca1f5dfd.html">"What impeaching leaders looks like around the world"</a>. <i>Axios</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210113145846/https://www.axios.com/impeachment-other-countries-4a5aee7f-90f9-43df-a7e7-cc76ca1f5dfd.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Axios&rft.atitle=What+impeaching+leaders+looks+like+around+the+world&rft.date=2019-12-19&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.axios.com%2Fimpeachment-other-countries-4a5aee7f-90f9-43df-a7e7-cc76ca1f5dfd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Designing_Better_Impeachments-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Designing_Better_Impeachments_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuqGinsburgLandau" class="citation web cs1">Huq, Aziz; Ginsburg, Tom; Landau, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bostonreview.net/politics-law-justice/aziz-huq-tom-ginsburg-david-landau-designing-better-impeachments">"Designing Better Impeachments: How other countries' constitutions protect against political free-for-alls"</a>. <i>Boston Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115000048/https://bostonreview.net/politics-law-justice/aziz-huq-tom-ginsburg-david-landau-designing-better-impeachments">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2021</span>. <q>Constitutions in 9 democracies give a court—often the country's constitutional court—the power to begin an impeachment; another 61 constitutions place the court at the end of the process.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Review&rft.atitle=Designing+Better+Impeachments%3A+How+other+countries%27+constitutions+protect+against+political+free-for-alls&rft.aulast=Huq&rft.aufirst=Aziz&rft.au=Ginsburg%2C+Tom&rft.au=Landau%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbostonreview.net%2Fpolitics-law-justice%2Faziz-huq-tom-ginsburg-david-landau-designing-better-impeachments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ignacio Arana Araya, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2019/12/13/to-impeach-or-not-to-impeach/">To Impeach or Not to Impeach: Lessons from Latin America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803112535/https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2019/12/13/to-impeach-or-not-to-impeach/">Archived</a> 3 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Georgetown Journal of International Affairs</i> (13 December 2019).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErskine2008" class="citation journal cs1">Erskine, Daniel H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_globalstudies/vol7/iss1/2/">"The Trial of Queen Caroline and the Impeachment of President Clinton: Law As a Weapon for Political Reform"</a>. <i>Washington University Global Studies Law Review</i>. <b>7</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1546-6981">1546-6981</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729213005/http://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_globalstudies/vol7/iss1/2/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+University+Global+Studies+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Trial+of+Queen+Caroline+and+the+Impeachment+of+President+Clinton%3A+Law+As+a+Weapon+for+Political+Reform&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1546-6981&rft.aulast=Erskine&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenscholarship.wustl.edu%2Flaw_globalstudies%2Fvol7%2Fiss1%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Brandon_Bayer2019" class="citation journal cs1">Peter Brandon Bayer (23 May 2019). "The Constitution dictates that impeachment must not be partisan". <i>The Conversation</i>. <q>Noted scholars <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Rotunda" title="Ronald Rotunda">Ronald Rotunda</a> and John Nowak explain that the Framers wisely intended the phrase "or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors" to include undermining the Constitution and similar, "great offenses against the federal government (like abuse of power) even if they are not necessarily crimes.' For instance, Alexander Hamilton asserted that, while likely to be criminal acts, impeachable wrongdoings 'are those offenses which proceed from the misconduct of public men ... from the abuse or violation of some public trust.' James Madison urged that impeachment is appropriate for 'loss of capacity, or corruption ... [that] might be fatal to the republic.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+dictates+that+impeachment+must+not+be+partisan&rft.date=2019-05-23&rft.au=Peter+Brandon+Bayer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ImpeachmentAnnotated-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ImpeachmentAnnotated_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ImpeachmentAnnotated_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-2/section-4/impeachment">"Impeachment"</a>. <i>U.S. Constitution Annotated</i>. Congressional Research Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214175826/https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution-conan/article-2/section-4/impeachment">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2021</span> – via Legal Information Institute, Cornell Law School.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Constitution+Annotated&rft.atitle=Impeachment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fconstitution-conan%2Farticle-2%2Fsection-4%2Fimpeachment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRSReport2015-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRSReport2015_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRSReport2015_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRSReport2015_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeGarvey2015" class="citation web cs1">Cole, J. P.; Garvey, T. (29 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44260.pdf">"Report No. R44260, Impeachment and Removal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Congressional Research Service. pp. 15–16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219011012/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44260.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+No.+R44260%2C+Impeachment+and+Removal&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2015-10-29&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Garvey%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR44260.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauss2006" class="citation web cs1">Hauss, Charles (29 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/vote-of-confidence">"Vote of confidence"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210114105304/https://www.britannica.com/topic/vote-of-confidence">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Vote+of+confidence&rft.date=2006-12-29&rft.aulast=Hauss&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fvote-of-confidence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Obeng_1996-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obeng_1996_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obeng_1996_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObeng1996" class="citation book cs1">Obeng, J.Pashington (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zh9jIVu2CyEC&pg=PA31-32"><i>Asante Catholicism; Religious and Cultural Reproduction among the Akan of Ghana</i></a>. Vol. 1. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10631-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10631-4"><bdi>978-90-04-10631-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asante+Catholicism%3B+Religious+and+Cultural+Reproduction+among+the+Akan+of+Ghana&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10631-4&rft.aulast=Obeng&rft.aufirst=J.Pashington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZh9jIVu2CyEC%26pg%3DPA31-32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaciel2020" class="citation web cs1">Maciel, Lourenço (8 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324215552/https://dilmarousseffimpeachment.com/2020/02/08/impeachment-dilma-rousseff/">"Was it a coup? Democracy and Constitutionality in the 2016 Brazilian Impeachment Process"</a>. <i>Dilma Rousseff's Impeachment</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dilmarousseffimpeachment.com/2020/02/08/impeachment-dilma-rousseff/">the original</a> on 24 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dilma+Rousseff%27s+Impeachment&rft.atitle=Was+it+a+coup%3F+Democracy+and+Constitutionality+in+the+2016+Brazilian+Impeachment+Process&rft.date=2020-02-08&rft.aulast=Maciel&rft.aufirst=Louren%C3%A7o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdilmarousseffimpeachment.com%2F2020%2F02%2F08%2Fimpeachment-dilma-rousseff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Jacobs2016" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Jacobs (17 April 2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/18/world/americas/brazil-dilma-rousseff-impeachment-vote.html">"Brazil's Lower House of Congress Votes for Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/18/world/americas/brazil-dilma-rousseff-impeachment-vote.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.constituteproject.org&rft.atitle=Fundamental+Law+of+Hungary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FHungary_2016%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123231821/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/Prevention_Insults_National_Honour_Act1971.pdf">"The Prevention of Insults to National Honour (Amendment) Act of 1971"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/pdf/Prevention_Insults_National_Honour_Act1971.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Prevention+of+Insults+to+National+Honour+%28Amendment%29+Act+of+1971&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmha.nic.in%2Fsites%2Fupload_files%2Fmha%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2FPrevention_Insults_National_Honour_Act1971.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Ireland, Article 12.10.1°</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Ireland, Article 13.8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Ireland, Articles 12.3, 12.7, 14.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Ireland, Article 12.10.2°, 5°</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Ireland, Article 12.10.3°,4°</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Ireland, Articles 12.10.5°, 13.8.2°</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution of Ireland, Article 12.10.7°</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CahillaneHickey2023-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CahillaneHickey2023_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CahillaneHickey2023_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahillaneHickey2023" class="citation book cs1">Cahillane, Laura; Hickey, Tom (10 November 2023). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=President+of+Italy+is+Making+Political+Waves&rft.date=1991-12-13&rft.aulast=Cowell&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F12%2F13%2Fworld%2Fpresident-of-italy-is-making-political-waves.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/cossiga-presidente-silenzioso-che-si-trasform-picconatore-2004720.html">"Cossiga, il presidente silenzioso che si trasformò in picconatore"</a>. <i>ilGiornale.it</i> (in Italian). 24 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240325195959/https://www.ilgiornale.it/news/politica/cossiga-presidente-silenzioso-che-si-trasform-picconatore-2004720.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ilGiornale.it&rft.atitle=Cossiga%2C+il+presidente+silenzioso+che+si+trasform%C3%B2+in+picconatore&rft.date=2022-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilgiornale.it%2Fnews%2Fpolitica%2Fcossiga-presidente-silenzioso-che-si-trasform-picconatore-2004720.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics/italy-parliament-rejects-bid-to-impeach-president-napolitano-idUSBREA1A0VH20140211">"Italy parliament rejects bid to impeach President Napolitano"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 11 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308140158/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-italy-politics/italy-parliament-rejects-bid-to-impeach-president-napolitano-idUSBREA1A0VH20140211">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Italy+parliament+rejects+bid+to+impeach+President+Napolitano&rft.date=2014-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-italy-politics%2Fitaly-parliament-rejects-bid-to-impeach-president-napolitano-idUSBREA1A0VH20140211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllyatt2014" class="citation web cs1">Ellyatt, Holly (31 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2014/01/31/italys-anti-establishment-party-bids-to-impeach-president.html">"Italy's anti-establishment party bids to impeach president"</a>. <i>CNBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uk.movies.yahoo.com&rft.atitle=Factbox+%E2%80%93+Impeachment+of+a+President%3A+How+it+works+in+Italy&rft.date=2018-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.movies.yahoo.com%2Ffactbox-impeachment-president-works-italy-150203454.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/358399/italian-president-faces-impeachment-call">"Italian president faces impeachment call"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RNZ" class="mw-redirect" title="RNZ">RNZ</a></i>. 28 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240325195522/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/world/358399/italian-president-faces-impeachment-call">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RNZ&rft.atitle=Italian+president+faces+impeachment+call&rft.date=2018-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F358399%2Fitalian-president-faces-impeachment-call&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105093921/http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?id=174">"The Constitution of Japan"</a>. <i>Japanese Law Translation</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hrlibrary.umn.edu&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Principality+of+Liechtenstein&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrlibrary.umn.edu%2Fresearch%2Fliechtenstein-constitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.lrs.lt/home/Konstitucija/Constitution.htm">"The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060117080458/http://www3.lrs.lt/home/Konstitucija/Constitution.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Lithuania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.lrs.lt%2Fhome%2FKonstitucija%2FConstitution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/07/world/lithuanian-parliament-removes-country-s-president-after-casting-votes-three.html">"Lithuanian Parliament Removes Country's President After Casting Votes on Three Charges"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 7 April 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629083518/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/07/world/lithuanian-parliament-removes-country-s-president-after-casting-votes-three.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lithuanian+Parliament+Removes+Country%27s+President+After+Casting+Votes+on+Three+Charges&rft.date=2004-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F04%2F07%2Fworld%2Flithuanian-parliament-removes-country-s-president-after-casting-votes-three.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Article_XI-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Article_XI_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan-Robles_Virtual_Law_Library" class="citation web cs1">Chan-Robles Virtual Law Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chanrobles.com/article11.htm">"The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines – Article XI"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611043822/http://www.chanrobles.com/article11.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1987+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines+%E2%80%93+Article+XI&rft.au=Chan-Robles+Virtual+Law+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chanrobles.com%2Farticle11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.com-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42374771">"Peru's leader faces impeachment"</a>. <i>Bbc.com</i>. 15 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401044640/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42374771">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bbc.com&rft.atitle=Peru%27s+leader+faces+impeachment&rft.date=2017-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-42374771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/lawmakers-who-helped-peru-president-survive-impeachment-bid-say-democracy-won/50000262-3474525">"Lawmakers who helped Peru president survive impeachment bid say democracy won"</a>. <i>Efe.com</i>. 22 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210115054646/https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/lawmakers-who-helped-peru-president-survive-impeachment-bid-say-democracy-won/50000262-3474525">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Efe.com&rft.atitle=Lawmakers+who+helped+Peru+president+survive+impeachment+bid+say+democracy+won&rft.date=2017-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.efe.com%2Fefe%2Fenglish%2Fworld%2Flawmakers-who-helped-peru-president-survive-impeachment-bid-say-democracy-won%2F50000262-3474525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendumul_pentru_demiterea_pre%C8%99edintelui_Rom%C3%A2niei,_2012" class="extiw" title="ro:Referendumul pentru demiterea președintelui României, 2012">ro:Referendumul pentru demiterea președintelui României, 2012</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (April 2024)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/may/13/chechnya.russia">"Yeltsin impeachment hearings begin"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126024654/https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/may/13/chechnya.russia">Archived</a> 26 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Guardian</i> (13 May 1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Hoffman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1999/05/16/bid-to-impeach-yeltsin-defeated/1eadb626-86fe-4260-9aa7-f9b8bed89be2/">"Bid to Impeach Yeltsin Defeated"</a>, <i>Washington Post</i> (16 May 1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Wines, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/16/world/drive-to-impeach-russian-president-dies-in-parliament.html">"Drive to Impeach Russian President Dies in Parliament"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302235315/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/16/world/drive-to-impeach-russian-president-dies-in-parliament.html">Archived</a> 2 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>New York Times</i> (16 May 1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CONS1963?ProvIds=pr22L-,pr25-">"Constitution of the Republic of Singapore – Singapore Statutes Online"</a>. <i>/sso.agc.gov.sg</i>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608142315/https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CONS1963?ProvIds=pr22L-,pr25-">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%2Fsso.agc.gov.sg&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Singapore+%E2%80%93+Singapore+Statutes+Online&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsso.agc.gov.sg%2FAct%2FCONS1963%3FProvIds%3Dpr22L-%2Cpr25-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?lang=ENG&hseq=1">"Constitution of the Republic of Korea"</a>. Korea Legislation Research Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308124813/https://elaw.klri.re.kr/eng_service/lawView.do?lang=ENG&hseq=1">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Korea&rft.pub=Korea+Legislation+Research+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felaw.klri.re.kr%2Feng_service%2FlawView.do%3Flang%3DENG%26hseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2016" class="citation news cs1">Kim, Da-sol (8 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20161208000727">"Revisiting Roh Moo-hyun impeachment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Herald" title="The Korea Herald">The Korea Herald</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224154400/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20161208000727">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Herald&rft.atitle=Revisiting+Roh+Moo-hyun+impeachment&rft.date=2016-12-08&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Da-sol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreaherald.com%2Fview.php%3Fud%3D20161208000727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2021/02/04/national/politics/Lim-Seonggeun-Kim-Myeongsu-impeach/20210204182700657.html">"Legislature impeaches judge for political meddling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily" title="Korea JoongAng Daily">Korea JoongAng Daily</a>. 4 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210219203935/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2021/02/04/national/politics/Lim-Seonggeun-Kim-Myeongsu-impeach/20210204182700657.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legislature+impeaches+judge+for+political+meddling&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkoreajoongangdaily.joins.com%2F2021%2F02%2F04%2Fnational%2Fpolitics%2FLim-Seonggeun-Kim-Myeongsu-impeach%2F20210204182700657.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2022/10/113_317782.html">"Constitutional Court rejects first-ever impeachment of judge"</a>. 28 October 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221014042424/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2022/10/113_317782.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Court+rejects+first-ever+impeachment+of+judge&rft.date=2021-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnation%2F2022%2F10%2F113_317782.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/anayasa/anayasa_2018.pdf">"Grand National Assembly of Turkey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>tbmmgov.tr</i>. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819091040/https://www.tbmm.gov.tr/anayasa/anayasa_2018.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 19 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tbmmgov.tr&rft.atitle=Grand+National+Assembly+of+Turkey&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbmm.gov.tr%2Fanayasa%2Fanayasa_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UK0001-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UK0001_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UK0001_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimson_Caird2016" class="citation web cs1">Simson Caird, Jack (6 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7612">"Commons Briefing papers CBP-7612"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924124951/https://researchbriefings.parliament.uk/ResearchBriefing/Summary/CBP-7612">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commons+Briefing+papers+CBP-7612&rft.pub=House+of+Commons+Library&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft.aulast=Simson+Caird&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchbriefings.parliament.uk%2FResearchBriefing%2FSummary%2FCBP-7612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchison2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hutchison, Gary D (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dro.dur.ac.uk/24570/1/24570.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Manager in Distress': Reaction to the Impeachment of Henry Dundas, 1805–7"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Parliamentary History</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 198–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1750-0206.12295">10.1111/1750-0206.12295</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625102002/http://dro.dur.ac.uk/24570/1/24570.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+History&rft.atitle=%27The+Manager+in+Distress%27%3A+Reaction+to+the+Impeachment+of+Henry+Dundas%2C+1805%E2%80%937&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=198-217&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1750-0206.12295&rft.aulast=Hutchison&rft.aufirst=Gary+D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdro.dur.ac.uk%2F24570%2F1%2F24570.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-HPRACTICE-112/html/GPO-HPRACTICE-112-28.htm">House Practice: A Guide to the Rules, Precedents and Procedures of the House</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209191843/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-HPRACTICE-112/html/GPO-HPRACTICE-112-28.htm">Archived</a> 9 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, chap. 27 (Impeachment). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Publishing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Publishing Office</a>, p. 594 (quoting U.S. Const. art. I, Sec. 2, cl. 5; Sec. 3, cl. 6.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OfficesEligible-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OfficesEligible_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artII_S4_1_2_1/">ArtII.S4.1.2.1 Offices Eligible for Impeachment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318161710/https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artII_S4_1_2_1/">Archived</a> 18 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Constitution Annotated</i>, Congress.gov.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-https-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-https_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei#section3"><i>U.S. Constitution. Article I, § 3, clause 6</i></a>. 12 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118233715/https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei#section3">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Constitution.+Article+I%2C+%C2%A7+3%2C+clause+6&rft.date=2009-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fconstitution%2Farticlei%23section3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-HPRACTICE-112/html/GPO-HPRACTICE-112-28.htm">House Practice: A Guide to the Rules, Precedents and Procedures of the House</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209191843/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-HPRACTICE-112/html/GPO-HPRACTICE-112-28.htm">Archived</a> 9 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, chap. 27 (Impeachment). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Publishing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Publishing Office</a>, p. 594: "An impeachment is instituted by a written accusation, called an 'Article of Impeachment,' which states the offense charged. The articles serve a purpose similar to that of an indictment in an ordinary criminal proceeding. Manual Sec. 609."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-HPRACTICE-112/html/GPO-HPRACTICE-112-28.htm">House Practice: A Guide to the Rules, Precedents and Procedures of the House</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209191843/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-HPRACTICE-112/html/GPO-HPRACTICE-112-28.htm">Archived</a> 9 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, chap. 27 (Impeachment). <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Publishing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Publishing Office">U.S. Government Publishing Office</a>, p. 591.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI_S3_C7_1_1/">Art I.S3.C7.1.1 Judgment in Cases of Impeachment: Overview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224013533/https://constitution.congress.gov/browse/essay/artI_S3_C7_1_1/">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Constitution Annotated.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/file/19386/download">"Memorandum: Whether a Former President May Be Indicted and Tried for the Same Offenses for Which He was Impeached by the House and Acquitted by the Senate"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211035941/https://www.justice.gov/file/19386/download">Archived</a> 11 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Legal Counsel (18 August 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-U.S._Senate:_Impeachment-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-U.S._Senate:_Impeachment_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-U.S._Senate:_Impeachment_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-U.S._Senate:_Impeachment_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/impeachment/impeachment-list.htm">"U.S. Senate: Impeachment"</a>. <i>www.senate.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318005651/https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/impeachment/impeachment-list.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.senate.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+Impeachment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fabout%2Fpowers-procedures%2Fimpeachment%2Fimpeachment-list.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaggie_Astor2021" class="citation news cs1">Maggie Astor (13 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/politics/which-presidents-have-been-impeached.html">"The Impeachment Proceedings That Came Before"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307041923/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/13/us/politics/which-presidents-have-been-impeached.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Impeachment+Proceedings+That+Came+Before&rft.date=2021-01-13&rft.au=Maggie+Astor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F01%2F13%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fwhich-presidents-have-been-impeached.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhardt2000" class="citation book cs1">Gerhardt, Michael J. (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/federalimpeachme00gerh"><i>The Federal Impeachment Process: A Constitutional and Historical Analysis</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/federalimpeachme00gerh/page/27">27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226289571" title="Special:BookSources/9780226289571"><bdi>9780226289571</bdi></a>. <q>attempted Impeachment of William O. Douglas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Federal+Impeachment+Process%3A+A+Constitutional+and+Historical+Analysis&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780226289571&rft.aulast=Gerhardt&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffederalimpeachme00gerh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowledgecenter.csg.org/content/impeachment-and-states-look-history-provisions-place?nopaging=1">"Impeachment and the states: A look at the history, provisions in place"</a>. <i>knowledgecenter.csg.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=knowledgecenter.csg.org&rft.atitle=Impeachment+and+the+states%3A+A+look+at+the+history%2C+provisions+in+place&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowledgecenter.csg.org%2Fcontent%2Fimpeachment-and-states-look-history-provisions-place%3Fnopaging%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImpeachment" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilga.gov/commission/lru/24.U.S.GovImpeachments.pdf">"Research Response: Governors' Impeachments in U.S. History"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210219175627/https://www.ilga.gov/commission/lru/24.U.S.GovImpeachments.pdf">Archived</a> 19 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Illinois General Assembly Legislative Research Unit (8 July 2008).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Impeachment&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/impeachment" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/impeachment"><i>impeachment</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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.tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q480498#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q480498#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q480498#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Impeachment"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4161395-8">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85064607">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119719121">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119719121">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561249">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="impeachment"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137050&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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