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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_of_and_influences_upon_constitutional_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_of_and_influences_upon_constitutional_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Sources of and influences upon constitutional law </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_of_and_influences_upon_constitutional_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources of and influences upon constitutional law subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_of_and_influences_upon_constitutional_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legally_binding_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legally_binding_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Legally binding sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legally_binding_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Text_of_the_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_of_the_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Text of the Constitution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text_of_the_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitution_of_the_State_of_Singapore_1963_and_its_predecessors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution_of_the_State_of_Singapore_1963_and_its_predecessors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1.1 Constitution of the State of Singapore 1963 and its predecessors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution_of_the_State_of_Singapore_1963_and_its_predecessors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_Constitution_of_Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Constitution_of_Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1.2 Federal Constitution of Malaysia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Constitution_of_Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Singapore_Independence_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Singapore_Independence_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1.3 Republic of Singapore Independence Act </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Singapore_Independence_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reprints_of_the_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reprints_of_the_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1.4 Reprints of the Constitution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reprints_of_the_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_interpretation_of_the_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_interpretation_of_the_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Judicial interpretation of the Constitution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_interpretation_of_the_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interpretation_of_the_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation_of_the_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2.1 Interpretation of the Constitution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation_of_the_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fundamental_constitutional_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fundamental_constitutional_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2.2 Fundamental constitutional principles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fundamental_constitutional_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Acts_of_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Acts_of_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Other Acts of Parliament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Acts_of_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-binding_constitutional_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-binding_constitutional_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Non-binding constitutional influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-binding_constitutional_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soft_constitutional_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soft_constitutional_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Soft constitutional law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soft_constitutional_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Constitutional conventions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_international_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_international_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Public international law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_international_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supremacy_of_the_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supremacy_of_the_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Supremacy of the Constitution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Supremacy_of_the_Constitution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Supremacy of the Constitution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Supremacy_of_the_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Codification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Codification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Codification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Codification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rigidity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rigidity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Rigidity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rigidity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_review" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_review"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Judicial review </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_review-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Grundnorm_problem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Grundnorm_problem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 The Grundnorm problem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Grundnorm_problem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subjects_dealt_with_by_the_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subjects_dealt_with_by_the_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Subjects dealt with by the Constitution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subjects_dealt_with_by_the_Constitution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Subjects dealt with by the Constitution subsection </button> <ul 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed">Constitution of the Republic of Singapore</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament of Singapore</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=63d204d5-2e51-4128-bfa4-b2931a836dc8;page=0;query=DocId%3Acc8653a8-b992-43b6-bcb0-d177435b96c9%20Depth%3A0%20Status%3Ainforce;rec=0">1985 Rev. Ed., 1999 Rep.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Enacted by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament of Singapore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Enacted</th><td class="infobox-data">22 December 1965</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Assented to</th><td class="infobox-data">23 December 1965<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commenced</th><td class="infobox-data">9 August 1965</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Legislative history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">Bill</a> title</th><td class="infobox-data">Republic of Singapore Independence Bill</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bill citation</th><td class="infobox-data">Bill No. B 43 of 1965</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)#First_reading" title="Reading (legislature)">First reading</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13 December 1965<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)#Second_reading" title="Reading (legislature)">Second reading</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22 December 1965<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)#Third_reading" title="Reading (legislature)">Third reading</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22 December 1965<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Related legislation</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Republic of Singapore Independence Act 1965 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/RSIA1965">No. 9 of 1965, 1985 Rev. Ed.</a>) (dates above relate to this Act)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color:#AAF0D1;">Status: In force</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Constitution of the Republic of Singapore</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">新加坡共和國憲法</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">新加坡共和国宪法</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Xīnjiāpō Gònghéguó Xiànfǎ</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Malay name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Perlembagaan Republik Singapura</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Tamil name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசின் அரசியல் சாசனம், Ciṅkappūr Kuṭiyaraciṉ Araciyal Cācaṉam</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore is the supreme law of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Constitution#Written_versus_unwritten;_codified_versus_uncodified" title="Constitution">written constitution</a>, the text which took effect on 9 August 1965 is derived from the Constitution of the State of Singapore 1963, provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Federal Constitution of Malaysia</a> made applicable to Singapore by the Republic of Singapore Independence Act 1965 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/RSIA1965">No. 9 of 1965, 1985 Rev. Ed.</a>), and the Republic of Singapore Independence Act itself. The text of the Constitution is one of the legally binding sources of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a> in Singapore, the others being <a href="/wiki/Sources_of_Singapore_law#Judicial_precedents" title="Sources of Singapore law">judicial interpretations</a> of the Constitution, and certain other statutes. Non-binding sources are influences on constitutional law such as <a href="/wiki/Soft_law" title="Soft law">soft law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional conventions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_international_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Public international law">public international law</a>. In the exercise of its <a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction" title="Original jurisdiction">original jurisdiction</a> – that is, its power to hear cases for the first time – the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Singapore" title="High Court of Singapore">High Court</a> carries out two types of judicial review: <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review#Judicial_review_of_primary_legislation" title="Judicial review">judicial review of legislation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review#Judicial_review_of_administrative_acts" title="Judicial review">judicial review of administrative acts</a>. Although in a 1980 case the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Privy Council</a> held that the fundamental liberties in Part IV of the Constitution should be interpreted generously, <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Singapore" title="Judicial system of Singapore">Singapore courts</a> usually adopt a philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Judicial_deference" title="Judicial deference">deference</a> to <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a> and a strong <a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_constitutionality" title="Presumption of constitutionality">presumption of constitutional validity</a>, which has led to fundamental liberties being construed narrowly in certain cases. The courts also generally adopt a <a href="/wiki/Purposive_approach" title="Purposive approach">purposive approach</a>, favouring interpretations that promote the purpose or object underlying constitutional provisions. Article 4 of the Constitution expressly declares that it is the supreme law of the land. The Constitution also appears to satisfy <a href="/wiki/Albert_Venn_Dicey" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Venn Dicey">Albert Venn Dicey</a>'s three criteria for supremacy: codification, rigidity, and the existence of judicial review by the courts. However, the view has been taken that it may not be supreme in practice and that <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Singapore" title="Law of Singapore">Singapore's legal system</a> is <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> characterised by <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">parliamentary sovereignty</a>. There are two ways to amend the Constitution, depending on the nature of the provision being amended. Most of the Constitution's Articles can be amended with the support of more than two-thirds of all the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore#Members_of_Parliament" title="Parliament of Singapore">Members of Parliament</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)#Second_reading" title="Reading (legislature)">Second</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)#Third_reading" title="Reading (legislature)">Third Readings</a> of each constitutional amendment <a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">bill</a>. However, provisions protecting Singapore's <a href="/wiki/National_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="National sovereignty">sovereignty</a> can only be amended if supported at a national <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> by at least two-thirds of the total number of votes cast. This requirement also applies to Articles 5(2A) and 5A, though these provisions are not yet operational. Article 5(2A) protects certain core constitutional provisions such as the fundamental liberties in Part IV of the Constitution, and Articles relating to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Singapore" title="Presidential elections in Singapore">election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_President_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Powers of the President of Singapore">powers</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore#Salary_and_entitlements" title="President of Singapore">maintenance</a>, immunity from suit, and removal from office; while Article 5A enables the President to veto proposed constitutional amendments that directly or indirectly circumvent or curtail his discretionary powers. These provisions are not yet in force as the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government</a> views the Elected Presidency as an evolving institution in need of further refinements. The <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of Malaysia">Malaysian courts</a> have distinguished between the exercise of "constituent power" and "legislative power" by Parliament. When Parliament amends the Constitution by exercising constituent power, the amendment Act cannot be challenged as inconsistent with the Constitution's existing provisions. The Singapore position is unclear since this issue has not been raised before the courts. However, it is arguable that they are likely to apply the Malaysian position as the relevant provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution of Malaysia</a> and the Singapore Constitution are <a href="/wiki/In_pari_materia" class="mw-redirect" title="In pari materia">in pari materia</a> with each other. In addition, the High Court has rejected the <a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">basic structure</a> or basic features doctrine developed by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a>, which means that Parliament is not precluded from amending or repealing any provisions of the Constitution, even those considered as basic. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_of_and_influences_upon_constitutional_law">Sources of and influences upon constitutional law</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sources of and influences upon constitutional law">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a> has been described as being "concerned with curbing oppressive government and preserving individual freedom while retaining a realm for the exercise of legitimate governmental power".<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> can therefore be described as "[t]he fundamental and <a href="/wiki/Organic_law" title="Organic law">organic law</a> of a nation or state, establishing the conception, character, and organization of its government, as well as prescribing the extent of its sovereign power and the manner of its exercise", or a specific statute containing provisions that serve those purposes.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In this article, the term constitution (with a lowercase c) refers to the body of legal rules having constitutional effect in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, while Constitution (with an uppercase C) refers to the main <a href="/wiki/Sources_of_Singapore_law#Statutes" title="Sources of Singapore law">statute</a> containing constitutional rules. In Singapore, the sources of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a> may be grouped into two categories: those that are legally binding and those that are not. Legally binding sources include the text of the Constitution, <a href="/wiki/Sources_of_Singapore_law#Judicial_precedents" title="Sources of Singapore law">judicial interpretations</a> of the Constitution, and other statutes. Non-binding sources are influences on constitutional law such as <a href="/wiki/Soft_law" title="Soft law">soft law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional conventions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_international_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Public international law">public international law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legally_binding_sources">Legally binding sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legally binding sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Text_of_the_Constitution">Text of the Constitution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Text of the Constitution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SingaporeConstitution-1999Rep-titlepage-20091226-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SingaporeConstitution-1999Rep-titlepage-20091226-01.jpg/220px-SingaporeConstitution-1999Rep-titlepage-20091226-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SingaporeConstitution-1999Rep-titlepage-20091226-01.jpg/330px-SingaporeConstitution-1999Rep-titlepage-20091226-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/SingaporeConstitution-1999Rep-titlepage-20091226-01.jpg/440px-SingaporeConstitution-1999Rep-titlepage-20091226-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>The 1999 Reprint of the Constitution</figcaption></figure> Singapore has a <a href="/wiki/Constitution#Written_versus_unwritten;_codified_versus_uncodified" title="Constitution">written constitution</a>. The text of the Singapore Constitution which took effect from 9 August 1965 was a patchwork of provisions drawn from three statutes: the Constitution of the State of Singapore 1963,<a href="#cite_note-1963_State_Constitution-8">[8]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Federal Constitution of Malaysia</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> made applicable to Singapore by the Republic of Singapore Independence Act 1965,<a href="#cite_note-RSIA-10">[10]</a> and the Republic of Singapore Independence Act itself. These provided the newly independent nation with a working constitution at short notice.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Constitution_of_the_State_of_Singapore_1963_and_its_predecessors">Constitution of the State of Singapore 1963 and its predecessors</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Constitution of the State of Singapore 1963 and its predecessors">edit</a>]</div> Since Singapore was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">factory</a> or trading post of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in 1819, a number of laws having constitutional status have applied to it. Singapore became part of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> in 1867, which were granted a <a href="/wiki/British_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British colony">colonial</a> constitution by way of <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> dated 4 February 1867 that established the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements">Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements</a>. Further letters patent dated 17 November 1877 set up an <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_(Commonwealth_countries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Council (Commonwealth countries)">executive council</a> and authorised the <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_Governors_of_the_Straits_Settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="List of British Governors of the Straits Settlements">Governor</a> to appoint judges. Thereafter, a number of other legal instruments were issued to streamline the constitutional structure of the colony, but did not make significant changes to the arrangements put in place by the 1867 and 1877 letters patent. The last constitution of the Straits Settlements was based on letters patent dated 17 December 1911 as amended by letters patent and <a href="/wiki/Royal_instructions" title="Royal instructions">royal instructions</a> both dated 18 August 1924.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Japanese Occupation</a>, the Straits Settlements were dissolved in 1946 and Singapore became a <a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown colony</a>. Its new constitution, the Singapore <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a> 1946,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> established an executive council and a <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Singapore" title="Legislative Council of Singapore">legislative council</a> which, for the first time, had a number of elected members. The constitution came into effect on 1 March 1948, and the first legislative elections in Singapore were held on 20 March that year. In 1953, a constitutional commission headed by Sir <a href="/wiki/George_William_Rendel" title="George William Rendel">George Rendel</a> was set up to recommend further changes in the constitutional system, with the aim of increasing widespread participation in the central and local government of Singapore. The British Government accepted most of the Rendel Commission's recommendations in its report of February 1954<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and implemented them by way of the Singapore Colony Order in Council 1955,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> commonly known as the Rendel Constitution. While the new <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Singapore" title="Legislative Assembly of Singapore">Legislative Assembly</a> was a largely elected body, the colonial administration retained authority over administration, finance, internal security and law.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The next stage in Singapore's constitutional development was its transformation from a colony to a self-governing state of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. This was effected by the Singapore (Constitution) Order in Council 1958,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> which created the position of the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Negara#Singapore" title="Yang di-Pertuan Negara">Yang di-Pertuan Negara</a> as the head of state, a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">prime minister</a> and a wholly elected Legislative Assembly with 51 members. Subsequently, pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Agreement" title="Malaysia Agreement">Malaysia Agreement</a> of 1963, Singapore merged with the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Federation of Malaysia</a>, becoming one of its <a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia#Singapore_and_Brunei" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">states</a> and losing colonial status. Singapore was granted a new state constitution in the form of the Constitution of the State of Singapore 1963.<a href="#cite_note-1963_State_Constitution-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The provisions relating to the legislative and executive bodies of government remained much the same as those in the 1958 Order in Council. On the other hand, the judiciary was regarded as a federal matter and did not form a part of the State Constitution. At this time, there was no <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">bill of rights</a> in the 1963 State Constitution, as the fundamental liberties in Part II of the Federal Constitution applied to Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Federal_Constitution_of_Malaysia">Federal Constitution of Malaysia</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Federal Constitution of Malaysia">edit</a>]</div> Certain provisions of the Constitution of Singapore are derived from the Malaysian Federal Constitution. This was effected through section 6(1) of the Republic of Singapore Independence Act 1965,<a href="#cite_note-RSIA-10">[10]</a> which states that the provisions of the Constitution of Malaysia, other than those set out in section 6(3) of the Act, "shall continue in force in Singapore, subject to such modifications, adaptations and qualifications and exceptions as may be necessary to bring them into conformity with the independent status of Singapore upon separation from Malaysia".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Notably, the fundamental liberties in Part II of the Federal Constitution were made applicable to Singapore. However, Article 13 of the Federal Constitution which concerns the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">right to property</a>, was specifically omitted<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> to ensure the constitutionality of the <a href="/wiki/Land_Acquisition_Act_1966" title="Land Acquisition Act 1966">Land Acquisition Act 1966</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> which authorises the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government</a> to <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">compulsorily acquire</a> <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Republic_of_Singapore_Independence_Act">Republic of Singapore Independence Act</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Republic of Singapore Independence Act">edit</a>]</div> The Republic of Singapore Independence Act 1965 (RSIA)<a href="#cite_note-RSIA-10">[10]</a> was passed by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a> on 22 December 1965, and made <a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law" title="Ex post facto law">retrospective</a> to 9 August 1965.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Apart from making the fundamental liberties in the Malaysian Federal Constitution applicable in Singapore, the RSIA also received the legislative and executive powers over Singapore, which were relinquished by Malaysia through its Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Act 1965.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The executive authority of Singapore was vested in the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President</a> and made exercisable by him or by the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore" title="Cabinet of Singapore">Cabinet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> while the legislative powers of the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a> (Head of State of Malaysia) and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Malaysia" title="Parliament of Malaysia">Parliament of Malaysia</a> in respect of Singapore were vested in the President and the Parliament of Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Furthermore, the RSIA empowered the President to "make such modifications in any written law as appear to him to be necessary or expedient in consequence of the enactment of this Act and in consequence of the independence of Singapore upon separation from Malaysia".<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> This power lasted from 1965 to 1968.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The Constitution (Amendment) Act 1965,<a href="#cite_note-Const_Amdt_Act_1965-30">[30]</a> which was enacted on the same day as the RSIA and also came into force on 9 August 1965, made the 1963 State Constitution amendable by a simple majority – that is, more than 50% – of all the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore#Members_of_Parliament" title="Parliament of Singapore">Members of Parliament</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)#Second_reading" title="Reading (legislature)">second</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reading_(legislature)#Third_reading" title="Reading (legislature)">third readings</a> of a constitutional amendment <a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">bill</a>. The requirement of a two-thirds majority for amendment was only restored in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-1979_amdt-31">[31]</a> The justification for the reversion given by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Law (Singapore)">Minister for Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_W._Barker" title="Edmund W. Barker">E.W. Barker</a>, was that "[a]ll consequential amendments that have been necessitated by our constitutional advancement have now been enacted".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> However, these amendments were made to the 1963 State Constitution; the amendment Acts were silent on whether they applied to the RSIA. Thus, although Parliament has made no attempt to amend the RSIA since 1965, it can theoretically be changed or even <a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">repealed</a> by a simple majority in Parliament. One problem this raises is even though the RSIA is categorised by the Government as a "constitutional document",<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> legally speaking it is apparently not part of the consolidated Constitution. Constitutional scholar Dr. Kevin Tan has suggested it should be recognised as a <a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">sui generis</a> Act having a unique status.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> It may be that the RSIA's status is similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Bill_of_Rights_Act_1990" title="New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990">New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> which is also an ordinary <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a>. It has been said that while it is theoretically possible to amend or repeal the Bill of Rights Act by a simple majority of the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament" title="New Zealand Parliament">New Zealand Parliament</a>, "any government intent on repeal or restrictive amendment of the Bill of Rights is likely to suffer extreme political difficulty and opprobrium".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In order to safeguard minority interests in a newly independent Singapore<a href="#cite_note-1966_Constitutional_Commission-37">[37]</a> and contain the <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> threat of the time,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> a constitutional commission chaired by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Singapore" title="Chief Justice of Singapore">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Wee_Chong_Jin" title="Wee Chong Jin">Wee Chong Jin</a> was convened in 1966 to review the 1963 State Constitution. In its report,<a href="#cite_note-1966_Constitutional_Commission-37">[37]</a> the Wee Commission made recommendations regarding two broad areas – <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> and principles, and various governmental institutions. Many, but not all, of the recommendations were adopted by Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Reprints_of_the_Constitution">Reprints of the Constitution</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reprints of the Constitution">edit</a>]</div> In 1980, provisions from the three documents referred to above were consolidated into a single reprint for the first time. Containing 162 Articles and three schedules, this reprint was published in the Government Gazette of 31 March 1980. Prior to the issuance of the 1980 Reprint, the Constitution had been criticised for being inaccessible due to its fragmented nature. The former <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Chief Minister of Singapore">Chief Minister of Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Marshall_(Singaporean_politician)" title="David Marshall (Singaporean politician)">David Marshall</a>, commented that Singapore had "the untidiest and most confusing constitution that any country has started life with",<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> while constitutional scholar <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hickling" title="Hugh Hickling">R.H. Hickling</a> acknowledged that "the problem of the layman is ... to ascertain what a Constitution says".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Article_155_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore_(1999_Reprint).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Article_155_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore_%281999_Reprint%29.jpg/220px-Article_155_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore_%281999_Reprint%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Article_155_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore_%281999_Reprint%29.jpg/330px-Article_155_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore_%281999_Reprint%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Article_155_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore_%281999_Reprint%29.jpg/440px-Article_155_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore_%281999_Reprint%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Article 155 of the 1999 Reprint of the Constitution, which empowers the <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_of_Singapore" title="Attorney-General of Singapore">Attorney-General</a> to issue authorised reprints of the Constitution</figcaption></figure> In 1979, Parliament amended the 1963 State Constitution<a href="#cite_note-1979_amdt-31">[31]</a> to give authority to the <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_of_Singapore" title="Attorney-General of Singapore">Attorney-General of Singapore</a> to "cause to be printed and published a consolidated reprint of the Constitution of Singapore, as amended from time to time, amalgamated with such of the provisions of the Constitution of Malaysia as are applicable to Singapore, into a single, composite document".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> To achieve this task, the Attorney-General was given discretion to merge the existing provisions of the two Constitutions and make modifications that might be necessary or expedient due to Singapore's independent status; to rearrange the provisions; and to omit duplicated, inappropriate or inapplicable ones, among other things.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Pursuant to this, the 1980 Reprint of the Constitution was issued. In addition, the President was empowered to authorise the Attorney-General to publish further reprints incorporating all constitutional amendments in force at the date of the authorisation.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> While some commentators have noted that the 1980 Reprint created theoretical issues,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> to date no practical problems have arisen in the application of the Constitution. In Heng Kai Kok v. Attorney-General (1986),<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> a claim for <a href="/wiki/Wrongful_dismissal" title="Wrongful dismissal">wrongful dismissal</a> by a police sergeant, one issue arising was whether a constitutional provision introduced in 1970 had <a href="/wiki/Implied_repeal" title="Implied repeal">impliedly repealed</a> an existing provision. <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Commissioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial Commissioner">Judicial Commissioner</a> <a href="/wiki/Chan_Sek_Keong" title="Chan Sek Keong">Chan Sek Keong</a> decided the case on other grounds, but observed on an <a href="/wiki/Obiter_dictum" title="Obiter dictum">obiter</a> basis that this argument was no longer relevant because only the 1970 provision appeared in the 1980 Reprint of the Constitution, and Article 155(3) of the Reprint states that "[a]ny reprint of the Constitution ... shall be deemed to be and shall be, without any question whatsoever in all courts of justice and for all purposes whatsoever, the authentic text of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore in force as from the date specified in that reprint until superseded by the next or subsequent reprint".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> A revised edition of the Constitution was published as part of the 1985 Revised Edition of The Statutes of the Republic of Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The current reprint of the Constitution that is in force is the 1999 Reprint of the 1985 Revised Edition.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judicial_interpretation_of_the_Constitution">Judicial interpretation of the Constitution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Judicial interpretation of the Constitution">edit</a>]</div> Another source of legally binding constitutional law consists of the body of <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">case law</a> decided by the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Singapore" title="Judicial system of Singapore">courts</a> interpreting the Constitution, and laying down fundamental constitutional principles which are not expressly mentioned in the Constitution. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Interpretation_of_the_Constitution">Interpretation of the Constitution</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Interpretation of the Constitution">edit</a>]</div> In the exercise of its <a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction" title="Original jurisdiction">original jurisdiction</a> – that is, its power to hear <a href="/wiki/Legal_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal case">cases</a> for the first time – the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Singapore" title="High Court of Singapore">High Court</a> carries out two types of judicial review: <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review#Judicial_review_of_primary_legislation" title="Judicial review">judicial review of legislation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review#Judicial_review_of_administrative_acts" title="Judicial review">judicial review of administrative acts</a>. Regarding the former, Article 4 of the Constitution states: "This Constitution is the supreme law of the Republic of Singapore and any law enacted by the Legislature after the commencement of this Constitution which is inconsistent with this Constitution shall, to the extent of the inconsistency, be void." In <a href="/wiki/Tan_Eng_Hong_v._Attorney-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Tan Eng Hong v. Attorney-General">Tan Eng Hong v. Attorney-General</a> (2012),<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Singapore" title="Court of Appeal of Singapore">Court of Appeal</a> held that although the Article only refers to laws enacted after the Constitution's commencement on 9 August 1965, laws which pre-date the Constitution can also be invalidated by the court.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In addition, Article 162 provides that ordinary laws that were in force prior to the Constitution coming into force on 9 August 1965 continue to apply after the Constitution's commencement but must be construed with such modifications, adaptations, qualifications and exceptions as may be necessary to bring them into conformity with the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Thus, the Constitution reflects the principle established in the landmark decision of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a> (1803):<a href="#cite_note-Marbury_v_Madison-53">[53]</a> since it is the role of the courts to interpret the law, they have power to decide whether ordinary laws are inconsistent with the Constitution and, if so, to declare such laws to be void. In the 1994 case <a href="/wiki/Chan_Hiang_Leng_Colin_v._Public_Prosecutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chan Hiang Leng Colin v. Public Prosecutor">Chan Hiang Leng Colin v. Public Prosecutor</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> the High Court adopted a similar stance, and also affirmed that declaring void administrative actions and decisions that infringe the Constitution is part of its responsibility:<a href="#cite_note-Chan_50-55">[55]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The court has the power and duty to ensure that the provisions of the Constitution are observed. The court also has a duty to declare invalid any exercise of power, legislative and executive, which exceeds the limits of the power conferred by the Constitution, or which contravenes any prohibition which the Constitution provides.<a href="#cite_note-Taw_Cheng_Kong_HC-56">[note 1]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_Singapore_-_20100830-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Supreme_Court_of_Singapore_-_20100830-03.jpg/220px-Supreme_Court_of_Singapore_-_20100830-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Supreme_Court_of_Singapore_-_20100830-03.jpg/330px-Supreme_Court_of_Singapore_-_20100830-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Supreme_Court_of_Singapore_-_20100830-03.jpg/440px-Supreme_Court_of_Singapore_-_20100830-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Singapore" title="Supreme Court of Singapore">Supreme Court of Singapore</a>. Its lower division, the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Singapore" title="High Court of Singapore">High Court</a>, exercises <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> to ensure that legislation and administrative acts are constitutional.</figcaption></figure> Judicial attitudes inextricably shape and mould the results of constitutional interpretation. This is because, during the process of constitutional interpretation, "the private philosophies and prejudices of individual judges will inevitably emerge".<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> In 1980, when the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Privy Council</a> was still Singapore's final appellate court, it held in <a href="/wiki/Ong_Ah_Chuan_v._Public_Prosecutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ong Ah Chuan v. Public Prosecutor">Ong Ah Chuan v. Public Prosecutor</a><a href="#cite_note-Ong_Ah_Chuan-58">[57]</a> that where the fundamental liberties in the Constitution are concerned, the courts are to accord them "a generous interpretation ... suitable to give to individuals the full measure of the fundamental liberties referred to".<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> However, it has been said that the Singapore judiciary has a conservative attitude when interpreting the Constitution as it seems to be "more protective of executive interests than individual freedoms".<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> This is in line with the locally held judicial philosophy which features <a href="/wiki/Judicial_deference" title="Judicial deference">deference</a> to the Parliament and a strong <a href="/wiki/Presumption_of_constitutionality" title="Presumption of constitutionality">presumption of constitutional validity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Taw_16-61">[60]</a> Such conservatism is reflected in the courts construing fundamental liberties narrowly in certain cases. For instance, in Rajeevan Edakalavan v. Public Prosecutor (1998),<a href="#cite_note-Rajeevan-62">[61]</a> even though <a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore#Right_to_counsel" title="Article 9 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 9(3)</a> of the Constitution states that "[w]here a person is arrested, he ... shall be allowed to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of his choice", the High Court declined to hold that there is any constitutional right to be informed of one's <a href="/wiki/Right_to_counsel" title="Right to counsel">right to counsel</a> as the Constitution does not expressly mention such a right. Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Yong_Pung_How" title="Yong Pung How">Yong Pung How</a> held:<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Any proposition to broaden the scope of the rights accorded to the accused should be addressed in the political and legislative arena. The Judiciary, whose duty is to ensure that the intention of Parliament as reflected in the Constitution and other legislation is adhered to, is an inappropriate forum. The Members of Parliament are freely elected by the people of Singapore. They represent the interests of the constituency who entrust them to act fairly, justly and reasonably. The right lies in the people to determine if any law passed be [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>: by] Parliament goes against the principles of justice or otherwise. This right, the people exercise through the ballot box. The Judiciary is in no position to determine if a particular piece of legislation is fair or reasonable as what is fair or reasonable is very subjective. If anybody has the right to decide, it is the people of Singapore. The sensitive issues surrounding the scope of fundamental liberties should be raised through our representatives in Parliament who are the ones chosen by us to address our concerns. This is especially so with regards to matters which concern our well-being in society, of which fundamental liberties are a part.</blockquote> On the other hand, in <a href="/wiki/Yong_Vui_Kong_v._Public_Prosecutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Yong Vui Kong v. Public Prosecutor">Yong Vui Kong v. Public Prosecutor</a> (2010)<a href="#cite_note-Yong_Vui_Kong-64">[63]</a> decided 12 years later, the Court of Appeal held that colourable legislation which purports to enact a 'law' as generally understood but which is in effect a legislative judgment, and legislation which is "of so absurd or arbitrary a nature that it could not possibly have been contemplated by our constitutional framers as being 'law' when they crafted the constitutional provisions protecting fundamental liberties", would violate <a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 9 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 9(1)</a>, despite the provision not explicitly referring to this.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> In some cases, the courts have also demonstrated an unwillingness to consult foreign constitutional case law, and have crafted a "local conditions" rationale<a href="#cite_note-66">[note 2]</a> which prescribes reading the Constitution "within its own four walls and not in the light of analogies drawn from other countries such as Great Britain, the United States of America or Australia".<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> This has been termed a conservative and restrictive approach that seems to undermine the court's duty to generously interpret fundamental liberties.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> However, it has been noted that this approach to constitutional interpretation was never applied consistently, and that "it appears that the 'four walls' doctrine has quietly fallen out of fashion at least in practice, as courts now regularly consider foreign cases which have only persuasive, not precedential value. ... It is fair to say that the development of Singapore public law is not accomplished in a cloister sealed off from transnational models, but through a thoughtful engagement with foreign cases."<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Purposive_approach" title="Purposive approach">purposive approach</a> to <a href="/wiki/Statutory_interpretation" title="Statutory interpretation">statutory interpretation</a> was mandated in Singapore in 1993 by the enactment of section 9A of the Interpretation Act,<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> which requires a court to prefer an interpretation that would "promote the purpose or object underlying the written law (whether that purpose or object is expressly stated in the written law or not) ... to an interpretation that would not promote that purpose or object".<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore_Tribunal" title="Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal">Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal</a> affirmed in Constitutional Reference No. 1 of 1995<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> that the approach applies to constitutional interpretation as well. It stated: "It is well established ... that a purposive interpretation should be adopted in interpreting the Constitution to give effect to the intent and will of Parliament".<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> The generous approach to constitutional interpretation mentioned in Ong Ah Chuan might be said to accord with the purposive approach because the use of broad and general language in Articles of the Constitution dealing with fundamental liberties suggests a parliamentary intention to give courts the discretion "to interpret the Constitution based on prevailing social conditions".<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> It may also be noted that although the court may depart from previously held constitutional interpretations, it cannot disregard the text entirely.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Fundamental_constitutional_principles">Fundamental constitutional principles</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fundamental constitutional principles">edit</a>]</div> The courts have been willing to uphold the spirit of the Constitution by recognising fundamental constitutional principles not expressly mentioned in the written Constitution which underlie the Constitution and form the theoretical basis of constitutionalism, its goal being to achieve <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neo_&_Lee-76">[74]</a> Examples of these principles include accommodative <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law_doctrine_in_Singapore" title="Rule of law doctrine in Singapore">rule of law</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_Singapore" title="Separation of powers in Singapore">separation of powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Similarly, the court's power of judicial review is not expressly mentioned, but has been read into the Constitution by necessary implication from Article 4 of the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Chan_50-55">[55]</a> Additionally, the courts have read into the Constitution extratextual principles which either have the effect of expanding or limiting the ambits of fundamental liberties. In Ong Ah Chuan,<a href="#cite_note-Ong_Ah_Chuan-58">[57]</a> the Privy Council held that references to the word law in clauses such as Article 9(1) and <a href="/wiki/Article_12_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 12 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 12(1)</a> of the Constitution include "fundamental rules of <a href="/wiki/Natural_justice" title="Natural justice">natural justice</a>",<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> which were later held by the Court of Appeal to be procedural rather than substantive in nature.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> On the other hand, the courts have said that <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> must be balanced against the right of other people to be free from offence,<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> and have restricted <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Singapore" title="Freedom of religion in Singapore">freedom of religion</a> in favour of "the sovereignty, integrity and unity of Singapore" which were said to be "undoubtedly the paramount mandate of the Constitution".<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_Acts_of_Parliament">Other Acts of Parliament</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other Acts of Parliament">edit</a>]</div> Some ordinary statutes which are not part of the Constitution may serve constitutional functions and therefore be regarded as "essential to the workings of small-c constitutions".<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> The Constitution itself empowers Parliament to enact laws for certain purposes. For instance, Article 17(2) states that "[t]he President shall be elected by the citizens of Singapore in accordance with any law made by the Legislature". To regulate such elections, Parliament passed the Presidential Elections Act.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Similarly, the Parliamentary Elections Act<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> fulfils the requirements of Article 39(1), which provides that Parliament consists, <a href="/wiki/Inter_alia" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter alia">inter alia</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore#Elected_Members" title="Parliament of Singapore">elected Members of Parliament</a> (MPs) and <a href="/wiki/Non-constituency_Member_of_Parliament" title="Non-constituency Member of Parliament">Non-constituency Members of Parliament</a> (NCMPs) who have been elected according to the procedure prescribed in a law made by the Legislature. In addition, Article 63 states that "[i]t shall be lawful for the Legislature by law to determine and regulate the privileges, immunities or powers of Parliament", and Parliament has done so by enacting the Parliament (Privileges, Immunities and Powers) Act.<a href="#cite_note-PPIPA-87">[85]</a> Thio Li-ann has suggested that other Acts which have constitutional significance include the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_(Singapore)" title="Internal Security Act (Singapore)">Internal Security Act</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a> and the Supreme Court of Judicature Act.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-binding_constitutional_influences">Non-binding constitutional influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Non-binding constitutional influences">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soft_constitutional_law">Soft constitutional law</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Soft constitutional law">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tony_Tan_Keng_Yam_detail,_010203-D-2987S-167.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tony_Tan_Keng_Yam_detail%2C_010203-D-2987S-167.jpg/170px-Tony_Tan_Keng_Yam_detail%2C_010203-D-2987S-167.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tony_Tan_Keng_Yam_detail%2C_010203-D-2987S-167.jpg/255px-Tony_Tan_Keng_Yam_detail%2C_010203-D-2987S-167.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Tony_Tan_Keng_Yam_detail%2C_010203-D-2987S-167.jpg/340px-Tony_Tan_Keng_Yam_detail%2C_010203-D-2987S-167.jpg 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Dr. <a href="/wiki/Tony_Tan_(Singaporean_president)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Tan (Singaporean president)">Tony Tan Keng Yam</a>, the seventh <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President of Singapore</a>, photographed in February 2001 before he took office. Interactions between his office and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government</a> concerning the exercise of his <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_President_of_Singapore#Financial_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Powers of the President of Singapore">discretionary financial powers</a> are governed by a non-binding <a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white paper</a> issued in 1999.</figcaption></figure> Soft constitutional law refers to a written set of non-binding precepts which exert some degree of legal influence in the realm of constitutional law. Forms of soft law include non-binding instruments containing recommendations, government <a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white papers</a>, declarations, and informal rules like circulars or self-regulating <a href="/wiki/Code_of_conduct" title="Code of conduct">codes of conduct</a>. Unlike <a href="#Constitutional_conventions">constitutional conventions</a>, soft constitutional laws are authored by constitutional actors and reduced to written form, rather than derived from a custom or past practice.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Such soft laws act as a method of informal regulation against the backdrop of existing legislation.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Soft constitutional law can also serve as principles of engagement between institutions. One example is the 1999 white paper entitled The Principles for Determining and Safeguarding the Accumulated Reserves of the Government and the Fifth Schedule Statutory Boards and Government Companies,<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> which contains non-exhaustive principles for shaping institutional interactions between the President and the Government concerning the exercise of the President's <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_President_of_Singapore#Financial_powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Powers of the President of Singapore">discretionary financial powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thio_346-94">[92]</a> One procedural guideline, which is not expressed in the Constitution, requires the President to inform the Government of his intention to gazette his opinion that one of its proposed transactions draws down on the nation's <a href="/wiki/Reserves_of_the_Government_of_Singapore" title="Reserves of the Government of Singapore">past reserves</a>, to give the Government an opportunity to avoid such a draw-down by transferring an equivalent sum from the current reserves to the past reserves.<a href="#cite_note-Thio:_Parameters-95">[93]</a> The principles adopted in the white paper remain binding unless either (or both) the Government or the President formally notifies the other that it no longer wishes to abide by them.<a href="#cite_note-Thio_346-94">[92]</a> Soft law has also been described by academics as a method of influencing communitarian conduct or even enforcing constitutional standards in a subtle manner.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> One example is the issuance of the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Religious_Harmony" title="Declaration of Religious Harmony">Declaration of Religious Harmony</a> in 2003, which was proposed by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Goh_Chok_Tong" title="Goh Chok Tong">Goh Chok Tong</a> in October 2002 following a series of domestic events which had heightened racial and religious sensitivities.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Constitutional_conventions">Constitutional conventions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Constitutional conventions">edit</a>]</div> Constitutional conventions are unwritten political customs which aid the smooth operation of the government. They are characterised as "rules of constitutional behaviour" which are "binding by and upon those who operate the Constitution", but are not legally enforceable. Such conventions which are consistently practised and not flouted become an intrinsic part of the constitution over time.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> However, since Singapore now has a written constitution, conventions play a much less significant role. In comparison, countries such as the United Kingdom which lack a written constitution derive a major part of constitutional law from conventions. Back in Singapore's colonial days, the Government adopted many constitutional conventions from the United Kingdom. After independence, an attempt was made to incorporate many of these <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_conventions_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitutional conventions of the United Kingdom">Westminster conventions</a> into the new written constitution. For example, section 3 of the Parliament (Privileges, Immunities and Powers) Act<a href="#cite_note-PPIPA-87">[85]</a> – the Act was enacted pursuant to Article 63 of the Constitution – states that the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore#Privileges,_immunities_and_powers_of_Parliament" title="Parliament of Singapore">privileges and immunities of Parliament</a> are to be the same as those associated with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> In addition, Article 21(1) of the Constitution embodies the constitutionally recognised Westminster convention that the President generally acts on the advice of the Cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> Aside from adopted Westminster conventions, indigenous conventions have since developed or are developing to cater to local needs. During parliamentary debates in 1990 on the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Nominated_Member_of_Parliament" title="Nominated Member of Parliament">Nominated Member of Parliament</a> (NMP) scheme, the First Deputy Prime Minister and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Defence (Singapore)">Minister for Defence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goh_Chok_Tong" title="Goh Chok Tong">Goh Chok Tong</a>, noted that the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore#Select_committees" title="Parliament of Singapore">select committee</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> tasked to look into the issue had considered whether NMPs should be required to sever any ties they had with <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Singapore" title="List of political parties in Singapore">political parties</a> and decided that it was unnecessary as it was "far better to leave ... conventions and practice to evolve".<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Law (Singapore)">Law Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/S._Jayakumar_(Singaporean_politician)" title="S. Jayakumar (Singaporean politician)">S. Jayakumar</a> declared that the Government "made it a practice to always seek the President's views whenever it intends to move Constitutional amendments that affect the relevant provisions" concerning his discretionary powers.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> It has also been said that by convention it is a well-accepted practice that the President engages in charitable and community welfare work without government objection.<a href="#cite_note-Thio:_Parameters-95">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_international_law">Public international law</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Public international law">edit</a>]</div> As Singapore adopts a <a href="/wiki/Monism_and_dualism_in_international_law#Dualism" title="Monism and dualism in international law">dualist</a> rather than a <a href="/wiki/Monism_and_dualism_in_international_law#Monism" title="Monism and dualism in international law">monist</a> view of law, <a href="/wiki/Public_international_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Public international law">public international law</a> rules are not part of <a href="/wiki/Municipal_law" title="Municipal law">domestic law</a> and cannot be enforced by the courts unless they have first been incorporated into domestic law in some way.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> Customary international law is defined in the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_the_International_Court_of_Justice" title="Statute of the International Court of Justice">Statute of the International Court of Justice</a> as "evidence of a general practice accepted as law".<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> Rules of customary international law can be declared by courts to be part of domestic law under certain conditions. However, they are not a source of constitutional law, because the Court of Appeal held in Yong Vui Kong<a href="#cite_note-Yong_Vui_Kong-64">[63]</a> that such rules can only be declared as part of the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> and cannot be directly incorporated into the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Unless an <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">international treaty</a> entered into by the Singapore Government has been given effect through an Act of Parliament,<a href="#cite_note-107">[note 3]</a> it cannot be enforced as domestic law by the courts.<a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> Nonetheless, such international obligations exert an influence on constitutional interpretation as the Court of Appeal has held that "the Singapore Constitution[ ] should, as far as possible, be interpreted consistently with Singapore's international legal obligations". However, it would not be appropriate for courts to refer to an <a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">international human rights norm</a> if it does not accord with the way the constitutional text is worded, or if the history of the Constitution shows there was an intention to specifically exclude such a norm.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supremacy_of_the_Constitution">Supremacy of the Constitution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Supremacy of the Constitution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Venn_Dicey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Albert_Venn_Dicey.jpg/170px-Albert_Venn_Dicey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Albert_Venn_Dicey.jpg/255px-Albert_Venn_Dicey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Albert_Venn_Dicey.jpg/340px-Albert_Venn_Dicey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/A._V._Dicey" title="A. V. Dicey">A.V. Dicey</a> (1835–1922) from the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School Library</a>'s Legal Portrait Collection. Dicey wrote that three criteria must be satisfied before a constitution can be regarded as supreme.</figcaption></figure> According to British <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_theory" title="Constitutional theory">constitutional theorist</a> <a href="/wiki/A._V._Dicey" title="A. V. Dicey">Albert Venn Dicey</a>, three legal criteria must be satisfied before a constitution can claim to be supreme:<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> <ol><li>There must be <a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">codification</a>, that is, the constitution must be written.</li> <li>The constitution must be rigid.</li> <li>Authority must be given to the courts to evaluate the constitutionality of legislative acts and declare them void if they are found to be inconsistent with the constitution.</li></ol> Although Article 4 of the Singapore Constitution expressly declares that it is the supreme law of the land and the Constitution appears to satisfy Dicey's criteria, the view has been taken that it may not be supreme in practice and that <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Singapore" title="Law of Singapore">Singapore's legal system</a> is <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> characterised by <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">parliamentary sovereignty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Neo_&_Lee-76">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Codification">Codification</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Codification">edit</a>]</div> Dicey's first legal criterion for a constitution to be regarded as supreme is that it must be written. This requirement is necessary for the precise identification of constitutional provisions, which makes it more convenient for Parliament to make constitutional amendments, and provides the judiciary with a basic text against which to determine the constitutionality of any ordinary legislation. Without a written constitution, judicial review would almost be counter to the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> as judges would get to decide the contents and wording of the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> In Marbury v. Madison,<a href="#cite_note-Marbury_v_Madison-53">[53]</a> the US Supreme Court held that "the powers of the legislature are defined and limited; and that those limits may not be mistaken, or forgotten, the Constitution is written".<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a> However, in Singapore not all legal rules having constitutional effect appear to be part of the Constitution. For example, white papers that contain quasi-constitutional principles would be extra-constitutional documents. By issuing such white papers, the Government may also trying to set guidelines on how the Constitution should be interpreted. Jaclyn Neo and Yvonne Lee view such documents as diluting the Constitution and blurring the line between constitutional law and ordinary legislation.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rigidity">Rigidity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rigidity">edit</a>]</div> The second legal criterion is that the constitution must be rigid. This is important to ensure that constitutional provisions can only be changed by an authority that is higher in status than the ordinary legislative body existing under the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> However, rigidity does not mean that the Constitution is completely immutable. If the Constitution is static, the nation's political development may be stunted. Instead, rigidity of the Constitution merely contemplates that compared to ordinary legislation, the Constitution should be more difficult to amend.<a href="#cite_note-Penna,_p._209-115">[112]</a> Different amendment procedures apply to different parts of the Constitution. This is discussed in detail <a href="#Amendment">below</a>. Most of the Articles of the Constitution may be amended by a bill enacted by Parliament if there is at least a <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">supermajority</a> of two-thirds of all elected MPs voting in favour of the bill during its Second and Third Readings in Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Art_5(2)-116">[113]</a> Since ordinary bills only need to be approved by at least a simple majority of all the MPs present and voting,<a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> the supermajority requirement is more rigorous and gives the Constitution its rigid characteristic. However, the present ruling party, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a> ("PAP") has commanded a majority of more than two-thirds of the seats in Parliament since 1968. In addition, due to the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore#Party_whip" title="Parliament of Singapore">party whip</a>, all PAP MPs must vote in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">party line</a> save where the whip is lifted, usually for matters of conscience.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> Thus, in substance the more stringent amendment requirement has not imposed any real limitation on Parliament's ability to amend the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Neo_&_Lee_165-119">[116]</a> One reason for having a special constitutional amendment procedure is because constitutional supremacy requires the Constitution to endure in the long term with its main principles largely unchanged. However, in Singapore, this concept has been undermined by numerous major constitutional amendments made after 1979. These amendments, which significantly altered the structure and nature of the government in Singapore, introduced the <a href="/wiki/Group_Representation_Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Representation Constituency">Group Representation Constituency</a> and Elected President scheme, and inducted NCMPs and NMPs into Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Neo_&_Lee_165-119">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_review">Judicial review</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Judicial review">edit</a>]</div> Dicey's third legal criterion for constitutional supremacy is the existence of an authority to pronounce upon the legal validity or constitutionality of laws passed by the nation's law-making body. While the Constitution does not expressly vest powers of constitutional judicial review in the courts, this role has been assumed by the judiciary. Hence, the third criterion appears to be fulfilled.<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> However, the judiciary has used its power to adjudge executive actions and Acts of Parliament unconstitutional and void rather sparingly. To date, the only instance where the High Court struck down a statutory provision was in Taw Cheng Kong v. Public Prosecutor (1998).<a href="#cite_note-Taw_Cheng_Kong_HC-56">[note 1]</a> It was short-lived, as the decision was later overturned by the Court of Appeal. Delivering the Court's judgment, Chief Justice Yong Pung How emphasised the limits of judicial review, stating that it is not for the courts to dictate the scope and ambit of a section or rule on its propriety. This is a matter which only Parliament can decide, and the courts can only interpret what is enacted.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> This results in a conflict between the court's responsibility to be faithful to the Constitution, and its apparently restricted role in reviewing legislation.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> As mentioned <a href="#Interpretation_of_the_Constitution">earlier</a>, the High Court also held that in judicially reviewing legislation, there should be a strong presumption of constitutional validity. The burden of proof falls on the applicant, who has to establish that the impugned statute violates the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Taw_16-61">[60]</a> Furthermore, in Rajeevan Edakalavan<a href="#cite_note-Rajeevan-62">[61]</a> Chief Justice Yong said that the elected nature of Parliament vests in them the sole authority to determine sensitive issues surrounding the scope of fundamental liberties. In contrast, the judiciary's role is to ensure that the intention of Parliament as reflected in the Constitution and other legislation is adhered to.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> The Chief Justice also held in Jabar bin Kadermastan v. Public Prosecutor (1995)<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> that:<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Any law which provides for the deprivation of a person's life or personal liberty, is valid and binding so long as it is validly passed by Parliament. The Court is not concerned with whether it is also fair, just and reasonable as well.</blockquote> Similarly, in Chee Siok Chin v. Minister for Home Affairs (2005),<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> it was held that there is a need for judicial self-restraint and extreme caution with regards to whether a piece of legislation is an invalid restriction on constitutional rights.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> In the case, the impugned legislation was sections 13A and 13B of the Miscellaneous Offences (Public Order and Nuisance) Act ("MOA"),<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> which make it an offence to cause harassment, alarm or distress. The High Court held that the fundamental right to freedom of speech and expression as well as the right to assembly guaranteed by <a href="/wiki/Article_14_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 14 of the Constitution of Singapore">Articles 14(1)(a) and (b)</a> of the Constitution had been effectively restricted by the MOA. It held further that these rights are not absolute and are circumscribed by Article 14(2), which provides that Parliament may impose on the rights in Article 14(1) "such restrictions as it considers necessary or expedient" for various public interests.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a> The term necessary or expedient was said to confer on Parliament an extremely wide discretionary power, the court's sole task being to ascertain whether there exists a nexus between the object of the impugned law and any permissible ground of restriction in Article 14(2). The Government must satisfy the court that there is a factual basis on which it considered it "necessary or expedient" to impose the restriction. Evidence establishing such a factual basis must be analysed in a generous and not a pedantic approach, considering the parliamentary intention of the impugned law.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Grundnorm_problem">The Grundnorm problem</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Grundnorm problem">edit</a>]</div> Andrew Harding has posited that in Singapore it is Parliament, rather than the Constitution, which is supreme. This arises from the fact that the Constitution, which is supposed to be logically prior to the power of Parliament to legislate, was enacted by Parliament on 22 December 1965 through the Republic of Singapore Independence Act. As Parliament only got around to properly enacting a constitution on 22 December 1965, there was a hiatus between 9 August 1965 and that date, such that the legitimacy of laws passed between those dates can be questioned. Thus, the Grundnorm or <a href="/wiki/Basic_norm" title="Basic norm">basic norm</a> of Singapore's legal system is Parliament rather than the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wheare" title="Kenneth Wheare">Kenneth Wheare</a> has theorised that Parliament obtains the necessary constituent power to bring a constitution into force simply by virtue of the election of its members into office.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> Since the constitution is a representation of the will of the people, and the people have exercised their will to elect MPs as their representatives, the Parliament has the requisite constituent power to enact the constitution. The hiatus was also solved when Parliament made the RSIA retrospective to 9 August 1965.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subjects_dealt_with_by_the_Constitution">Subjects dealt with by the Constitution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Subjects dealt with by the Constitution">edit</a>]</div> The Constitution deals with the following subjects in 14 parts: <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th width="20%">Part </th> <th width="80%">Subject </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">I.</td> <td>Preliminary </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">II.</td> <td>The Republic and the Constitution </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">III.</td> <td>Protection of the sovereignty of the Republic of Singapore </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">IV.</td> <td>Fundamental liberties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 9 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 9</a>: rights to life and personal liberty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_10_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 10 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 10</a>: prohibition of slavery and forced labour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_11_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 11 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 11</a>: protection against retrospective criminal laws and repeated trials</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_12_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 12 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 12</a>: rights to equality and equal protection</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_13_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 13 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 13</a>: prohibition of banishment and right to freedom of movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_14_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 14 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 14</a>: rights to freedom of speech, assembly and association</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_15_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 15 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 15</a>: right to freedom of religion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_16_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 16 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 16</a>: right to equality in education</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">V.</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">VI.</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Legislature</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">VII.</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_for_Minority_Rights" title="Presidential Council for Minority Rights">Presidential Council for Minority Rights</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">VIII.</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Singapore" title="Judicial system of Singapore">Judiciary</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">IX.</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Service" title="Singapore Civil Service">Public Service</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">X.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_law" title="Singaporean nationality law">Citizenship</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">XI.</td> <td>Financial provisions </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">XII.</td> <td>Special powers against <a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">subversion</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">emergency powers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">XIII.</td> <td>General provisions </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">XIV.</td> <td>Transitional provisions </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_I:_Preliminary">Part I: Preliminary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Part I: Preliminary">edit</a>]</div> This part gives the <a href="/wiki/Short_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Short title">short title</a> (despite there being no long title) to, defines certain terms and expressions used in, and establishes other rules for interpreting the Constitution. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_II:_The_Republic_and_the_Constitution">Part II: The Republic and the Constitution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Part II: The Republic and the Constitution">edit</a>]</div> This part states that the Republic of Singapore is independent and that the Constitution is its supreme law (which is also the theoretical basis for <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">judicial review</a> in Singapore<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amendment">Amendment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Amendment">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">factual accuracy</a> may be compromised due to out-of-date information. The reason given is: Articles 5(2A) and 5A were repealed by Act 28 of 2016. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Constitution stipulates two different amendment procedures for different purposes. Most of the provisions in the Constitution may be amended with a supermajority of votes of all the elected MPs. However, a national <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a> is required to amend certain provisions. This highlights the varying importance accorded to different types of constitutional provisions.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> While ordinary laws may be enacted with a simple majority of MPs present in Parliament voting in favour of them on their Second and Third Readings,<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> Article 5(2) of the Constitution provides that a bill seeking to amend the Constitution can only be passed if it is supported by a supermajority of two-thirds of the elected MPs on the Second and Third Readings of the bill in Parliament. Non-elected MPs such as NCMPs and NMPs are not allowed to vote on constitutional amendment bills.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> The above procedure does not apply to any bill seeking to amend Part III of the Constitution, which protects Singapore's sovereignty. Article 6, which is in Part III, prohibits the "surrender or transfer, either wholly or in part, of the sovereignty of the Republic of Singapore as an independent nation, whether by way of merger or incorporation with any other sovereign state or with any Federation, Confederation, country or territory or in any other manner whatsoever", and "relinquishment of control over the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Police_Force" title="Singapore Police Force">Singapore Police Force</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Singapore Armed Forces</a>", unless this has been supported at a national referendum by not less than two-thirds of the total number of votes cast. Article 6 itself and other provisions in Part III cannot be amended unless a similar procedure is followed.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istana_Singapore_and_fountain_-_20090127.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Istana_Singapore_and_fountain_-_20090127.jpg/220px-Istana_Singapore_and_fountain_-_20090127.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Istana_Singapore_and_fountain_-_20090127.jpg/330px-Istana_Singapore_and_fountain_-_20090127.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Istana_Singapore_and_fountain_-_20090127.jpg/440px-Istana_Singapore_and_fountain_-_20090127.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The Istana, the President’s official residence. Articles 5(2A) and 5A were repealed in 2016 and are no longer part of the Constitution. These articles would have required the President’s approval and a national referendum for certain changes, but they were never brought into force due to their complexity. The process of amending the Constitution now only requires a two-thirds majority in Parliament, without needing the President’s approval or a referendum.</figcaption></figure> The requirement for a national referendum also applies to Articles 5(2A) and 5A of the Constitution, though these provisions are not yet operational. Article 5(2A) states that unless the President, acting in his personal discretion, gives a contrary written direction to the Speaker, a bill seeking to amend certain key provisions in the Constitution requires the approval of at least two-thirds of the votes cast at a national referendum. Such amendments have been called core constitutional amendments.<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> These key provisions are the fundamental liberties in Part IV of the Constitution; provisions in Chapter 1 of Part V which deal with the President's election, <a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_President_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Powers of the President of Singapore">powers</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore#Salary_and_entitlements" title="President of Singapore">maintenance</a>, immunity from suit, and removal from office; Article 93A which gives the Chief Justice or a Supreme Court judge nominated by him jurisdiction to determine whether a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Singapore" title="Presidential elections in Singapore">presidential election</a> is valid; Articles 65 and 66 which, among other things, fix the maximum duration of Parliament at five years from the date of its first sitting, and require a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_elections_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary elections in Singapore">general election</a> to be held within three months after a <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore#Sessions" title="Parliament of Singapore">dissolution of Parliament</a>; any provision authorising the President to act in his personal discretion; and Articles 5(2A) and 5A themselves.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> Article 5A was introduced to deal with non-core constitutional amendments. The Article enables the President to veto proposed constitutional amendments that directly or indirectly circumvent or curtail the discretionary powers conferred on him by the Constitution. However, the power to veto is not absolute as the President may, acting on the Cabinet's advice, refer the matter to a constitutional tribunal under Article 100 for its opinion on whether a proposed amendment indeed has this effect. If the tribunal's view is different from the President's, the President is deemed to have assented to the bill on the day immediately following the day when the Tribunal pronounces its opinion in open court. However, if the tribunal upholds the President's view, the Prime Minister may refer the bill to a national referendum. The President's veto is overruled if not less than two-thirds of the total number of votes cast approve the proposed amendment. The President is deemed to have assented to the amendment on the day immediately following the day when the results of the referendum have been published in the Government Gazette.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> This scheme prevents a gridlock that may arise if the Government calls for a new election to circumvent the President's veto. Thus, Article 5A provides a series of legal checks and balances between the President on the one hand, and the Prime Minister and Cabinet on the other. It increases the Constitution's rigidity as the power to amend the Constitution is no longer vested solely in Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> Articles 5(2A) and 5A have not yet been brought into force. In 1994, Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong" title="Lee Hsien Loong">Lee Hsien Loong</a> said this was because the complexity of the mechanism of both Articles surpassed what the Government had anticipated, and it was difficult to strike the fine balance between "the Government's need for operational flexibility" and the "President's duty to exercise effective oversight".<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> On 21 October 2008, in response to a question by NMP <a href="/wiki/Thio_Li-ann" title="Thio Li-ann">Thio Li-ann</a> about the status of Article 5(2A),<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> Lee, now Prime Minister, said:<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Our clear and stated intention is to refine the [Elected President] scheme and to iron out the issues that can arise in the light of experience, before we bring the entrenchment provisions into operation and entrench the rules. ... While we have delayed entrenching the scheme, we have, over the years, made a practice of consulting the President on any amendment which affects his powers, and informing Parliament of the President's view in the Second Reading speech. With one exception, in practice, the President has supported all the amendments which affected his powers. Over the last two decades, we have fine-tuned and improved the system of the Elected President in many ways. ... If after five years, no further major changes are necessary, we will consider entrenching the provisions concerning the President's custodial powers.</blockquote> The Government has adopted a piecemeal approach towards constitutional amendments to deal with changing political and social circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislature's_exercise_of_constituent_power">Legislature's exercise of constituent power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Legislature's exercise of constituent power">edit</a>]</div> Article 4 of the Constitution states that any law enacted by the Legislature which is inconsistent with the Constitution is, to the extent of the inconsistency, void. Interpreted literally, this Article seems to render Article 5 otiose as any law enacted to amend the Constitution will naturally be inconsistent with the existing text of the Constitution. To get around this conundrum, L.R. Penna has observed that the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Malaysia" title="Judiciary of Malaysia">Malaysian courts</a> have distinguished between the exercise of "constituent power" and "legislative power" by Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Penna_216-217-147">[144]</a> In Phang Chin Hock v. Public Prosecutor (1979),<a href="#cite_note-Phang_Chin_Hock-148">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Federal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord President of the Federal Court">Lord President</a> <a href="/wiki/Malay_styles_and_titles#Tun" title="Malay styles and titles">Tun</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Suffian_Mohamed_Hashim" title="Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim">Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim</a> held that:<a href="#cite_note-Phang_72-149">[146]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... in construing art 4(1) and art 159 [the Malaysian equivalent to Article 5 of the Singapore Constitution], the rule of harmonious construction requires us to give effect to both provisions and to hold and we accordingly hold that Acts made by Parliament, complying with the conditions set out in art 159, are valid even if inconsistent with the Constitution, and that a distinction should be drawn between on the one hand Acts affecting the Constitution and on the other hand ordinary laws enacted in the ordinary way.</blockquote> The position in Singapore is unclear since this issue has not been raised before the courts. However, it is arguable that they are likely to apply Phang Chin Hock as Articles 4 and 159 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Malaysia" title="Constitution of Malaysia">Constitution of Malaysia</a> are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in_pari_materia" class="extiw" title="wikt:in pari materia">in pari materia</a> with Articles 4 and 5 of the Singapore Constitution. Essentially, this will involve interpreting Article 5 as vesting constituent power in the Legislature to amend the Constitution, and Article 4 as striking down only ordinary laws enacted by the Legislature in the exercise of legislative power. Such an interpretation allows Articles 4 and 5 to be harmoniously construed, and permits amendments to be made to the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Penna_216-217-147">[144]</a> This is important as the Constitution represents the nation's philosophy, aims and objectives for attaining political stability and economic prosperity for the people, and thus must necessarily be adaptable to political and social developments.<a href="#cite_note-Penna,_p._209-115">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_features_doctrine">Basic features doctrine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Basic features doctrine">edit</a>]</div> In addition to the need to uphold constitutional supremacy and the principle of rigidity, the Constitution is also a living document that can be amended where necessary.<a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> As the Constitution does not appear to place restrictions on the extent to which its provisions may be amended, the question of whether there are any implied restrictions on Parliament's power to amend the Constitution arises. If such limitations exist, they would serve as a safeguard against unrestrained amendment by the legislature and protect the essential constitutional features and structure. India takes this stand – the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Kesavananda_Bharati_v._The_State_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesavananda Bharati v. The State of Kerala">Kesavananda Bharati v. The State of Kerala</a> (1973)<a href="#cite_note-Kesavananda-151">[148]</a> that there are certain implied basic features of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Indian Constitution</a> that are not amenable to changes and amendment by Parliament. On the other hand, in Singapore it has been established that there are no implied limitations on Parliament's power to amend the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Teo_Soh_Lung-152">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Position_in_India">Position in India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Position in India">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">basic structure</a> or basic features doctrine holds that there is an implied restriction on the powers of the legislature to amend the Constitution: it is precluded from amending the basic features of the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Penna,_pp._228–230-153">[150]</a> The landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati established that the doctrine applies in India, highlighting that while <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a>'s power to amend the Constitution extends to all its sections, essential features of the Constitution must not be altered.<a href="#cite_note-Kesavananda_165-154">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_(edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_%28edited%29.jpg/220px-Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_%28edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_%28edited%29.jpg/330px-Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_%28edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_%28edited%29.jpg/440px-Supreme_Court_of_India_-_200705_%28edited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court of India</a> which, in 1973, decided there are <a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">basic features</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> that cannot be amended by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a></figcaption></figure> The development of the basic features doctrine in India can be attributed to the role of the judiciary in maintaining a balance between the powers of the Parliament and the judiciary. The Supreme Court perceived itself as the institutional guardian and protector of individual liberties against political aggression,<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> adopting a judicial role parallel to that of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> as mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> in Marbury v. Madison.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India" title="Chief Justice of India">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarv_Mittra_Sikri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarv Mittra Sikri">Sarv Mittra Sikri</a>, delivering the leading judgment of the Supreme Court, averred that "[e]very provision of the Constitution can be amended provided in the result the basic foundation and structure of the Constitution remains the same". He proceeded to lay down the basic structure of the Constitution, stating that it includes the supremacy of the Constitution; the republican and democratic form of government; the secular character of the Constitution; the separation of powers between the legislature, the executive and the judiciary; and the federal character of the Constitution. He said that these basic features are founded on the "dignity and freedom of the individual", which is of "supreme importance".<a href="#cite_note-Kesavananda_165-154">[151]</a> On the other hand, Justice <a href="/wiki/Ajit_Nath_Ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajit Nath Ray">Ajit Nath Ray</a> <a href="/wiki/Dissenting_opinion" title="Dissenting opinion">dissented</a> and gave reasons for rejecting the basic features doctrine. He stated that since the Constitution is the source of all legal validity and is itself always valid, a constitutional amendment, being part of the Constitution itself, will also always be valid. The power to amend the Constitution is wide and unlimited, and there is neither a distinction nor any possibility of a difference between essential and non-essential features of the Constitution that may impede amendment.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> In fact, if Parliament's power to amend is extinguished because of essential features that are not expressly defined in the Constitution, the courts would be creating a new constitution. Justice Ray presented other problems of the basic features doctrine, criticising it as being uncertain in scope. Without an evident definition of what the basic features are, the task of trying to amend the Constitution becomes unpredictable.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> In his view, all the provisions of the Constitution are essential but this does not prohibit them from being amendable.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Position_in_Singapore">Position in Singapore</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Position in Singapore">edit</a>]</div> In the High Court case of <a href="/wiki/Teo_Soh_Lung_v._Minister_for_Home_Affairs#High_Court_judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs">Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs</a> (1989),<a href="#cite_note-Teo_Soh_Lung-152">[149]</a> the applicant's counsel argued that the Singapore courts should recognise the basic features doctrine and thereby limit the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> The doctrine was rejected by Justice Frederick Arthur Chua. He noted that Article 5 of the Constitution does not place any limitations on Parliament's power to amend the Constitution, and concluded that if the framers of the Constitution had intended for such limitations to apply they would have expressly provided for them.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> Justice Chua also referred to the Malaysian case Phang Chin Hock,<a href="#cite_note-Phang_Chin_Hock-148">[145]</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Court of Malaysia">Federal Court</a> had rejected the basic features doctrine, stating that "if our Constitution makers had intended that their successors should not in any way alter their handiwork, it would have been perfectly easy for them to so provide; but nowhere in the Constitution does it appear that that was their intention". Moreover, if proposed constitutional amendments are only valid if they are consistent with its existing provisions this would render Article 159 of the Malaysian Constitution, which provides for amendment of the Constitution, "superfluous, for the Constitution cannot be changed or altered in any way, as if it has been carved in granite".<a href="#cite_note-Phang_72-149">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teo_Soh_Lung_at_a_Singapore_Democratic_Party_general_election_rally,_Clementi,_Singapore_-_20110428.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Teo_Soh_Lung_at_a_Singapore_Democratic_Party_general_election_rally%2C_Clementi%2C_Singapore_-_20110428.jpg/170px-Teo_Soh_Lung_at_a_Singapore_Democratic_Party_general_election_rally%2C_Clementi%2C_Singapore_-_20110428.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Teo_Soh_Lung_at_a_Singapore_Democratic_Party_general_election_rally%2C_Clementi%2C_Singapore_-_20110428.jpg/255px-Teo_Soh_Lung_at_a_Singapore_Democratic_Party_general_election_rally%2C_Clementi%2C_Singapore_-_20110428.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Teo_Soh_Lung_at_a_Singapore_Democratic_Party_general_election_rally%2C_Clementi%2C_Singapore_-_20110428.jpg/340px-Teo_Soh_Lung_at_a_Singapore_Democratic_Party_general_election_rally%2C_Clementi%2C_Singapore_-_20110428.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="928" /></a><figcaption>Teo Soh Lung at a <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Democratic_Party" title="Singapore Democratic Party">Singapore Democratic Party</a> rally for the <a href="/wiki/2011_Singaporean_general_election" title="2011 Singaporean general election">2011 general election</a>. In a case brought by Teo in 1989, the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Singapore" title="High Court of Singapore">High Court</a> said that the <a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">basic features doctrine</a> does not apply in Singapore.</figcaption></figure> Justice Chua emphasised that fears of abuse of power by the Parliament should not lead to a denial of the power to amend the Constitution or restrict this power.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> He referred to <a href="/wiki/Loh_Kooi_Choon_v._Government_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Loh Kooi Choon v. Government of Malaysia">Loh Kooi Choon v. Government of Malaysia</a> (1977),<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> where the Malaysian Federal Court said: "The fear of abuse of Parliament's power to amend the Constitution in any way they think fit cannot be an argument against the existence of such power, for abuse of power can always be struck down".<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> Furthermore, Chua asserted that allowing the courts to impose limitations on the legislature through the basic features doctrine, a judge-made rule, would amount to the judiciary usurping Parliament's legislative function.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> A similar view was expressed in Phang Chin Hock by the <a href="/wiki/High_Courts_of_Malaysia#Chief_Justices_of_Malaya_(1957–1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Courts of Malaysia">Chief Justice of Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a> <a href="/wiki/Azlan_Shah_of_Perak" title="Azlan Shah of Perak">Azlan Shah</a>: "A short answer to the fallacy of this doctrine is that it concedes to the court a more potent power of constitutional amendment through judicial legislation than the organ for and clearly chosen by the Constitution for the exercise of the amending power." This could infringe the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers doctrine</a> and blur the distinction between the functions of the judiciary and the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> The High Court in Teo Soh Lung also referred to Justice Ray's judgment in Kesavananda, stating that radical amendments should not always be disdained as they may bring about positive changes to ensure the smooth functioning of a nation. There are reasons for allowing the Constitution to be amended. New problems may arise in the future, and the Constitution may have to be modified to suit changing circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> According to Justice Ray: "The framers of the Constitution did not put any limitation on the amending power because the end of a Constitution is the safety, the greatness and well-being of the people. Changes in the Constitution serve these great ends and carry out the real purposes of the Constitution."<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> Justice Chua also relied on <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Diplock,_Baron_Diplock" title="Kenneth Diplock, Baron Diplock">Lord Diplock</a>'s judgment in Hinds v. The Queen (1975),<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> in which his Lordship expressed the view that even fundamental provisions of a constitution on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster model</a> can be amended as long as the proper procedure provided by the constitution has been complied with:<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[W]here ... a constitution on the Westminster Model represents the final step in the attainment of full independence by the peoples of a former colony or protectorate, the constitution provides machinery whereby any of its provisions, whether relating to fundamental rights and freedoms or to the structure of the government and the allocation to its various organs of legislative, executive or judicial powers, may be altered by those people through their elected representatives in the Parliament acting by specified majorities ...</blockquote> Additionally, Justice Chua said that due to the differences in the way the Singapore and Indian Constitutions were made, the Singapore Parliament's power to amend the Constitution is not limited in the manner the Indian Parliament's is when amending the Indian Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> The Indian Constitution was framed by a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">constituent assembly</a>, while Singapore's Constitution was put together by the Parliament out of three different documents, namely, the 1963 State Constitution, the RSIA, and provisions drawn from the Federal Constitution of Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> Parliament had <a href="/wiki/Plenary_power" title="Plenary power">plenary power</a> to enact the RSIA from the political fact of Singapore's independence and status as a sovereign nation on 9 August 1965.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> Penna has observed that the basic features doctrine appears to be irrelevant in Singapore as the word amendment is defined to include "addition and repeal" in Article 5(3) of the Constitution. "Amendment" connotes a change to the existing law that does not amount to doing away with such a law entirely. On the other hand, "repeal" implies the abrogation of the entire law by a different statutory provision that subsequently comes into force. If Parliament is entitled to repeal provisions of the Constitution, this means there is no constitutional hindrance to substituting the current Constitution for a completely different and new one. Thus, this suggests there is no place for the basic features doctrine in constitutional amendments.<a href="#cite_note-Penna_231-232-174">[171]</a> Similarly, Article 368(1) of the Indian Constitution, which was brought in by the Twenty-fourth Amendment, defines amendment as "addition, variation and repeal".<a href="#cite_note-Penna,_pp._228–230-153">[150]</a> In Kesavananda the Supreme Court had acknowledged the validity of the Twenty-fourth Amendment, yet Chief Justice Sikri seemed not to have considered the meaning of repeal when enunciating the basic features doctrine. Instead, he had merely focused on the fact that an "amendment" to the Constitution means any addition or change to it.<a href="#cite_note-Penna_231-232-174">[171]</a> The High Court's decision in Teo Soh Lung remains the authority on whether the basic features doctrine applies in Singapore law, because when the decision was appealed the Court of Appeal held it was unnecessary for it to decide whether the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution can ever be limited. It left the issue open for decision in a future case.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significant_amendments">Significant amendments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Significant amendments">edit</a>]</div> Since 9 August 1965 when the Constitution came into force, various amendments have been made to it. Some of the significant ones are listed below. <ul><li>1965. The Constitution was made amenable by a simple majority of all the elected MPs in Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Const_Amdt_Act_1965-30">[30]</a></li> <li>1970. To safeguard the rights of racial and religious minorities in Singapore, the Presidential Council was established.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> Renamed the Presidential Council for Minority Rights in 1973, its main function is to scrutinise most of the bills passed by Parliament to ensure that they do not discriminate against any racial or religious community.</li> <li>1979. The proportion of elected MPs required to amend the Constitution was returned to at least a two-thirds supermajority during the Second and Third Readings of a constitutional amendment bill.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a></li> <li>1984. Non-constituency Members of Parliament (NCMPs) were introduced.<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a></li> <li>1988. Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) were introduced.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> These are electoral divisions or <a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_Singapore" title="Constituencies of Singapore">constituencies</a> in Singapore, the MPs of which are voted into Parliament as a group. At least one member of each GRC must be a member of a minority community.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a></li> <li>1990. Nominated Members of Parliament (NMPs) were introduced to bring non-partisan voices into Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a></li> <li>1991. The Constitution was amended to provide for a popularly and directly elected president.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a></li> <li>1994. The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal was established to provide a mechanism for the President, acting on Cabinet's advice, to refer to the Tribunal for its opinion any question as to the effect of any provision of the Constitution which has arisen or appears to likely to arise.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a></li> <li>2016. The concept of reserved elections for a community that has not held the office of President for 5 or more consecutive terms was added.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a></li> <li>2022. Ensures that <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a> has the right to define marriage and protect it from court challenges, the definition that a marriage is between a man and a woman.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a></li> <li>2023. Creation of a framework allowing the president and the cabinet to hold international appointments in their private capacities, if it is in line with national interests.<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Singapore" title="Law of Singapore">Law of Singapore</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Taw_Cheng_Kong_HC-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taw_Cheng_Kong_HC_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taw_Cheng_Kong_HC_56-1">b</a> The High Court cited the following paper by the former <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Australia" title="Chief Justice of Australia">Chief Justice of Australia</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarry_Gibbs1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Gibbs" title="Harry Gibbs">Harry Gibbs</a> (1988), "The Court as Guardian of the Constitution: The Basic Principle", in <a href="/wiki/Salleh_Abas" title="Salleh Abas">Mohamed Salleh Abas</a>; Visu Sinnadurai (eds.), Law, Justice and the Judiciary: Transnational Trends, Kuala Lumpur: Professional Law Book Publishers, pp. 51–66, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967995804-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-967995804-1"><bdi>978-967995804-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Court+as+Guardian+of+the+Constitution%3A+The+Basic+Principle&rft.btitle=Law%2C+Justice+and+the+Judiciary%3A+Transnational+Trends&rft.place=Kuala+Lumpur&rft.pages=51-66&rft.pub=Professional+Law+Book+Publishers&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-967995804-1&rft.au=Harry+Gibbs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. This passage was also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Public_Prosecutor_v._Taw_Cheng_Kong#Holding_of_the_High_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Prosecutor v. Taw Cheng Kong">Taw Cheng Kong v. Public Prosecutor</a> [1998] 1 S.L.R.(R.) 78 at 88–89, para. 14, H.C. (Singapore) ("Taw Cheng Kong (H.C.)"). </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> It was held in Tang Kin Hwa v. Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners Board <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonlii.org/sg/cases/SGHC/2005/153.html">[2005] SGHC 153</a>, [2005] 4 S.L.R.(R.) 604 at 613–614, paras. 27–28, H.C. (Singapore), that <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English law</a> which has been exported to many colonies has to be "cultivated with an acute awareness of the soil in which it has been transplanted", and thus close scrutiny for "appropriateness" on the basis on "general persuasiveness insofar as logic and reasoning are concerned" is warranted to serve the "ideal" of an "indigenous legal system sensitive to the needs and mores of the society of which it is a part". Therefore, foreign law should not be blindly followed "where either local conditions and/or reason and logic would dictate otherwise". </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> An example is the Geneva Conventions Act (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/GCA1973">Cap. 117, 1985 Rev. Ed.</a>), which was enacted in 1973 to give effect to the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> in Singapore. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> A.P. Rajah (<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Singapore">Speaker</a>), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00052218-ZZ">Message from the President of the Republic of Singapore (Assents to Bills Passed)</a>", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (24 December 1965), vol. 24, col. 557. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew"> Lee Kuan Yew</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00052071-ZZ">speech during the First Reading of the Republic of Singapore Independence Bill</a>, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (13 December 1965), vol. 24, col. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Lee Kuan Yew, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00052199-ZZ">speech during the Second Reading of the Republic of Singapore Independence Bill</a>, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (22 December 2012), vol. 24, cols. 451–455. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Lee Kuan Yew, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00052199-ZZ">speech during the Third Reading of the Republic of Singapore Independence Bill</a>, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (22 December 2012), vol. 24, cols. 455–456. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_J._O'Neill1988" class="citation cs2">Timothy J. O'Neill (Spring 1988), "Liberal Constitutionalism & Bureaucratic Discretion", Polity, 20 (3): 371–393 at 371, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3234868">10.2307/3234868</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11214%2F173">11214/173</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3234868">3234868</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155625898">155625898</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polity&rft.atitle=Liberal+Constitutionalism+%26+Bureaucratic+Discretion&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=371-393+at+371&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11214%2F173&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155625898%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3234868%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3234868&rft.au=Timothy+J.+O%27Neill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">, cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThio_Li-ann2012" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thio_Li-ann" title="Thio Li-ann">Thio Li-ann</a> (2012), "The Province of Constitutional Law", A Treatise on Singapore Constitutional Law, Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Academy_of_Law" title="Singapore Academy of Law">Academy Publishing</a>, pp. 3–93 at 38, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-07-1515-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-07-1515-1"><bdi>978-981-07-1515-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Province+of+Constitutional+Law&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+Singapore+Constitutional+Law&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=3-93+at+38&rft.pub=Academy+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-981-07-1515-1&rft.au=Thio+Li-ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. Thio herself describes the primary objective of "generic constitutionalism" as "regulat[ing] state power through rule of law commitments and institutional checks and balances to assure accountability in public life and to secure the conditions for decent human life": at p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan_A._Garner1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_A._Garner" title="Bryan A. Garner">Bryan A. Garner</a>, ed. (1999), "constitution", <a href="/wiki/Black%27s_Law_Dictionary" title="Black's Law Dictionary">Black's Law Dictionary</a> (7th ed.), St. Paul, Minn.: <a href="/wiki/West_(publisher)" title="West (publisher)">West</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackslawdiction07edunse/page/306">306</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-314-24130-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-314-24130-6"><bdi>978-0-314-24130-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=constitution&rft.btitle=Black%27s+Law+Dictionary&rft.place=St.+Paul%2C+Minn.&rft.pages=306&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=West&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-314-24130-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Thio, Treatise, pp. 65–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-1963_State_Constitution-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1963_State_Constitution_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1963_State_Constitution_8-1">b</a> Constitution of the State of Singapore 1963 in the Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore (State Constitutions) Order in Council 1963 (<a href="/wiki/Statutory_Instrument_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory Instrument (UK)">S.I.</a> 1963 No. 1493, UK; reprinted as Gazette Notification (G.N.) Sp. No. S 1/1963), which was enacted under the <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Act_1963" title="Malaysia Act 1963">Malaysia Act 1963</a> (<a href="/wiki/File:Malaysia_Act_1963.pdf" title="File:Malaysia Act 1963.pdf">1963 c. 35</a>, UK), s. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Originally the Federal Constitution Ordinance 1957 (No. 55 of 1957, Malaysia), and now the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140824222649/http://www.agc.gov.my/images/Personalisation/Buss/pdf/Federal%20Consti%20(BI%20text).pdf">Archived</a> 24 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agc.gov.my/images/Personalisation/Buss/pdf/Federal%20Consti%20%28BI%20text%29.pdf">the original</a> on 1 December 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-RSIA-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RSIA_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSIA_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RSIA_10-2">c</a> Republic of Singapore Independence Act 1965 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/RSIA1965">No. 9 of 1965, 1985 Rev. Ed.</a>) ("RSIA"), s. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Tan_Yew_Lee1989" class="citation cs2">Kevin Tan Yew Lee (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927161508/http://journalsonline.academypublishing.org.sg/Journals/Singapore-Academy-of-Law-Journal/e-Archive/ctl/eFirstSALPDFJournalView/mid/495/ArticleId/1046/Citation/JournalsOnlinePDF">"The Evolution of Singapore's Modern Constitution: Developments from 1945 to the Present Day"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Academy_of_Law" title="Singapore Academy of Law">Singapore Academy of Law Journal</a>, 1: 1–28 at 17, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalsonline.academypublishing.org.sg/Journals/Singapore-Academy-of-Law-Journal/e-Archive/ctl/eFirstSALPDFJournalView/mid/495/ArticleId/1046/Citation/JournalsOnlinePDF">the original</a> on 27 September 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Academy+of+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Singapore%27s+Modern+Constitution%3A+Developments+from+1945+to+the+Present+Day&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=1-28+at+17&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Kevin+Tan+Yew+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournalsonline.academypublishing.org.sg%2FJournals%2FSingapore-Academy-of-Law-Journal%2Fe-Archive%2Fctl%2FeFirstSALPDFJournalView%2Fmid%2F495%2FArticleId%2F1046%2FCitation%2FJournalsOnlinePDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Y[ew]_L[ee]_Tan2005" class="citation cs2">Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] Tan (2005), "A Short Legal and Constitutional History of Singapore", in Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] Tan (ed.), Essays in Singapore Legal History, Singapore: Singapore Academy of Law; <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Marshall Cavendish Academic</a>, pp. 27–72 at 37–39, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-210-389-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-210-389-5"><bdi>978-981-210-389-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Short+Legal+and+Constitutional+History+of+Singapore&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Singapore+Legal+History&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=27-72+at+37-39&rft.pub=Singapore+Academy+of+Law%3B+Marshall+Cavendish+Academic&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-981-210-389-5&rft.au=Kevin+Y%5Bew%5D+L%5Bee%5D+Tan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Singapore <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a> 1946 (<a href="/wiki/Statutory_Rules_and_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory Rules and Orders">S. R. & O.</a>, 1946, No. 462, UK), dated 27 March 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">[Report of the] Constitutional Commission, Singapore [Chairman: George Rendel], Singapore: Printed by the Government Printer, 1954, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/63847297">63847297</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%26%2391%3BReport+of+the%26%2393%3B+Constitutional+Commission%2C+Singapore+%26%2391%3BChairman%3A+George+Rendel%26%2393%3B&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Printed+by+the+Government+Printer&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F63847297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Singapore Colony Order in Council 1955 (S.I. 1955 No. 187, UK). </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Tan, pp. 42–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Singapore (Constitution) Order in Council 1958 (S.I. 1958 No. 156, UK). See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Y[ew]_L[ee]_Tan2008" class="citation cs2">Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] Tan (November 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002518/http://www.lawgazette.com.sg/2008-11/feature1.htm">"Singapore's 1958 Constitution: Fifty Fascinating Facts from Fifty Years"</a>, Singapore Law Gazette, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://v1.lawgazette.com.sg/2008-11/feature1.htm">the original</a> on 4 March 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Law+Gazette&rft.atitle=Singapore%27s+1958+Constitution%3A+Fifty+Fascinating+Facts+from+Fifty+Years&rft.date=2008-11&rft.au=Kevin+Y%5Bew%5D+L%5Bee%5D+Tan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fv1.lawgazette.com.sg%2F2008-11%2Ffeature1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Tan, pp. 47–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Tan, "The Evolution of Singapore's Modern Constitution", p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Lee_Tsen-Ta1995" class="citation cs2">Jack Lee Tsen-Ta (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/jacklee/8/">"Rediscovering the Constitution"</a>, Singapore Law Review, 16: 157–211 at 170, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630030332/https://works.bepress.com/jacklee/8/">archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2021, retrieved 24 December 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Rediscovering+the+Constitution&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=157-211+at+170&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Jack+Lee+Tsen-Ta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Fjacklee%2F8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> By the RSIA, s. 6(3). </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Land Acquisition Act (No. 41 of 1966), now <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/LAA1966">Cap. 152, 1985 Rev. Ed.</a> See <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew"> Lee Kuan Yew</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00052198-ZZ">speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution (Amendment) Bill</a>, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (22 December 1965), vol. 24, cols. 435–436. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Land Acquisition Act (Cap. 152, 1985 Rev. Ed), ss. 5 and 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> RSIA, s. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Act (No. 53 of 1965, Malaysia). </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> RSIA, s. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> RSIA, s. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> RSIA, s. 13(3)(a). </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Tan, "A Short Legal and Constitutional History of Singapore", p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-Const_Amdt_Act_1965-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Const_Amdt_Act_1965_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Const_Amdt_Act_1965_30-1">b</a> Constitution (Amendment) Act 1965 (No. 8 of 1965). </li> <li id="cite_note-1979_amdt-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1979_amdt_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1979_amdt_31-1">b</a> By the Constitution (Amendment) Act 1979 (No. 10 of 1979). For commentary, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayakumar1979" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/S._Jayakumar" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Jayakumar">Jayakumar, S.</a> (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/sjls21&div=12">"Legislation Comment: The Constitution (Amendment) Act, 1979 (No. 10)"</a>, Malaya Law Review, 21: 111–118, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627191913/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals%2Fsjls21&div=12">archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2021, retrieved 9 March 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaya+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Legislation+Comment%3A+The+Constitution+%28Amendment%29+Act%2C+1979+%28No.+10%29&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=111-118&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Jayakumar&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fcollection%3Djournals%26handle%3Dhein.journals%2Fsjls21%26div%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_W._Barker" title="Edmund W. Barker"> E[dmund] W[illiam] Barker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Law (Singapore)">Minister for Law</a> and Science and Technology, and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore#Leader_of_the_House" title="Parliament of Singapore">Leader of the House</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00057455-ZZ">speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution (Amendment) Bill</a>, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (30 March 1979), vol. 39, col. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> For example, it is referred to as such in The Statutes of the Republic of Singapore and on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statutes.agc.gov.sg">Singapore Statutes Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171215173603/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/">Archived</a> 15 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a website maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_of_Singapore" title="Attorney-General of Singapore">Attorney-General's Chambers</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Tan, "The Evolution of Singapore's Modern Constitution", p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Bill_of_Rights_Act_1990" title="New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990">New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1990/0109/latest/whole.html">1990 No 109, 1994 Reprint</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121223175154/http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1990/0109/latest/whole.html">Archived</a> 23 December 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New Zealand). </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_RishworthGrant_HuscroftScott_OpticanRichard_Mahoney2006" class="citation cs2">Paul Rishworth; Grant Huscroft; Scott Optican; Richard Mahoney (2006), The New Zealand Bill of Rights, South Melbourne, Victoria; New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 4, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-558361-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-558361-8"><bdi>978-0-19-558361-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Zealand+Bill+of+Rights&rft.place=South+Melbourne%2C+Victoria%3B+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-558361-8&rft.au=Paul+Rishworth&rft.au=Grant+Huscroft&rft.au=Scott+Optican&rft.au=Richard+Mahoney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-1966_Constitutional_Commission-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1966_Constitutional_Commission_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1966_Constitutional_Commission_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF张黎衍1966" class="citation cs2">张黎衍, Li-ann Thio (1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927160830/https://www.academia.edu/1744716/1966_Constitutional_Commission_Report_Singapore_">Report of the Constitutional Commission 1966 [chairman: Wee Chong Jin]</a>, Singapore: Government Printer, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51640681">51640681</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1744716">the original</a> on 27 September 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Constitutional+Commission+1966+%26%2391%3Bchairman%3A+Wee+Chong+Jin%26%2393%3B&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Government+Printer&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51640681&rft.aulast=%E5%BC%A0%E9%BB%8E%E8%A1%8D&rft.aufirst=Li-ann+Thio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1744716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">, para. 1 (terms of reference). </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi-ann_Thio2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Thio_Li-ann" title="Thio Li-ann">Li-ann Thio</a> (2009), "The Passage of a Generation: Revisiting the Report of the 1966 Constitutional Commission", in Li-ann Thio; Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] Tan (eds.), Evolution of a Revolution: Forty Years of the Singapore Constitution, London, England; New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge-Cavendish</a>, pp. 7–49 at 11, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9"><bdi>978-0-415-43862-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Passage+of+a+Generation%3A+Revisiting+the+Report+of+the+1966+Constitutional+Commission&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+a+Revolution%3A+Forty+Years+of+the+Singapore+Constitution&rft.place=London%2C+England%3B+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=7-49+at+11&rft.pub=Routledge-Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-43862-9&rft.au=Li-ann+Thio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Thio, "The Passage of a Generation", pp. 12–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Marshall1965" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Marshall_(Singaporean_politician)" title="David Marshall (Singaporean politician)">David Marshall</a> (21 December 1965), "Singapore's 'untidy' Constitution", <a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a>, p. 12</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Singapore%27s+%27untidy%27+Constitution&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1965-12-21&rft.au=David+Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR[eginald]_H[ugh]_Hickling1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hickling" title="Hugh Hickling">R[eginald] H[ugh] Hickling</a> (1980), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/sjls22&div=13">"Legislation Comment: Reprint of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore"</a>, Malaya Law Review, 22: 142–144 at 142, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233447/http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals%2Fsjls22&div=13">archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016, retrieved 9 March 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaya+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Legislation+Comment%3A+Reprint+of+the+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Singapore&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=142-144+at+142&rft.date=1980&rft.au=R%5Beginald%5D+H%5Bugh%5D+Hickling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fcollection%3Djournals%26handle%3Dhein.journals%2Fsjls22%26div%3D13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> 1963 State Constitution, Art. 63 (now the Constitution, Art. 155). </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Constitution, Art. 155(5). </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Constitution, Art. 155(2). </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> See, for example, Tan, "The Evolution of Singapore's Modern Constitution", pp. 1–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Heng Kai Kok v. Attorney-General [1985–1986] S.L.R.(R.) 922, <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Singapore" title="High Court of Singapore">High Court</a> (Singapore). </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Heng Kai Kok, pp. 928–929, paras. 17 and 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> The Statutes of the Republic of Singapore (1985 Rev. Ed.), Singapore: Law Revision Commission, 1986–present, <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/20190567">20190567</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3Acf2412ff-fca5-4a64-a8ef-b95b8987728e%20Depth%3A0%20ValidTime%3A01%2F07%2F2010%20TransactionTime%3A01%2F07%2F1999%20Status%3Ainforce;rec=0;whole=yes">1985 Rev. Ed., 1999 Reprint</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512014304/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3Acf2412ff-fca5-4a64-a8ef-b95b8987728e%20Depth%3A0%20ValidTime%3A01%2F07%2F2010%20TransactionTime%3A01%2F07%2F1999%20Status%3Ainforce;rec=0;whole=yes">Archived</a> 12 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tan_Eng_Hong_v._Attorney-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Tan Eng Hong v. Attorney-General">Tan Eng Hong v. Attorney-General</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonlii.org/sg/cases/SGCA/2012/45.html">[2012] SGCA 45</a>, [2012] 4 S.L.R. 476, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Singapore" title="Court of Appeal of Singapore">Court of Appeal</a> (Singapore). </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Tan Eng Hong, p. 506, para. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Constitution, Arts. 2(1) (definition of existing law) and 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marbury_v_Madison-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marbury_v_Madison_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marbury_v_Madison_53-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_5" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 5">5</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> (1 <a href="/wiki/Reporter_of_Decisions_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States">Cranch</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/5/137/">137</a> (1803), <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> (US). </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Chan_Hiang_Leng_Colin_v._Public_Prosecutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chan Hiang Leng Colin v. Public Prosecutor">Chan Hiang Leng Colin v. Public Prosecutor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICHRL/1994/26.html">[1994] ICHRL 26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026151735/http://lwb.lawnet.com.sg/legal/lgl/rss/landmark/%5B1994%5D_SGHC_207.html">[1994] SGHC 207</a>, [1994] 3 S.L.R.(R.) [Singapore Law Reports (Reissue)] 209, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lwb.lawnet.com.sg/legal/lgl/rss/landmark/%5B1994%5D_SGHC_207.html">the original</a> on 26 October 2012, High Court (Singapore). </li> <li id="cite_note-Chan_50-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chan_50_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chan_50_55-1">b</a> Chan Hiang Leng Colin, p. 231, para. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS[tanley]_A[lexander]_de_Smith1964" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Alexander_de_Smith" title="Stanley Alexander de Smith">S[tanley] A[lexander] de Smith</a> (1964), The New Commonwealth and its Constitutions, London: Stevens and Sons, p. 156, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-420-38680-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-420-38680-9"><bdi>978-0-420-38680-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Commonwealth+and+its+Constitutions&rft.place=London&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Stevens+and+Sons&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-420-38680-9&rft.au=S%5Btanley%5D+A%5Blexander%5D+de+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ong_Ah_Chuan-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ong_Ah_Chuan_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ong_Ah_Chuan_58-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Ong_Ah_Chuan_v._Public_Prosecutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ong Ah Chuan v. Public Prosecutor">Ong Ah Chuan v. Public Prosecutor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/1980/1980_32.html">[1980] UKPC 32</a>, [1981] A.C. 648, [1979–1980] S.L.R.(R.) 710, <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Privy Council</a> (on appeal from Singapore). </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Minister of Home Affairs v. Fisher <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/1978/4.html">[1978] UKPC 4</a>, [1980] A.C. 319, <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Privy Council</a> (on appeal from Bermuda), cited in Ong Ah Chuan, p. 721, para. 23, and in Taw Cheng Kong (H.C.), p. 90, para. 20. In the latter case the High Court commented at p. 90, para. 22: "[I]n approaching the issue of the constitutional validity of a statute, the courts must firstly presume that the legislation falls within the scope of Parliament's powers. At the same time, they must endeavour to give full effect to the fundamental rights conferred by Pt IV of the Constitution, construing the provisions conferring those rights liberally and scrutinising the impugned legislation." </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThio_Li-ann2009" class="citation cs2">Thio Li-ann (2009), "Protecting Rights", in Li-ann Thio; Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] Tan (eds.), Evolution of a Revolution: Forty Years of the Singapore Constitution, London: Routledge-Cavendish, pp. 193–233 at 214, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9"><bdi>978-0-415-43862-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Protecting+Rights&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+a+Revolution%3A+Forty+Years+of+the+Singapore+Constitution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=193-233+at+214&rft.pub=Routledge-Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-43862-9&rft.au=Thio+Li-ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Taw_16-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taw_16_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taw_16_61-1">b</a> Taw Cheng Kong (H.C.), p. 89, para. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rajeevan-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rajeevan_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rajeevan_62-1">b</a> Rajeevan Edakalavan v. Public Prosecutor <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICHRL/1998/1.html">[1998] ICHRL 1</a>, [1998] 1 S.L.R.(R.) 10, H.C. (Singapore). </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Rajeevan Edakalavan, p. 19, para. 21. See also Public Prosecutor v. Mazlan bin Maidun [1992] 3 S.L.R.(R.) 968, C.A. (Singapore). </li> <li id="cite_note-Yong_Vui_Kong-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yong_Vui_Kong_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yong_Vui_Kong_64-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Yong_Vui_Kong_v._Public_Prosecutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Yong Vui Kong v. Public Prosecutor">Yong Vui Kong v. Public Prosecutor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonlii.org/sg/cases/SGCA/2010/20.html">[2010] SGCA 20</a>, [2010] 3 S.L.R. 489, C.A. (Singapore). </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Yong Vui Kong, p. 500, para. 16, citing Ong Ah Chuan [1981] A.C. at p. 659. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Government of the State of Kelantan v. Government of the Federation of Malaya [1963] M.L.J. [Malaya Law Journal] 355 at 358, cited in Chan Hiang Leng Colin, p. 231, para. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Thio, "Protecting Rights", p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThio_Li-ann2012" class="citation cs2">Thio Li-ann (2012), "The Judiciary", A Treatise on Singapore Constitutional Law, Singapore: Academy Publishing, pp. 451–567 at 566, para. 10.294, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-07-1515-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-07-1515-1"><bdi>978-981-07-1515-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Judiciary&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+Singapore+Constitutional+Law&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=451-567+at+566%2C+para.+10.294&rft.pub=Academy+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-981-07-1515-1&rft.au=Thio+Li-ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Interpretation Act (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/IA1965">Cap. 1, 2002 Rev. Ed.</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Interpretation Act, s. 9A(1). The term written law includes the Constitution: s. 2(1). </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Constitutional Reference No. 1 of 1995 [1995] 1 S.L.R.(R.) 803, <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore_Tribunal" title="Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal">Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Constitutional Reference No. 1 of 1995, p. 814, para. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Lee, "Rediscovering the Constitution", p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Lee_Tsen-Ta2010" class="citation cs2">Jack Lee Tsen-Ta (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/context/sol_research/article/3547/viewcontent/TextThroughTime_2010_SLR_pp.pdf">"The Text through Time"</a> (PDF), Statute Law Review, 31 (3): 217–237 at 221, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fslr%2Fhmq012">10.1093/slr/hmq012</a>, retrieved 24 December 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Statute+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Text+through+Time&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=217-237+at+221&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fslr%2Fhmq012&rft.au=Jack+Lee+Tsen-Ta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fink.library.smu.edu.sg%2Fcontext%2Fsol_research%2Farticle%2F3547%2Fviewcontent%2FTextThroughTime_2010_SLR_pp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Neo_&_Lee-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neo_&_Lee_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neo_&_Lee_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaclyn_Ling-Chien_NeoYvonne_C[hing]_L[ing]_Lee2009" class="citation cs2">Jaclyn Ling-Chien Neo; Yvonne C[hing] L[ing] Lee (2009), "Constitutional Supremacy: Still a Little Dicey?", in Li-ann Thio; Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] Tan (eds.), Evolution of a Revolution: Forty Years of the Singapore Constitution, London: Routledge-Cavendish, pp. 153–192 at 181, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9"><bdi>978-0-415-43862-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Supremacy%3A+Still+a+Little+Dicey%3F&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+a+Revolution%3A+Forty+Years+of+the+Singapore+Constitution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=153-192+at+181&rft.pub=Routledge-Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-43862-9&rft.au=Jaclyn+Ling-Chien+Neo&rft.au=Yvonne+C%5Bhing%5D+L%5Bing%5D+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nappalli_Peter_Williams_v._Institute_of_Technical_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nappalli Peter Williams v. Institute of Technical Education (page does not exist)">Nappalli Peter Williams v. Institute of Technical Education</a> [1999] 2 S.L.R.(R.) 529 at 537, para. 28, C.A. (Singapore). </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Chng_Suan_Tze_v._Minister_for_Home_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Chng Suan Tze v. Minister for Home Affairs">Chng Suan Tze v. Minister for Home Affairs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426071204/http://lwb.lawnet.com.sg/legal/lgl/rss/landmark/%5B1988%5D_SGCA_16.html">[1988] SGCA 16</a>, [1988] 2 S.L.R.(R.) [Singapore Law Reports (Reissue)] 525 at 552, para. 86, C.A. (Singapore), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lwb.lawnet.com.sg/legal/lgl/rss/landmark/%5B1988%5D_SGCA_16.html">the original</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426071204/http://lwb.lawnet.com.sg/legal/lgl/rss/landmark/%5B1988%5D_SGCA_16.html">Archived</a> 26 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on 24 December 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Cheong Seok Leng v. Public Prosecutor [1988] S.L.R.(R.) 530 at 543, para. 44, H.C. (Singapore); Mohammad Faizal bin Sabtu v. Public Prosecutor <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonlii.org/sg/cases/SGHC/2012/163.html">[2012] SGHC 163</a> at para. 11, H.C. (Singapore). </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Ong Ah Chuan, p. 722, para. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Yong_Vui_Kong_v._Attorney-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Yong Vui Kong v. Attorney-General">Yong Vui Kong v. Attorney-General</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonlii.org/sg/cases/SGCA/2011/9.html">[2011] SGCA 9</a>, [2011] 2 S.L.R. 1189 at 1242–1243, paras. 104–105, C.A. (Singapore). See Thio, "Protecting Rights", p. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Public Prosecutor v. Koh Song Huat Benjamin [2005] SGDC 272 at para. 8, <a href="/wiki/Subordinate_Courts_of_Singapore#District_Courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Subordinate Courts of Singapore">District Court</a> (Singapore). </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Chan Hiang Leng Colin, p. 235, para. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_King2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_King_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony King (professor)">Anthony King</a> (2001), Does the United Kingdom Still Have a Constitution?, London: <a href="/wiki/Sweet_%26_Maxwell" title="Sweet & Maxwell">Sweet & Maxwell</a>, p. 5, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-421-75200-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-421-75200-9"><bdi>978-0-421-75200-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Does+the+United+Kingdom+Still+Have+a+Constitution%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Sweet+%26+Maxwell&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-421-75200-9&rft.au=Anthony+King&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">, cited in Thio, Treatise, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Presidential Elections Act (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PrEA1991">Cap. 240A, 2011 Rev. Ed.</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Parliamentary Elections Act (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PEA1954">Cap. 218, 2011 Rev. Ed.</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-PPIPA-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PPIPA_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PPIPA_87-1">b</a> Parliament (Privileges, Immunities and Powers) Act (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/PPIPA1962">Cap. 217, 2000 Rev. Ed.</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_(Singapore)" title="Internal Security Act (Singapore)">Internal Security Act</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/ISA1960">Cap. 143, 1985 Rev. Ed.</a>) ("ISA"). Article 149 of the Constitution immunizes the ISA from inconsistency with certain fundamental liberties. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Supreme Court of Judicature Act (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/SCJA1969">Cap. 322, 2007 Rev. Ed.</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Thio, Treatise, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThio_Li-ann2004" class="citation cs2">Thio Li-ann (2004), "Constitutional 'Soft' Law and the Management of Religious Liberty and Order: The 2003 Declaration on Religious Harmony", Singapore Journal of Legal Studies: 414–443 at 414 and 434, <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=953599">953599</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Journal+of+Legal+Studies&rft.atitle=Constitutional+%27Soft%27+Law+and+the+Management+of+Religious+Liberty+and+Order%3A+The+2003+Declaration+on+Religious+Harmony&rft.pages=414-443+at+414+and+434&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D953599%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.au=Thio+Li-ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThio_Li-ann2009" class="citation cs2">Thio Li-ann (December 2009), "Between Eden and Armageddon: Navigating 'Religion' and 'Politics' in Singapore", Singapore Journal of Legal Studies: 365–405 at 404, <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1543624">1543624</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Journal+of+Legal+Studies&rft.atitle=Between+Eden+and+Armageddon%3A+Navigating+%27Religion%27+and+%27Politics%27+in+Singapore&rft.pages=365-405+at+404&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D1543624%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.au=Thio+Li-ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">The Principles for Determining and Safeguarding the Accumulated Reserves of the Government and the Fifth Schedule Statutory Boards and Government Companies [Cmd. 5 of 1999], Singapore: Printed for the Government of Singapore by the Government Printers, 1999, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/226180358">226180358</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Principles+for+Determining+and+Safeguarding+the+Accumulated+Reserves+of+the+Government+and+the+Fifth+Schedule+Statutory+Boards+and+Government+Companies+%5BCmd.+5+of+1999%5D&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Government+of+Singapore+by+the+Government+Printers&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F226180358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thio_346-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thio_346_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thio_346_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThio_Li-ann2009" class="citation cs2">Thio Li-ann (2009), "In Search of the Singapore Constitution", in Li-ann Thio; Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] Tan (eds.), Evolution of a Revolution: Forty Years of the Singapore Constitution, London: Routledge-Cavendish, pp. 323–360 at 346, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9"><bdi>978-0-415-43862-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+the+Singapore+Constitution&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+a+Revolution%3A+Forty+Years+of+the+Singapore+Constitution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=323-360+at+346&rft.pub=Routledge-Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-43862-9&rft.au=Thio+Li-ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thio:_Parameters-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thio:_Parameters_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thio:_Parameters_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThio_Li-ann2011" class="citation cs2">Thio Li-ann (11 August 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927161107/http://newshub.nus.edu.sg/news/1108/PDF/PARAMETERS-st-11aug-pA31.pdf">"The parameters of presidential powers"</a> (PDF), The Straits Times (reproduced on the website of the <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a>), p. A31, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newshub.nus.edu.sg/news/1108/PDF/PARAMETERS-st-11aug-pA31.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 September 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times+%28reproduced+on+the+website+of+the+National+University+of+Singapore%29&rft.atitle=The+parameters+of+presidential+powers&rft.pages=A31&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft.au=Thio+Li-ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewshub.nus.edu.sg%2Fnews%2F1108%2FPDF%2FPARAMETERS-st-11aug-pA31.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Thio, "Constitutional 'Soft' Law", p. 437. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeo_Hui_Min2003" class="citation cs2">Neo Hui Min (10 June 2003), "More than words, a S'pore way of life", The Straits Times, p. 1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=More+than+words%2C+a+S%27pore+way+of+life&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2003-06-10&rft.au=Neo+Hui+Min&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Y[ew]_L[ee]_TanThio_Li-ann2010" class="citation cs2">Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] Tan; Thio Li-ann (2010), "The Rise of Constitutionalism & Constitutional Law", Constitutional Law in Malaysia and Singapore (3rd ed.), Singapore: <a href="/wiki/LexisNexis" title="LexisNexis">LexisNexis</a>, pp. 1–52 at 49, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-236-795-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-236-795-2"><bdi>978-981-236-795-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Constitutionalism+%26+Constitutional+Law&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Law+in+Malaysia+and+Singapore&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=1-52+at+49&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=LexisNexis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-981-236-795-2&rft.au=Kevin+Y%5Bew%5D+L%5Bee%5D+Tan&rft.au=Thio+Li-ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Thio, "In Search of the Singapore Constitution", p. 343. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Thio Li-ann (<a href="/wiki/Nominated_Member_of_Parliament" title="Nominated Member of Parliament">NMP</a>), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00072989-ZZ">Parliamentary Elections (Motion)</a>", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (27 August 2008), vol. 84, col. 3328<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ff.#Abbreviation" class="extiw" title="wikt:ff.">ff.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Its report, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Report of the Select Committee on the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill [Bill No. 41/89], Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government of Singapore</a>, 1990, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35566184">35566184</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Select+Committee+on+the+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Singapore+%28Amendment+No.+2%29+Bill+%5BBill+No.+41%2F89%5D&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Government+of+Singapore&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35566184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">, was presented to Parliament on 15 March 1990. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Goh_Chok_Tong" title="Goh Chok Tong"> Goh Chok Tong</a> (First Deputy Prime Minister and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Defence (Singapore)">Minister for Defence</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00062068-ZZ">speech during the Third Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill</a>, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (29 March 1990), vol. 55, col. 1017. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="/wiki/S._Jayakumar" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Jayakumar"> S. Jayakumar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Law (Singapore)">Minister for Law</a>), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00071690-ZZ">Article 5(2A) of the Constitution (Operation of Constitutional Provisions)</a>", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (12 February 2007), vol. 82, col. 1237. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Yong Vui Kong, p. 530, para. 89, citing Chung Chi Cheung v. R <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/1938/1938_75.html">[1938] UKPC 75</a>, [1939] A.C. 160 at 167–168, P.C. (on appeal from Hong Kong). </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629193835/http://www.icj-cij.org/documents/index.php?p1=4&p2=2&p3=0">Statute of the International Court of Justice</a>, 3 Bevans 1179, 59 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> 1031, T.S. 993, 39 <a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_International_Law" title="American Journal of International Law">AJIL Supp.</a> 215 (18 April 1946), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icj-cij.org/documents/index.php?p1=4&p2=2&p3=0">the original</a> on 29 June 2011, Art. 38(1)(b). </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Yong Vui Kong, pp. 530–531, para. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Taw Cheng Kong (H.C.), pp. 106–107, para. 74, citing J.H. Rayner (Mincing Lane) Ltd. v. Department of Trade and Industry [1990] 2 A.C. 418 at 476, <a href="/wiki/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Judicial functions of the House of Lords">House of Lords</a> (UK). </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Yong Vui Kong, p. 519, para. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL[akshmikanth]_R[ao]_Penna1990" class="citation cs2">L[akshmikanth] R[ao] Penna (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/sjls32&div=21">"The Diceyan Perspective of Supremacy and the Constitution of Singapore"</a>, Malaya Law Review, 32: 207–238 at 208, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928043953/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals%2Fsjls32&div=21">archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2018, retrieved 9 March 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaya+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Diceyan+Perspective+of+Supremacy+and+the+Constitution+of+Singapore&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=207-238+at+208&rft.date=1990&rft.au=L%5Bakshmikanth%5D+R%5Bao%5D+Penna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fcollection%3Djournals%26handle%3Dhein.journals%2Fsjls32%26div%3D21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">, citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA[lbert]_V[enn]_Dicey1982" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/A._V._Dicey" title="A. V. Dicey">A[lbert] V[enn] Dicey</a> (1982), "Parliamentary Sovereignty and Federalism", An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (10th ed.), London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>, pp. 126–180, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/611803999">611803999</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parliamentary+Sovereignty+and+Federalism&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Study+of+the+Law+of+the+Constitution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=126-180&rft.edition=10th&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F611803999&rft.au=A%5Blbert%5D+V%5Benn%5D+Dicey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">; see also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA[lbert]_V[enn]_Dicey1927" class="citation cs2">A[lbert] V[enn] Dicey (1927) [1915], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924030503720#page/n245/mode/1up">"Parliamentary Sovereignty and Federalism"</a>, An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (8th ed.), London: Macmillan & Co., pp. 134–176 at 142–161, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5755153">5755153</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parliamentary+Sovereignty+and+Federalism&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Study+of+the+Law+of+the+Constitution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=134-176+at+142-161&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Co.&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5755153&rft.au=A%5Blbert%5D+V%5Benn%5D+Dicey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924030503720%23page%2Fn245%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Neo & Lee, pp. 157–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Marbury v. Madison <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_5" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 5">5</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> (1 <a href="/wiki/Reporter_of_Decisions_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States">Cranch</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/5/137/#176">137, 176</a> (1803). </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Neo & Lee, pp. 160–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Neo & Lee, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-Penna,_p._209-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penna,_p._209_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penna,_p._209_115-1">b</a> Penna, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-Art_5(2)-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Art_5(2)_116-0">^</a> Constitution, Art. 5(2). </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Constitution, Art. 57(1). </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Goh Chok Tong (First Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defence), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00061821-ZZ">speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill</a>, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (29 November 1989), vol. 54, cols. 698–699: "[O]n important issues like this one, they [Government MPs] are not allowed to vote against the Government unless the Whip is lifted. And we do not intend to do so, except in matters of conscience, because of the system of collective responsibility. PAP MPs often vote on issues, but this is done in closed-door party meetings. Once a vote is taken and the decision made, they are expected to abide by the majority decision." </li> <li id="cite_note-Neo_&_Lee_165-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neo_&_Lee_165_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neo_&_Lee_165_119-1">b</a> Neo & Lee, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Neo & Lee, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_Prosecutor_v._Taw_Cheng_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Prosecutor v. Taw Cheng Kong">Public Prosecutor v. Taw Cheng Kong</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413014255/http://www.singaporelaw.sg/rss/judg/8595.html">[1998] SGCA 37</a>, [1998] 2 S.L.R.(R.) 489 at 511–512, paras. 71–73, C.A. (Singapore), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singaporelaw.sg/rss/judg/8595.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2009 ("Taw Cheng Kong (C.A.)"). </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Neo & Lee, p. 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Rajeevan Edakalavan, pp. 18–19, para. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Jabar bin Kadermastan v. Public Prosecutor <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICHRL/1995/11.html">[1995] ICHRL 11</a>, [1995] 1 S.L.R.(R.) 326, C.A. (Singapore). </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Jabar, p. 343, para. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Chee Siok Chin v. Minister for Home Affairs <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonlii.org/sg/cases/SGHC/2005/216.html">[2005] SGHC 216</a>, [2006] 1 S.L.R.(R) 582, H.C. (Singapore). </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Chee Siok Chin, p. 602, para. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Miscellaneous Offences (Public Order and Nuisance) Act (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/MOPONA1906">Cap. 184, 1997 Rev. Ed.</a>) ("MOA"). </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Chee Siok Chin, p. 600, para. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Chee Siok Chin, pp. 602–603, para. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA[ndrew]_J[ames]_Harding1983" class="citation cs2">A[ndrew] J[ames] Harding (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/sjls25&div=29">"Parliament and the Grundnorm in Singapore"</a>, Malaya Law Review, 25: 351–367 at 365–366, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928043950/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals%2Fsjls25&div=29">archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2018, retrieved 9 March 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaya+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Parliament+and+the+Grundnorm+in+Singapore&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=351-367+at+365-366&rft.date=1983&rft.au=A%5Bndrew%5D+J%5Bames%5D+Harding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fcollection%3Djournals%26handle%3Dhein.journals%2Fsjls25%26div%3D29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK[enneth]_C[linton]_Wheare1966" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Wheare" title="Kenneth Wheare">K[enneth] C[linton] Wheare</a> (1966), Modern Constitutions (2nd ed.), Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 52, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/885049">885049</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Constitutions&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=52&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F885049&rft.au=K%5Benneth%5D+C%5Blinton%5D+Wheare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Neo & Lee, pp. 158–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2013" class="citation web cs1">Chan, Ying Ling (30 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singaporelawreview.com/juris-illuminae-entries/2015/judicial-review-in-singapore">"Judicial Review in Singapore"</a>. Singapore Law Review. Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171228053929/http://www.singaporelawreview.com/juris-illuminae-entries/2015/judicial-review-in-singapore">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017. <q>Under Art 4, the Constitution is the supreme law of Singapore.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Judicial+Review+in+Singapore&rft.date=2013-09-30&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Ying+Ling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singaporelawreview.com%2Fjuris-illuminae-entries%2F2015%2Fjudicial-review-in-singapore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Neo & Lee, pp. 161–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Constitution, Art. 57(1): "Subject to this Constitution, all questions proposed for decision in Parliament shall be determined by a majority of the votes of the Members present and voting; and if, upon any question before Parliament, the votes of the Members are equally divided, the motion shall be lost." </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Constitution, Art. 39(2). </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Constitution, Art. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Neo & Lee, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Constitution, Arts. 5(2A)(a)–(e). </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Constitution, Arts. 5A(1)–(6). </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Neo & Lee, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hsien_Loong" title="Lee Hsien Loong"> Lee Hsien Loong</a> (Deputy Prime Minister), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00064319-ZZ">speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Bill</a>, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (25 August 1994), vol. 63, cols. 421–422. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Thio Li-ann (NMP), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00073078-ZZ">speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill</a>, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (20 October 2008), vol. 85, col. 369ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Lee Hsien Loong (Prime Minister), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00073111-ZZ">speech during the Second Reading of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Bill</a>, Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (21 October 2008), vol. 85, col. 532ff. The point was reiterated by <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Law (Singapore)">Minister for Law</a> <a href="/wiki/K._Shanmugam" title="K. Shanmugam">K. Shanmugam</a> in Parliament in February 2009: K. Shanmugam (Minister for Law), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00073424-ZZ">Head R – Ministry of Law</a>", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (13 February 2009), vol. 85, col. 3146ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Neo & Lee, pp. 172–173. </li> <li id="cite_note-Penna_216-217-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penna_216-217_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penna_216-217_147-1">b</a> Penna, pp. 216–217. </li> <li id="cite_note-Phang_Chin_Hock-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phang_Chin_Hock_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phang_Chin_Hock_148-1">b</a> Phang Chin Hock v. Public Prosecutor [1980] 1 M.L.J. [Malaya Law Journal] 70, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Court of Malaysia">Federal Court</a> (Malaysia). </li> <li id="cite_note-Phang_72-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phang_72_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phang_72_149-1">b</a> Phang Chin Hock, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> See, for example, <a href="/wiki/K._Shanmugam" title="K. Shanmugam"> K. Shanmugam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Law_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Law (Singapore)">Minister for Law</a>), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sprs.parl.gov.sg/search/topic.jsp?currentTopicID=00073424-ZZ">Head R – Ministry of Law</a>", Singapore Parliamentary Debates, Official Report (13 February 2009), vol. 85, col. 3146ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kesavananda-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Kesavananda_151-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kesavananda_Bharati_v._The_State_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesavananda Bharati v. The State of Kerala">Kesavananda Bharati v. The State of Kerala</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liiofindia.org/in/cases/cen/INSC/1973/258.html">[1973] INSC 258</a>, A.I.R. 1973 S.C. 1461, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a> (India), applied in <a href="/wiki/Minerva_Mills_v._Union_of_India" title="Minerva Mills v. Union of India">Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liiofindia.org/in/cases/cen/INSC/1980/141.html">[1980] INSC 141</a>, A.I.R. 1980 S.C. 1789, S.C. (India). </li> <li id="cite_note-Teo_Soh_Lung-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teo_Soh_Lung_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teo_Soh_Lung_152-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Teo_Soh_Lung_v._Minister_for_Home_Affairs#High_Court_judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs">Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs</a> [1989] 1 S.L.R.(R.) 461, H.C. (Singapore) ("Teo Soh Lung (H.C.)"). </li> <li id="cite_note-Penna,_pp._228–230-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penna,_pp._228–230_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penna,_pp._228–230_153-1">b</a> Penna, pp. 228–230. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kesavananda_165-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kesavananda_165_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kesavananda_165_154-1">b</a> Kesavananda Bharati, pp. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Raj_Kumar2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/C._Raj_Kumar" title="C. Raj Kumar">C. Raj Kumar</a> (Spring 2004), "International Human Rights Perspectives on the Fundamental Right to Education – Integration of Human Rights and Human Development in the Indian Constitution", <a href="/wiki/Tulane_Journal_of_International_and_Comparative_Law" title="Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law">Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law</a>, 12: 237–285 at 266</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tulane+Journal+of+International+and+Comparative+Law&rft.atitle=International+Human+Rights+Perspectives+on+the+Fundamental+Right+to+Education+%E2%80%93+Integration+of+Human+Rights+and+Human+Development+in+the+Indian+Constitution&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=237-285+at+266&rft.date=2004&rft.au=C.+Raj+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Marbury v. Madison <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_5" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 5">5</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> (1 <a href="/wiki/Reporter_of_Decisions_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States">Cranch</a>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/5/137/#173">137, 173</a> (1803). </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Kesavananda Bharati, p. 410. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Kesavananda Bharati, p. 358. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA[ndrew]_J[ames]_Harding1979" class="citation cs2">A[ndrew] J[ames] Harding (1979), "The Death of a Doctrine? Phang Chin Hock v. Public Prosecutor", Malayan Law Review, 21: 365–374 at 367</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malayan+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+a+Doctrine%3F+Phang+Chin+Hock+v.+Public+Prosecutor&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=365-374+at+367&rft.date=1979&rft.au=A%5Bndrew%5D+J%5Bames%5D+Harding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Teo Soh Lung (H.C.), p. 474, para. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Teo Soh Lung (H.C.), p. 475, para. 34; and p. 479, para. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Teo Soh Lung, p. 477, paras. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Loh_Kooi_Choon_v._Government_of_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Loh Kooi Choon v. Government of Malaysia">Loh Kooi Choon v. Government of Malaysia</a> [1977] 2 M.L.J. 187, F.C. (Malaysia). </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Loh Kooi Choon, p. 74. See also Bank of Toronto v. Lambe <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/1887/1887_29.html">[1887] UKPC 29</a>, (1887) 12 App. Cas. 575 at 586, P.C. (on appeal from Canada) and Attorney-General for Ontario v. Attorney-General for Canada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/1912/1912_35.html">[1912] UKPC 35</a>, [1912] A.C. 571 at 582, P.C. (on appeal from Canada). </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Teo Soh Lung, p. 475, para. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Phang Chin Hock, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Kesavananda Bharati, paras. 923 and 959, cited in Teo Soh Lung (H.C.), pp. 475–476, paras. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Kesavananda Bharati, para. 959, cited in Teo Soh Lung (H.C.), p. 476, para. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Hinds v. The Queen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/1975/1975_22.html">[1975] UKPC 22</a>, [1977] A.C. 195, P.C. (on appeal from Jamaica). </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> Hinds, p. 214, cited in Teo Soh Lung (H.C.), p. 476, para. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Teo Soh Lung (H.C.), p. 479, para. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Neo & Lee, p. 159 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Taw Cheng Kong (C.A.), pp. 500–501, paras. 30–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-Penna_231-232-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penna_231-232_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penna_231-232_174-1">b</a> Penna, pp. 231–232. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Teo_Soh_Lung_v._Minister_for_Home_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs">Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs</a> [1990] 1 S.L.R.(R.) 347 at 367–368, para. 44, C.A. (Singapore). </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Constitution (Amendment) Act 1969 (No. 19 of 1969), in force on 9 January 1970. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Constitution (Amendment) Act 1979 (No. 10 of 1979), in force on 4 May 1979. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1984 (No. 16 of 1984), in force on 10 August 1984; and the Parliamentary Elections (Amendment) Act 1984 (No. 22 of 1984), in force on 22 August 1984. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1988 (No. 9 of 1988), in force on 31 May 1988; Parliamentary Elections (Amendment) Act 1988 ([{{{archiverurl}}} No. 10 of 1988]), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=d2aa62f0-8501-4497-94dc-9977a0af76c4;page=0;query=DocId%3A55f8de52-cd54-4524-bd58-d81d5cb35bff%20Depth%3A0%20ValidTime%3A01%2F06%2F1988%20TransactionTime%3A01%2F06%2F1988%20Status%3Apublished;rec=0">the original</a> on 22 April 2014, in force on 1 June 1988. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Constitution, Art. 39A. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1990 ([{{{archiverurl}}} No. 11 of 1990]), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=9281fa4b-6674-4a05-9667-36c61da76fc9;page=0;query=DocId%3A5b729d59-07bb-4a16-9591-afd843e9155a%20Depth%3A0%20ValidTime%3A07%2F04%2F1990%20TransactionTime%3A07%2F04%2F1990%20Status%3Apublished;rec=0">the original</a> on 14 August 2014, in force on 10 September 1990. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 1991 ([{{{archiverurl}}} No. 5 of 1991]), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=d996381a-9903-4295-a7a8-791c850aa350;page=0;query=DocId%3Ad2294252-c8b9-4f37-9af2-7af7e05bd6cb%20Depth%3A0%20ValidTime%3A25%2F01%2F1991%20TransactionTime%3A25%2F01%2F1991%20Status%3Apublished;rec=0">the original</a> on 5 March 2016, in force on 30 November 1991. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment No. 2) Act 1994 ([{{{archiverurl}}} No. 17 of 1994]), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=b06a2434-81bd-4c7e-ac92-9639571f6a36;page=0;query=DocId%3A2f79dd35-0be8-4eec-8f2d-bc1d98666a6d%20Depth%3A0%20ValidTime%3A23%2F09%2F1994%20TransactionTime%3A23%2F09%2F1994%20Status%3Apublished;rec=0">the original</a> on 4 May 2014, in force on 1 October 1994. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (Amendment) Act 2016 ([{{{archiverurl}}} Cap. {{{cap}}} , {{{ed}}} Rev. Ed.]), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Acts-Supp/28-2016/Published/20170103?DocDate=20170103#pr9-">the original</a> on 25 April 2021, in force on 1 April 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/cna-explains-article-156-singapore-constitution-protect-marriage-repeal-377a-3019261">"CNA Explains: How does Article 156 in the Constitution 'protect' marriage?"</a>. CNA. Retrieved 4 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNA&rft.atitle=CNA+Explains%3A+How+does+Article+156+in+the+Constitution+%27protect%27+marriage%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelnewsasia.com%2Fsingapore%2Fcna-explains-article-156-singapore-constitution-protect-marriage-repeal-377a-3019261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoh2023" class="citation news cs1">Goh, Yan Han (22 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/constitution-amended-to-let-president-take-global-roles-in-private-capacity-if-in-national-interest">"Constitution amended to let president take global roles in private capacity if in national interest"</a>. The Straits Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0585-3923">0585-3923</a>. Retrieved 16 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Constitution+amended+to+let+president+take+global+roles+in+private+capacity+if+in+national+interest&rft.date=2023-11-22&rft.issn=0585-3923&rft.aulast=Goh&rft.aufirst=Yan+Han&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fsingapore%2Fpolitics%2Fconstitution-amended-to-let-president-take-global-roles-in-private-capacity-if-in-national-interest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>Cases</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kesavananda_Bharati_v._The_State_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesavananda Bharati v. The State of Kerala">Kesavananda Bharati v. The State of Kerala</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liiofindia.org/in/cases/cen/INSC/1973/258.html">[1973] INSC 258</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506074259/http://www.liiofindia.org/in/cases/cen/INSC/1973/258.html">Archived</a> 6 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, A.I.R. 1973 S.C. 1461, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a> (India).</li> <li>Phang Chin Hock v. Public Prosecutor [1980] 1 M.L.J. [Malaya Law Journal] 70, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Court of Malaysia">Federal Court</a> (Malaysia).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ong_Ah_Chuan_v._Public_Prosecutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ong Ah Chuan v. Public Prosecutor">Ong Ah Chuan v. Public Prosecutor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/1980/1980_32.html">[1980] UKPC 32</a>, [1981] A.C. 648, [1979–1980] S.L.R.(R.) [Singapore Law Reports (Reissue)] 710, <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Privy Council</a> (on appeal from Singapore).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teo_Soh_Lung_v._Minister_for_Home_Affairs#High_Court_judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs">Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs</a> [1989] 1 S.L.R.(R.) 461, H.C. (Singapore) ("Teo Soh Lung (H.C.)").</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Hiang_Leng_Colin_v._Public_Prosecutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chan Hiang Leng Colin v. Public Prosecutor">Chan Hiang Leng Colin v. Public Prosecutor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICHRL/1994/26.html">[1994] ICHRL 26</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026151735/http://lwb.lawnet.com.sg/legal/lgl/rss/landmark/%5B1994%5D_SGHC_207.html">[1994] SGHC 207</a>, [1994] 3 S.L.R.(R.) 209, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026151735/http://lwb.lawnet.com.sg/legal/lgl/rss/landmark/%5B1994%5D_SGHC_207.html">the original</a> on 26 October 2012, <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Singapore" title="High Court of Singapore">High Court</a> (Singapore).</li> <li>Rajeevan Edakalavan v. Public Prosecutor <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldlii.org/int/cases/ICHRL/1998/1.html">[1998] ICHRL 1</a>, [1998] 1 S.L.R.(R.) 10, H.C. (Singapore).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Prosecutor_v._Taw_Cheng_Kong#Holding_of_the_High_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Prosecutor v. Taw Cheng Kong">Taw Cheng Kong v. Public Prosecutor</a> [1998] 1 S.L.R.(R.) 78, H.C. (Singapore) ("Taw Cheng Kong (H.C.)").</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Prosecutor_v._Taw_Cheng_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Prosecutor v. Taw Cheng Kong">Public Prosecutor v. Taw Cheng Kong</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090413014255/http://www.singaporelaw.sg/rss/judg/8595.html">[1998] SGCA 37</a>, [1998] 2 S.L.R.(R.) 489, <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Singapore" title="Court of Appeal of Singapore">Court of Appeal</a> (Singapore), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singaporelaw.sg/rss/judg/8595.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2009 ("Taw Cheng Kong (C.A.)").</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Vui_Kong_v._Public_Prosecutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Yong Vui Kong v. Public Prosecutor">Yong Vui Kong v. Public Prosecutor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonlii.org/sg/cases/SGCA/2010/20.html">[2010] SGCA 20</a>, [2010] 3 S.L.R. 489, C.A. (Singapore).</li> <li>Chee Siok Chin v. Minister for Home Affairs <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.commonlii.org/sg/cases/SGHC/2005/216.html">[2005] SGHC 216</a>, [2006] 1 S.L.R.(R) 582, H.C. (Singapore).</li></ul> <dl><dt>Legislation</dt></dl> <ul><li>Constitution of the Republic of Singapore (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3Acf2412ff-fca5-4a64-a8ef-b95b8987728e%20Depth%3A0%20ValidTime%3A01%2F07%2F2010%20TransactionTime%3A01%2F07%2F1999%20Status%3Ainforce;rec=0;whole=yes">1985 Rev. Ed., 1999 Reprint</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512014304/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3Acf2412ff-fca5-4a64-a8ef-b95b8987728e%20Depth%3A0%20ValidTime%3A01%2F07%2F2010%20TransactionTime%3A01%2F07%2F1999%20Status%3Ainforce;rec=0;whole=yes">Archived</a> 12 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li>Republic of Singapore Independence Act 1965 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/RSIA1965">No. 9 of 1965, 1985 Rev. Ed.</a>) ("RSIA").</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other works</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1995" class="citation cs2">Lee, Jack Tsen-Ta (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/jacklee/8/">"Rediscovering the Constitution"</a>, Singapore Law Review, 16: 157–211, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630030332/https://works.bepress.com/jacklee/8/">archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2021, retrieved 24 December 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Rediscovering+the+Constitution&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=157-211&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jack+Tsen-Ta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Fjacklee%2F8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeoLee2009" class="citation cs2">Neo, Jaclyn Ling-Chien; Lee, Yvonne C[hing] L[ing] Lee (2009), "Constitutional Supremacy: Still a Little Dicey?", in <a href="/wiki/Thio_Li-ann" title="Thio Li-ann">Thio, Li-ann</a>; Tan, Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] (eds.), Evolution of a Revolution: Forty Years of the Singapore Constitution, London: Routledge-Cavendish, pp. 153–192, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9"><bdi>978-0-415-43862-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Supremacy%3A+Still+a+Little+Dicey%3F&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+a+Revolution%3A+Forty+Years+of+the+Singapore+Constitution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=153-192&rft.pub=Routledge-Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-43862-9&rft.aulast=Neo&rft.aufirst=Jaclyn+Ling-Chien&rft.au=Lee%2C+Yvonne+C%5Bhing%5D+L%5Bing%5D+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenna1990" class="citation cs2">Penna, L[akshmikanth] R[ao] (1990), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/sjls32&div=21">"The Diceyan Perspective of Supremacy and the Constitution of Singapore"</a>, Malaya Law Review, 32: 207–238, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928043953/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals%2Fsjls32&div=21">archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2018, retrieved 9 March 2022</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malaya+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Diceyan+Perspective+of+Supremacy+and+the+Constitution+of+Singapore&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=207-238&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Penna&rft.aufirst=L%5Bakshmikanth%5D+R%5Bao%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fcollection%3Djournals%26handle%3Dhein.journals%2Fsjls32%26div%3D21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan1989" class="citation cs2">Tan, Kevin Yew Lee (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927161508/http://journalsonline.academypublishing.org.sg/Journals/Singapore-Academy-of-Law-Journal/e-Archive/ctl/eFirstSALPDFJournalView/mid/495/ArticleId/1046/Citation/JournalsOnlinePDF">"The Evolution of Singapore's Modern Constitution: Developments from 1945 to the Present Day"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Academy_of_Law" title="Singapore Academy of Law">Singapore Academy of Law Journal</a>, 1: 1–28, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalsonline.academypublishing.org.sg/Journals/Singapore-Academy-of-Law-Journal/e-Archive/ctl/eFirstSALPDFJournalView/mid/495/ArticleId/1046/Citation/JournalsOnlinePDF">the original</a> on 27 September 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Academy+of+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Singapore%27s+Modern+Constitution%3A+Developments+from+1945+to+the+Present+Day&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=1-28&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Yew+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournalsonline.academypublishing.org.sg%2FJournals%2FSingapore-Academy-of-Law-Journal%2Fe-Archive%2Fctl%2FeFirstSALPDFJournalView%2Fmid%2F495%2FArticleId%2F1046%2FCitation%2FJournalsOnlinePDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan1999" class="citation cs2">Tan, Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] (1999), "A Short Legal and Constitutional History of Singapore", in Tan, Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] (ed.), The Singapore Legal System, Singapore: <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">Singapore University Press</a>, pp. 26–66, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-213-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-213-1"><bdi>978-9971-69-213-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Short+Legal+and+Constitutional+History+of+Singapore&rft.btitle=The+Singapore+Legal+System&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=26-66&rft.pub=Singapore+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9971-69-213-1&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Y%5Bew%5D+L%5Bee%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThio2004" class="citation cs2">Thio, Li-ann (2004), "Constitutional 'Soft' Law and the Management of Religious Liberty and Order: The 2003 Declaration on Religious Harmony", Singapore Journal of Legal Studies: 414–443, <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=953599">953599</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Journal+of+Legal+Studies&rft.atitle=Constitutional+%27Soft%27+Law+and+the+Management+of+Religious+Liberty+and+Order%3A+The+2003+Declaration+on+Religious+Harmony&rft.pages=414-443&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D953599%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Thio&rft.aufirst=Li-ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThio2009" class="citation cs2">Thio, Li-ann (2009), "In Search of the Singapore Constitution", in Thio, Li-ann; Tan, Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] (eds.), Evolution of a Revolution: Forty Years of the Singapore Constitution, London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge-Cavendish</a>, pp. 323–360, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9"><bdi>978-0-415-43862-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+Search+of+the+Singapore+Constitution&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+a+Revolution%3A+Forty+Years+of+the+Singapore+Constitution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=323-360&rft.pub=Routledge-Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-43862-9&rft.aulast=Thio&rft.aufirst=Li-ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThio2009" class="citation cs2">Thio, Li-ann (2009), "Protecting Rights", in Thio, Li-ann; Tan, Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] (eds.), Evolution of a Revolution: Forty Years of the Singapore Constitution, London: Routledge-Cavendish, pp. 193–233, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9"><bdi>978-0-415-43862-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Protecting+Rights&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+a+Revolution%3A+Forty+Years+of+the+Singapore+Constitution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=193-233&rft.pub=Routledge-Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-43862-9&rft.aulast=Thio&rft.aufirst=Li-ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThio2012" class="citation cs2">Thio, Li-ann (2012), A Treatise on Singapore Constitutional Law, Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Academy_of_Law" title="Singapore Academy of Law">Academy Publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-07-1515-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-07-1515-1"><bdi>978-981-07-1515-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+Singapore+Constitutional+Law&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Academy+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-981-07-1515-1&rft.aulast=Thio&rft.aufirst=Li-ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_and_websites">Articles and websites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Articles and websites">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanChan2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Tan" title="Eugene Tan">Tan, Eugene</a>; Chan, Gary (20 September 2011), "The Constitution", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724181119/http://www.singaporelaw.sg/content/LegalSyst1.html">The Singapore Legal System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Academy_of_Law" title="Singapore Academy of Law">Singapore Academy of Law</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singaporelaw.sg/content/LegalSyst1.html#Section4">the original</a> on 24 July 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Constitution&rft.btitle=The+Singapore+Legal+System&rft.pub=Singapore+Academy+of+Law&rft.date=2011-09-20&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft.au=Chan%2C+Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singaporelaw.sg%2Fcontent%2FLegalSyst1.html%23Section4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2007" class="citation cs2">Lee, Jack Tsen-Ta (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/jacklee/2">"Interpreting Bills of Rights: The Value of a Comparative Approach"</a>, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 5 (1): 122–152, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmol042">10.1093/icon/mol042</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Constitutional+Law&rft.atitle=Interpreting+Bills+of+Rights%3A+The+Value+of+a+Comparative+Approach&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=122-152&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficon%2Fmol042&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jack+Tsen-Ta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Fjacklee%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF张黎衍1966" class="citation cs2">张黎衍, Li-ann Thio (1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180927160830/https://www.academia.edu/1744716/1966_Constitutional_Commission_Report_Singapore_">Report of the Constitutional Commission 1966 [chairman: Wee Chong Jin]</a>, Singapore: Government Printer, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51640681">51640681</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1744716">the original</a> on 27 September 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Constitutional+Commission+1966+%26%2391%3Bchairman%3A+Wee+Chong+Jin%26%2393%3B&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pub=Government+Printer&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51640681&rft.aulast=%E5%BC%A0%E9%BB%8E%E8%A1%8D&rft.aufirst=Li-ann+Thio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1744716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan1961" class="citation cs2">Sheridan, L[ionel] A[stor], ed. (1961), Malaya and Singapore, the Borneo Territories: The Development of Its Laws and Constitution, London: Stevens, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1838341">1838341</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malaya+and+Singapore%2C+the+Borneo+Territories%3A+The+Development+of+Its+Laws+and+Constitution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Stevens&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1838341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanThio2010" class="citation cs2">Tan, Kevin Y[ew] L[ee]; <a href="/wiki/Thio_Li-ann" title="Thio Li-ann">Thio, Li-ann</a> (2010), Constitutional Law in Malaysia and Singapore (3rd ed.), Singapore: <a href="/wiki/LexisNexis" title="LexisNexis">LexisNexis</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-236-795-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-236-795-2"><bdi>978-981-236-795-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Law+in+Malaysia+and+Singapore&rft.place=Singapore&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=LexisNexis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-981-236-795-2&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Y%5Bew%5D+L%5Bee%5D&rft.au=Thio%2C+Li-ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan2011" class="citation cs2">Tan, Kevin Y[ew] L[ee] (2011), An Introduction to Singapore's Constitution (rev. (2nd) ed.), Singapore: Talisman Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-08-6456-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-08-6456-9"><bdi>978-981-08-6456-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Singapore%27s+Constitution&rft.place=Singapore&rft.edition=rev.+%282nd%29&rft.pub=Talisman+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-981-08-6456-9&rft.aulast=Tan&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Y%5Bew%5D+L%5Bee%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThioTan2009" class="citation cs2">Thio, Li-ann; Tan, Kevin Y[ew] L[ee], eds. (2009), Evolution of a Revolution: Forty Years of the Singapore Constitution, London; New York, N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge-Cavendish</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-43862-9"><bdi>978-0-415-43862-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+a+Revolution%3A+Forty+Years+of+the+Singapore+Constitution&rft.place=London%3B+New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Routledge-Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-43862-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+Singapore" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_Singapore&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style 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title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Constitution of Singapore <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Constitution+of+Singapore">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Constitution+of+Singapore&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabinet.gov.sg">Official website of the Cabinet of Singapore</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.sg">Official website of the Government of Singapore</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.gov.sg">Official website of the Parliament of Singapore</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istana.gov.sg">Official website of the President of Singapore</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.gov.sg">Official website of the Supreme Court of Singapore</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sso.agc.gov.sg/">Singapore Statutes Online</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Remedies_in_Singapore_constitutional_law" title="Remedies in Singapore constitutional law">Remedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy_in_Singapore" title="Representative democracy in Singapore">Representative democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law_doctrine_in_Singapore" title="Rule of law doctrine in Singapore">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_in_Singapore" title="Separation of powers in Singapore">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Singapore" title="Human rights in Singapore">Fundamental liberties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_9_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 9 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_10_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 10 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_11_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 11 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_12_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 12 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_13_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 13 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_14_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 14 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_15_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 15 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_16_of_the_Constitution_of_Singapore" title="Article 16 of the Constitution of Singapore">Article 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_Singapore" title="Voting rights in Singapore">Right to vote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">The Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore" title="Cabinet of Singapore">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_of_Singapore" title="Attorney-General of Singapore">Attorney-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserves_of_the_Government_of_Singapore" title="Reserves of the Government of Singapore">The Reserves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Parliament of Singapore">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Singapore" title="Elections in Singapore">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Singapore" title="Presidential elections in Singapore">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_elections_in_Singapore" title="General elections in Singapore">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/By-elections_in_Singapore" title="By-elections in Singapore">By-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Singapore)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Singapore)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_Representation_Constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Representation Constituency">Group Representation Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-constituency_Member_of_Parliament" title="Non-constituency Member of Parliament">Non-constituency Member of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominated_Member_of_Parliament" title="Nominated Member of Parliament">Nominated Member of Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Presidential Council for Minority Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_for_Minority_Rights" title="Presidential Council for Minority Rights">Presidential Council for Minority Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Singapore" title="Judicial system of Singapore">The Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Singapore" title="Supreme Court of Singapore">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Singapore" title="Court of Appeal of Singapore">Court of Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Singapore" title="High Court of Singapore">High Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Courts_of_Singapore" title="State Courts of Singapore">State Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Singapore" title="Chief Justice of Singapore">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_officers_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore" title="Judicial officers of the Republic of Singapore">Judicial officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence_in_Singapore" title="Judicial independence in Singapore">Judicial independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Public Service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Civil_Service" title="Singapore Civil Service">Singapore Civil Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Legal_Service" title="Singapore Legal Service">Singapore Legal Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citizenship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_law" title="Singaporean nationality law">Singaporean nationality law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special powers against subversion and emergency powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_(Singapore)" title="Internal Security Act (Singapore)">Internal Security Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore_Tribunal" title="Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal">Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Law_of_Singapore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Law_of_Singapore" title="Template:Law of Singapore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Law_of_Singapore" title="Template talk:Law of Singapore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Law_of_Singapore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Law of Singapore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Law_of_Singapore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Singapore" title="Law of Singapore">Law of Singapore</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constitutional law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Executive branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore" title="Cabinet of Singapore">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attorney-General_of_Singapore" title="Attorney-General of Singapore">Attorney-General</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Legislative branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Judicial branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Singapore" title="Judicial system of Singapore">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence_in_Singapore" title="Judicial independence in Singapore">Judicial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_officers_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore" title="Judicial officers of the Republic of Singapore">Judicial officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore_Tribunal" title="Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal">Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Singapore" title="Supreme Court of Singapore">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Singapore" title="Court of Appeal of Singapore">Court of Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Singapore" title="High Court of Singapore">High Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Courts_of_Singapore" title="State Courts of Singapore">State Courts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Singapore" title="Elections in Singapore">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Singapore" title="Human rights in Singapore">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_(Singapore)" title="Internal Security Act (Singapore)">Internal Security Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_for_Minority_Rights" title="Presidential Council for Minority Rights">Presidential Council for Minority Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_nationality_law" title="Singaporean nationality law">Singaporean nationality law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Dome-OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20071013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The dome of the Old Supreme Court Building of Singapore"><img alt="The dome of a building with a green patina, against a blue sky with clouds in it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dome-OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20071013.jpg/110px-Dome-OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20071013.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dome-OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20071013.jpg/165px-Dome-OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20071013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dome-OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20071013.jpg/220px-Dome-OldSupremeCourtBuilding-Singapore-20071013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="3058" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law_in_Singapore" title="Administrative law in Singapore">Administrative law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_of_judicial_review_in_Singapore_law" title="Exclusion of judicial review in Singapore law">Exclusion of judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remedies_in_Singapore_administrative_law" title="Remedies in Singapore administrative law">Remedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_issues_in_Singapore_administrative_law" title="Threshold issues in Singapore administrative law">Threshold issues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Illegality_in_Singapore_administrative_law" title="Illegality in Singapore administrative law">Illegality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fettering_of_discretion_in_Singapore_administrative_law" title="Fettering of discretion in Singapore administrative law">Fettering of discretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precedent_fact_errors_in_Singapore_law" title="Precedent fact errors in Singapore law">Precedent fact errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relevant_and_irrelevant_considerations_in_Singapore_administrative_law" title="Relevant and irrelevant considerations in Singapore administrative law">Relevant and irrelevant considerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimate_expectation_in_Singapore_law" title="Legitimate expectation in Singapore law">Substantive legitimate expectation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Irrationality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wednesbury_unreasonableness_in_Singapore_law" title="Wednesbury unreasonableness in Singapore law">Wednesbury unreasonableness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Procedural_impropriety_in_Singapore_administrative_law" title="Procedural impropriety in Singapore administrative law">Procedural impropriety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_bias_in_Singapore_law" title="Doctrine of bias in Singapore law">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimate_expectation_in_Singapore_law" title="Legitimate expectation in Singapore law">Procedural legitimate expectation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternative dispute resolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_International_Mediation_Centre" title="Singapore International Mediation Centre">Singapore International Mediation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Mediation_Centre" title="Singapore Mediation Centre">Singapore Mediation Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law_of_Singapore" title="Criminal law of Singapore">Criminal law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_Offences_Act" title="Arms Offences Act">Arms Offences Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_(Temporary_Provisions)_Act_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (Singapore)">Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Act_(Singapore)" title="Internal Security Act (Singapore)">Internal Security Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_(Singapore)" title="Misuse of Drugs Act (Singapore)">Misuse of Drugs Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organised_Crime_Act_2015" title="Organised Crime Act 2015">Organised Crime Act 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping_Act_(Singapore)" title="Kidnapping Act (Singapore)">Kidnapping Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_Code_(Singapore)" title="Penal Code (Singapore)">Penal Code</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_377A_of_the_Penal_Code_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 377A of the Penal Code (Singapore)">Section 377A of the Penal Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Human_Trafficking_Act_2015" title="Prevention of Human Trafficking Act 2015">Prevention of Human Trafficking Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_from_Harassment_Act_(Singapore)" title="Protection from Harassment Act (Singapore)">Protection from Harassment Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition_Act_(Singapore)" title="Sedition Act (Singapore)">Sedition Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undesirable_Publications_Act" title="Undesirable Publications Act">Undesirable Publications Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandalism_Act_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vandalism Act (Singapore)">Vandalism Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family_law_of_Singapore" title="Family law of Singapore">Family law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matrimonial_law_of_Singapore" title="Matrimonial law of Singapore">Matrimonial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Charter_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Charter (Singapore)">Women's Charter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_of_Religious_Harmony_Act" title="Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act">Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charities_Act_1994" title="Charities Act 1994">Charities Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_Muslim_Law_Act" title="Administration of Muslim Law Act">Administration of Muslim Law Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Interference_(Countermeasures)_Act_2021" title="Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Act 2021">Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Act 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_Tax_Act_1947" title="Income Tax Act 1947">Income Tax Act 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquor_Control_(Supply_and_Consumption)_Act_2015" title="Liquor Control (Supply and Consumption) Act 2015">Liquor Control (Supply and Consumption) Act 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_(Therapy,_Education_and_Research)_Act" title="Medical (Therapy, Education and Research) Act">Medical (Therapy, Education and Research) Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_Health_(Care_and_Treatment)_Act_(Singapore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental Health (Care and Treatment) Act (Singapore)">Mental Health (Care and Treatment) Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_and_Printing_Presses_Act" title="Newspaper and Printing Presses Act">Newspaper and Printing Presses Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnbrokers_Act_2015" title="Pawnbrokers Act 2015">Pawnbrokers Act 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_Services_Act_2019" title="Payment Services Act 2019">Payment Services Act 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Data_Protection_Act_2012" title="Personal Data Protection Act 2012">Personal Data Protection Act 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_from_Online_Falsehoods_and_Manipulation_Act_2019" title="Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act 2019">Protection from Online Falsehoods and Manipulation Act 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Support_Scheme_Act_2015" title="Silver Support Scheme Act 2015">Silver Support Scheme Act 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-Party_Taxi_Booking_Service_Providers_Act" title="Third-Party Taxi Booking Service Providers Act">Third-Party Taxi Booking Service Providers Act 2015</a> (Repealed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transboundary_Haze_Pollution_Act_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Transboundary Haze Pollution Act 2014">Transboundary Haze Pollution Act 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_Safety_and_Health_Act" title="Workplace Safety and Health Act">Workplace Safety and Health Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Filing_System" title="Electronic Filing System">Electronic Filing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Electronic_Litigation_System" title="Integrated Electronic Litigation System">Integrated Electronic Litigation System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_Singapore_law" title="Sources of Singapore law">Sources of Singapore law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_Singapore" title="List of acts of the Parliament of Singapore">List of acts of the Parliament of Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Singapore_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Singapore_topics" title="Template:Singapore topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Singapore_topics" title="Template talk:Singapore topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Singapore_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Singapore topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Singapore_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Singapore-related_articles" title="Index of Singapore-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology in Singapore">Archaeology in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Singapore" title="Early history of Singapore">Early history (pre–1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_modern_Singapore_and_its_early_colonial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding of modern Singapore and its early colonial period">Founding of modern Singapore and early colonial period (1819–1826)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements (1826–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Japanese occupation (1942–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">British Military Administration (1945–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Post-war Singapore (1946–1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">Self-governance of Singapore (1955–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Merger with Malaysia (1962–1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore" title="History of the Republic of Singapore">Republic of Singapore (1965–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Singapore" title="Geography of Singapore">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of beaches of Singapore">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Singapore" title="Environmental issues in Singapore">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Singapore" title="Geology of Singapore">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Singapore" title="List of islands of Singapore">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_in_Singapore" title="List of parks in Singapore">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dams_and_reservoirs_in_Singapore" title="List of dams and reservoirs in Singapore">Reservoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Singapore" title="List of rivers of Singapore">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_Singapore" title="Urban planning in Singapore">Urban planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal_in_Singapore" title="Urban renewal in Singapore">Urban renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterways_in_Singapore" title="List of waterways in Singapore">Waterways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Singapore" title="Wildlife of Singapore">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Singapore" title="Politics of Singapore">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Singapore" title="Administrative divisions of Singapore">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Town_Council_(Singapore)" title="Town Council (Singapore)">Town Councils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Singapore" title="Elections in Singapore">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Singapore" title="Foreign relations of Singapore">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore" title="Cabinet of Singapore">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Singapore" title="Human rights in Singapore">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Singapore" title="Law of Singapore">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_service_in_Singapore" title="National service in Singapore">Conscription</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Singapore" title="Parliament of Singapore">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Police_Force" title="Singapore Police Force">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Singapore" title="List of political parties in Singapore">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics_of_Singapore" title="Economic statistics of Singapore">Economic statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Singapore" title="Agriculture in Singapore">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_Singapore" title="Aviation in Singapore">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Singapore_Suzhou_Industrial_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park">China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Dollar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Singapore" title="Energy in Singapore">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement_of_Singapore" title="Labour movement of Singapore">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_developments_in_Singapore" title="Future developments in Singapore">Proposed developments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserves_of_the_Government_of_Singapore" title="Reserves of the Government of Singapore">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Exchange" title="Singapore Exchange">Singapore Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Standard_(SS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Standard (SS)">Singapore Standard (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Singapore" title="Telecommunications in Singapore">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Singapore" title="Tourism in Singapore">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Singapore" title="Transport in Singapore">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Singapore" title="Category:Society of Singapore">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_communitarianism" title="Singaporean communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore" title="Caning in Singapore">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Singapore" title="Crime in Singapore">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_Singapore" title="Driving in Singapore">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Singapore" title="Disability in Singapore">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Singapore" title="Women in Singapore">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Singapore" title="Education in Singapore">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Singapore" title="Demographics of Singapore">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eat_Frozen_Pork" title="Eat Frozen Pork">Eat Frozen Pork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Cs_of_Singapore" title="Five Cs of Singapore">Five Cs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Singapore" title="Healthcare in Singapore">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_hair_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Long hair in Singapore">Long hair in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Courtesy_Campaign_(Singapore)" title="National Courtesy Campaign (Singapore)">National Courtesy Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Marathon" title="Singapore Marathon">Singapore Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_National_Day_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore National Day Parade">National Day Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_U-turn_syndrome" title="No U-turn syndrome">No U-turn syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OB_marker" title="OB marker">OB marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_planning_in_Singapore" title="Population planning in Singapore">Population planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Singapore" title="Prostitution in Singapore">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Singapore" title="Public housing in Singapore">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holidays_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Holidays in Singapore">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Singapore" title="Sex trafficking in Singapore">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Singapore" title="Smoking in Singapore">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Provident_Fund" title="Central Provident Fund">Social fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Singapore" title="Water supply and sanitation in Singapore">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Singapore" title="Culture of Singapore">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_Singapore" title="Visual art of Singapore">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Singapore" title="Architecture of Singapore">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Singapore" title="Cinema of Singapore">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Singapore" title="Dance in Singapore">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Singapore" title="Gambling in Singapore">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Singapore">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in Singapore">culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Singapore">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Singapore">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Singapore" title="Mass media in Singapore">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Singapore" title="Sport in Singapore">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporeans" title="Singaporeans">Singaporeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Singapore" title="National symbols of Singapore">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Majulah_Singapura" title="Majulah Singapura">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Singapore" title="Coat of arms of Singapore">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Singapore" title="Flag of Singapore">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_%27Miss_Joaquim%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanda 'Miss Joaquim'">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_head_symbol_of_Singapore" title="Lion head symbol of Singapore">Lion head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlion" title="Merlion">Merlion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_National_Pledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore National Pledge">Pledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Singapore" title="Outline of Singapore">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Singapore-related_articles" title="Index of Singapore-related articles">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Singapore" title="Bibliography of Singapore">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Singapore" title="Category:Singapore">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitutions_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitutions_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Constitutions of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Azerbaijan" title="Constitution of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bahrain" title="Constitution of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bangladesh" title="Constitution of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bhutan" title="Constitution of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brunei" title="Constitution of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a 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of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Japan" title="Constitution of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Jordan" title="Constitution of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kazakhstan" title="Constitution of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea" title="Constitution of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kuwait" title="Constitution of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Constitution of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Laos" title="Constitution of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Lebanon" title="Constitution of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a 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