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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terms_for_different_dyed_materials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terms_for_different_dyed_materials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Terms for different dyed materials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terms_for_different_dyed_materials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Objective</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Application</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exhaust_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhaust_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Exhaust method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhaust_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuous_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuous_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Continuous method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuous_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterless_dyeing_method" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterless_dyeing_method"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Waterless dyeing method</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterless_dyeing_method-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection_of_dyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection_of_dyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Selection of dyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection_of_dyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Direct application</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yarn_dyeing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yarn_dyeing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Yarn dyeing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yarn_dyeing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Space_dyeing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_dyeing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Space dyeing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_dyeing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_garment_dyeing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_garment_dyeing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>History of garment dyeing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_garment_dyeing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complex_garment_dyeing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complex_garment_dyeing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Complex garment dyeing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complex_garment_dyeing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Related terms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_terms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related terms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Affinity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affinity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Affinity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affinity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bleeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bleeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bleeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bleeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Staining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Staining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stripping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stripping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Stripping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stripping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C9%99ngkarl%C4%B1q" title="Rəngkarlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rəngkarlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Багрене – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Багрене" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintura_(t%C3%A8xtil)" title="Tintura (tèxtil) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tintura (tèxtil)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barven%C3%AD_textili%C3%AD" title="Barvení textilií – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Barvení textilií" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A4rben" title="Färben – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Färben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rvimine" title="Värvimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Värvimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C3%B1ido" title="Teñido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Teñido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="رنگرزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنگرزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teinture" title="Teinture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Teinture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruaimneoireacht" title="Ruaimneoireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ruaimneoireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%BC%EC%83%89" title="염색 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="염색" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ներկարարություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ներկարարություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencelupan" title="Pencelupan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pencelupan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintura" title="Tintura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tintura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D" title="צביעת בדים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צביעת בדים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audini%C5%B3_marginimas" title="Audinių marginimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Audinių marginimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textilanyagok_sz%C3%ADnez%C3%A9se" title="Textilanyagok színezése – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Textilanyagok színezése" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verven_(textiel)" title="Verven (textiel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verven (textiel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2" title="染色 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="染色" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingimento" title="Tingimento – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tingimento" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullpuy" title="Tullpuy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tullpuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Крашение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Крашение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Бојење текстила – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бојење текстила" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4rj%C3%A4ys" title="Värjäys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Värjäys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuma%C5%9F_boyama" title="Kumaş boyama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kumaş boyama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E5%B8%83" title="染布 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="染布" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2_(%E7%B4%A1%E7%B9%94)" title="染色 (紡織) – Chinese" lang="zh" 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the coloring process. For the cessation of life, see <a href="/wiki/Dying" title="Dying">Dying</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of adding color to textile products</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dyeing_(Yarn).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hank dyeing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Dyeing_%28Yarn%29.jpg/250px-Dyeing_%28Yarn%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Dyeing_%28Yarn%29.jpg/330px-Dyeing_%28Yarn%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Dyeing_%28Yarn%29.jpg/500px-Dyeing_%28Yarn%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Dyeing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_pigments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Indian_pigments.jpg/250px-Indian_pigments.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Indian_pigments.jpg/330px-Indian_pigments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Indian_pigments.jpg/500px-Indian_pigments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Pigments for sale at a market in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cotton_dyeing_in_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cotton_dyeing_in_India.jpg/250px-Cotton_dyeing_in_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cotton_dyeing_in_India.jpg/330px-Cotton_dyeing_in_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cotton_dyeing_in_India.jpg/500px-Cotton_dyeing_in_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Cotton being dyed manually in contemporary India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dye_in_pan_on_stove._Khotan,_Xinjiang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dye_in_pan_on_stove._Khotan%2C_Xinjiang.jpg/220px-Dye_in_pan_on_stove._Khotan%2C_Xinjiang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dye_in_pan_on_stove._Khotan%2C_Xinjiang.jpg/330px-Dye_in_pan_on_stove._Khotan%2C_Xinjiang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dye_in_pan_on_stove._Khotan%2C_Xinjiang.jpg/440px-Dye_in_pan_on_stove._Khotan%2C_Xinjiang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Silk dye in pan on stove. <a href="/wiki/Khotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotan">Khotan</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dyeing</b> is the application of <a href="/wiki/Dyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyes">dyes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pigments" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigments">pigments</a> on <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> materials such as <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fibers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabric">fabrics</a> with the goal of achieving color with desired <a href="/wiki/Color_fastness" class="mw-redirect" title="Color fastness">color fastness</a>. Dyeing is normally done in a special <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a> and particular chemical material. Dye <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> are fixed to the fiber by absorption, diffusion, or bonding with temperature and time being key controlling factors. The bond between the dye molecule and fiber may be strong or weak, depending on the dye used. Dyeing and printing are different applications; in printing, color is applied to a localized area with desired patterns. In dyeing, it is applied to the entire textile. </p><p>The primary source of dye, historically, has been <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>, with the dyes being extracted from <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>. Since the mid-19th century, however, humans have produced artificial dyes to achieve a broader range of colors and to render the dyes more stable for washing and general use. Different classes of dyes are used for different types of fiber and at different stages of the textile production process, from loose fibers through <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a> and cloth to complete garments. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic fibers</a> are dyed with basic dyes, while <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> and protein fibers such as <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> are dyed with <a href="/wiki/Acid_dye" title="Acid dye">acid dyes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> yarn is dyed with <a href="/wiki/Disperse_dye" title="Disperse dye">dispersed dyes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a> is dyed with a range of dye types, including <a href="/wiki/Vat_dye" title="Vat dye">vat dyes</a>, and modern synthetic reactive and direct dyes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word 'dye' (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">DIE</span></i></a>) comes from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> <span title="Middle English (1100-1500)-language text"><i lang="enm">'deie'</i></span>, and from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">'dag'</i></span> and <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang">'dah'</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dyeing_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dyeing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first known use of the word 'dye' was before the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dye</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fez_Tannery.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fez_Tannery.JPG/220px-Fez_Tannery.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fez_Tannery.JPG/330px-Fez_Tannery.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Fez_Tannery.JPG/440px-Fez_Tannery.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Dyeing in <a href="/wiki/Fes,_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes, Morocco">Fes, Morocco</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Childhood_Joy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Childhood_Joy.jpg/220px-Childhood_Joy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Childhood_Joy.jpg/330px-Childhood_Joy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Childhood_Joy.jpg/440px-Childhood_Joy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Children playing amongst drying colored cloth in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest dyed <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> fibers have been found in a prehistoric cave in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and dates back to 34,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More evidence of <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> dyeing dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period at the large <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> settlement at <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, where traces of red dyes, possibly from <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ocher</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>, were found.<sup id="cite_ref-Barber223_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barber223-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, dyeing with plants, <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">barks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">insects</a> has been traced back more than 5,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin11_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> Early evidence of dyeing comes from <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> province in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient India</a> modern day <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, where a piece of cotton dyed with a vegetable dye was recovered from the archaeological site at <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> (3rd millennium BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-bhardwaj&jain_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhardwaj&jain-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dye used in this case was <a href="/wiki/Rubia" title="Rubia">madder</a>, which, along with other dyes such as <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo</a>, was introduced to other regions through trade.<sup id="cite_ref-bhardwaj&jain_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhardwaj&jain-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural insect dyes such as <a href="/wiki/Cochineal" title="Cochineal">Cochineal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">kermes</a> and plant-based dyes such as <a href="/wiki/Isatis_tinctoria" title="Isatis tinctoria">woad</a>, indigo and madder were important elements of the economies of Asia and Europe until the discovery of man-made <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">synthetic dyes</a> in the mid-19th century. The first synthetic dye was <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Perkin" title="William Henry Perkin">William Perkin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mauveine" title="Mauveine">mauveine</a> in 1856, derived from <a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">coal tar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alizarin" title="Alizarin">Alizarin</a>, the red dye present in madder, was the first natural pigment to be duplicated synthetically in 1869,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a development which led to the collapse of the market for naturally grown madder.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodwin11_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodwin11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65">: 65 </span></sup> The development of new, strongly colored synthetic dyes followed quickly, and by the 1870s commercial dyeing with natural dyestuffs was disappearing. An important characteristic was <a href="/wiki/Lightfastness" title="Lightfastness">light-fastness</a> - resistance to fading when exposed to sunlight using industrial techniques such as those developed by <a href="/wiki/James_Morton_(chemist)" title="James Morton (chemist)">James Morton</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dyeing can be applied at various stages within the <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">textile manufacturing</a> process; for example, fibers may be dyed before being spun into yarns, and yarns may be dyed before being woven into fabrics. Fabrics and sometimes finished garments themselves may also be dyed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stage at which a product is dyed varies depending on its intended end use, the cost to the manufacturer, its desired appearance, and the resources available, amongst other reasons. There are specific terms to describe these dyeing methods, such as: </p> <ul><li><b>Dope dyeing</b>: In dope dyeing, <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a> are added to the <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> solution itself before extruding the fibers. The process provides the dyed fibers with excellent <a href="/wiki/Color_fastness" class="mw-redirect" title="Color fastness">fastness</a> properties. The dope dyeing applies to <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic fiber</a> only. This method of dyeing is also known as solution dyeing<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 'mass coloration' or 'mass colored'. It has limited color options.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Fiber dyeing</b>: In fiber dyeing, the dyeing takes place at the fiber stage before they are spun into yarn. It is also called stock dyeing. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Heather_(fabric)" title="Heather (fabric)">melanges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medley_cloth" title="Medley cloth">medleys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Yarn dyeing</b>: In yarn dyeing, the yarns are dyed first before the fabric manufacturing stage. The yarn dyeing happens in hanks or in package dyeing. Package dyeing is a method where yarns are wound on perforated cones placed in a dye vessel. The dye solution is then alternatively pushed inside out and vice versa. Examples are many stripes, patterned (checks) and jacquard designed fabrics.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Piece dyeing</b>: In piece dyeing, the dyeing takes place after producing fabrics with undyed yarns. Most of the solid dyed fabrics are dyed with the piece dyeing method, and the materials are also called piece dyed.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Garment dyeing</b>: In garment dyeing, the garments are constructed of undyed, but ready-for-dyeing, fabrics.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terms_for_different_dyed_materials">Terms for different dyed materials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Terms for different dyed materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various terms used in the manufacturing and marketing industries depending on the method used to dye the substrate. For example, "stock dyed" refers to dyeing the fibers before making the yarn, "yarn dyed" refers to dyeing the yarns before producing fabrics, and "piece dyed" or "fabric dyed" refers to dyeing the yarns after they are converted into fabric. The fastness of fiber- and yarn-dyed materials is superior to that of fabrics.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objective">Objective</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Objective"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary objective of the dyeing process is to achieve uniform color application in accordance with a predetermined color matching standard or reference on the <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(materials_science)" title="Substrate (materials science)">substrate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may be a fiber, yarn, or fabric, while meeting specified <a href="/wiki/Colour_fastness" title="Colour fastness">colour fastness</a> requirements. Tie-dye and printing are the methods where the color is applied in a localized manner.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application">Application</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dyeing_machines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fabric dyeing machine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dyeing_machines.jpg/250px-Dyeing_machines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dyeing_machines.jpg/330px-Dyeing_machines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dyeing_machines.jpg/500px-Dyeing_machines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Batch_dyeing" title="Batch dyeing">Exhaust dyeing</a> vessel</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exhaust_method">Exhaust method</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exhaust method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the exhaust method, the dye is transported to the substrate by the dye liquor's motion. The dye is adsorbed onto the fibre surface and ideally diffuses into the whole of the fibre. Water consumption in exhaust application is higher than the continuous dyeing method.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three corresponding ways of dyeing with the exhaust method. </p> <ol><li><b>Liquor circulating</b>: loose stock, sliver, tow, yarn or fabric, is packed into canisters, wound onto cones or perforated beams and placed inside the dyeing vessel. In this way the liquor is pumped and revolves through the material which is stationary.</li> <li><b>Material circulating</b>: Fabric winch dyeing and jiggers are the few forms in which material remains in motion and liquor stationary. In this the material moves through the stationary liquor.</li> <li><b>Liquor and material both in motion</b>: Jet dyeing and softflow dyeing application methods where material and liquor both remain in motion.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Continuous_method">Continuous method</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Continuous method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In continuous method dye is transported to the substrate by passing it through the different stages but continuously.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The continuous method is an innovative method where many discrete dyeing stages are combined, such as applying color, fixation and, washing off of unfixed dyes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Types of continuous dyeing are as follows </p> <ul><li>Pad-steam<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pad dry<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thermosol<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Cold_pad_batch" title="Cold pad batch">Cold pad batch</a> method is a semi-continuous dyeing process.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Waterless_dyeing_method">Waterless dyeing method</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Waterless dyeing method"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Waterless dyeing, also known as dry dyeing, is the newly developed and more sustainable dyeing method in which the dyes are applied to the substrate with the help of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> or solutions that need less or no water compared to their counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection_of_dyes">Selection of dyes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Selection of dyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The selection of the appropriate <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a> is most important because any given dye does not apply to every type of <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber</a>. Dyes are classified according to many parameters, such as chemical structure, affinity, application method, desired <a href="/wiki/Colour_fastness" title="Colour fastness">colour fastness</a> i.e. resistance to washing, rubbing, and light.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The properties may vary with different dyes. The selection of dye depends on the objective in dyeing and affinity (to which material is to be dyed). Fastness of <a href="/wiki/Color_of_clothing" title="Color of clothing">color</a> largely depends upon the molecular size of the dyes and the solubility. Larger molecular size serves better washing fastness results.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">Indigo dyes</a> have a poor wash and rubbing fastness on denim (cotton), so they are used to produce washed-down effects on fabrics. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Vat_dye" title="Vat dye">vat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Reactive_dye" title="Reactive dye">reactive dyes</a> are applied to cotton to achieve excellent washing fastness. </p><p>The next important criterion for selecting dyes is the assessment of hazards to human health and the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environment</a>. There are many dyes especially <a href="/wiki/Disperse_dye" title="Disperse dye">disperse dyes</a> that may cause allergic reactions to some individuals,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the negative impact on the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are national and international standards and <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_compliance" title="Regulatory compliance">regulations</a> which need to comply. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_application">Direct application</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Direct application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vat_Green_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Vat_Green_1.svg/220px-Vat_Green_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Vat_Green_1.svg/330px-Vat_Green_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Vat_Green_1.svg/440px-Vat_Green_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Chemical structure of <a href="/wiki/Vat_Green_1" title="Vat Green 1">Vat Green 1</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Vat_dye" title="Vat dye">vat dye</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term "direct dye application" stems from some dyestuff having to be either fermented as in the case of some natural dye or chemically <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduced</a> as in the case of synthetic vat and sulfur dyes before being applied. This renders the dye soluble so that it can be absorbed by the fiber since the insoluble dye has very little substantivity to the fiber. Direct dyes, a class of dyes largely for dyeing cotton, are water-soluble and can be applied directly to the fiber from an aqueous solution. Most other classes of synthetic dye, other than vat and surface dyes, are also applied in this way. </p><p>The term may also be applied to dyeing without the use of <a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">mordants</a> to fix the dye once it is applied. Mordants were often required to alter the hue and intensity of natural dyes and improve <a href="/wiki/Color_fastness" class="mw-redirect" title="Color fastness">color fastness</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> salts were until recently extensively used in dyeing wool with synthetic mordant dyes. These were used for economical high color fastness dark shades such as <a href="/wiki/Black_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black (color)">black</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navy_blue" title="Navy blue">navy</a>. Environmental concerns have now restricted their use, and they have been replaced with reactive and metal complex dyes that do not require mordant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yarn_dyeing">Yarn dyeing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Yarn dyeing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_16_Dyed_Wool_Reels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/CSIRO_ScienceImage_16_Dyed_Wool_Reels.jpg/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_16_Dyed_Wool_Reels.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/CSIRO_ScienceImage_16_Dyed_Wool_Reels.jpg/330px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_16_Dyed_Wool_Reels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/CSIRO_ScienceImage_16_Dyed_Wool_Reels.jpg/440px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_16_Dyed_Wool_Reels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="1726" /></a><figcaption> Dyed wool reels (<a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>There are many forms of <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a> dyeing. Common forms are the package form and the hanks form. Cotton yarns are mostly dyed at package form, and acrylic or wool yarn are dyed at hank form. In the continuous filament industry, polyester or polyamide yarns are always dyed at package form, while viscose rayon yarns are partly dyed at hank form because of technology.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The common dyeing process of cotton yarn with reactive dyes at package form is as follows: </p> <ol><li>The raw yarn is wound on a spring tube to achieve a package suitable for dye penetration.</li> <li>These softened packages are loaded on a dyeing carrier's spindle one on another.</li> <li>The packages are pressed up to a desired height to achieve suitable density of packing.</li> <li>The carrier is loaded on the dyeing machine and the yarn is dyed.</li> <li>After dyeing, the packages are unloaded from the carrier into a trolley.</li> <li>Now the trolley is taken to hydro extractor where water is removed.</li> <li>The packages are hydro extracted to remove the maximum amount of water leaving the desired color into raw yarn.</li> <li>The packages are then dried to achieve the final dyed package.</li></ol> <p>After this process, the dyed yarn packages are packed and delivered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Space_dyeing">Space dyeing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Space dyeing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Space_dyeing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Multicolored dyed yarn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Space_dyeing.jpg/220px-Space_dyeing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Space_dyeing.jpg/330px-Space_dyeing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Space_dyeing.jpg/440px-Space_dyeing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Space dyed yarn</figcaption></figure> <p>Space dyeing is a technique of localized color application that produces a unique multicolored effect.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_garment_dyeing">History of garment dyeing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History of garment dyeing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Garment dyeing is the process of dyeing fully fashioned garments subsequent to manufacturing, as opposed to the conventional method of manufacturing garments from pre-dyed fabrics. </p><p>Up until the mid-1970s the method was rarely used for commercial clothing production. It was used domestically, to overdye old, worn and faded clothes, and also by resellers of used or surplus military clothing. The first notable industrial use of the technique was made by <a href="/wiki/Benetton_Group" title="Benetton Group">Benetton</a>, which garment dyed its Shetland wool knitwear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complex_garment_dyeing">Complex garment dyeing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Complex garment dyeing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-1970s the <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> clothing designer <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Osti" title="Massimo Osti">Massimo Osti</a> began experimenting with the garment dyeing technique. His experimentation over the next decade, led to the pioneering of not just the industrial use of traditional garment dyeing (dyeing simple cotton or wool garments) but, more importantly, the technique of “complex garment dyeing” which involved dyeing fully fashioned garments which had been constructed from multiple fabric or fiber types (e.g. a jacket made from both nylon and cotton, or linen, nylon and polyurethane coated cotton) in the same bath. </p><p>Up until its development by Osti (for his clothing brand <a href="/wiki/C.P._Company" title="C.P. Company">C.P. Company</a>), this technique had never been successfully industrially applied in any context. The complexity lay in developing both a practical and chemical understanding of how each fabric responded differently to the dye, how much it would shrink, how much color it would absorb, developing entirely new forms of quality control to verify possible defects in fabric before dyeing etc. </p><p>Beyond the industrial advantages of the technique (purchasing fabric in one color, white or natural, you may produce as many colors as you wish etc.), the artistic advantages of the technique were considerable and in many ways paved the way for the creation of the clothing style today known as Italian Sportswear. These advantages included </p> <ul><li>the way in which different fibers absorbed the dye's color allowed for the creation of incredibly nuanced differences in color tones and a harmony that is impossible to achieve any other way</li> <li>the garment dyeing process naturally gave the fabric a “worn-in” hand allowing for the development of the casual and relaxed version of the classic menswear look which characterizes Italian sportswear</li> <li>the fact that each fabric and fiber type responds differently to the dye also produces a “deconstructed” effect, whereby the consumer's attention is drawn to the construction techniques of the jacket. For example: a more densely woven fabric absorbs the color less intensely than a more open weave, the polyester stitching used for a cotton garment does not absorb any dye color, producing a contrast color stitch etc.</li></ul> <p>The disadvantages included: </p> <ul><li>a relatively high failure rate for garments (between 5–10%)</li> <li>the difficulty in achieving a very tailored look due to difficulties in precisely calculating shrinkage rates</li> <li>high research and prototyping costs in order to understand how fabrics will behave in production</li></ul> <p>Today, whilst garment dyeing is a diffusely employed as an industrial technique around the globe, predominantly in the production of vintage style cotton garments and by <a href="/wiki/Fast_fashion" title="Fast fashion">fast fashion</a> suppliers, complex garment dyeing is still practiced almost exclusively in Italy, by a handful of premium brands and suppliers who remain committed to the art. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several terms associated with the process of dyeing: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affinity">Affinity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Affinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Affinity refers to the chemical attraction between two elements or substances, leading to their inclination to unite or combine, as observed between fiber and dyestuff.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 4">: 4 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bleeding">Bleeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bleeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Materials that exhibit bleeding tendencies may lead to the staining of white or light-colored fabrics in contact with them while in a wet state. The phenomenon of color fading from a fabric or yarn upon immersion in water, solvent, or a comparable liquid medium, arises due to inadequate dyeing or the utilization of inferior quality dyes.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 16">: 16 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Staining">Staining</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Staining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fabric can experience undesired color absorption, resulting in staining, when exposed to water, dry-cleaning solvent, or similar liquids containing unintended dyestuffs or coloring materials. Additionally, direct contact with other dyed materials may cause color transfer through bleeding or sublimation.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 150">: 150 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stripping">Stripping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Stripping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stripping_(textiles)" title="Stripping (textiles)">Stripping</a> is a method used to partially or entirely remove color from dyed textile materials. It can also be utilized as a reprocessing technique to correct imperfect dyeing.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dyeing_terms" title="Glossary of dyeing terms">Glossary of dyeing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie-dye" title="Tie-dye">Tie-dye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vat_dye" title="Vat dye">Vat dye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resist_dyeing" title="Resist dyeing">Resist dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_processing_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet processing engineering">Wet processing engineering</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dyeing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dyeing-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dyeing_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/dyeing">"Dyeing"</a>. The Free Dictionary By Farlex<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dyeing&rft.pub=The+Free+Dictionary+By+Farlex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fdyeing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dyeing">"Dye"</a>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dye&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdyeing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBalter2009" class="citation journal cs1">Balter, M. (2009). "Clothes Make the (Hu) Man". <i>Science</i>. <b>325</b> (5946): 1329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.325_1329a">10.1126/science.325_1329a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19745126">19745126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Clothes+Make+the+%28Hu%29+Man&rft.volume=325&rft.issue=5946&rft.pages=1329&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.325_1329a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19745126&rft.aulast=Balter&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKvavadzeBar-YosefBelfer-CohenBoaretto2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kvavadze, E; Bar-Yosef, O; Belfer-Cohen, A; Boaretto, E; Jakeli, N; Matskevich, Z; Meshveliani, T (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/4270521/BarYosef_PrehistoricLinen.pdf?sequence=2">"30,000-year-old wild flax fibers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science</i>. <b>325</b> (5946): 1359. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...325.1359K">2009Sci...325.1359K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1175404">10.1126/science.1175404</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19745144">19745144</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206520793">206520793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=30%2C000-year-old+wild+flax+fibers&rft.volume=325&rft.issue=5946&rft.pages=1359&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1175404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206520793%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19745144&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...325.1359K&rft.aulast=Kvavadze&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Bar-Yosef%2C+O&rft.au=Belfer-Cohen%2C+A&rft.au=Boaretto%2C+E&rft.au=Jakeli%2C+N&rft.au=Matskevich%2C+Z&rft.au=Meshveliani%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F4270521%2FBarYosef_PrehistoricLinen.pdf%3Fsequence%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/data/325/5946/1359/DC1/1">Supporting Material</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barber223-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barber223_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barber (1991), pp. 223-225. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2018)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodwin11-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin11_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodwin11_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin,_Jill1982" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Jill (1982). <i>A Dyer's Manual</i>. Pelham. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7207-1327-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7207-1327-5"><bdi>978-0-7207-1327-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dyer%27s+Manual&rft.pub=Pelham&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-7207-1327-5&rft.au=Goodwin%2C+Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhardwaj&jain-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhardwaj&jain_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhardwaj&jain_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhardwaj, H.C. & Jain, K.K., "Indian Dyes and Industry During 18th-19th Century", <i>Indian Journal of History of Science</i> <b>17</b> (11): 70-81, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy" title="Indian National Science Academy">Indian National Science Academy</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans-Samuel Bien, Josef Stawitz, Klaus Wunderlich "Anthraquinone Dyes and Intermediates" in <i>Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>, 2005, Weinheim: 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a02">10.1002/14356007.a02</a> 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27wQc45BOqMC"><i>EPA Office of Compliance Sector Notebook Project: Profile of the textile industry</i></a>. Office of Compliance, Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1997. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-049401-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-049401-7"><bdi>978-0-16-049401-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EPA+Office+of+Compliance+Sector+Notebook+Project%3A+Profile+of+the+textile+industry&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Office+of+Compliance%2C+Office+of+Enforcement+and+Compliance+Assurance%2C+U.S.+Environmental+Protection+Agency&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-16-049401-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27wQc45BOqMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWingate1979" class="citation book cs1">Wingate, Isabel Barnum (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fairchildsdictio00wing"><i>Fairchild's dictionary of textiles</i></a>. Internet Archive. New York : Fairchild Publications. p. 571. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87005-198-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87005-198-2"><bdi>978-0-87005-198-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fairchild%27s+dictionary+of+textiles&rft.pages=571&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Fairchild+Publications&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-87005-198-2&rft.aulast=Wingate&rft.aufirst=Isabel+Barnum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffairchildsdictio00wing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMATHEWS2017" class="citation book cs1">MATHEWS, KOLANJIKOMBIL (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XkqoDwAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Textile Terms: Four Volume Set</i></a>. Woodhead Publishing India PVT. Limited. p. 464. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-85059-66-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-85059-66-7"><bdi>978-93-85059-66-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedic+Dictionary+of+Textile+Terms%3A+Four+Volume+Set&rft.pages=464&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing+India+PVT.+Limited&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-93-85059-66-7&rft.aulast=MATHEWS&rft.aufirst=KOLANJIKOMBIL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXkqoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMahapatra2019" class="citation book cs1">Mahapatra, N. N. (2019-01-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1mioDwAAQBAJ"><i>Textile Dyeing</i></a>. Woodhead Publishing India PVT. Limited. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-85059-91-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-85059-91-9"><bdi>978-93-85059-91-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textile+Dyeing&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing+India+PVT.+Limited&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft.isbn=978-93-85059-91-9&rft.aulast=Mahapatra&rft.aufirst=N.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1mioDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeinhold1988" class="citation book cs1">Weinhold, Virginia Beamer (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PKNpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Interior Finish Materials for Health Care Facilities: A Reference Source for All Installations where Durable Surfaces are Needed</i></a>. Thomas. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-398-05397-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-398-05397-0"><bdi>978-0-398-05397-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interior+Finish+Materials+for+Health+Care+Facilities%3A+A+Reference+Source+for+All+Installations+where+Durable+Surfaces+are+Needed&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Thomas&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-398-05397-0&rft.aulast=Weinhold&rft.aufirst=Virginia+Beamer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPKNpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeedles1981" class="citation book cs1">Needles, Howard L. 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New York : Fairchild Publications. pp. 431, 432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87005-198-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87005-198-2"><bdi>978-0-87005-198-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fairchild%27s+dictionary+of+textiles&rft.pages=431%2C+432&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Fairchild+Publications&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-87005-198-2&rft.aulast=Wingate&rft.aufirst=Isabel+Barnum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffairchildsdictio00wing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1957" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Margaret (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AYM-AAAAYAAJ&dq=washing+of+fiber+dyed+or+yarn+dyed+fabric&pg=PA20"><i>Clothing Fabrics: Facts for Consumer Education</i></a>. 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Elsevier. pp. 8, 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85709-397-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85709-397-4"><bdi>978-0-85709-397-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Textile+and+Industrial+Dyeing%3A+Principles%2C+Processes+and+Types+of+Dyes&rft.pages=8%2C+4&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2011-10-25&rft.isbn=978-0-85709-397-4&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9iFtAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVuuHE_kL4AC"><i>The U.S. Textile and Apparel Industry: A Revolution in Progress : Special Report</i></a>. Congress of the U.S., Office of Technology Assessment. 1987. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+U.S.+Textile+and+Apparel+Industry%3A+A+Revolution+in+Progress+%3A+Special+Report&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Congress+of+the+U.S.%2C+Office+of+Technology+Assessment&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKVuuHE_kL4AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPurushothama2019" class="citation book cs1">Purushothama, B. 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Limited. pp. 83, 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-85059-92-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-85059-92-6"><bdi>978-93-85059-92-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Value+Addition+Processes+for+Fabrics&rft.pages=83%2C+95&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing+India+PVT.+Limited&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft.isbn=978-93-85059-92-6&rft.aulast=Purushothama&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWmoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhatriMemonKhatriTanwari2011" class="citation journal cs1">Khatri, Zeeshan; Memon, Muhammad Hanif; Khatri, Awais; Tanwari, Anwaruddin (2011-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350417711000745">"Cold Pad-Batch dyeing method for cotton fabric dyeing with reactive dyes using ultrasonic energy"</a>. <i>Ultrasonics Sonochemistry</i>. <b>18</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1301–</span>1307. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011UltS...18.1301K">2011UltS...18.1301K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ultsonch.2011.04.001">10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.04.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1350-4177">1350-4177</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21550289">21550289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ultrasonics+Sonochemistry&rft.atitle=Cold+Pad-Batch+dyeing+method+for+cotton+fabric+dyeing+with+reactive+dyes+using+ultrasonic+energy&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1301-%3C%2Fspan%3E1307&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ultsonch.2011.04.001&rft.issn=1350-4177&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21550289&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011UltS...18.1301K&rft.aulast=Khatri&rft.aufirst=Zeeshan&rft.au=Memon%2C+Muhammad+Hanif&rft.au=Khatri%2C+Awais&rft.au=Tanwari%2C+Anwaruddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1350417711000745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBechtoldPham2019" class="citation book cs1">Bechtold, Thomas; Pham, Tung (2019-03-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_3WcDwAAQBAJ&dq=cold+pad+batch&pg=PA269"><i>Textile Chemistry</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054989-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054989-8"><bdi>978-3-11-054989-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textile+Chemistry&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2019-03-18&rft.isbn=978-3-11-054989-8&rft.aulast=Bechtold&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Pham%2C+Tung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_3WcDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcold%2Bpad%2Bbatch%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNayak2019" class="citation book cs1">Nayak, Rajkishore (October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6wrBDwAAQBAJ&q=waterless+dyeing&pg=PA243"><i>Sustainable Technologies for Fashion and Textiles</i></a>. Elsevier. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-102867-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-102867-4"><bdi>978-0-08-102867-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Technologies+for+Fashion+and+Textiles&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2019-10&rft.isbn=978-0-08-102867-4&rft.aulast=Nayak&rft.aufirst=Rajkishore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6wrBDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwaterless%2Bdyeing%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkdG_xcLmUIC&q=waterless+dyeing"><i>The Indian Textile Journal</i></a>. 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Limited. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80308-99-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80308-99-9"><bdi>978-93-80308-99-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textiles+and+Environment&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing+India+PVT.+Limited&rft.date=2016-01-05&rft.isbn=978-93-80308-99-9&rft.aulast=Mahapatra&rft.aufirst=N.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp2ioDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChakrabortyChakraborty2015" class="citation book cs1">Chakraborty, J. N.; Chakraborty, J. N. 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CRC Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80308-47-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80308-47-0"><bdi>978-93-80308-47-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+and+Practices+in+Colouration+of+Textiles&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2015-05-05&rft.isbn=978-93-80308-47-0&rft.aulast=Chakraborty&rft.aufirst=J.+N.&rft.au=Chakraborty%2C+J.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqUf7CAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hse.gov.uk/textiles/dyes-dyeing.htm">"Textiles - Dyes and dyeing"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Textiles+-+Dyes+and+dyeing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hse.gov.uk%2Ftextiles%2Fdyes-dyeing.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYouChengYan2009" class="citation journal cs1">You, Sauwai; Cheng, Stephen; Yan, Hong (2009). "The impact of textile industry on China's environment". <i>International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education</i>. <b>2</b>: <span class="nowrap">33–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17543260903055141">10.1080/17543260903055141</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111141147">111141147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Fashion+Design%2C+Technology+and+Education&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+textile+industry+on+China%27s+environment&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17543260903055141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A111141147%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=You&rft.aufirst=Sauwai&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Yan%2C+Hong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farerthread.com">Farer Thread</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChoudhury2006" class="citation book cs1">Choudhury, A. K. Roy (2006-01-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0TamObsaaPQC&q=space+dyeing&pg=PA473"><i>Textile Preparation and Dyeing</i></a>. Science Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57808-404-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57808-404-3"><bdi>978-1-57808-404-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textile+Preparation+and+Dyeing&rft.pub=Science+Publishers&rft.date=2006-01-09&rft.isbn=978-1-57808-404-3&rft.aulast=Choudhury&rft.aufirst=A.+K.+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0TamObsaaPQC%26q%3Dspace%2Bdyeing%26pg%3DPA473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMahapatra2019" class="citation book cs1">Mahapatra, N. N. (2019-01-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1mioDwAAQBAJ&q=space+dyeing&pg=PA60"><i>Textile Dyeing</i></a>. Woodhead Publishing India PVT. Limited. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-85059-91-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-85059-91-9"><bdi>978-93-85059-91-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textile+Dyeing&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing+India+PVT.+Limited&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft.isbn=978-93-85059-91-9&rft.aulast=Mahapatra&rft.aufirst=N.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1mioDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dspace%2Bdyeing%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvarious1978" class="citation book cs1">various (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/dictionaryoffibe0000vari"><i>Dictionary of Fiber & Textile Technology</i></a>. Internet Archive. Hoechst Celanese.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Fiber+%26+Textile+Technology&rft.pub=Hoechst+Celanese&rft.date=1978&rft.au=various&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryoffibe0000vari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAspland1997" class="citation book cs1">Aspland, J. Richard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5fMBJZ8NPcgC&dq=affinity+in+textile+dyeing&pg=PA99"><i>Textile Dyeing and Coloration</i></a>. AATCC. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9613350-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9613350-1-4"><bdi>978-0-9613350-1-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textile+Dyeing+and+Coloration&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=AATCC&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-9613350-1-4&rft.aulast=Aspland&rft.aufirst=J.+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5fMBJZ8NPcgC%26dq%3Daffinity%2Bin%2Btextile%2Bdyeing%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTimar-BalazsyEastop2012" class="citation book cs1">Timar-Balazsy, Agnes; Eastop, Dinah (2012-09-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EasfwZn6gxoC&dq=bleeding+in+textile+dyeing&pg=PA97"><i>Chemical Principles of Textile Conservation</i></a>. Routledge. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-00033-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-00033-1"><bdi>978-1-136-00033-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Principles+of+Textile+Conservation&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-09-10&rft.isbn=978-1-136-00033-1&rft.aulast=Timar-Balazsy&rft.aufirst=Agnes&rft.au=Eastop%2C+Dinah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEasfwZn6gxoC%26dq%3Dbleeding%2Bin%2Btextile%2Bdyeing%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChoudhury2006" class="citation book cs1">Choudhury, A. K. Roy (2006-01-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0TamObsaaPQC&dq=staining+in+textile+dyeing&pg=PA363"><i>Textile Preparation and Dyeing</i></a>. Science Publishers. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57808-404-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57808-404-3"><bdi>978-1-57808-404-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textile+Preparation+and+Dyeing&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Science+Publishers&rft.date=2006-01-09&rft.isbn=978-1-57808-404-3&rft.aulast=Choudhury&rft.aufirst=A.+K.+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0TamObsaaPQC%26dq%3Dstaining%2Bin%2Btextile%2Bdyeing%26pg%3DPA363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADyeing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFFono1980"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4227881A/en">US4227881A</a>, Fono, Andrew, "New process of color stripping dyed textile fabric", issued 1980-10-14</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=US4227881A&rft.cc=&rft.title=New+process+of+color+stripping+dyed+textile+fabric&rft.inventor=Fono&rft.date=1980-10-14"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/dyeing" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/dyeing">dyeing</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dyeing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dyeing">Dyeing</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dyeing83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dyeing" title="Template:Dyeing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dyeing" title="Template talk:Dyeing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dyeing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dyeing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dyeing83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dyeing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a> <ul><li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamkari" title="Kalamkari">Kalamkari</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Katazome" title="Katazome">Katazome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leheria" class="mw-redirect" title="Leheria">Leheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">Mordant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_dye_printing" title="Reactive dye printing">Reactive dye printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resist_dyeing" title="Resist dyeing">Resist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_dyeing" title="Ring dyeing">Ring dyeing</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome" title="Rōketsuzome">Rōketsuzome</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibori" title="Shibori">Shibori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie-dye" title="Tie-dye">Tie-dye</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsutsugaki" title="Tsutsugaki">Tsutsugaki</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen" title="Yūzen">Yūzen</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg/120px-Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg/250px-Teinture_naturelle_Millepertuis_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid_dye" title="Acid dye">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_dye" title="Reactive dye">Reactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_dye" title="Solvent dye">Solvent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_dye" title="Substantive dye">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dye" title="Sulfur dye">Sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vat_dye" title="Vat dye">Vat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disperse_dye" title="Disperse dye">Disperse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_printing" title="Discharge printing">Discharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional textile dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cochineal" title="Armenian cochineal">Armenian cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_nigra" title="Juglans nigra">Black walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanguinaria" title="Sanguinaria">Bloodroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilin" title="Brazilin">Brazilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochineal#Dye" title="Cochineal">Cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcein" title="Orcein">Cudbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechu" title="Catechu">Cutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyewoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maclura_tinctoria" title="Maclura tinctoria">Fustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genista_tinctoria" title="Genista tinctoria">Dyer's broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">Indigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haematoxylum_campechianum" title="Haematoxylum campechianum">Logwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubia" title="Rubia">Madder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric#Dye" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reseda_(plant)" title="Reseda (plant)">Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isatis_tinctoria" title="Isatis tinctoria">Woad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_use_of_saffron" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade and use of saffron">Use of saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_dyes_of_the_Scottish_Highlands" title="Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands">Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Craft dyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dylon" title="Dylon">Dylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumi_(company)" title="Lumi (company)">Inkodye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procion" title="Procion">Procion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rit_(dye)" title="Rit (dye)">Rit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dyeing_terms" title="Glossary of dyeing terms">Glossary of dyeing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dyes" title="List of dyes">List of dyes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Textile_arts205" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile_arts" title="Template:Textile arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Textile_arts" title="Template talk:Textile arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Textile_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Textile arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Textile_arts205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Textile_arts" title="Textile arts">Textile arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braid" title="Braid">Braid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crochet" title="Crochet">Crochet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">Embroidery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macram%C3%A9" title="Macramé">Macramé</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlework" title="Needlework">Needlework</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">Fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Layered_textiles" title="Template:Layered textiles">Layering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9" title="Appliqué">Appliqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patchwork" title="Patchwork">Patchwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">Quilting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A5lebinding" title="Nålebinding">Nålebinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plying" title="Plying">Plying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rug_making" title="Rug making">Rug making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">Sewing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passementerie" title="Passementerie">Passementerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitch_(textile_arts)" title="Stitch (textile arts)">Stitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">Spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpackaull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alpackaull.jpg/110px-Alpackaull.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alpackaull.jpg/165px-Alpackaull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alpackaull.jpg/220px-Alpackaull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of ...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing and textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_quilting" title="History of quilting">Quilting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">Silk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_British_Industrial_Revolution" title="Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution">Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing_by_pre-industrial_methods" title="Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods">Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">Timeline of clothing and textiles technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional and ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_textiles" title="African textiles">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_textiles" title="Kongo textiles">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuba_textiles" title="Kuba textiles">Kuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_fibrecraft" title="Australian Aboriginal fibrecraft">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li>Burmese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheik" title="Acheik">Acheik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_textile_art" title="Hmong textile art">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Textile arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_textiles" title="Andean textiles">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_textiles" title="Mapuche textiles">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_textiles" title="Maya textiles">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Mexico" title="Textiles of Mexico">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_weaving" title="Navajo weaving">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Oaxaca" title="Textiles of Oaxaca">Oaxacan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_textiles" title="Balinese textiles">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Sumba" title="Textiles of Sumba">Sumba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_fabric_arts" title="Korean fabric arts">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_traditional_textiles" title="Māori traditional textiles">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(textile_arts)" title="Blocking (textile arts)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_textiles" title="Conservation and restoration of textiles">Conservation and restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_art" title="Fiber art">Fiber art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art#Wearable_fiber_art" title="Wearable art">wearable fiber art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_fiber_arts" title="Mathematics and fiber arts">Mathematics and fiber arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement" title="Units of textile measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glossaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dyeing_terms" title="Glossary of dyeing terms">Dyeing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sewing_terms" title="Glossary of sewing terms">Sewing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing" title="Glossary of textile manufacturing">Textile manufacturing terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/15px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png" decoding="async" 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