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mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Textile" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a 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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Etymology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Etymology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Textile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Textile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fabric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Fabric </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fabric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Cloth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Textile_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textile_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Textile industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textile_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Naming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Related terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Types </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consumer_textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Consumer textiles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer_textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Technical textiles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Significance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Significance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Serviceability_in_textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serviceability_in_textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Serviceability in textiles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serviceability_in_textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Components </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_and_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_and_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Use and applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_and_applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Use and applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Use_and_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Source_of_knowledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source_of_knowledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Source of knowledge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source_of_knowledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narrative_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narrative_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Narrative art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narrative_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decorative_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorative_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Decorative art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorative_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architextiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architextiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Architextiles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architextiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 Currency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Votive_offering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Votive_offering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.6 Votive offering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Votive_offering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Fiber </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fiber-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Fiber subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Fiber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Global consumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiber_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiber_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Fiber sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiber_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiber_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiber_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Fiber properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiber_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blends_(blended_textiles)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blends_(blended_textiles)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Blends (blended textiles) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blends_(blended_textiles)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2 Composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_of_different_fibers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_of_different_fibers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Uses of different fibers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses_of_different_fibers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses of different fibers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses_of_different_fibers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_fibers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_fibers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Natural fibers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_fibers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Plant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Animal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microbes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Microbes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mineral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mineral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.4 Mineral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mineral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Synthetic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Production methods </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production_methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production methods subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Textile_exports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textile_exports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Textile exports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textile_exports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changing_dynamics_of_the_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_dynamics_of_the_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Changing dynamics of the market </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_dynamics_of_the_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Finishing </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Finishing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Finishing subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Finishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coloration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coloration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Coloration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coloration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color_matching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_matching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Color matching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_matching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finishes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finishes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Finishes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finishes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_and_health_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_and_health_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Environmental and health impacts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environmental_and_health_impacts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Environmental and health impacts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Environmental_and_health_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environmental_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Environmental impacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Health impacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemicals_use,_advantage_and_health_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemicals_use,_advantage_and_health_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.1 Chemicals use, advantage and health impacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemicals_use,_advantage_and_health_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.2 Testing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_and_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_and_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Laws and regulations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws_and_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing_of_textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing_of_textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Testing of textiles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing_of_textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Picture_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Picture_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Picture gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Picture_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Textile</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 114 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" > 114 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstiel" title="Tekstiel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tekstiel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%A8%E1%88%AD%E1%89%85" title="ጨርቅ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጨርቅ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="कपड़ा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कपड़ा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AC_(%D9%82%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4)" title="نسيج (قماش) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نسيج (قماش)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testil" title="Testil – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Testil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC" title="কাপড় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাপড়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Текстиль – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Текстиль" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Тэкстыль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэкстыль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="कपड़ा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कपड़ा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tela" title="Tela – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tela" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Текстил – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Текстил" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstil" title="Tekstil – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tekstil" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8xtil" title="Tèxtil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tèxtil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80-%D0%B0%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80" title="Пир-авăр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пир-авăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textilie" title="Textilie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Textilie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jira" title="Jira – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Jira" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brethyn" title="Brethyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brethyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstil" title="Tekstil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tekstil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textilie" title="Textilie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Textilie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstiil" title="Tekstiil – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tekstiil" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8E%CF%86%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ύφασμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ύφασμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B3fa" title="Stófa – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Stófa" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejido_(textil)" title="Tejido (textil) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tejido (textil)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstilo" title="Tekstilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tekstilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehun_(materiala)" title="Ehun (materiala) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ehun (materiala)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%87" title="پارچه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پارچه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile" title="Textile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Textile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9xtil" title="Téxtil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Téxtil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu" title="Pu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%81%EB%AC%BC" title="직물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="직물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahelo" title="Ahelo – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Ahelo" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84" title="Տեքստիլային գործվածք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեքստիլային գործվածք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="वस्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वस्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstil" title="Tekstil – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tekstil" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texuro" title="Texuro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Texuro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81kw%C3%A0_akwa" title="Ákwà akwa – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ákwà akwa" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstil" title="Tekstil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tekstil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texito_(producto)" title="Texito (producto) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Texito (producto)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vefna%C3%B0ur" title="Vefnaður – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vefnaður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessuto_(materiale)" title="Tessuto (materiale) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tessuto (materiale)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C" title="טקסטיל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טקסטיל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kain" title="Kain – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kain" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%C9%A9ta%CA%8B" title="Kpɩtaʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpɩtaʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86" title="ಬಟ್ಟೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಟ್ಟೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ტექსტილი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტექსტილი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Мата – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мата" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguo" title="Nguo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nguo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twal" title="Twal – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Twal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstil" title="Tekstil – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tekstil" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BBmker%C3%AE" title="Cûmkerî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cûmkerî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textum" title="Textum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Textum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audums" title="Audums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Audums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textilien" title="Textilien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Textilien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstil%C4%97" title="Tekstilė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tekstilė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8kstiel" title="Tèkstiel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tèkstiel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elamb%C3%A1" title="Elambá – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Elambá" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelme" title="Kelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Текстил – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Текстил" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akoran-damba" title="Akoran-damba – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Akoran-damba" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF" title="തുണി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുണി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A1" title="कापड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कापड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstil" title="Tekstil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tekstil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯐꯤꯆꯣꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯐꯤꯆꯣꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%91%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="အထည်အလိပ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အထည်အလိပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiel" title="Textiel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Textiel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiel" title="Textiel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Textiel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="कपडा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कपडा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%83" title="कापः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कापः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B9%94%E7%89%A9" title="織物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="織物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Текстиль – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Текстиль" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstiil" title="Tekstiil – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tekstiil" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstil" title="Tekstil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tekstil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstil" title="Tekstil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tekstil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mato" title="Mato – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mato" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕੱਪੜਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੱਪੜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%BE%DA%91%D8%A7" title="کپڑا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کپڑا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="اوبدانه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوبدانه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstylia" title="Tekstylia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tekstylia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecido_t%C3%AAxtil" title="Tecido têxtil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tecido têxtil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_textil" title="Material textil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Material textil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27acha" title="P'acha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="P'acha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Текстиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Текстиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/dawa" title="dawa – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="dawa" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%B2%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱩᱜᱽᱲᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claith" title="Claith – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Claith" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstili" title="Tekstili – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tekstili" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoffa" title="Stoffa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Stoffa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%92" title="රෙදිපිළි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රෙදිපිළි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile" title="Textile – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Textile" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%BE%DA%99%D9%88" title="ڪپڙو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪپڙو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstil" title="Tekstil – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tekstil" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhar" title="Dhar – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhar" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Текстил – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Текстил" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstil" title="Tekstil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tekstil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawon" title="Lawon – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lawon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstiili" title="Tekstiili – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tekstiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textil" title="Textil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Textil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayo" title="Kayo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kayo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF" title="துணி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துணி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="వస్త్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="ผ้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%BF%E1%8F%AC_%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%A2%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%BE" title="ᎠᎿᏬ ᎪᏢᏔᎾ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎿᏬ ᎪᏢᏔᎾ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81" title="ಕುಂಟು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಕುಂಟು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstil" title="Tekstil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tekstil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekstil" title="Tekstil – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tekstil" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Текстиль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Текстиль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%81" title="پارچہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پارچہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tes%C3%B9o" title="Tesùo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tesùo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BA%A3i" title="Vải – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vải" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stofe" title="Stofe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Stofe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugnit" title="Dugnit – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dugnit" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A1%E7%B9%94%E5%93%81" title="紡織品 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="紡織品" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Various fiber-based materials</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Textile_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Textile (disambiguation)">Textile (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weaving_jamdani_at_BSCIC_Jamdani_palli,_Narayanganj_113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Weaving_jamdani_at_BSCIC_Jamdani_palli%2C_Narayanganj_113.jpg/220px-Weaving_jamdani_at_BSCIC_Jamdani_palli%2C_Narayanganj_113.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Weaving_jamdani_at_BSCIC_Jamdani_palli%2C_Narayanganj_113.jpg/330px-Weaving_jamdani_at_BSCIC_Jamdani_palli%2C_Narayanganj_113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Weaving_jamdani_at_BSCIC_Jamdani_palli%2C_Narayanganj_113.jpg/440px-Weaving_jamdani_at_BSCIC_Jamdani_palli%2C_Narayanganj_113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a> weaving of Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flores_y_colores_hechos_a_mano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flores_y_colores_hechos_a_mano.jpg/220px-Flores_y_colores_hechos_a_mano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flores_y_colores_hechos_a_mano.jpg/330px-Flores_y_colores_hechos_a_mano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flores_y_colores_hechos_a_mano.jpg/440px-Flores_y_colores_hechos_a_mano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">Handmade</a> floral patterns on textiles, The production of textiles which were initially artisanal work, has grown into a vast field today that includes the production of fibers, yarns, fabrics, and various fibrous products for different domestic and industrial usages.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urdimbre_rosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Urdimbre_rosa.jpg/220px-Urdimbre_rosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Urdimbre_rosa.jpg/330px-Urdimbre_rosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Urdimbre_rosa.jpg/440px-Urdimbre_rosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption> In textile production, longitudinal yarns are referred to as warp and are interlaced with weft or filing yarns to create a woven fabric.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tzutujil.weaving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tzutujil.weaving.jpg/220px-Tzutujil.weaving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tzutujil.weaving.jpg/330px-Tzutujil.weaving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tzutujil.weaving.jpg/440px-Tzutujil.weaving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Weaving_demonstrated_on_a_historic_loom_in_Leiden.webm/220px-seek%3D12-Weaving_demonstrated_on_a_historic_loom_in_Leiden.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="1689580" data-mwtitle="Weaving_demonstrated_on_a_historic_loom_in_Leiden.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Weaving_demonstrated_on_a_historic_loom_in_Leiden.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Weaving_demonstrated_on_a_historic_loom_in_Leiden.webm/Weaving_demonstrated_on_a_historic_loom_in_Leiden.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Weaving_demonstrated_on_a_historic_loom_in_Leiden.webm/Weaving_demonstrated_on_a_historic_loom_in_Leiden.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Weaving_demonstrated_on_a_historic_loom_in_Leiden.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Weaving_demonstrated_on_a_historic_loom_in_Leiden.webm/Weaving_demonstrated_on_a_historic_loom_in_Leiden.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Weaving_demonstrated_on_a_historic_loom_in_Leiden.webm/Weaving_demonstrated_on_a_historic_loom_in_Leiden.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Weaving_demonstrated_on_a_historic_loom_in_Leiden.webm/Weaving_demonstrated_on_a_historic_loom_in_Leiden.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e6/Weaving_demonstrated_on_a_historic_loom_in_Leiden.webm/Weaving_demonstrated_on_a_historic_loom_in_Leiden.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Weaving demonstration on an 1830 handloom in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_Het_Leids_Wevershuis" title="Museum Het Leids Wevershuis">weaving museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a></figcaption></figure> Textile is an <a href="/wiki/Hyponymy_and_hypernymy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyponymy and hypernymy">umbrella term</a> that includes various <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber-based</a> <a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">materials</a>, including fibers, <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staple_(textiles)#Filament_fiber" title="Staple (textiles)">filaments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thread_(yarn)" title="Thread (yarn)">threads</a>, different <a href="#Fabric">fabric</a> types, etc. At first, the word "textiles" only referred to <a href="/wiki/Woven_fabric" title="Woven fabric">woven fabrics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Joseph-1977-1">[1]</a>: 3 <a href="#cite_note-Kadolph-1998-2">[2]</a>: 5 <a href="#cite_note-EB-2015-3">[3]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a> is not the only manufacturing method, and many other methods were later developed to form textile structures based on their intended use. <a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonwoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonwoven">non-woven</a> are other popular types of fabric manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-Elsasser-2005-4">[4]</a> In the contemporary world, textiles satisfy the <a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">material</a> needs for versatile applications, from simple daily <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bulletproof_vest" title="Bulletproof vest">bulletproof jackets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spacesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacesuit">spacesuits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medical_gown" title="Medical gown">doctor's gowns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-2015-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fairchild_1959-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elsasser-2005-4">[4]</a> Textiles are divided into two groups: consumer textiles for domestic purposes and <a href="/wiki/Technical_textile" title="Technical textile">technical textiles</a>. In consumer textiles, <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_(textile)" title="Aesthetics (textile)">aesthetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textile_performance#Comfort" title="Textile performance">comfort</a> are the most important factors, while in technical textiles, <a href="/wiki/Textile_performance#Properties" title="Textile performance">functional properties</a> are the priority.<a href="#cite_note-Elsasser-2005-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horrocks-2000-6">[6]</a> Durability of textiles is an important property, with common cotton or blend garments (such as t-shirts) able to last twenty years or more with regular use and care. <a href="/wiki/Geotextile" title="Geotextile">Geotextiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indutech" title="Indutech">industrial textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_textiles" title="Medical textiles">medical textiles</a>, and many other areas are examples of technical textiles, whereas <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a> and furnishings are examples of consumer textiles. Each component of a textile product, including fiber, yarn, fabric, processing, and <a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">finishing</a>, affects the final product. Components may vary among various textile products as they are selected based on their <a href="/wiki/Textile_performance" title="Textile performance">fitness for purpose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsasser-2005-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sabir-2022-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horrocks-2000-6">[6]</a> Fiber is the smallest component of a fabric; fibers are typically spun into yarn, and yarns are used to manufacture fabrics.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sabir-2022-7">[7]</a> Fiber has a hair-like appearance and a higher length-to-width ratio. The sources of fibers may be <a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">natural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic</a>, or both. The techniques of <a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">felting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">bonding</a> directly transform fibers into fabric. In other cases, yarns are manipulated with different fabric manufacturing systems to produce various fabric constructions. The fibers are twisted or laid out to make a long, continuous strand of yarn.<a href="#cite_note-Kadolph-1998-2">[2]</a> Yarns are then used to make different kinds of fabric by weaving, knitting, <a href="/wiki/Crochet" title="Crochet">crocheting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macram%C3%A9" title="Macramé">knotting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatting" title="Tatting">tatting</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Braid" title="Braid">braiding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-MW-2017-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fairchild_1959-5">[5]</a> After manufacturing, textile materials are processed and finished to add value, such as aesthetics, physical characteristics, and increased usefulness.<a href="#cite_note-Choudhury-2017-11">[11]</a> The manufacturing of textiles is the oldest industrial <a href="/wiki/Textile_arts" title="Textile arts">art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">printing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a> are all different decorative arts applied to textile materials.<a href="#cite_note-Elsasser-2005a-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textile">Textile</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Textile">edit</a>]</div> The word 'textile' comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> adjective textilis, meaning 'woven', which itself stems from textus, the past participle of the verb texere, 'to weave'.<a href="#cite_note-Farlex-2020-14">[14]</a> Originally applied to <a href="/wiki/Woven_fabric" title="Woven fabric">woven fabrics</a>, the term "textiles" is now used to encompass a diverse range of materials, including fibers, <a href="/wiki/Yarns" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarns">yarns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fabrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabrics">fabrics</a>, as well as other related items.<a href="#cite_note-Kadolph-1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Joseph-1977-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB-2015-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fabric">Fabric</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fabric">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fabric" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fabric_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fabric (disambiguation)">Fabric (disambiguation)</a>.</div> A "fabric" is defined as any thin, flexible material made from yarn, directly from fibers, polymeric film, foam, or any combination of these techniques. Fabric has a broader application than cloth.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a>: 207 <a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Fabric is synonymous with cloth, material, goods, or <a href="/wiki/Piece_goods" title="Piece goods">piece goods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsasser-2005-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fairchild_1959-5">[5]</a> The word 'fabric' also derives from Latin, with roots in the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a>. Stemming most recently from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> fabrique, or "building," and earlier from the Latin fabrica ('workshop; an art, trade; a skillful production, structure, fabric'), the noun fabrica stems from the Latin faber" artisan who works in hard materials', which itself is derived from the Proto-Indo-European dhabh-, meaning 'to fit together'.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloth">Cloth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cloth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Cloth_Merchant%27s_Shop_-_Basarat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Cloth_Merchant%27s_Shop_-_Basarat.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Cloth_Merchant%27s_Shop_-_Basarat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Cloth_Merchant%27s_Shop_-_Basarat.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Cloth_Merchant%27s_Shop_-_Basarat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Cloth_Merchant%27s_Shop_-_Basarat.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Cloth_Merchant%27s_Shop_-_Basarat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Cloth merchant's shop</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Lincolnshire_Life,_Lincoln,_England_-_DSCF1759.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Museum_of_Lincolnshire_Life%2C_Lincoln%2C_England_-_DSCF1759.JPG/220px-Museum_of_Lincolnshire_Life%2C_Lincoln%2C_England_-_DSCF1759.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Museum_of_Lincolnshire_Life%2C_Lincoln%2C_England_-_DSCF1759.JPG/330px-Museum_of_Lincolnshire_Life%2C_Lincoln%2C_England_-_DSCF1759.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Museum_of_Lincolnshire_Life%2C_Lincoln%2C_England_-_DSCF1759.JPG/440px-Museum_of_Lincolnshire_Life%2C_Lincoln%2C_England_-_DSCF1759.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A replica <a href="/wiki/Draper" title="Draper">draper's shop</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Lincolnshire_Life" title="Museum of Lincolnshire Life">Museum of Lincolnshire Life</a>, Lincoln, England</figcaption></figure> Cloth is a flexible substance typically created through the processes of weaving, felting, or knitting using natural or synthetic materials.<a href="#cite_note-Cloth-2012-18">[18]</a> The word 'cloth' derives from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> clað, meaning "a cloth, woven, or felted material to wrap around one's body', from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> klaithaz, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Frisian language">Old Frisian</a> klath, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> cleet, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> kleit and the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> kleid, all meaning 'garment'.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Although cloth is a type of fabric, not all fabrics can be classified as cloth due to differences in their manufacturing processes, physical properties, and intended uses. Materials that are woven, knitted, tufted, or knotted from yarns are referred to as cloth, while wallpaper, plastic upholstery products, carpets, and nonwoven materials are examples of fabrics.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a>: 207  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">History of clothing and textiles</a></div> Textiles themselves are too fragile to survive across millennia; the tools used for <a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">spinning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a> make up most of the prehistoric evidence for textile work. The earliest tool for spinning was the <a href="/wiki/Spindle_(textiles)" title="Spindle (textiles)">spindle</a>, to which a <a href="/wiki/Spindle_whorl" title="Spindle whorl">whorl</a> was eventually added. The weight of the whorl improved the thickness and twist of the spun thread. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">spinning wheel</a> was invented. Historians are unsure where; some say China, others India.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The precursors of today's textiles include leaves, barks, fur pelts, and felted cloths.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The Banton Burial Cloth, the oldest existing example of <a href="/wiki/Warp_(weaving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp (weaving)">warp</a> <a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">ikat</a> in Southeast <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, is displayed at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines" title="National Museum of the Philippines">National Museum of the Philippines</a>. The cloth was most likely made by the native Asian people of northwest <a href="/wiki/Romblon" title="Romblon">Romblon</a>. The first clothes, worn at least 70,000 years ago and perhaps much earlier, were probably made of animal skins and helped protect early humans from the elements. At some point, people learned to weave plant fibers into textiles. The discovery of <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">dyed flax fibers</a> in a cave in the <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Republic of Georgia</a> dated to 34,000 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a> suggests that textile-like materials were made as early as the Paleolithic era.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kvavadze-2009-23">[23]</a> The speed and scale of textile production have been altered almost beyond recognition by industrialization and the introduction of modern <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> techniques.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textile_industry">Textile industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Textile industry">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a></div> The textile industry grew out of art and craft and was kept going by <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a>. In the 18th and 19th centuries, during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">industrial revolution</a>, it became increasingly mechanized. In 1765, when a machine for spinning wool or cotton called the <a href="/wiki/Spinning_jenny" title="Spinning jenny">spinning jenny</a> was invented in the United Kingdom, textile production became the first economic activity to be industrialised. In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> were driving forces.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The textile industry exhibits inherent dynamism, influenced by a multitude of transformative changes and innovations within the domain. Textile operations can experience ramifications arising from shifts in international trade policies, evolving fashion trends, evolving customer preferences, variations in production costs and methodologies, adherence to safety and environmental regulations, as well as advancements in research and development.<a href="#cite_note-Kadolph-1998-2">[2]</a>: 4  The textile and garment industries exert a significant impact on the economic systems of numerous countries engaged in textile production.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming">Naming</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calico_sample_Crum_%26_Co..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Calico_sample_Crum_%26_Co..jpg/220px-Calico_sample_Crum_%26_Co..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Calico_sample_Crum_%26_Co..jpg/330px-Calico_sample_Crum_%26_Co..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Calico_sample_Crum_%26_Co..jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="235" /></a><figcaption>Sample of calico printed with a six-colour machine by Walter Crum & Co., from <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Crace_Calvert" title="Frederick Crace Calvert">Frederick Crace Calvert</a>, Dyeing and Calico Printing (1878)</figcaption></figure> Most textiles were called by their base fibre generic names, their place of origin, or were put into groups based loosely on manufacturing techniques, characteristics, and designs.<a href="#cite_note-Malekandathil-2016-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peck-2013-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Corbman-1983-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cerchia-2021-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">olefin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">acrylic</a> are generic names for some of the more commonly used synthetic fibres.<a href="#cite_note-Elsasser-2005-4">[4]</a>: 219  <table class="wikitable" style="clear: both"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Product </th> <th colspan="2">Textiles named by </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a> </td> <td>Wool fiber obtained from <a href="/wiki/Cashmere_goat" title="Cashmere goat">cashmere goats</a> </td> <td>Origin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a> </td> <td>Cashmere is synonymous with the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_shawl" title="Kashmir shawl">Kashmir shawl</a>, with the term "cashmere" derived from an anglicisation of Kashmir.<a href="#cite_note-Boulanger-1990-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calico" title="Calico">Calico</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plain_weave" title="Plain weave">Plain weave</a> textile material </td> <td>Origin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a> </td> <td>The fabric originated in the southwestern Indian city of Calicut. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jaconet </td> <td>Lightweight cotton fabric in plain weave </td> <td>Origin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Jagannath Puri</a> </td> <td>Jaconet is <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicisation</a> of Jagannath where it was originally produced.<a href="#cite_note-Humphries-1996-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)" title="Jersey (fabric)">Jersey</a> </td> <td>A type of <a href="/wiki/Knitted_fabric" title="Knitted fabric">Knitted fabric</a> </td> <td>Origin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> </td> <td>Jersey fabric was produced first at Jersey, Channel Islands.<a href="#cite_note-Boulanger-1990-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kersey_(cloth)" title="Kersey (cloth)">Kersey</a> </td> <td>A coarse <a href="/wiki/Woolen" title="Woolen">woolen</a> cloth </td> <td>Origin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kersey,_Suffolk" title="Kersey, Suffolk">Kersey, Suffolk</a> </td> <td>The fabric is named after the town in the east of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boulanger-1990-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paisley_(design)" title="Paisley (design)">Paisley (design)</a> </td> <td>A type of <a href="/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)" title="Motif (visual arts)">motif</a> </td> <td>Design </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paisley,_Renfrewshire" title="Paisley, Renfrewshire">Paisley, Renfrewshire</a> </td> <td>A town situated in the west <a href="/wiki/Central_Lowlands" title="Central Lowlands">central Lowlands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boulanger-1990-32">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dosuti" title="Dosuti">Dosuti</a> </td> <td>A handspun cotton cloth </td> <td>Characteristics </td> <td>A coarse and thick cotton cloth </td> <td>In and around the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> were famous for production of various handspun cloths. Dosuti was distinguished by the number of yarns (Do+Suti translates to 'two yarns') used to produce it. Eksuti was another variety using a single thread. <a href="#cite_note-Baden-Powell-1872-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Indian_Annuals_Bureau-1964-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Mulmul</a> types such as āb-i-ravān running water, Baft Hawa woven air<a href="#cite_note-Weibel-1952-36">[36]</a> </td> <td>Fine muslin fabric variations from <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dacca</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> </td> <td>Characteristics </td> <td>Delicate muslin types </td> <td>Dacca, in the eastern Indian subcontinent, produced a wide range of handwoven and spun muslins. Baft Hawa, which means "woven air", Shabnam, which means "evening dew", and ab-i-ravan, which means "flowing water" are some poetic names for soft muslins.<a href="#cite_note-Weibel-1952-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nainsook" title="Nainsook">Nainsook</a> </td> <td>A plain weave fabric with soft hand </td> <td>Characteristics </td> <td>Pleasing to the eyes </td> <td>Nain + Sook translates to "eye-pleasing".<a href="#cite_note-Humphries-1996-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swanskin_cloth" title="Swanskin cloth">Swanskin</a> </td> <td>A woven <a href="/wiki/Flannel" title="Flannel">flannel</a> cloth </td> <td>Characteristics </td> <td>Appears and feels like <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swan</a> skin </td> <td>A18th century fabric developed at <a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury" title="Shaftesbury">Shaftesbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tansukh_cloth" title="Tansukh cloth">Tansukh</a> </td> <td>Another type of Muslin with soft and delicate texture </td> <td>Characteristics </td> <td>Pleasing to the body </td> <td>Tan + Sukh translates to "body pleasing". Tansukh was a fine, soft, and delicate textured cloth. The cloth type is mentioned in the 16th century Mughal time records, <a href="/wiki/Ain-i-Akbari" title="Ain-i-Akbari">Ain-i-Akbari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Related terms">edit</a>]</div> The related words "fabric"<a href="#cite_note-MW-2017-10">[10]</a> and "cloth"<a href="#cite_note-Cloth-2012-18">[18]</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Material" title="Material">material</a>" are often used in textile assembly trades (such as <a href="/wiki/Tailor" title="Tailor">tailoring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dressmaker" title="Dressmaker">dressmaking</a>) as synonyms for textile. However, there are subtle differences in these terms in specialized usage. Material is an extremely broad term basically meaning consisting of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a>, and requires context to be useful. A textile is any material made of interlacing fibers, including <a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">carpeting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geotextile" title="Geotextile">geotextiles</a>, which may not necessarily be used in the production of further goods, such as <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upholstery" title="Upholstery">upholstery</a>. A fabric is a material made through <a href="/wiki/Woven_fabric" title="Woven fabric">weaving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knitted_fabric" title="Knitted fabric">knitting</a>, spreading, felting, stitching, crocheting or bonding that may be used in the production of further products, such as clothing and upholstery, thus requiring a further step of the production. Cloth may also be used synonymously with fabric, but often specifically refers to a piece of fabric that has been processed or cut.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>Greige goods: Textiles that are raw and unfinished are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Greige_goods" title="Greige goods">greige goods</a>. After manufacturing, the materials are processed and finished.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Choudhury-2017-11">[11]</a></li> <li>Piece goods: <a href="/wiki/Piece_goods" title="Piece goods">Piece goods</a> were textile materials sold in cut pieces as specified by the buyer. Piece goods were either cut from a fabric roll or made to a specific length, also known as yard goods.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Well-clothed_baby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Well-clothed_baby.jpg/190px-Well-clothed_baby.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Well-clothed_baby.jpg/285px-Well-clothed_baby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Well-clothed_baby.jpg/380px-Well-clothed_baby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1989" data-file-height="1989" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">baby</a> wearing many items of soft <a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">winter</a> clothing: <a href="/wiki/Headband" title="Headband">headband</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cap" title="Cap">cap</a>, fur-lined <a href="/wiki/Coat_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat (clothing)">coat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarf" title="Scarf">scarf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweater" title="Sweater">sweater</a></figcaption></figure> Textiles are various materials made from fibers and yarns. The term "textile" was originally only used to refer to woven fabrics, but today it covers a broad range of subjects.<a href="#cite_note-Joseph-1977-1">[1]</a> Textiles are classified at various levels, such as according to fiber origin (natural or synthetic), structure (woven, knitted, nonwoven), finish, etc.<a href="#cite_note-Malekandathil-2016-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peck-2013-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Corbman-1983-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cerchia-2021-31">[31]</a> However, there are primarily two types of textiles: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumer_textiles">Consumer textiles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Consumer textiles">edit</a>]</div> Textiles have an assortment of uses, the most common of which are for <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Containers" class="mw-redirect" title="Containers">containers</a> such as bags and <a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">baskets</a>. In the household, textiles are used in <a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">carpeting</a>, upholstered <a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furnishings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Window_shade" class="mw-redirect" title="Window shade">window shades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Towel" title="Towel">towels</a>, coverings for tables, beds, and other flat surfaces, and in <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>. Textiles are used in many traditional hand <a href="/wiki/Crafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Crafts">crafts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">sewing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">quilting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsasser-2005-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_textiles">Technical textiles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Technical textiles">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%9Cbung_Northern_Coast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%C3%9Cbung_Northern_Coast.jpg/220px-%C3%9Cbung_Northern_Coast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%C3%9Cbung_Northern_Coast.jpg/330px-%C3%9Cbung_Northern_Coast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%C3%9Cbung_Northern_Coast.jpg/440px-%C3%9Cbung_Northern_Coast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3924" data-file-height="2964" /></a><figcaption>Technical textile is a branch of textile that focuses on the protection, safety and other functional performance attributes of textiles, unlike domestic textiles, where the primary focus is aesthetics and comfort., an EOD technician wearing a bomb suit <a href="/wiki/Bomb_suit" title="Bomb suit">Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) suit</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nonwoven_geotextile_containers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nonwoven_geotextile_containers.jpg/220px-Nonwoven_geotextile_containers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nonwoven_geotextile_containers.jpg/330px-Nonwoven_geotextile_containers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Nonwoven_geotextile_containers.jpg/440px-Nonwoven_geotextile_containers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Nonwoven <a href="/wiki/Geotextile" title="Geotextile">geotextile</a> bags are much more robust than woven bags of the same thickness.</figcaption></figure> Textiles produced for industrial purposes, and designed and chosen for technical characteristics beyond their appearance, are commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Technical_textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical textiles">technical textiles</a>. Technical textiles include textile structures for automotive applications, medical textiles (such as implants), <a href="/wiki/Geotextile" title="Geotextile">geotextile</a> (reinforcement of embankments), agrotextiles (textiles for <a href="/wiki/Crop_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop protection">crop protection</a>), protective clothing (such as clothing resistant to heat and radiation for fire fighter clothing, against molten metals for welders, stab protection, and <a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">bullet</a> proof vests). In the workplace, textiles can be used in industrial and scientific processes such as filtering. Miscellaneous uses include <a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">flags</a>, <a href="/wiki/Backpack" title="Backpack">backpacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tent" title="Tent">tents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Net_(device)" title="Net (device)">nets</a>, cleaning <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rag" class="extiw" title="wikt:rag">rags</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a> devices such as <a href="/wiki/Balloon" title="Balloon">balloons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kite_flying" class="mw-redirect" title="Kite flying">kites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">sails</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachutes</a>; textiles are also used to provide strengthening in <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite materials</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fibreglass</a> and industrial <a href="/wiki/Geotextile" title="Geotextile">geotextiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsasser-2005-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horrocks-2000-6">[6]</a> Due to the often highly technical and legal requirements of these products, these textiles are typically tested in order to ensure they meet stringent performance requirements. Other forms of technical textiles may be produced to experiment with their scientific qualities and to explore the possible benefits they may have in the future. Threads coated with <a href="/wiki/Zinc_oxide" title="Zinc oxide">zinc oxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Nanowire" title="Nanowire">nanowires</a>, when woven into fabric, have been shown capable of "self-powering nanosystems", using vibrations created by everyday actions like wind or body movements to generate energy.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Significance">edit</a>]</div> Textiles are all around us. The textile is a component of basic needs like food and shelter. Textiles are everywhere in our lives, from bath towels to space suits. Textiles help humans by comforting, protecting, and extending their lives. Textiles meet our clothing needs, keeping us warm in the winter and cool in the summer. There are several applications for textiles, such as medical textiles, intelligent textiles, and automotive textiles. All of them contribute to the well-being of humans.<a href="#cite_note-Kadolph-1998-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serviceability_in_textiles">Serviceability in textiles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Serviceability in textiles">edit</a>]</div> The term "serviceability" refers to a textile product's ability to meet the needs of consumers. The emphasis is on knowing the target market and matching the needs of the target market to the product's serviceability. Serviceability or performance in textiles is the ability of textile materials to withstand various conditions, environments, and hazards. Aesthetics, durability, comfort and safety, appearance retention, care, environmental impact, and cost are the serviceability concepts employed in structuring the material.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-Kadolph-1998-2">[2]</a>: 1 to 12  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Components">edit</a>]</div> Fibers, yarns, fabric construction, finishes and design are components of a textile product. The selection of specific components varies with the intended use, therefore the fibers, yarns, and fabric manufacturing systems are selected with consideration of the required performance.<a href="#cite_note-Kadolph-1998-2">[2]</a>: 1 to 12  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_and_applications">Use and applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Use and applications">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Commercial textiles/ Domestic textiles </th> <th>End uses </th> <th>Technical textiles/ Industrial purpose textiles </th> <th>End uses </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">Clothing</a> </td> <td>Clothing items for men, women and children. <a href="/wiki/Nightwear" title="Nightwear">nightwear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sportswear" title="Sportswear">sportswear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingerie" title="Lingerie">lingerie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Undergarment" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergarment">undergarments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swimsuit" title="Swimsuit">swimsuit</a>. Accessories such as <a href="/wiki/Cap" title="Cap">caps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbrella" title="Umbrella">umbrella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sock" title="Sock">socks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glove" title="Glove">gloves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Handbag" title="Handbag">handbags</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsasser-2005-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abisch-1975-45">[45]</a> </td> <td>Agro-textiles </td> <td>Agro-textiles are used in <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>, landscape <a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>. Mainly for <a href="/wiki/Crop_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop protection">crop protection</a>, in crop development for instance shade nets, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a> and sunscreen materials, windshield, antibird nets, covering livestock protection, suppressing weed and insect control, etc.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Furnishing </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Upholstery" title="Upholstery">Upholstery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curtain" title="Curtain">curtains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drapery" title="Drapery">draperies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">carpets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Towel" title="Towel">towels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsasser-2005-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abisch-1975-45">[45]</a> </td> <td>Geotextile </td> <td>Technical textiles which are used in <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Airfield">airfields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embankment_(transportation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Embankment (transportation)">embankments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retaining_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Retaining structure">retaining structures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">reservoirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">dams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">bank</a> protection, <a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">coastal engineering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> site <a href="/wiki/Silt_fence" title="Silt fence">silt fences</a>, and protection of melting glaciers.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bedding" title="Bedding">Bedding</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bed_sheet" title="Bed sheet">Bed sheets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khes" title="Khes">khes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blanket" title="Blanket">blankets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pillow" title="Pillow">pillows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsasser-2005-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abisch-1975-45">[45]</a> </td> <td>Automotive textile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbag" title="Airbag">Airbags</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seat_belt" title="Seat belt">seat belts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headliner_(material)" title="Headliner (material)">headliners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upholstery" title="Upholstery">upholstery</a>, car carpets, and <a href="/wiki/Door_card" title="Door card">door card</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shower" title="Shower">Shower curtains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsasser-2005-4">[4]</a> </td> <td>Medical textile </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Implant_(medicine)" title="Implant (medicine)">implants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surgical_suture" title="Surgical suture">sutures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dressing_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dressing (medical)">dressings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandage" title="Bandage">bandages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_gown" title="Medical gown">medical gowns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Face_masks_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic">face masks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsasser-2005-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indutech" title="Indutech">Indutech</a> </td> <td>This particular sector includes <a href="/wiki/Conveyor_belt" title="Conveyor belt">conveyor belts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drive_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Drive belt">drive belts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">ropes</a> and cordages, <a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">filtration</a> products, glass battery separators, decatising and bolting cloth, AGM (absorption glass mat) <a href="/wiki/Plasma_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma screen">plasma screens</a>, coated abrasives, <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite materials</a>, printed circuit boards, <a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">printer</a> ribbon, seals, gaskets, <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> making fabrics.<a href="#cite_note-Horrocks-2000-6">[6]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> Textiles, textile production, and clothing were necessities of life in prehistory, intertwined with the social, economic, and religious systems. Other than clothing, textile crafts produced utilitarian, symbolic, and opulent items. Archaeological artifacts from the Stone Age and the Iron Age in Central Europe are used to examine prehistoric clothing and its role in forming individual and group identities.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Source_of_knowledge">Source of knowledge</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Source of knowledge">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Artifacts</a> unearthed in various <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_excavation" title="Archaeological excavation">archaeological excavations</a> informs us about the remains of past human life and their activities.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Dyed flax fibers discovered in the Republic of Georgia indicate that textile-like materials were developed during the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic period</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dates</a> the microscopic fibers to 36,000 years ago, when modern humans migrated from Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Kvavadze-2009-23">[23]</a> Several textile remnants, such as the Inca Empire's textile arts remnants, which embody the Incas' aesthetics and social ideals, serve as a means for disseminating information about numerous civilizations, customs, and cultures.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Textile_museum" title="Textile museum">textile museums</a> that display history related to many aspects of textiles. A textile museum raises public awareness and appreciation of the artistic merits and cultural significance of the world's textiles on a local, national, and international scale. The <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University_Museum_and_Textile_Museum" title="George Washington University Museum and Textile Museum">George Washington University Museum and Textile Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, was established in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Narrative_art">Narrative art</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Narrative art">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a> is a rare example of secular <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque art</a>. The art work depicts the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of England in 1066.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decorative_art">Decorative art</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Decorative art">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Textile_arts" title="Textile arts">Textile arts</a></div> Textiles are also used for <a href="/wiki/Decorative_arts" title="Decorative arts">decorative art</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pipili_appliqu%C3%A9_work" title="Pipili appliqué work">Appliqué work of pipili</a> is decorative art of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, a state in <a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">eastern India</a>, used for <a href="/wiki/Umbrella" title="Umbrella">umbrellas</a>, wall hangings, lamp shades, and bags. To make a range of decorative products, colored cloth in the shapes of animals, birds, flowers, are sewn onto a base cloth.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion with: summarize article <a href="/wiki/Textile_arts" title="Textile arts">Textile arts</a> to give indication of the range of textile arts.. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (September 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Architextiles">Architextiles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Architextiles">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Architextiles" title="Architextiles">Architextiles</a>, a combination of the words architecture and textile, are textile-based assemblages. Awnings are a basic type of architectural textile.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shahi_Lal_Dera" title="Shahi Lal Dera">Mughal Shahi Lal Dera Tent</a>, which was a movable palace, is an example of the architextiles of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Currency">Currency</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Currency">edit</a>]</div> Textiles had been used as currency as well. In Africa, textiles were used as currency in addition to being used for clothing, headwear, swaddling, tents, sails, bags, sacks, carpets, rugs, curtains, etc.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Along the east–west axis in sub-Saharan Africa, cloth strip, which was typically produced in the savannah, was used as a form of currency.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Votive_offering">Votive offering</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Votive offering">edit</a>]</div> Textiles were among the <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">objects offered</a> to the gods [votive offering] in ancient Greece for <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> purposes.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiber">Fiber</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fiber">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a></div> The smallest component of a fabric is fiber; fibers are typically spun into yarn, and yarns are used to make fabrics. Fibers are very thin and hair-like structures. The sources of fibers may be <a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">natural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic</a>, or both.<a href="#cite_note-Kadolph-1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a>: 64, 69  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_consumption">Global consumption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Global consumption">edit</a>]</div> Global fiber production per person has increased from 8.4 kilograms in 1975 to 14.3 kilograms in 2021.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] After a modest drop due to <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in 2020, global fiber output rebounded to 113 million tons in 2021. Global fiber output roughly doubled from 58 million tons in 2000 to 113 million tons in 2021 and is anticipated to reach 149 million tons in 2030.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The demand for synthetic fibers is increasing rapidly. This has numerous causes. Reasons include its low price, the demand-supply imbalance of cotton, and its [Synthetic fibers'] versatility in design and application. Synthetic fibers accounts for 70% of global fiber use, mainly polyester.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> By 2030, the synthetic fiber market will reach 98.21 billion US dollars. From 2022 to 2030, the market is anticipated to increase by 5.1% per year.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiber_sources">Fiber sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Fiber sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Natural fibers are obtained from plants, animals and minerals.<a href="#cite_note-Kadolph-1998-2">[2]</a>: 18  Since prehistoric times, textiles have been made from natural fibers. Natural fibers are further categorized as cellulosic, protein, and mineral.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a>: 70 </li> <li>Synthetic or manmade fibers are manufactured with <a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">chemical synthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kadolph-1998-2">[2]</a>: 18 </li> <li>Semi-synthetic: A subset of synthetic or manmade fibers is semi-synthetic fiber. Rayon is a classified as a semi-synthetic fiber, made with natural polymers.</li></ul> Monomers are the building blocks of polymers. Polymers in fibers are of two types: additive or condensation. Natural fibers, such as cotton and wool, have a condensation polymer type, whereas synthetic fibers can have either an additive or a condensation polymer type. For example, <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">acrylic fiber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">olefin fibers</a> have additive polymers, and <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> are condensation polymers.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_2">Types</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Types of fibers<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a>: 68  </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Natural </th> <th>Synthetic </th> <th>Semi-synthetic </th></tr> <tr> <th>Cellulosic fibers (Vegetable or plant fibers) </th> <th>Protein fibers (Animal fibers) </th> <th>Mineral fibers </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a> based </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> based </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass fiber</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetate" title="Acetate">Acetate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic fiber</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">Triacetate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin fiber</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiber_properties">Fiber properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Fiber properties">edit</a>]</div> Fiber properties influence textile characteristics such as aesthetics, durability, comfort, and cost.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a>: 69  Fineness is one of the important characteristics of the fibers. They have a greater length-to-width ratio [100 times the diameter]. Fibers need to be strong, cohesive, and flexible. The usefulness of fibers are characterized on the basis of certain parameters such as strength, flexibility, and length to diameter ratio, and spinnability. Natural fibers are relatively short [<a href="/wiki/Staple_(textiles)" title="Staple (textiles)">staple</a>] in length. Synthetic fibers are produced in longer lengths called filaments. Silk is the only natural fiber that is a filament. The classification of fibers is based on their origin, derivation, and generic types.<a href="#cite_note-Kadolph-1998-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a>: 64, 69  Certain properties of synthetic fibers, such as their diameter, <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(fiber)" title="Cross section (fiber)">cross section</a>, and color, can be altered during production.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a>: 66  Cotton: Cotton has a long history of use in the clothing due to its favorable properties. This fiber is soft, moisture-absorbent, breathable, and is renowned for its long durability. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blends_(blended_textiles)">Blends (blended textiles)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Blends (blended textiles)">edit</a>]</div> Fabric or <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a> produced with a <a href="/wiki/Combination" title="Combination">combination</a> of two or more types of different <a href="/wiki/Fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre">fibers</a>, or yarns to obtain desired traits. Blending is possible at various stages of <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">textile manufacturing</a>. Final composition is liable for the properties of the resultant product. <a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">Natural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">synthetic fibers</a> are blended to overcome disadvantage of single fiber properties and to achieve better performance characteristics and aesthetic effects such as <a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">devoré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heather_(fabric)" title="Heather (fabric)">heather effect, cross dyeing and stripes pattern</a> etc. <a href="/wiki/Clothing" title="Clothing">Clothing</a> woven from a blend of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a> can be more durable and easier to maintain than material woven solely from cotton. Other than sharing functional properties, blending makes the products more economical.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Union or Union fabrics is the 19th century term for blended fabrics. While it is no longer in use.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Mixture or mixed cloth is another term used for blended cloths when different types of yarns are used in warp and weft sides.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Blended textiles are not new. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashru" title="Mashru">Mashru</a> was a 16th-century fabric, is one of the earliest forms of "mixed cloth", a material composed of silk and cotton.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamoise" title="Siamoise">Siamoise</a> was a 17th-century cotton and linen material.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Composition">Composition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Composition">edit</a>]</div> Fiber composition<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> the fiber blend composition of mixtures of the fibers,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> is an important criterion to analyze the behavior, properties such as functional aspects, and commercial classification of the merchandise.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The most common blend is cotton and polyester. Regular blended fabric is 65% polyester and 35% cotton. It is called a reverse blend if the ratio of cotton predominates—the percentage of the fibers changes with the price and required properties. Blending adds value to the textiles; it helps in reducing the cost (artificial fibers are less expensive than natural fibers) and adding advantage in properties of the final product.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> For instance, a small amount of spandex adds stretch to the fabrics.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Wool can add warmth.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses_of_different_fibers">Uses of different fibers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Uses of different fibers">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_fibers">Natural fibers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Natural fibers">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plant">Plant</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Plant">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brudekjole,_1797.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Brudekjole%2C_1797.jpg/220px-Brudekjole%2C_1797.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Brudekjole%2C_1797.jpg/330px-Brudekjole%2C_1797.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Brudekjole%2C_1797.jpg/440px-Brudekjole%2C_1797.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2857" data-file-height="4024" /></a><figcaption>Bridal gown made from nettle fibers, probably worn by Eleonora Sophie Rantzau (1779-) at her wedding to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Preben_Bille-Brahe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Preben Bille-Brahe (page does not exist)">Preben Bille-Brahe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hvedholm_Castle" title="Hvedholm Castle">Hvedholm Castle</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Denmark" title="National Museum of Denmark">National Museum of Denmark</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">rush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">sisal</a> are all used in making <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">rope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In the first two, the entire plant is used for this purpose, while in the last two, only fibers from the plant are used. <a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> fiber) is used in making <a href="/wiki/Twine" title="Twine">twine</a>, and also in floormats, <a href="/wiki/Mat" title="Mat">doormats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brush" title="Brush">brushes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mattress" title="Mattress">mattresses</a>, floor tiles, and <a href="/wiki/Bag" title="Bag">sacking</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboo textiles">bamboo</a> are both used to make hats. Straw, a dried form of grass, is also used for stuffing, as is <a href="/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra" title="Ceiba pentandra">kapok</a>.</li> <li>Fibers from <a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">pulpwood</a> trees, cotton, <a href="/wiki/Rice_paper" title="Rice paper">rice</a>, hemp, and <a href="/wiki/Urtica_dioica" title="Urtica dioica">nettle</a> are used in making <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">flax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">jute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modal_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal (textile)">modal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana fiber">banana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">bamboo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotus_silk" title="Lotus silk">lotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morus_(plant)" title="Morus (plant)">mulberry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a> are all used in clothing.<a href="#cite_note-TH_1-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-BS_1-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a> fiber) and <a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">ramie</a> are also fibers used in clothing, generally with a blend of other fibers such as cotton. Nettles have also been used to make a fiber and fabric very similar to hemp or flax. The use of milkweed stalk fiber has also been reported, but it tends to be somewhat weaker than other fibers like hemp or flax.</li> <li>The inner bark of the <a href="/wiki/Lagetta_lagetto" title="Lagetta lagetto">lacebark tree</a> is a fine netting that has been used to make clothing and accessories as well as utilitarian articles such as rope.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Acetate</a> is used to increase the shininess of certain fabrics such as <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taffeta" title="Taffeta">taffetas</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">Seaweed</a> is used in the production of textiles: a water-soluble fiber known as <a href="/wiki/Alginic_acid" title="Alginic acid">alginate</a> is produced and is used as a holding fiber; when the cloth is finished, the alginate is dissolved, leaving an open area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a> is a manufactured fiber derived from plant pulp.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Different types of rayon can imitate <a href="/wiki/Hand_feel" title="Hand feel">feel</a> and texture of silk, cotton, wool, or linen.</li></ul> Fibers from the stalks of plants, such as hemp, flax, and nettles, are also known as 'bast' fibers. Hemp fiber is yellowish-brown fiber made from the hemp plant. The fiber characteristics are coarser, harsher,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] strong and lightweight. Hemp fiber is used primary to make twine, rope and cordage.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animal">Animal</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Animal">edit</a>]</div> Animal textiles are commonly made from <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> (in the case of silkworms).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <ul><li>Wool refers to the hair of the domestic <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> or <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a>, which is distinguished from other types of animal hair in that the individual strands are coated with scales and tightly crimped, and the wool as a whole is coated with a <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> mixture known as <a href="/wiki/Lanolin" title="Lanolin">lanolin</a> (sometimes called wool grease), which is waterproof and dirtproof.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The lanolin and other contaminants are removed from the raw wool before further processing.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Woollen" class="mw-redirect" title="Woollen">Woolen</a> refers to a yarn produced from carded, non-parallel fibre, while <a href="/wiki/Worsted" title="Worsted">worsted</a> refers to a finer yarn spun from longer fibers which have been combed to be parallel. <ul><li>Other animal textiles which are made from hair or fur are <a href="/wiki/Alpaca_wool" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpaca wool">alpaca wool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a_wool" title="Vicuña wool">vicuña wool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llama_wool" class="mw-redirect" title="Llama wool">llama wool</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Camel_hair" title="Camel hair">camel hair</a>, generally used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Coat_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat (clothing)">coats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacket" title="Jacket">jackets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poncho" title="Poncho">ponchos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blanket" title="Blanket">blankets</a>, and other warm coverings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a>, the hair of the Indian <a href="/wiki/Cashmere_goat" title="Cashmere goat">cashmere goat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">mohair</a>, the hair of the North African <a href="/wiki/Angora_goat" title="Angora goat">angora goat</a>, are types of wool known for their softness. Used in the production of sweaters and scarfs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a> refers to the long, thick, soft hair of the <a href="/wiki/Angora_rabbit" title="Angora rabbit">angora rabbit</a>. <a href="/wiki/Qiviut" title="Qiviut">Qiviut</a> is the fine inner wool of the <a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">muskox</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Silk is an animal textile made from the fibres of the <a href="/wiki/Cocoon_(silk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoon (silk)">cocoon</a> of the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Silkworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Silkworm">silkworm</a> which is spun into a smooth fabric prized for its softness. There are two main types of the silk: 'mulberry silk' produced by the <a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">Bombyx mori</a>, and 'wild silk' such as <a href="/wiki/Wild_silk" title="Wild silk">Tussah silk</a> (wild silk). Silkworm larvae produce the first type if cultivated in habitats with fresh mulberry leaves for consumption, while Tussah silk is produced by silkworms feeding purely on oak leaves. Around four-fifths of the world's silk production consists of cultivated silk.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Silk products include pillow covers, dresses, tops, skirts, bed sheets, curtains.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microbes">Microbes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Microbes">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_cellulose" title="Bacterial cellulose">Bacterial cellulose</a> can be made from industrial organic and agricultural waste, and used as material for textiles and clothing.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mineral">Mineral</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Mineral">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Asbestos and <a href="/wiki/Basalt_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Basalt fibre">basalt fibre</a> are used for vinyl tiles, sheeting and adhesives, "transite" panels and siding, acoustical ceilings, stage curtains, and fire blankets.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass fibre">Glass fibre</a> is used in the production of ironing board and mattress covers, ropes and cables, reinforcement fibre for composite materials, insect netting, flame-retardant and protective fabric, soundproof, fireproof, and insulating fibres. Glass fibres are woven and coated with <a href="/wiki/Teflon" class="mw-redirect" title="Teflon">Teflon</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">beta cloth</a>, a virtually fireproof fabric which replaced nylon in the outer layer of United States <a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">space suits</a> since 1968.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li> <li>Metal fibre, metal foil, and metal wire have a variety of uses, including the production of <a href="/wiki/Cloth-of-gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth-of-gold">cloth-of-gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hardware_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware cloth">Hardware cloth</a> (US term only) is a coarse woven <a href="/wiki/Mesh" title="Mesh">mesh</a> of steel wire, used in construction. It is much like standard <a href="/wiki/Window_screen" title="Window screen">window screening</a>, but heavier and with a more open weave.</li></ul> Minerals and natural and synthetic fabrics may be combined, as in <a href="/wiki/Emery_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Emery cloth">emery cloth</a>, a layer of <a href="/wiki/Emery_(rock)" title="Emery (rock)">emery</a> abrasive glued to a cloth backing. Also, "sand cloth" is a U.S. term for fine wire mesh with abrasive glued to it, employed like emery cloth or coarse <a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">sandpaper</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synthetic">Synthetic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Synthetic">edit</a>]</div> In the 20th century, they were supplemented by artificial fibers made from <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>. Textiles are made in various strengths and degrees of durability, from the finest <a href="/wiki/Microfibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfibre">microfibre</a> made of strands thinner than one <a href="/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement#Denier" title="Units of textile measurement">denier</a> to the sturdiest <a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a>. Synthetic textiles are used primarily in the production of clothing, as well as the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Geotextile" title="Geotextile">geotextiles</a>. Synthetic fibers are those that are constructed by humans through chemical synthesis. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a> fibre is used in all types of clothing, either alone or blended with fibres such as cotton.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a> fibre (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a>) is used for flame-retardant clothing, cut-protection, and armour.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrylic fibre">Acrylic</a> is a fibre used to imitate wools,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> including cashmere, and is often used in replacement of them.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a> is a fibre used to imitate silk; it is used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Pantyhose" title="Pantyhose">pantyhose</a>. Thicker nylon fibres are used in <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">rope</a> and outdoor clothing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a> (trade name Lycra) is a <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a> product that can be made tight-fitting without impeding movement. It is used to make <a href="/wiki/Activewear" class="mw-redirect" title="Activewear">activewear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brassiere" class="mw-redirect" title="Brassiere">bras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swimsuit" title="Swimsuit">swimsuits</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Olefin fibre">Olefin fibre</a> is a fibre used in activewear, linings, and warm clothing. Olefins are hydrophobic, allowing them to dry quickly. A sintered felt of olefin fibres is sold under the trade name <a href="/wiki/Tyvek" title="Tyvek">Tyvek</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeo" title="Ingeo">Ingeo</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Polylactide" class="mw-redirect" title="Polylactide">polylactide</a> fibre blended with other fibres such as cotton and used in clothing. It is more hydrophilic than most other synthetics, allowing it to wick away perspiration.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurex_(yarn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lurex (yarn)">Lurex</a> is a metallic fibre used in clothing embellishment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">Milk</a> proteins have also been used to create synthetic fabric. Milk or <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a> fibre cloth was developed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in Germany, and further developed in Italy and America during the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Milk fibre fabric is not very durable and wrinkles easily, but has a pH similar to human skin and possesses anti-bacterial properties. It is marketed as a <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">renewable</a> synthetic fibre.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fibre">Carbon fibre</a> is mostly used in composite materials, together with resin, such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibre_reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon fibre reinforced plastic">carbon fibre reinforced plastic</a>. The fibres are made from polymer fibres through <a href="/wiki/Carbonization" title="Carbonization">carbonization</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_methods">Production methods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Production methods">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Textile manufacturing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">Textile industry</a></div> Textile manufacturing has progressed from prehistoric crafts to a fully automated industry.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a> Over the years, there have been continuous improvements in fabric structure and design.<a href="#cite_note-Birrell-1973-95">[95]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Production methods </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Production method </th> <th>Description </th> <th>Inventors, inventions and milestones in progression </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Barkcloth</a> </td> <td>Barkcloth is made by pounding bark until it is soft and flat.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kadolph-1998-2">[2]</a>: 245  </td> <td>Bark is an older known fabric; ancient people around the world wore bark cloth daily until woven fabrics replaced it. In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the bark cloth is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Torajan_people" title="Torajan people">Torajan people</a>, who made it from the fermentation of inner bark of certain local trees, mulberry and pandanus. The Torajans used stones and wooden beaters to produce bark cloth.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barkcloth_dress_of_Lore_Bada,_Central_Sulawesi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Barkcloth_dress_of_Lore_Bada%2C_Central_Sulawesi.jpg/220px-Barkcloth_dress_of_Lore_Bada%2C_Central_Sulawesi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Barkcloth_dress_of_Lore_Bada%2C_Central_Sulawesi.jpg/330px-Barkcloth_dress_of_Lore_Bada%2C_Central_Sulawesi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Barkcloth_dress_of_Lore_Bada%2C_Central_Sulawesi.jpg/440px-Barkcloth_dress_of_Lore_Bada%2C_Central_Sulawesi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Barkcloth dress of Lore Bada people in Lore Valley, Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. This collection of Central Sulawesi Museum was exhibited in Textile Museum Jakarta in November 2016.</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felt</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">nonwoven</a> fabrics </td> <td>Felting is a method of manufacturing fabric directly from fibers by entangling, interlocking the fibers by mechanical action (like rubbing and pressing) and often aided by heat and moisture.<a href="#cite_note-Kadolph-1998-2">[2]</a>: 245  </td> <td>Felting is another old method of fabric manufacturing. While civilizations in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">western Mediterranean</a> improved their weaving skills, <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> learned how to make felt, a non-woven material, from wool.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a>: 5 <a href="#cite_note-Kadolph-1998-2">[2]</a>: 245 Felting involves applying pressure and friction to a mat of fibers, working and rubbing them together until the fibers become interlocked and tangled, forming a nonwoven textile. A liquid, such as soapy water, is usually added to lubricate the fibers, and to open up the microscopic scales on strands of wool.<a href="#cite_note-Kadolph-1998-2">[2]</a>: 245 More recently, additional methods have been developed to bond fibers into nonwoven fabrics, including needle punching, adhesives, and chemical binding.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a>: 5 <a href="#cite_note-Kadolph-1998-2">[2]</a>: 245 <a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazah_jurta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kazah_jurta.jpg/220px-Kazah_jurta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kazah_jurta.jpg/330px-Kazah_jurta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kazah_jurta.jpg/440px-Kazah_jurta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a> felt <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurt</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spunbond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Spunbond.jpg/220px-Spunbond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Spunbond.jpg/330px-Spunbond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Spunbond.jpg/440px-Spunbond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Spunbond nonwoven fabric</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a> </td> <td>Weaving is a textile production method which involves interlacing a set of longer <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">threads</a> (called the <a href="/wiki/Warp_(weaving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp (weaving)">warp</a>) with a set of crossing threads (called the <a href="/wiki/Weft" class="mw-redirect" title="Weft">weft</a>). This is done on a frame or machine known as a loom, of which there are a number of types. Some weaving is still done by hand, but the vast majority is mechanized.<a href="#cite_note-Birrell-1973-95">[95]</a>: 1–14  </td> <td>Handlooms: Early <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">Looms</a> date to 5000 BC. From antiquity until the mediaeval times, the loom improved in both Asia and Europe, despite the fact that the loom's fundamental operation remained unchanged.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> In 200 BC, the Chinese invented vertical looms and pedal looms, transforming the craft into an industry. By decreasing the worker's workload, innovative solutions improved productivity. There were harnesses and <a href="/wiki/Heddle" title="Heddle">heddles</a> to govern the movement of the warp yarn, a shuttle to transport the weft yarns, a reed to compact the cloth, and a take up roller to roll down the cloth. By the 1st century AD, all necessary components for a loom were assembled.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a>: 6  Power looms: <a href="/wiki/John_Kay_(flying_shuttle)" title="John Kay (flying shuttle)">John Kay</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Flying_shuttle" title="Flying shuttle">flying shuttle</a> in 1734 in Bury, Lancashire. It was one of the first innovations in the cotton woven fabric industry.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Crompton" title="Samuel Crompton">Samuel Crompton</a> invented a <a href="/wiki/Spinning_mule" title="Spinning mule">spinning machine</a> in 1779 that produced yarn faster than ever before. Then <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Cartwright" title="Edmund Cartwright">Edmund Cartwright</a> invented the first <a href="/wiki/Power_loom" title="Power loom">power loom</a> in 1785.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a>: 10  Jacquard loom: The <a href="/wiki/Jacquard_machine" title="Jacquard machine">Jacquard machine</a> was a modified version of programmable loom developed in 1804. It was developed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Jacquard" title="Joseph Marie Jacquard">Joseph Marie Jacquard</a> based on earlier inventions by <a href="/wiki/Basile_Bouchon" title="Basile Bouchon">Basile Bouchon</a> (1725), Jean Baptiste Falcon (1728), and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Vaucanson" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Vaucanson">Jacques Vaucanson</a> (1740). The industrial revolution in the 18th century led to mass production of yarn and cloth, which led to the growth of the woven fabric part of the textile industry.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warp_and_weft_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Warp_and_weft_2.jpg/220px-Warp_and_weft_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Warp_and_weft_2.jpg/330px-Warp_and_weft_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Warp_and_weft_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Warp and weft</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a> </td> <td>Knitting involves interlacing loops of yarn, which are formed either on a <a href="/wiki/Knitting_needle" title="Knitting needle">knitting needle</a>, needle, or on a <a href="/wiki/Crochet_hook" title="Crochet hook">crochet hook</a>, together in a line. The processes are different in that knitting has several active loops at one time, on the knitting needle waiting to interlock with another loop.<a href="#cite_note-Rowe-1997-102">[102]</a> </td> <td>Hand knitting: Though knitting was developed by <a href="/wiki/Danes" title="Danes">Danes</a> around 900 BC it did not reach to other civilizations until 900 AD.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a>: 5  Europe learned to knit by hand around 1400. Three to four <a href="/wiki/Stocking" title="Stocking">stockings</a> could be knit in a week by 1450. <a href="/wiki/William_Lee_(inventor)" title="William Lee (inventor)">William Lee</a> invented a <a href="/wiki/Stocking_frame" title="Stocking frame">stocking frame</a> in 1589 that could knit one stocking per day. Acceptance of Lee's invention and subsequent modifications resulted in a wide range of fabrics in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a>: 8  The machine knitting is separated into two main groups of production processes: warp knitting and weft knitting. </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knit-schematic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Knit-schematic.png/220px-Knit-schematic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Knit-schematic.png/330px-Knit-schematic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Knit-schematic.png/440px-Knit-schematic.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Loop formation. Structure of stockinette stitch in a weft knitted fabric.</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A5lebinding" title="Nålebinding">Nålebinding</a> </td> <td>Nålebinding involves the use of a needle to form loops of yarn, by passing the full length of yarn through each loop (unlike knitting and crocheting). </td> <td>Nålebinding is a precursor of crocheting and knitting. </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handschuhe_Nadelbindung.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Handschuhe_Nadelbindung.JPG/220px-Handschuhe_Nadelbindung.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Handschuhe_Nadelbindung.JPG/330px-Handschuhe_Nadelbindung.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Handschuhe_Nadelbindung.JPG/440px-Handschuhe_Nadelbindung.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Mittens produced by nålebinding</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Crochet" title="Crochet">Crocheting</a> </td> <td>Crocheting never involves more than one active stitch on the needle. Knitting can be performed by machine, but crochet can only be performed by hand.<a href="#cite_note-Rowe-1997-102">[102]</a> </td> <td>Crocheting was originally practised by <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> peasants with a small, hooked needle known as a shepherd's hook.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crochet-round.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Crochet-round.jpg/220px-Crochet-round.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Crochet-round.jpg/330px-Crochet-round.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Crochet-round.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Most crochet uses one hook and works upon one stitch at a time. Crochet may be worked in circular rounds without any specialized tools, as shown here.</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Spread_tow_fabric" title="Spread tow fabric">Spread tow</a> </td> <td>Spread tow is a production method where the tow fibers are spread into thin tapes, and then the tapes are woven as warp and weft. This method is mostly used for composite materials; spread tow fabrics can be made in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">carbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">aramid</a> and other fibers. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Braid" title="Braid">Braiding</a> or plaiting </td> <td>Braiding or plaiting involves intertwining threads together into cloth. </td> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braid_StepBystep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Braid_StepBystep.jpg/220px-Braid_StepBystep.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Braid_StepBystep.jpg/330px-Braid_StepBystep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Braid_StepBystep.jpg/440px-Braid_StepBystep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Braiding</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Knot" title="Knot">Knotting</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Knot" title="Knot">Knotting</a> involves tying threads together and is used in making <a href="/wiki/Tatting" title="Tatting">tatting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macrame" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrame">macrame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Birrell-1973-95">[95]</a>: 279  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a> </td> <td>Lace is made by interlocking threads together to create a fine fabric with open holes in the work. Lace can be made by either hand (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Needle_lace" title="Needle lace">needle lace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bobbin_lace" title="Bobbin lace">bobbin lace</a>) or machine.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ursuline_lace_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ursuline_lace_2.jpg/220px-Ursuline_lace_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ursuline_lace_2.jpg/330px-Ursuline_lace_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ursuline_lace_2.jpg/440px-Ursuline_lace_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Bobbin lace in progress</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3D Textiles </td> <td>Complex interlacement of yarns where the final product has not plain form as flat fabrics, but 3D form. </td> <td>All technologies - weft knitting, warp knitting, weaving and braiding allow production of complex products with 3D form if suitable machine configuration and pattern are used. This technologies are used for woven heart valves, composite profiles and other. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/3D_textiles" title="3D textiles">Additive manufactured textile like structures</a> </td> <td>Fabric manufacturing by <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printer</a> employs additive manufacturing, also known as additive layer manufacturing (ALM), a <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD-aided</a> manufacturing technique that builds the object layer by layer. The method is used in manufacturing of <a href="/wiki/Auxetics" title="Auxetics">Auxetic</a> textiles and in composite materials.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XYZprinting_inBloom_Dress_3D_Printed_Outfit_(16837487086).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/XYZprinting_inBloom_Dress_3D_Printed_Outfit_%2816837487086%29.jpg/220px-XYZprinting_inBloom_Dress_3D_Printed_Outfit_%2816837487086%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/XYZprinting_inBloom_Dress_3D_Printed_Outfit_%2816837487086%29.jpg/330px-XYZprinting_inBloom_Dress_3D_Printed_Outfit_%2816837487086%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/XYZprinting_inBloom_Dress_3D_Printed_Outfit_%2816837487086%29.jpg/440px-XYZprinting_inBloom_Dress_3D_Printed_Outfit_%2816837487086%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>3D-printed outfit</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> Important parameters in fabric selection: The primary consideration in fabric selection is the end use. The fabric needs vary greatly depending on the application. Similar types of fabric may not be suitable for all applications.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a>: 18  <a href="/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement#Grams_per_square_metre_(GSM)" title="Units of textile measurement">Fabric weight</a> is an important criteria while producing different fabrics. A carpet requires a fabric with 1300 GSM, but a robe may be made with 160 GSM. Certainly, fabrics for clothes and carpets have distinct weights.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a>: 18  <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Range of fabric weights typically used in various textile products<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>GSM (grams per square meter) range </th> <th>Categorization </th> <th>Termed as </th> <th>Suitable for the textile products </th></tr> <tr> <td>0-50 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheer_fabric" title="Sheer fabric">Sheer fabric</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Sheer curtains, <a href="/wiki/Lingerie" title="Lingerie">Lingerie</a> items, <a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress" title="Wedding dress">Wedding dresses</a>, </td></tr> <tr> <td>50-150 </td> <td>Light weight </td> <td>Top weight </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blouse" title="Blouse">Blouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lining_(sewing)" title="Lining (sewing)">Lining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirt" title="Shirt">Shirt</a>, <a href="/wiki/T-shirt" title="T-shirt">T-shirt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dress" title="Dress">Dress</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>150-300 </td> <td>Medium weight </td> <td>Bottom weight </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skirt" title="Skirt">Skirt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">Trousers</a>, Kind of <a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">denims</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Suit" title="Suit">Suits</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>300-600 </td> <td>Medium to heavy weight </td> <td>Bull denim </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Drapery" title="Drapery">Drapery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overcoat" title="Overcoat">Overcoat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Towel" title="Towel">Towel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slipcover" title="Slipcover">Slipcover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workwear" title="Workwear">Workwear</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>More than 600 </td> <td>Heavy </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">Carpet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mat" title="Mat">Mat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upholstery" title="Upholstery">Upholstery</a>, Type of Winter coats </td></tr></tbody></table> Stretchable fabrics have greater movability and are thus more comfortable than fabrics with no stretch or less stretch.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a>: 23  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textile_exports">Textile exports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Textile exports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_textile_exports" title="List of countries by textile exports">List of countries by textile exports</a></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Top five exporters of textiles—2013 ($ billion) </th></tr> <tr> <td>China</td> <td style="text-align:right;">274 </td></tr> <tr> <td>India</td> <td style="text-align:right;">40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy</td> <td style="text-align:right;">36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Germany</td> <td style="text-align:right;">35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bangladesh</td> <td style="text-align:right;">28 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:90%;">Source:<a href="#cite_note-stat-108">[108]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> According to the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database, the global textiles and apparel export market reached $772 billion in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changing_dynamics_of_the_market">Changing dynamics of the market</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Changing dynamics of the market">edit</a>]</div> China is the largest exporter of textile goods. The majority of China's exports consist of apparel, apparel accessories, textile yarns, and textile products. The competitive advantages of the China are low prices and abundant labor, lowered commercial obstacles, and a ready supply of raw materials. China, along with the United States and India, is a major producer of cotton.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> China's apparel market share has declined in recent years due to various reasons and a shift toward high-end, sophisticated products. Additionally, the investors from China made stakes in Myanmar, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Last year, its market share was 36.7%, or $161 billion, a decline of 8% year-over-year. In other words, China lost $14 billion in garment work orders to other countries in a single year. In 2016, Bangladesh's apparel market share was valued at $28 billion, increasing 7.69 percent from the previous year. In 2016 the leading exporters of apparel were; China ($161 billion), Bangladesh ($28 billion), Vietnam ($25 billion), India ($18 billion), Hong Kong ($16 billion), Turkey ($15 billion), and Indonesia ($7 billion).<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Garment Exports in Bangladesh Reached Record High in 2021-2022 Fiscal Year; China ($220.302 billion), Bangladesh ($38.70 billion), India ($8.127 billion), Pakistan ($19.33 billion).<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finishing">Finishing</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Finishing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_method_of_Bleaching_Figure_20_Appleton_1884.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Old_method_of_Bleaching_Figure_20_Appleton_1884.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Old_method_of_Bleaching_Figure_20_Appleton_1884.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Old_method_of_Bleaching_Figure_20_Appleton_1884.tif/lossless-page1-330px-Old_method_of_Bleaching_Figure_20_Appleton_1884.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Old_method_of_Bleaching_Figure_20_Appleton_1884.tif/lossless-page1-440px-Old_method_of_Bleaching_Figure_20_Appleton_1884.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="2739" data-file-height="3939" /></a><figcaption>Early method of bleaching cotton and linen goods on lawns</figcaption></figure> The fabric, when it leaves a loom or knitting machine, is not readily usable. It may be rough, uneven, or have flaws like skewing. Hence, it is necessary to finish the fabric. Finishing techniques enhance the value of the treated fabrics.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1982a-15">[15]</a>: 6  After manufacturing, textiles undergo a range of finishing procedures, including bleaching, dyeing, printing, as well as mechanical and chemical finishing.<a href="#cite_note-Choudhury-2017-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coloration">Coloration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Coloration">edit</a>]</div> Textiles are often <a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">dyed</a>, with fabrics available in almost every <a href="/wiki/Color_of_clothing" title="Color of clothing">colour</a>. The dyeing process often requires several dozen gallons of water for each pound of clothing.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Coloured designs in textiles can be created by weaving together fibres of different colours (<a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">tartan</a> or Uzbek Ikat), adding coloured stitches to finished fabric (<a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a>), creating patterns by <a href="/wiki/Resist_dyeing" title="Resist dyeing">resist dyeing</a> methods, tying off areas of cloth and dyeing the rest (<a href="/wiki/Tie-dyeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tie-dyeing">tie-dyeing</a>), drawing wax designs on cloth and dyeing in between them (<a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a>), or using various printing processes on finished fabric. <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printing</a>, still used in India and elsewhere today, is the oldest of these dating back to at least 220 CE in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. Textiles are also sometimes <a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">bleached</a>, making the textile pale or white. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Color_matching">Color matching</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Color matching">edit</a>]</div> In textiles, color matching extends beyond selecting the appropriate dyestuffs or pigments and combining them in precise proportions to achieve the desired end product color.<a href="#cite_note-Becker-2023-115">[115]</a> Meeting criteria for fastness, cost, and quality is also essential. This process plays a critical role in materializing a designer's concept into an actual product.<a href="#cite_note-Becker-2023-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finishes">Finishes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Finishes">edit</a>]</div> Textile finishing is the process of converting the loomstate or raw goods into a useful product, which can be done mechanically or chemically. Finishing is a broad term that refers to a variety of physical and chemical techniques and treatments that finish one stage of textile production while also preparing for the next. Textile finishing can include aspects like improving surface feel, aesthetical enhancement, and adding advanced chemical finishes.<a href="#cite_note-Choudhury-2017-11">[11]</a> A finish is any process that transforms <a href="/wiki/Greige_goods" title="Greige goods">unfinished products</a> into finished products.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> This includes mechanical finishing and chemical applications which alter the composition of treated textiles (fiber, yarn or fabric.) Since the 1990s, with advances in technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Permanent_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent press">permanent press</a> process, <a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">finishing</a> agents have been used to strengthen fabrics and make them wrinkle free.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> More recently, <a href="/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">nanomaterials</a> research has led to additional advancements, with companies such as Nano-Tex and NanoHorizons developing permanent treatments based on metallic <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a> for making textiles more resistant to things such as water, stains, wrinkles, and pathogens such as bacteria and fungi.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Textiles receive a range of treatments before they reach the end-user. From <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> finishes (to improve crease-resistance) to biocidic finishes and from flame retardants to dyeing of many types of fabric, the possibilities are almost endless. However, many of these finishes may also have detrimental effects on the end user. A number of disperse, acid and reactive dyes, for example, have been shown to be allergenic to sensitive individuals.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Further to this, specific dyes within this group have also been shown to induce purpuric contact dermatitis.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eisengarn" title="Eisengarn">Eisengarn</a>, meaning "iron yarn" in English, is a light-reflecting, strong material invented in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> in the 19th century. It is made by soaking cotton threads in a starch and paraffin wax solution. The threads are then stretched and polished by steel rollers and brushes. The result of the process is a lustrous, tear-resistant yarn which is extremely hardwearing.<a href="#cite_note-history-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-video-122">[122]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Finishing techniques </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Finishing </th> <th>Fabrics </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gig-mill" title="Gig-mill">Brushing</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">Carpets</a>, rugs, velvet, <a href="/wiki/Velour" title="Velour">velour</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Velveteen" title="Velveteen">velveteen</a>, referred to as pile fabrics, are made by interlacing a secondary yarn through woven cloth, creating a tufted layer known as a <a href="/wiki/Nap_(fabric)" title="Nap (fabric)">nap</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pile_(textile)" title="Pile (textile)">pile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsasser-2005-4">[4]</a>: 196  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shearing_(textiles)" title="Shearing (textiles)">Shearing</a> </td> <td>"Shearing machine" is a <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machine</a> equipped with shearing cylinder, ledger blade, fluff exhaust, and joint seam sensors. The machine operates similarly to a lawn mower.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elsasser-2005-4">[4]</a>: 197  <a href="/wiki/Moleskin" title="Moleskin">Moleskin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvet</a> are sheared materials in which pile is cut to a certain level.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_and_health_impacts">Environmental and health impacts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Environmental and health impacts">edit</a>]</div> After the oil industry, the fashion industry is the second biggest polluter of agricultural land, which has several harmful impacts on the environment. As the industry grows, the effect on the environment is worsening.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Textile manufacturing is one of the oldest and most technologically complicated industries. This industry's fundamental strength stems from its solid manufacturing base of a diverse range of fibers/yarns ranging from natural fibers such as jute, silk, wool, and cotton, to synthetic or manufactured fibers that include polyester, viscose, nylon, and acrylic. Textile mills and their wastewater have grown in proportion to the increase in demand for textile products, generating a severe pollution concern around the world. Numerous textile industry chemicals pose environmental and health risks. Among the compounds in textile effluent, dyes are considered significant contaminants. Water pollution generated by the discharge of untreated wastewater and the use of toxic chemicals, particularly during processing, account for the majority of the global environmental concerns linked with the textile industry.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impacts">Environmental impacts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Environmental impacts">edit</a>]</div> Clothing is necessary to meet the fundamental needs of humans. Increased population and living standards have increased the need for clothing, enhancing the demand for textile manufacturing; wet processing needs more water consumption.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Conventional machinery and treatment procedures use enormous quantities of water, especially for natural fibers, which require up to 150 kg of water per kg of material.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The textile sector is accountable for a substantial number of environmental impacts. However, the discharge of untreated effluents into water bodies is responsible for the majority of environmental harm produced by the textile sector.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The textile sector is believed to utilise 79 trillion litres of water per year and to discharge around 20% of all industrial effluent into the environment.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Reportedly, <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_compound" title="Aromatic compound">aromatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heterocyclic_compound" title="Heterocyclic compound">heterocyclic compounds</a> with color-display and polar groups make up most of the dyes used in textile coloration processes. The structure is more complex and stable, making it more difficult to degrade printing and dyeing wastewater.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In addition, textiles constitute a significant percentage of landfill waste. In 2023, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University" title="North Carolina State University">North Carolina State University</a> researchers used <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a> to separate cotton from polyester in an early step towards reducing textile waste, allowing each material to be recycled.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_impacts">Health impacts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Health impacts">edit</a>]</div> Many kinds of respiratory diseases, skin problems, and allergies may be caused by dyes and pigments discharged into the water. Although formaldehyde levels in clothing are unlikely to be at levels high enough to cause an allergic reaction,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> due to the presence of such a chemical, quality control and testing are of utmost importance. Flame retardants (mainly in the brominated form) are also of concern where the environment, and their potential toxicity, are concerned.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemicals_use,_advantage_and_health_impacts">Chemicals use, advantage and health impacts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Chemicals use, advantage and health impacts">edit</a>]</div> Certain chemical finishes contain potential hazards to health and the environment. <a href="/wiki/Perfluorinated_compound" title="Perfluorinated compound">Perfluorinated acids</a> are considered to be hazardous to human health by the <a href="/wiki/US_Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="US Environmental Protection Agency">US Environmental Protection Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of the substance </th> <th>Advantage in textile products </th> <th>Associated health risks and environmental impacts </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a> ( PFOA), <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Polytetrafluoroethylene</a> (Teflon) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic_effect" title="Hydrophobic effect">Hydrophobic effect</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruptor</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorocarbon" title="Fluorocarbon">Fluorocarbon</a> (PFC) </td> <td>Hydrophobic effect </td> <td>May cause respiratory illness </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brominated_flame_retardant" title="Brominated flame retardant">Brominated flame retardant</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Persistent,_bioaccumulative_and_toxic_substances" title="Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances">Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances</a> may cause <a href="/wiki/Neurobehavioral_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobehavioral disorders">neurobehavioral disorders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine disruption">endocrine disruption</a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_nanoparticle" title="Silver nanoparticle">silver nanoparticle</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">Antimicrobial resistance</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_silver_nanoparticles" title="Environmental impact of silver nanoparticles">Environmental impact of silver nanoparticles</a> and toxic effects on human health </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Testing">Testing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Testing">edit</a>]</div> Testing for these additives is possible at a number of commercial laboratories. It is also possible to have textiles tested according to the <a href="/wiki/Oeko-tex" class="mw-redirect" title="Oeko-tex">Oeko-tex</a> certification standard, which contains limits levels for the use of certain chemicals in textiles products. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laws_and_regulations">Laws and regulations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Laws and regulations">edit</a>]</div> Different countries have certain laws and regulations to protect consumers' interests. The <a href="/wiki/Textile_Fiber_Products_Identification_Act" title="Textile Fiber Products Identification Act">Textile Fiber Products Identification Act</a> is a law that protects consumers in the United States. The act protects producer and consumer interests by implementing labelling (required content disclosure) and advertising requirements on textile products. The Textile Fiber Products Identification Act applies to all textile fiber products besides wool, which is governed by the Wool Product Label Number. The law prohibits misinformation about the fiber content, misbranding, and any unfair advertising practice, as well as requires businesses to operate in a particular manner.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elsasser-2005-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testing_of_textiles">Testing of textiles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Testing of textiles">edit</a>]</div> Testing occurs at various stages of the textile manufacturing process, from raw material to finished product. The purpose of testing is to evaluate and analyze the regulatory compliance, the product's quality and performance, as well as to measure its specifications. Textile testing encompasses a wide range of methodologies, procedures, equipment, and sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratories</a>. Local governments and authorized organization's such as <a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Textile_Chemists_and_Colorists" title="American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists">American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists</a> establish standards for testing of textiles.<a href="#cite_note-Saville-1999-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hu-2008-144">[144]</a> Some examples of tests at different stages: For fiber: Fiber identification is a necessary test for determining fiber content and classifying products. The labelling of items with their fiber content percentage is a regulatory requirement. Using <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscopy</a>, solubility, and burn tests, fibers are distinguished from one another.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> More fiber relating tests include fiber length, diameter, <a href="/wiki/Cotton_maturity" title="Cotton maturity">Micronaire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> For yarn: <a href="/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement#Linear_density" title="Units of textile measurement">Yarn count</a>, <a href="/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement#Denier" title="Units of textile measurement">Denier</a>, Strength, evenness. For fabric: <a href="/wiki/Dimensional_stability_(fabric)" title="Dimensional stability (fabric)">Dimensional stability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colour_fastness" title="Colour fastness">color fastness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement#Thread_count" title="Units of textile measurement">thread count</a>, <a href="/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement#Grams_per_square_metre_(GSM)" title="Units of textile measurement">G.S.M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pill_(textile)" title="Pill (textile)">pilling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combustibility_and_flammability" title="Combustibility and flammability">flammability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saville-1999-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hu-2008-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Picture_gallery">Picture gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Picture gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Karachi_-_Pakistan-market.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Textile market on the sidewalks of Karachi, Pakistan"><img alt="Textile market on the sidewalks of Karachi, Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Karachi_-_Pakistan-market.jpg/120px-Karachi_-_Pakistan-market.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Karachi_-_Pakistan-market.jpg/180px-Karachi_-_Pakistan-market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Karachi_-_Pakistan-market.jpg/240px-Karachi_-_Pakistan-market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="720" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Textile market on the sidewalks of <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, Pakistan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple-textile-magnified.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Magnified view of a plain or tabby weave textile"><img alt="Magnified view of a plain or tabby weave textile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Simple-textile-magnified.jpg/120px-Simple-textile-magnified.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Simple-textile-magnified.jpg/180px-Simple-textile-magnified.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Simple-textile-magnified.jpg/240px-Simple-textile-magnified.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Magnified view of a plain or tabby weave textile</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:P1080828.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Fabric shop in canal town Mukalla, Yemen"><img alt="Fabric shop in canal town Mukalla, Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/P1080828.JPG/120px-P1080828.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/P1080828.JPG/180px-P1080828.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/P1080828.JPG/240px-P1080828.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fabric shop in canal town <a href="/wiki/Mukalla" title="Mukalla">Mukalla</a>, Yemen</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:DumbartonOaksTextileEuropa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late antique textile, Egyptian, now in the Dumbarton Oaks collection"><img alt="Late antique textile, Egyptian, now in the Dumbarton Oaks collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DumbartonOaksTextileEuropa.jpg/116px-DumbartonOaksTextileEuropa.jpg" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DumbartonOaksTextileEuropa.jpg/174px-DumbartonOaksTextileEuropa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/DumbartonOaksTextileEuropa.jpg/232px-DumbartonOaksTextileEuropa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1211" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late antique textile, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a> collection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Conde_nast_fortuny.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mrs. Condé Nast wearing a silk Fortuny tea gown"><img alt="Mrs. Condé Nast wearing a silk Fortuny tea gown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Conde_nast_fortuny.jpg/72px-Conde_nast_fortuny.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Conde_nast_fortuny.jpg/108px-Conde_nast_fortuny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Conde_nast_fortuny.jpg/144px-Conde_nast_fortuny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="605" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mrs. <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Montrose_Nast" class="mw-redirect" title="Condé Montrose Nast">Condé Nast</a> wearing a <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> <a href="/wiki/Delphos_gown" title="Delphos gown">Fortuny tea gown</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablecloth_romanian_1full_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional tablecloth, Maramureș, Romania"><img alt="Traditional tablecloth, Maramureș, Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tablecloth_romanian_1full_view.jpg/120px-Tablecloth_romanian_1full_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tablecloth_romanian_1full_view.jpg/180px-Tablecloth_romanian_1full_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Tablecloth_romanian_1full_view.jpg/240px-Tablecloth_romanian_1full_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="1197" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional <a href="/wiki/Tablecloth" title="Tablecloth">tablecloth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Otavalo_Artisan_Market_-_Andes_Mountains_-_South_America_-_photograph_001.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Textiles made from Alpaca wool at the Otavalo Artisan Market in the Andes Mountains, Ecuador"><img alt="Textiles made from Alpaca wool at the Otavalo Artisan Market in the Andes Mountains, Ecuador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Otavalo_Artisan_Market_-_Andes_Mountains_-_South_America_-_photograph_001.JPG/120px-Otavalo_Artisan_Market_-_Andes_Mountains_-_South_America_-_photograph_001.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Otavalo_Artisan_Market_-_Andes_Mountains_-_South_America_-_photograph_001.JPG/180px-Otavalo_Artisan_Market_-_Andes_Mountains_-_South_America_-_photograph_001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Otavalo_Artisan_Market_-_Andes_Mountains_-_South_America_-_photograph_001.JPG/240px-Otavalo_Artisan_Market_-_Andes_Mountains_-_South_America_-_photograph_001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Textiles made from <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca</a> wool at the <a href="/wiki/Otavalo_(city)" title="Otavalo (city)">Otavalo</a> Artisan Market in the Andes Mountains, Ecuador</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Banton Burial Cloth, the oldest existing example of warp ikat in Southeast Asia, displayed at the National Museum of the Philippines. The cloth was most likely made by the native Asia people of northwest Romblon."><img alt="The Banton Burial Cloth, the oldest existing example of warp ikat in Southeast Asia, displayed at the National Museum of the Philippines. The cloth was most likely made by the native Asia people of northwest Romblon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG/120px-Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG/180px-Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG/240px-Banton_Burial_Cloth.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Banton Burial Cloth, the oldest existing example of warp <a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">ikat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, displayed at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines" title="National Museum of the Philippines">National Museum of the Philippines</a>. The cloth was most likely made by the native Asia people of northwest <a href="/wiki/Romblon" title="Romblon">Romblon</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_ikat_weaving_from_Sulu,_Philippines,_East-West_Center.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A double ikat weaving made by the Tausug people from Sulu, made of banana leaf stalk fiber (Abacá)"><img alt="A double ikat weaving made by the Tausug people from Sulu, made of banana leaf stalk fiber (Abacá)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Double_ikat_weaving_from_Sulu%2C_Philippines%2C_East-West_Center.JPG/103px-Double_ikat_weaving_from_Sulu%2C_Philippines%2C_East-West_Center.JPG" decoding="async" width="103" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Double_ikat_weaving_from_Sulu%2C_Philippines%2C_East-West_Center.JPG/155px-Double_ikat_weaving_from_Sulu%2C_Philippines%2C_East-West_Center.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Double_ikat_weaving_from_Sulu%2C_Philippines%2C_East-West_Center.JPG/207px-Double_ikat_weaving_from_Sulu%2C_Philippines%2C_East-West_Center.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2146" data-file-height="2487" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A double <a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">ikat</a> weaving made by the <a href="/wiki/Tausug_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tausug people">Tausug people</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a>, made of banana leaf stalk fiber (<a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1963_Zepel_advertisement.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Advertisement for Zepel, the trade name used to market Teflon as a fabric treatment"><img alt="Advertisement for Zepel, the trade name used to market Teflon as a fabric treatment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1963_Zepel_advertisement.jpg/45px-1963_Zepel_advertisement.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1963_Zepel_advertisement.jpg/68px-1963_Zepel_advertisement.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/1963_Zepel_advertisement.jpg/91px-1963_Zepel_advertisement.jpg 2x" data-file-width="321" data-file-height="845" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Advertisement for Zepel, the trade name used to market <a href="/wiki/Teflon" class="mw-redirect" title="Teflon">Teflon</a> as a fabric treatment</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Plevna-sali_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A weaving shed of the Finlayson & Co factory in Tampere, Finland, in 1932[148]"><img alt="A weaving shed of the Finlayson & Co factory in Tampere, Finland, in 1932[148]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Plevna-sali_1932.jpg/120px-Plevna-sali_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Plevna-sali_1932.jpg/180px-Plevna-sali_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Plevna-sali_1932.jpg/240px-Plevna-sali_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="428" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Weaving_shed" title="Weaving shed">weaving shed</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Finlayson_(company)" title="Finlayson (company)">Finlayson & Co</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, Finland, in 1932<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Textile_machinery_at_Cambrian_Factory,_Llanwrtyd_(1293828).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Textile machinery at the Cambrian Factory, Llanwrtyd, Wales, in the 1940s"><img alt="Textile machinery at the Cambrian Factory, Llanwrtyd, Wales, in the 1940s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Textile_machinery_at_Cambrian_Factory%2C_Llanwrtyd_%281293828%29.jpg/120px-Textile_machinery_at_Cambrian_Factory%2C_Llanwrtyd_%281293828%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Textile_machinery_at_Cambrian_Factory%2C_Llanwrtyd_%281293828%29.jpg/180px-Textile_machinery_at_Cambrian_Factory%2C_Llanwrtyd_%281293828%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Textile_machinery_at_Cambrian_Factory%2C_Llanwrtyd_%281293828%29.jpg/240px-Textile_machinery_at_Cambrian_Factory%2C_Llanwrtyd_%281293828%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="714" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Textile machinery at the Cambrian Factory, <a href="/wiki/Llanwrtyd" title="Llanwrtyd">Llanwrtyd</a>, Wales, in the 1940s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:BALLS_OF_COTTON_(ANDHRA_-SOUTH_INDIA)_READY_FOR_HARVEST.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cotton fiber"><img alt="Cotton fiber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BALLS_OF_COTTON_%28ANDHRA_-SOUTH_INDIA%29_READY_FOR_HARVEST.jpg/120px-BALLS_OF_COTTON_%28ANDHRA_-SOUTH_INDIA%29_READY_FOR_HARVEST.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BALLS_OF_COTTON_%28ANDHRA_-SOUTH_INDIA%29_READY_FOR_HARVEST.jpg/180px-BALLS_OF_COTTON_%28ANDHRA_-SOUTH_INDIA%29_READY_FOR_HARVEST.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/BALLS_OF_COTTON_%28ANDHRA_-SOUTH_INDIA%29_READY_FOR_HARVEST.jpg/240px-BALLS_OF_COTTON_%28ANDHRA_-SOUTH_INDIA%29_READY_FOR_HARVEST.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5400" data-file-height="3600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a> fiber</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nylon6_and_Nylon_66.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nylon"><img alt="Nylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nylon6_and_Nylon_66.png/120px-Nylon6_and_Nylon_66.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nylon6_and_Nylon_66.png/180px-Nylon6_and_Nylon_66.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nylon6_and_Nylon_66.png/240px-Nylon6_and_Nylon_66.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="537" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nylon</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cloth_800.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A variety of contemporary fabrics. From the left: evenweave cotton, velvet, printed cotton, calico, felt, satin, silk, hessian, polycotton."><img alt="A variety of contemporary fabrics. From the left: evenweave cotton, velvet, printed cotton, calico, felt, satin, silk, hessian, polycotton." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cloth_800.jpg/120px-Cloth_800.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cloth_800.jpg/180px-Cloth_800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Cloth_800.jpg/240px-Cloth_800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A variety of contemporary fabrics. From the left: evenweave <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">printed cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calico_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calico (textile)">calico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">felt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">satin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(Cloth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessian (Cloth)">hessian</a>, polycotton.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dan_Hadani_collection_(990044401360205171).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A textile factory in Israel, 1969"><img alt="A textile factory in Israel, 1969" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990044401360205171%29.jpg/120px-Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990044401360205171%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990044401360205171%29.jpg/180px-Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990044401360205171%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990044401360205171%29.jpg/240px-Dan_Hadani_collection_%28990044401360205171%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3335" data-file-height="2064" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A textile factory in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/1969" title="1969">1969</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tartan_Clan_Campbell.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Woven tartan of Clan Campbell, Scotland"><img alt="Woven tartan of Clan Campbell, Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tartan_Clan_Campbell.png/120px-Tartan_Clan_Campbell.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tartan_Clan_Campbell.png/180px-Tartan_Clan_Campbell.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Tartan_Clan_Campbell.png/240px-Tartan_Clan_Campbell.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="201" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Woven tartan of <a href="/wiki/Clan_Campbell" title="Clan Campbell">Clan Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Embroidery-flowers-Alfaro-Nunez.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Embroidered skirts by the Alfaro-Nùñez family of Cochas, Peru, using traditional Peruvian embroidery methods[149]"><img alt="Embroidered skirts by the Alfaro-Nùñez family of Cochas, Peru, using traditional Peruvian embroidery methods[149]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Embroidery-flowers-Alfaro-Nunez.jpg/87px-Embroidery-flowers-Alfaro-Nunez.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Embroidery-flowers-Alfaro-Nunez.jpg/131px-Embroidery-flowers-Alfaro-Nunez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Embroidery-flowers-Alfaro-Nunez.jpg/174px-Embroidery-flowers-Alfaro-Nunez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="275" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">Embroidered</a> skirts by the Alfaro-Nùñez family of Cochas, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, using traditional Peruvian embroidery methods<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:M0354_000727-005_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A modern umbrella fabric has specific requirements for colour fastness to light, water and wet rubbing, and permeability."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/M0354_000727-005_1.jpg/120px-M0354_000727-005_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/M0354_000727-005_1.jpg/180px-M0354_000727-005_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/M0354_000727-005_1.jpg/240px-M0354_000727-005_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A modern umbrella fabric has specific requirements for <a href="/wiki/Colour_fastness" title="Colour fastness">colour fastness</a> to light, water and wet rubbing, and permeability.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Borduurtechnieken-applique_kruis-gelegde_draad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Appliqué cross. The edges are covered and stitches are hidden. It is overlaid with decorative gold thread."><img alt="Appliqué cross. The edges are covered and stitches are hidden. It is overlaid with decorative gold thread." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Borduurtechnieken-applique_kruis-gelegde_draad.jpg/96px-Borduurtechnieken-applique_kruis-gelegde_draad.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Borduurtechnieken-applique_kruis-gelegde_draad.jpg/144px-Borduurtechnieken-applique_kruis-gelegde_draad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Borduurtechnieken-applique_kruis-gelegde_draad.jpg/192px-Borduurtechnieken-applique_kruis-gelegde_draad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3092" data-file-height="3864" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Appliqué cross. The edges are covered and stitches are hidden. It is overlaid with decorative gold thread.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiang_Mai,_Thailand,_Colorful_clothing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clothing made of textiles, Thailand"><img alt="Clothing made of textiles, Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chiang_Mai%2C_Thailand%2C_Colorful_clothing.jpg/120px-Chiang_Mai%2C_Thailand%2C_Colorful_clothing.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chiang_Mai%2C_Thailand%2C_Colorful_clothing.jpg/180px-Chiang_Mai%2C_Thailand%2C_Colorful_clothing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Chiang_Mai%2C_Thailand%2C_Colorful_clothing.jpg/240px-Chiang_Mai%2C_Thailand%2C_Colorful_clothing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Clothing made of textiles, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Barong_Up_Close.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Close-up view of a barong tagalog made with piña fiber in the Philippines"><img alt="Close-up view of a barong tagalog made with piña fiber in the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Barong_Up_Close.jpg/120px-Barong_Up_Close.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Barong_Up_Close.jpg/180px-Barong_Up_Close.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Barong_Up_Close.jpg/240px-Barong_Up_Close.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Close-up view of a <a href="/wiki/Barong_tagalog" title="Barong tagalog">barong tagalog</a> made with <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">piña</a> fiber in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Scene_with_Fabric_Tunnel_-_Srimangal_-_Sylhet_Division_-_Bangladesh_(12904860703).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A fabric tunnel in Moulvibazar District, Bangladesh"><img alt="A fabric tunnel in Moulvibazar District, Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Scene_with_Fabric_Tunnel_-_Srimangal_-_Sylhet_Division_-_Bangladesh_%2812904860703%29.jpg/120px-Scene_with_Fabric_Tunnel_-_Srimangal_-_Sylhet_Division_-_Bangladesh_%2812904860703%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Scene_with_Fabric_Tunnel_-_Srimangal_-_Sylhet_Division_-_Bangladesh_%2812904860703%29.jpg/180px-Scene_with_Fabric_Tunnel_-_Srimangal_-_Sylhet_Division_-_Bangladesh_%2812904860703%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Scene_with_Fabric_Tunnel_-_Srimangal_-_Sylhet_Division_-_Bangladesh_%2812904860703%29.jpg/240px-Scene_with_Fabric_Tunnel_-_Srimangal_-_Sylhet_Division_-_Bangladesh_%2812904860703%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A fabric tunnel in <a href="/wiki/Moulvibazar_District" title="Moulvibazar District">Moulvibazar District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A modern Manila hemp made on industrial weaving machines"><img alt="A modern Manila hemp made on industrial weaving machines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg/89px-49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg/134px-49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg/179px-49-QWSTION-BANANATEX-FABRIC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2444" data-file-height="3278" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A modern <a href="/wiki/Manila_hemp" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila hemp">Manila hemp</a> made on industrial weaving machines</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Textile doll (11th century), Chancay culture, found near Lima, Walters Art Museum. Of their small size, dolls are frequently found in ancient Peruvian tombs.[150]"><img alt="Textile doll (11th century), Chancay culture, found near Lima, Walters Art Museum. Of their small size, dolls are frequently found in ancient Peruvian tombs.[150]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg/83px-Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg/124px-Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg/166px-Chancay_-_Textile_Doll_-_Walters_83768.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1799" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Textile doll (11th century), <a href="/wiki/Chancay_culture" title="Chancay culture">Chancay culture</a>, found near <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a>. Of their small size, dolls are frequently found in ancient Peruvian tombs.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">Bamboo textile</a> – Textile made from various parts of the bamboo plant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_the_ancient_world" title="Clothing in the ancient world">Clothing in the ancient world</a> – What people wore in antiquity as inferred from archaeological and historical evidence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_textile" title="Green textile">Green textile</a> – textiles or fibers produced sustainablyPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Down_and_Feather_Testing_Laboratory" title="International Down and Feather Testing Laboratory">International Down and Feather Testing Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textile_fibres" title="List of textile fibres">List of textile fibres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Sustainable fashion</a> – Reduction of environmental impacts of the fashion industry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_textile" title="Technical textile">Technical textile</a> – Textile product valued for its functional characteristics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_arts" title="Textile arts">Textile arts</a> – Form of arts and crafts using fibers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Textile manufacturing</a> – The industry which produces textiles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing" title="Glossary of textile manufacturing">Glossary of textile manufacturing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a> – Method for applying patterns to cloth using printing techniques</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Textile recycling</a> – Method of reusing or reprocessing used clothing, fibrous material and rags</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">Timeline of clothing and textiles technology</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Joseph-1977-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph-1977_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph-1977_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph-1977_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJoseph1977" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Marjory L. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/introductorytext00jose">Introductory textile science</a>. New York : Holt: Rinehart and Winston. pp. 3, 4, 439. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-089970-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-089970-6"><bdi>978-0-03-089970-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+textile+science&rft.place=New+York+%3A+Holt&rft.pages=3%2C+4%2C+439&rft.pub=Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-03-089970-6&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Marjory+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductorytext00jose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kadolph-1998-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kadolph-1998_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadolph-1998_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadolph-1998_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadolph-1998_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadolph-1998_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadolph-1998_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadolph-1998_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadolph-1998_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadolph-1998_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadolph-1998_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadolph-1998_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadolph-1998_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadolph-1998_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadolph-1998_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadolph-1998_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kadolph-1998_2-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadolph1998" class="citation book cs1">Kadolph, Sara J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/textiles0000kado">Textiles</a>. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Merrill. pp. 4, 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-494592-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-494592-7"><bdi>978-0-13-494592-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textiles&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=4%2C+5&rft.pub=Merrill&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-13-494592-7&rft.aulast=Kadolph&rft.aufirst=Sara+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftextiles0000kado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-2015-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB-2015_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB-2015_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB-2015_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/textile">"textile | Description & Facts"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611044816/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/589392/textile">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-06-11. 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Science. 325 (5946): 1359. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...325.1359K">2009Sci...325.1359K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1175404">10.1126/science.1175404</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19745144">19745144</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206520793">206520793</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200304052409/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/4270521">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-04. Retrieved 2018-11-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=30%2C000-Year-Old+Wild+Flax+Fibers&rft.volume=325&rft.issue=5946&rft.pages=1359&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1175404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206520793%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19745144&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...325.1359K&rft.aulast=Kvavadze&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Bar-Yosef%2C+O.&rft.au=Belfer-Cohen%2C+A.&rft.au=Boaretto%2C+E.&rft.au=Jakeli%2C+N.&rft.au=Matskevich%2C+Z.&rft.au=Meshveliani%2C+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrs.harvard.edu%2Furn-3%3AHUL.InstRepos%3A4270521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldtextile.aimoo.com/">Supporting Online Material</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091127065045/http://worldtextile.aimoo.com/">Archived</a> 2009-11-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUl-IslamButola2018" class="citation book cs1">Ul-Islam, Shahid; Butola, B. 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Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23943%2Fprinceton%2F9780691164137.003.0010">10.23943/princeton/9780691164137.003.0010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=States+and+Power+in+Africa%3A+Comparative+Lessons+in+Authority+and+Control&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23943%2Fprinceton%2F9780691164137.003.0010&rft.aulast=Herbst&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.23943%2Fprinceton%2F9780691164137.003.0010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNayakPadhye2015" class="citation cs2">Nayak, R.; Padhye, R. 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Routledge. p. 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99745-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-99745-4"><bdi>978-1-351-99745-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602045837/https://books.google.com/books?id=-WEPDQAAQBAJ&dq=Textiles+and+origin+of+their+names&pg=PT359">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-02. 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Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-496-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-496-5"><bdi>978-1-58839-496-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602055305/https://books.google.com/books?id=BYjh82N63IQC&dq=Textiles+and+origin+of+their+names&pg=PA60">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-02. 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Presses Université Laval. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7637-7213-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7637-7213-4"><bdi>978-2-7637-7213-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405081522/https://books.google.com/books?id=MLChUpf_66EC&dq=Jagannath=+light+cotton+material&pg=PA143">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2022-06-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Actes+du+XVIe+Congr%C3%A8s+international+des+sciences+onomastiques%3A+Qu%C3%A9bec%2C+Universit%C3%A9+Laval%2C+16-22+ao%C3%BBt+1987+%3A+le+nom+propre+au+carrefour+des+%C3%A9tudes+humaines+et+des+sciences+sociales&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Presses+Universit%C3%A9+Laval&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-2-7637-7213-4&rft.aulast=Boulanger&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMLChUpf_66EC%26dq%3DJagannath%253D%2Blight%2Bcotton%2Bmaterial%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphries-1996-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Humphries-1996_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Humphries-1996_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphries1996" class="citation book cs1">Humphries, Mary (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/fabricreference0000hump">Fabric reference</a>. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-349671-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-349671-0"><bdi>978-0-13-349671-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fabric+reference&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-13-349671-0&rft.aulast=Humphries&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffabricreference0000hump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baden-Powell-1872-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Baden-Powell-1872_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaden-Powell1872" class="citation book cs1">Baden-Powell, Baden Henry (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gg_JAAAAMAAJ">Hand-book of the Manufactures & Arts of the Punjab: With a Combined Glossary & Index of Vernacular Trades & Technical Terms ... 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New York: Pantheon Books. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+thousand+years+of+textiles%3B+the+figured+textiles+of+Europe+and+the+Near+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Weibel&rft.aufirst=Ad%C3%A8le+Coulin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwothousandyears0000unse_s3q7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2005" class="citation book cs1">King, Brenda M. (2005-09-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vqua3eovs7kC&q=Abrawan&pg=PR16">Silk and Empire</a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 61, xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6700-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6700-6"><bdi>978-0-7190-6700-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silk+and+Empire&rft.pages=61%2C+xvi&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2005-09-03&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6700-6&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Brenda+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvqua3eovs7kC%26q%3DAbrawan%26pg%3DPR16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmuth1915" class="citation book cs1">Harmuth, Louis (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/dictionaryoftext00harmrich">Dictionary of textiles</a>. 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Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 27: 243–247. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140630">44140630</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203053658/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140630">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-03. 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Nature. 451 (7180): 809–813. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.451..809Q">2008Natur.451..809Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06601">10.1038/nature06601</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18273015">18273015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4411796">4411796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Letter%2Fabstract%3A+Microfibre%E2%80%93nanowire+hybrid+structure+for+energy+scavenging&rft.volume=451&rft.issue=7180&rft.pages=809-813&rft.date=2007-10-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06601&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4411796%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18273015&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.451..809Q&rft.au=Yong+Qin%2C+Xudong+Wang+%26+Zhong+Lin+Wang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7180/edsumm/e080214-06.html">"Editor's summary: Nanomaterial: power dresser"</a>. Nature. Nature Publishing Group. February 14, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215185507/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7180/edsumm/e080214-06.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 15, 2008. 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(2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ckqoDwAAQBAJ&q=Technical+textiles+can+be+divided+into+many+categories,+depending+on+their+end+use.&pg=PA3">Agro Textiles and Its Applications</a>. Woodhead Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-85059-89-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-85059-89-6"><bdi>978-93-85059-89-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531180223/https://books.google.com/books?id=ckqoDwAAQBAJ&q=Technical+textiles+can+be+divided+into+many+categories,+depending+on+their+end+use.&pg=PA3">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2022-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agro+Textiles+and+Its+Applications&rft.pub=Woodhead+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-93-85059-89-6&rft.aulast=Annapoorani&rft.aufirst=Grace+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DckqoDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DTechnical%2Btextiles%2Bcan%2Bbe%2Bdivided%2Binto%2Bmany%2Bcategories%2C%2Bdepending%2Bon%2Btheir%2Bend%2Buse.%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wionews.com/videos/italian-glaciers-tell-the-tale-of-climate-change-lost-13rd-of-its-volume-307503/amp">"Italian glaciers tell the tale of climate change; lost 1/3rd of its volume - World News"</a>. www.wionews.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531224302/https://www.wionews.com/videos/italian-glaciers-tell-the-tale-of-climate-change-lost-13rd-of-its-volume-307503/amp">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2022-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wionews.com&rft.atitle=Italian+glaciers+tell+the+tale+of+climate+change%3B+lost+1%2F3rd+of+its+volume+-+World+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wionews.com%2Fvideos%2Fitalian-glaciers-tell-the-tale-of-climate-change-lost-13rd-of-its-volume-307503%2Famp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShishoo2008" class="citation book cs1">Shishoo, Roshan (2008-10-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6aajAgAAQBAJ">Textile Advances in the Automotive Industry</a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84569-504-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84569-504-0"><bdi>978-1-84569-504-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602124140/https://books.google.com/books?id=6aajAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-02. Retrieved 2022-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textile+Advances+in+the+Automotive+Industry&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008-10-20&rft.isbn=978-1-84569-504-0&rft.aulast=Shishoo&rft.aufirst=Roshan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6aajAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrömer2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karina_Gr%C3%B6mer" title="Karina Grömer">Grömer, Karina</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.26530/oapen_604250">The Art of Prehistoric Textile Making. : The development of craft traditions and clothing in Central Europe</a>. Naturhistorisches Museum Wien. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26530%2Foapen_604250">10.26530/oapen_604250</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902421-94-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902421-94-4"><bdi>978-3-902421-94-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Prehistoric+Textile+Making.+%3A+The+development+of+craft+traditions+and+clothing+in+Central+Europe&rft.pub=Naturhistorisches+Museum+Wien&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26530%2Foapen_604250&rft.isbn=978-3-902421-94-4&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%B6mer&rft.aufirst=Karina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.26530%2Foapen_604250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/archaeology">"archaeology | Definition, History, Types, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210704002834/https://www.britannica.com/science/archaeology">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-04. Retrieved 2022-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=archaeology+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+Types%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Farchaeology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhippsHechtMartínMartin2004" class="citation book cs1">Phipps, Elena; Hecht, Johanna; Martín, Cristina Esteras; Martin, Cristina Esteras; N.Y.), Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A6nutjzmxvkC&q=The+yacolla+was+basically+a+blanket">The Colonial Andes: Tapestries and Silverwork, 1530-1830</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-131-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-131-5"><bdi>978-1-58839-131-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531105603/https://books.google.com/books?id=A6nutjzmxvkC&q=The+yacolla+was+basically+a+blanket">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2022-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+Andes%3A+Tapestries+and+Silverwork%2C+1530-1830&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58839-131-5&rft.aulast=Phipps&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Hecht%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn%2C+Cristina+Esteras&rft.au=Martin%2C+Cristina+Esteras&rft.au=N.Y.%29%2C+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+%28New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA6nutjzmxvkC%26q%3DThe%2Byacolla%2Bwas%2Bbasically%2Ba%2Bblanket&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD.C.)2003" class="citation book cs1">D.C.), Textile Museum (Washington (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ovWAAAAMAAJ&q=textile+remains+tell+us+history">Textile Museum Journal</a>. Textile Museum. p. 123. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531233553/https://books.google.com/books?id=4ovWAAAAMAAJ&q=textile+remains+tell+us+history">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-31. Retrieved 2022-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textile+Museum+Journal&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Textile+Museum&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=D.C.%29&rft.aufirst=Textile+Museum+%28Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ovWAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtextile%2Bremains%2Btell%2Bus%2Bhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120428185646/http://www.textilemuseum.org/about/history.htm">"The Textile Museum | Mission & History"</a>. 2012-04-28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textilemuseum.org/about/history.htm">the original</a> on 2012-04-28. Retrieved 2022-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Textile+Museum+%7C+Mission+%26+History&rft.date=2012-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.textilemuseum.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein1986" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, David J. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/mysteryofbayeuxt0000bern">The mystery of the Bayeux tapestry</a>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 1–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-78928-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-78928-4"><bdi>978-0-297-78928-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mystery+of+the+Bayeux+tapestry&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-10&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-297-78928-4&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmysteryofbayeuxt0000bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/kingharoldiibaye0000unse">King Harold II and the Bayeux Tapestry</a>. Woodbridge, Suffolk; Rochester, NY: Boydell Press. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-124-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-124-2"><bdi>978-1-84383-124-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Harold+II+and+the+Bayeux+Tapestry&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk%3B+Rochester%2C+NY&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-124-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingharoldiibaye0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150427132918/http://textilescommittee.nic.in/services/geographical-indications#Pipli">"Facilitation of IPR Protection through Geographical Indications | Services | Textiles Committee (Ministry of Textiles, Government of India)"</a>. 2015-04-27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://textilescommittee.nic.in/services/geographical-indications#Pipli">the original</a> on 2015-04-27. Retrieved 2022-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facilitation+of+IPR+Protection+through+Geographical+Indications+%7C+Services+%7C+Textiles+Committee+%28Ministry+of+Textiles%2C+Government+of+India%29&rft.date=2015-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftextilescommittee.nic.in%2Fservices%2Fgeographical-indications%23Pipli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia2006" class="citation book cs1">Garcia, Mark (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WNM3AQAAIAAJ">Architextiles</a>. Wiley. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02634-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02634-2"><bdi>978-0-470-02634-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602154540/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNM3AQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-02. Retrieved 2022-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architextiles&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-470-02634-2&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWNM3AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillem" class="citation web cs1">Willem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/com-k2/individual-textiles-and-textile-types/furnishings/tent-of-shah-jahan">"Mughal Shahi Lal Dera Tent"</a>. trc-leiden.nl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220811211625/https://www.trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/com-k2/individual-textiles-and-textile-types/furnishings/tent-of-shah-jahan">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-11. Retrieved 2022-05-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=trc-leiden.nl&rft.atitle=Mughal+Shahi+Lal+Dera+Tent&rft.au=Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrc-leiden.nl%2Ftrc-needles%2Fcom-k2%2Findividual-textiles-and-textile-types%2Ffurnishings%2Ftent-of-shah-jahan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1980" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Marion (1980-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179/004049680793691185">"Cloth as Money: the Cloth Strip Currencies of Africa"</a>. 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Oxbow Books. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78570-358-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78570-358-4"><bdi>978-1-78570-358-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409133722/https://books.google.com/books?id=aXm7DQAAQBAJ&dq=gods+and+garments&pg=PR23">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-09. 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Elsevier. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-759-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-759-4"><bdi>978-1-85573-759-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127041049/https://books.google.com/books?id=GbejAgAAQBAJ&q=Fiber+properties+is+an+important+criteria+to+analyze+in+blends&pg=PA230">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-27. 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DRG Wholesale. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59217-018-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59217-018-0"><bdi>978-1-59217-018-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127041047/https://books.google.com/books?id=8_-NkR8TEyEC&q=blend+spandex+adds+elasticity&pg=PA139">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-27. 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Simon and Schuster. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7286-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-7286-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-7286-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127041051/https://books.google.com/books?id=xfB99Kf38MwC&q=blend+spandex+adds+elasticity&pg=PA264">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-27. 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Leuven University Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-614-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5867-614-6"><bdi>978-90-5867-614-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180327155254/https://books.google.com/books?id=ULyu8dNqS1sC&pg=PA188&dq=banana%20textile#v=onepage&q=banana%20textile">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Banana-fibre+Cloth+in+the+Ryukyus%2C+Japan&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-5867-614-6&rft.aulast=Hendrickx&rft.aufirst=Katrien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DULyu8dNqS1sC%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BS_1-84"><a href="#cite_ref-BS_1_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadapa-Bose,_S.2021" class="citation web cs1">Kadapa-Bose, S. 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Berlin, Roman Joswik (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt6YCgAAQBAJ&dq=lanolin++is+waterproof+and+dirtproof&pg=PA142">Engineering Textiles</a>. Apple Academic Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-0603-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-0603-2"><bdi>978-1-4987-0603-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405081531/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt6YCgAAQBAJ&dq=lanolin++is+waterproof+and+dirtproof&pg=PA142">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2023-03-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+Textiles&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Apple+Academic+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4987-0603-2&rft.aulast=Vatin+Nikolai+Ivanovich&rft.aufirst=Alexandr+A.+Berlin%2C+Roman+Joswik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMt6YCgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dlanolin%2B%2Bis%2Bwaterproof%2Band%2Bdirtproof%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArno_Cahn1999" class="citation book cs1">Arno Cahn, Edward C. Leonard, Edward George Perkins (1999). Proceedings of the World Conference on Palm and Coconut Oils for the 21st Century. AOCS Press. p. 115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935315-99-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-935315-99-8"><bdi>978-0-935315-99-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+World+Conference+on+Palm+and+Coconut+Oils+for+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=AOCS+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-935315-99-8&rft.aulast=Arno+Cahn&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.+Leonard%2C+Edward+George+Perkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevisan" class="citation web cs1">Trevisan, Adrian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507085636/http://www.senature.com/research/publications/cocoon-silk-a-natural-architecture">"Cocoon Silk: A Natural Silk Architecture"</a>. Sense of Nature. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senature.com/research/publications/cocoon-silk-a-natural-architecture">the original</a> on 2012-05-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cocoon+Silk%3A+A+Natural+Silk+Architecture&rft.pub=Sense+of+Nature&rft.aulast=Trevisan&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senature.com%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2Fcocoon-silk-a-natural-architecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stockhead.com.au/health/why-nanollose-is-on-the-verge-of-a-major-market-opportunity-with-its-fibre-conversion-technology-as-global-fashion-brands-come-knocking/">"Why Nanollose is on the verge of a major market opportunity with its fibre conversion technology, as global fashion brands come knocking"</a>. 14 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221215183949/https://stockhead.com.au/health/why-nanollose-is-on-the-verge-of-a-major-market-opportunity-with-its-fibre-conversion-technology-as-global-fashion-brands-come-knocking/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-12-15. Retrieved 2022-09-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Nanollose+is+on+the+verge+of+a+major+market+opportunity+with+its+fibre+conversion+technology%2C+as+global+fashion+brands+come+knocking&rft.date=2022-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstockhead.com.au%2Fhealth%2Fwhy-nanollose-is-on-the-verge-of-a-major-market-opportunity-with-its-fibre-conversion-technology-as-global-fashion-brands-come-knocking%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=toeN-glF_nsC&dq=beta+cloth,+a+virtually+fireproof+fabric+which+replaced+nylon+in+the+outer+layer+of+United+States+space+suits+since+1968&pg=PA469-IA2">Apollo Accident, Hearing ...</a> 1968. pp. 469, 557. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230528133641/https://books.google.com/books?id=toeN-glF_nsC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA469-IA2&dq=beta+cloth,+a+virtually+fireproof+fabric+which+replaced+nylon+in+the+outer+layer+of+United+States+space+suits+since+1968&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-28. Retrieved 2023-05-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo+Accident%2C+Hearing+....&rft.pages=469%2C+557&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtoeN-glF_nsC%26dq%3Dbeta%2Bcloth%2C%2Ba%2Bvirtually%2Bfireproof%2Bfabric%2Bwhich%2Breplaced%2Bnylon%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bouter%2Blayer%2Bof%2BUnited%2BStates%2Bspace%2Bsuits%2Bsince%2B1968%26pg%3DPA469-IA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammerskogWincent2009" class="citation book cs1">Hammerskog, Paula; Wincent, Eva (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swedishknitsclas0000hamm">Swedish Knits: Classic and Modern Designs in the Scandinavian Tradition</a>. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/swedishknitsclas0000hamm/page/32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-724-8"><bdi>978-1-60239-724-8</bdi></a>. <q>acrylic fiber used to imitate wools.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swedish+Knits%3A+Classic+and+Modern+Designs+in+the+Scandinavian+Tradition&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-724-8&rft.aulast=Hammerskog&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft.au=Wincent%2C+Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fswedishknitsclas0000hamm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Euroflax Industries Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euroflax.com/products_imports%20of_textiles.htm">"Euroflaxx Industries (Import of Textiles)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100113023858/http://euroflax.com/products_imports%20of_textiles.htm">Archived</a> 2010-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFonte,_Diwata2005" class="citation news cs1">Fonte, Diwata (August 23, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501074855/http://www.textile-technology.com/2010/04/milk-fabric-clothing-raises-a-few-eyebrows/">"Milk-fabric clothing raises a few eyebrows"</a>. The Orange County Register. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textile-technology.com/2010/04/milk-fabric-clothing-raises-a-few-eyebrows/">the original</a> on May 1, 2015. Retrieved 2009-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Orange+County+Register&rft.atitle=Milk-fabric+clothing+raises+a+few+eyebrows&rft.date=2005-08-23&rft.au=Fonte%2C+Diwata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.textile-technology.com%2F2010%2F04%2Fmilk-fabric-clothing-raises-a-few-eyebrows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birrell-1973-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birrell-1973_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birrell-1973_95-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birrell-1973_95-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirrell1973" class="citation book cs1">Birrell, Verla Leone (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/textileartshandb0000birr">The textile arts : a handbook of weaving, braiding, printing, and other textile techniques</a>. New York: Schocken Books. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0390-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0390-5"><bdi>978-0-8052-0390-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+textile+arts+%3A+a+handbook+of+weaving%2C+braiding%2C+printing%2C+and+other+textile+techniques&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-0390-5&rft.aulast=Birrell&rft.aufirst=Verla+Leone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftextileartshandb0000birr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeys2017" class="citation book cs1">Veys, Fanny Wonu (2017-01-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lCytDQAAQBAJ">Unwrapping Tongan Barkcloth: Encounters, Creativity and Female Agency</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-8331-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-8331-1"><bdi>978-1-4742-8331-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unwrapping+Tongan+Barkcloth%3A+Encounters%2C+Creativity+and+Female+Agency&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017-01-26&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-8331-1&rft.aulast=Veys&rft.aufirst=Fanny+Wonu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlCytDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarming1981" class="citation book cs1">Warming, Wanda (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/worldofindonesia0000warm_v5j5">The world of Indonesian textiles</a>. 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Retrieved 2022-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=loom+%7C+weaving+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Floom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Kay">"John Kay | British engineer and inventor | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220318071514/https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Kay">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-18. 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Elsevier. pp. 1 to 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84569-506-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84569-506-4"><bdi>978-1-84569-506-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405081538/https://books.google.com/books?id=ybekAgAAQBAJ&q=testing+of+textiles">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2022-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fabric+Testing&rft.pages=1+to+15&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008-09-09&rft.isbn=978-1-84569-506-4&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DybekAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtesting%2Bof%2Btextiles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadolph2007" class="citation book cs1">Kadolph, Sara J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/textiles0010kado">Textiles</a>. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 33, 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-118769-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-118769-6"><bdi>978-0-13-118769-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textiles&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=33%2C+34&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-13-118769-6&rft.aulast=Kadolph&rft.aufirst=Sara+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftextiles0010kado&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/micronaire">"Micronaire - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"</a>. www.sciencedirect.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220528034333/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/micronaire">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-28. Retrieved 2022-05-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sciencedirect.com&rft.atitle=Micronaire+-+an+overview+%7C+ScienceDirect+Topics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fengineering%2Fmicronaire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouck2009" class="citation book cs1">Houck, M. M. (2009-01-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQmkAgAAQBAJ">Identification of Textile Fibers</a>. Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84569-565-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84569-565-1"><bdi>978-1-84569-565-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305221621/https://books.google.com/books?id=xQmkAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-05. Retrieved 2022-05-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identification+of+Textile+Fibers&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2009-01-30&rft.isbn=978-1-84569-565-1&rft.aulast=Houck&rft.aufirst=M.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxQmkAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Doria-archive of the Finnish National Library[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art-gourds.com/the_craft_embroideries/en">Art-Gourds.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013043017/http://art-gourds.com/the_craft_embroideries/en">Archived</a> 2008-10-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Traditional Peruvian embroidery production methods </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://art.thewalters.org/detail/79394/textile-doll/">"Textile Doll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a> site.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Walters+Art+Museum+site&rft.atitle=Textile+Doll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fart.thewalters.org%2Fdetail%2F79394%2Ftextile-doll%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Boucher, François. <a href="/wiki/20,000_Years_of_Fashion" title="20,000 Years of Fashion">20,000 Years of Fashion</a>: The history of costume and personal adornment. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1987 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8109-1693-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8109-1693-2">0-8109-1693-2</a>.</li> <li>Conrad, James L. "'Drive That Branch': Samuel Slater, the Power Loom, and the Writing of America's Textile History". Technology and culture 36.1 (1995): 1–28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3106339">online</a>.</li> <li>Jenkins, David, ed.: The Cambridge History of Western Textiles, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34107-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34107-8">0-521-34107-8</a>.</li> <li>Payne, Blanche; Winakor, Geitel; Farrell-Beck Jane (1992) The History of Costume, from the Ancient Mesopotamia to the Twentieth Century, 2nd Edn, HarperCollins <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-047141-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-047141-7">0-06-047141-7</a>.</li> <li>Piponnier, Françoise, and Perrine Mane; Dress in the Middle Ages; Yale UP; 1997; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06906-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06906-5">0-300-06906-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostrel2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Postrel" title="Virginia Postrel">Postrel, Virginia</a> (10 Nov 2020). The Fabric of Civilization: How Textiles Made the World (Hardcover ed.). New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-1760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-1760-5"><bdi>978-1-5416-1760-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fabric+of+Civilization%3A+How+Textiles+Made+the+World&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=Hardcover&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2020-11-10&rft.isbn=978-1-5416-1760-5&rft.aulast=Postrel&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher1994" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Nora (1994). Rio Grande Textiles (Paperbound ed.). Museum of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89013-266-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89013-266-6"><bdi>0-89013-266-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rio+Grande+Textiles&rft.edition=Paperbound&rft.pub=Museum+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-89013-266-6&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Nora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"> Introduction by Teresa Archuleta-Sagel. 196 pages with 125 black and white as well as colour plates. Fisher is Curator Emirta, Textiles & Costumes of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_International_Folk_Art" title="Museum of International Folk Art">Museum of International Folk Art</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGood2006" class="citation book cs1">Good, Irene (2006). "Textiles as a Medium of Exchange in Third Millennium B.C.E. Western Asia". In Mair, Victor H. (ed.). Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Honolulu: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%27i_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawai'i Press">University of Hawai'i Press</a>. pp. 191–214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2884-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2884-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-2884-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Textiles+as+a+Medium+of+Exchange+in+Third+Millennium+B.C.E.+Western+Asia&rft.btitle=Contact+and+Exchange+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pages=191-214&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2884-4&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATextile" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Arai, Masanao (Textile Industry Research Institute of Gunma). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1142&context=tsaconf">From Kitsch to Art Moderne: Popular Textiles for Women in the First Half of Twentieth-Century Japan</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150412060754/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1142&context=tsaconf">Archive</a>). Textile Society of America Symposium Proceedings. <a href="/wiki/Textile_Society_of_America" title="Textile Society of America">Textile Society of America</a>, January 1, 1998.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Textile&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile_arts" title="Template:Textile arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Textile_arts" title="Template talk:Textile arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Textile_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Textile arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Textile_arts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Textile_arts" title="Textile arts">Textile arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamentals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crochet" title="Crochet">Crochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">Embroidery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macram%C3%A9" title="Macramé">Macramé</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlework" title="Needlework">Needlework</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></li> <li>Layering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9" title="Appliqué">Appliqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patchwork" title="Patchwork">Patchwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quilting" title="Quilting">Quilting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A5lebinding" title="Nålebinding">Nålebinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plying" title="Plying">Plying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rug_making" title="Rug making">Rug making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">Sewing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passementerie" title="Passementerie">Passementerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitch_(textile_arts)" title="Stitch (textile arts)">Stitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">Spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpackaull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alpackaull.jpg/110px-Alpackaull.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alpackaull.jpg/165px-Alpackaull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Alpackaull.jpg/220px-Alpackaull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History of ...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing and textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_quilting" title="History of quilting">Quilting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">Silk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_silk" title="Byzantine silk">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Silk in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_British_Industrial_Revolution" title="Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution">Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing_by_pre-industrial_methods" title="Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods">Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">Timeline of clothing and textiles technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional and ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_textiles" title="African textiles">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_textiles" title="Kongo textiles">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuba_textiles" title="Kuba textiles">Kuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_fibrecraft" title="Australian Aboriginal fibrecraft">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li>Burmese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheik" title="Acheik">Acheik</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_textile_art" title="Hmong textile art">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Textile arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_textiles" title="Andean textiles">Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_textiles" title="Mapuche textiles">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_textiles" title="Maya textiles">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Mexico" title="Textiles of Mexico">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_weaving" title="Navajo weaving">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Oaxaca" title="Textiles of Oaxaca">Oaxacan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_textiles" title="Balinese textiles">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textiles_of_Sumba" title="Textiles of Sumba">Sumba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_fabric_arts" title="Korean fabric arts">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_traditional_textiles" title="Māori traditional textiles">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocking_(textile_arts)" title="Blocking (textile arts)">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_textiles" title="Conservation and restoration of textiles">Conservation and restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_art" title="Fiber art">Fiber art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art#Wearable_fiber_art" title="Wearable art">wearable fiber art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_fiber_arts" title="Mathematics and fiber arts">Mathematics and fiber arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_textile_measurement" title="Units of textile measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glossaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dyeing_terms" title="Glossary of dyeing terms">Dyeing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sewing_terms" title="Glossary of sewing terms">Sewing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing" title="Glossary of textile manufacturing">Textile manufacturing terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/16px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/24px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/32px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Clothing" title="Portal:Clothing">Clothing portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fabric" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Textile" title="Template:Textile"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Textile" title="Template talk:Textile"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Textile" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Textile"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fabric" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fabric</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Woven_fabric" title="Woven fabric">Woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1#Textiles" title="Abacá">Abacá cloth</a> (Medriñaque)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aertex" title="Aertex">Aertex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armazine" title="Armazine">Armazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADan_silk" title="Almerían silk">Almerían silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barathea" title="Barathea">Barathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Barkcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiste" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiste">Batiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_cord" title="Bedford cord">Bedford cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengaline" title="Bengaline">Bengaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">Beta cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombazine" title="Bombazine">Bombazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilliantine_(fabric)" title="Brilliantine (fabric)">Brilliantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcloth" title="Broadcloth">Broadcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckram" title="Buckram">Buckram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunting_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunting (textile)">Bunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessian_fabric" title="Hessian fabric">Burlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byrd_Cloth" title="Byrd Cloth">Byrd Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_change" title="C change">C change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calico" title="Calico">Calico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Cambric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">Canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambric" title="Cambric">Chambray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Capilene">Capilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challis_(fabric)" title="Challis (fabric)">Challis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_cloth" title="Char cloth">Char cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charmeuse" title="Charmeuse">Charmeuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)" title="Charvet (fabric)">Charvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesecloth" title="Cheesecloth">Cheesecloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiffon_(fabric)" title="Chiffon (fabric)">Chiffon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chino_cloth" title="Chino cloth">Chino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chintz" title="Chintz">Chintz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloqu%C3%A9" title="Cloqué">Cloqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_of_gold" title="Cloth of gold">Cloth of gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordura" title="Cordura">Cordura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_duck" title="Cotton duck">Cotton duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coutil" title="Coutil">Coutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_(textile)" title="Crêpe (textile)">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretonne" title="Cretonne">Cretonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">Denim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimity" title="Dimity">Dimity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegal_tweed" title="Donegal tweed">Donegal tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornix" title="Dornix">Dornix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowlas" title="Dowlas">Dowlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_(fabric)" title="Drill (fabric)">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drugget" title="Drugget">Drugget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eolienne" title="Eolienne">Eolienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flannel" title="Flannel">Flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foulard" title="Foulard">Foulard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabardine" title="Gabardine">Gabardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauze" title="Gauze">Gauze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazar" title="Gazar">Gazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgette_(fabric)" title="Georgette (fabric)">Georgette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghalamkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghalamkar">Ghalamkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingham" title="Gingham">Gingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadine_(cloth)" title="Grenadine (cloth)">Grenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenfell_Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Grenfell Cloth">Grenfell Cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosgrain" title="Grosgrain">Grosgrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habutai" title="Habutai">Habutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haircloth" title="Haircloth">Haircloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_tweed" title="Harris tweed">Harris tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himroo" title="Himroo">Himroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodden" title="Hodden">Hodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_linen" title="Irish linen">Irish linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamdani" title="Jamdani">Jamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerseymere" title="Kerseymere">Kerseymere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Khādī">Khādī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaki_drill" title="Khaki drill">Khaki drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%8Dka-bash%C5%8Dfu" title="Kijōka-bashōfu">Kijōka-bashōfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kente_cloth" title="Kente cloth">Kente cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam%C3%A9_(fabric)" title="Lamé (fabric)">Lamé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_cloth" title="Lawn cloth">Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linsey-woolsey" title="Linsey-woolsey">Linsey-woolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loden_cape" title="Loden cape">Loden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longcloth" title="Longcloth">Longcloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinaw_cloth" title="Mackinaw cloth">Mackinaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madapollam" title="Madapollam">Madapollam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madras_(cloth)" title="Madras (cloth)">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moleskin" title="Moleskin">Moleskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainsook" title="Nainsook">Nainsook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankeen" title="Nankeen">Nankeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oilskin" title="Oilskin">Oilskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organdy" title="Organdy">Organdy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organza" title="Organza">Organza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnaburg" title="Osnaburg">Osnaburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_(textile)" title="Ottoman (textile)">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)" title="Oxford (cloth)">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduasoy" title="Paduasoy">Paduasoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percale" title="Percale">Percale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetuana" title="Perpetuana">Perpetuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongee" title="Pongee">Pongee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplin" title="Poplin">Poplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakematiz" title="Rakematiz">Rakematiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayadillo" title="Rayadillo">Rayadillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rep_(fabric)" title="Rep (fabric)">Rep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripstop" title="Ripstop">Ripstop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_cord" title="Russell cord">Russell cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_Nishiki" title="Saga Nishiki">Saga Nishiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samite" title="Samite">Samite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sateen" title="Sateen">Sateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">Satin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saye" title="Saye">Saye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_(cloth)" title="Scarlet (cloth)">Scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seerhand_muslin" title="Seerhand muslin">Seerhand muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seersucker" title="Seersucker">Seersucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendal" title="Sendal">Sendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_(fabric)" title="Serge (fabric)">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrim_(material)" title="Scrim (material)">Scrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_silk" title="Shot silk">Shot silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuff_(cloth)" title="Stuff (cloth)">Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taffeta" title="Taffeta">Taffeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tais" title="Tais">Tais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticking" title="Ticking">Ticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toile" title="Toile">Toile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucuyo" title="Tucuyo">Tucuyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweed" title="Tweed">Tweed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">Twill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasuede" title="Ultrasuede">Ultrasuede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Vegetable flannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventile" title="Ventile">Ventile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_coated_polyester" title="Vinyl coated polyester">Vinyl coated polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viyella" title="Viyella">Viyella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voile" title="Voile">Voile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadmal" title="Wadmal">Wadmal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffle_fabric" title="Waffle fabric">Waffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigan_(fabric)" title="Wigan (fabric)">Wigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipcord" title="Whipcord">Whipcord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephyr_cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Zephyr cloth">Zephyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorbeez" title="Zorbeez">Zorbeez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figured woven</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">Brocade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camlet" title="Camlet">Camlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampas" title="Lampas">Lampas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinzu" title="Rinzu">Rinzu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pile_(textile)" title="Pile (textile)">Pile woven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baize" title="Baize">Baize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenille_fabric" title="Chenille fabric">Chenille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduroy" title="Corduroy">Corduroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimplene" title="Crimplene">Crimplene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustian" title="Fustian">Fustian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockado" title="Mockado">Mockado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moquette" title="Moquette">Moquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plush" title="Plush">Plush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_fleece" title="Polar fleece">Polar fleece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrycloth" title="Terrycloth">Terrycloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velours_du_Kasa%C3%AF" title="Velours du Kasaï">Velours du Kasaï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velveteen" title="Velveteen">Velveteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zibeline" title="Zibeline">Zibeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">Felt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_bark_textile" title="Cedar bark textile">Cedar bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knitted_fabric" title="Knitted fabric">Knitted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boiled_wool" title="Boiled wool">Boiled wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolmax" title="Coolmax">Coolmax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting_machine" title="Knitting machine">Machine knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milliskin" title="Milliskin">Milliskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_(fabric)" title="Jersey (fabric)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velour" title="Velour">Velour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Net_(textile)" title="Net (textile)">Netted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobbinet" title="Bobbinet">Bobbinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh" title="Mesh">Mesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlerun_net" title="Needlerun net">Needlerun net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninon" title="Ninon">Ninon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle_netting" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulle netting">Tulle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Technical_textile" title="Technical textile">Technical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_nylon" title="Ballistic nylon">Ballistic nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban-Lon" title="Ban-Lon">Ban-Lon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductive_textile" title="Conductive textile">Conductive textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlexx" title="Darlexx">Darlexx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-textiles" title="E-textiles">E-textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gannex" title="Gannex">Gannex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore-Tex" title="Gore-Tex">Gore-Tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenticular_fabric" title="Lenticular fabric">Lenticular fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silnylon" title="Silnylon">Silnylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stub-tex" class="mw-redirect" title="Stub-tex">Stub-tex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SympaTex" class="mw-redirect" title="SympaTex">SympaTex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windstopper" title="Windstopper">Windstopper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patterns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argyle_(pattern)" title="Argyle (pattern)">Argyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizarre_silk" title="Bizarre silk">Bizarre silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_(pattern)" title="Check (pattern)">Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Chiné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_plaid" title="Glen plaid">Glen plaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herringbone_(cloth)" title="Herringbone (cloth)">Herringbone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houndstooth" title="Houndstooth">Houndstooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelsch_d%27Alsace" title="Kelsch d'Alsace">Kelsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_(design)" title="Paisley (design)">Paisley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinstripes" title="Pinstripes">Pinstripes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka_dot" title="Polka dot">Polka dot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweshwe" title="Shweshwe">Shweshwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan or plaid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattersall_(cloth)" title="Tattersall (cloth)">Tattersall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Textile fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a> (Manila hemp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisengarn" title="Eisengarn">Eisengarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashmina">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">Sea silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a> and<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">printing</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androsia" title="Androsia">Androsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">Batik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beetling" title="Beetling">Beetling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bingata" title="Bingata">Bingata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B2g%C3%B2lanfini" title="Bògòlanfini">Bògòlanfini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decatising" title="Decatising">Decatising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devor%C3%A9" title="Devoré">Devoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finishing_(textiles)" title="Finishing (textiles)">Finishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">Fulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heatsetting" title="Heatsetting">Heatsetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indienne" title="Indienne">Indienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katazome" title="Katazome">Katazome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercerised_cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercerised cotton">Mercerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moire_(fabric)" title="Moire (fabric)">Moire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nap_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nap (textile)">Nap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchmentising" title="Parchmentising">Parchmentising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogan_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogan printing">Rogan printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dketsuzome" title="Rōketsuzome">Rōketsuzome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_printing_on_textiles" title="Roller printing on textiles">Roller printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanforization" title="Sanforization">Sanforization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenterhook" title="Tenterhook">Tenterhook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Textile printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsutsugaki" title="Tsutsugaki">Tsutsugaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_printing" title="Warp printing">Warp printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxed_cotton" title="Waxed cotton">Waxed cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing_on_textiles" title="Woodblock printing on textiles">Woodblock printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABzen" title="Yūzen">Yūzen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fabric mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Barbera" title="Carlo Barbera">Carlo Barbera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanificio_Fratelli_Cerruti" title="Lanificio Fratelli Cerruti">Cerruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormeuil" title="Dormeuil">Dormeuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Thomas" title="E. Thomas">E. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_%26_Sherry" title="Holland & Sherry">Holland & Sherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larusmiani" title="Larusmiani">Larusmiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loro_Piana" title="Loro Piana">Loro Piana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fratelli_Piacenza" title="Fratelli Piacenza"> Piacenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reda_(fabric_mill)" title="Reda (fabric mill)">Reda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scabal" title="Scabal">Scabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitale_Barberis_Canonico" title="Vitale Barberis Canonico">Vitale Barberis Canonico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zegna" title="Zegna">Zegna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_performance" title="Textile performance">Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile preservation">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing" title="Glossary of textile manufacturing">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">History of textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_silk" title="History of silk">History of silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">Knitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulling_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulling mill">Pandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkage_(fabric)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrinkage (fabric)">Shrinkage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_sample" title="Textile sample">Swatches and strike-offs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic fabric">Synthetic fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Clothing_materials_and_parts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clothing_materials_and_parts" title="Template:Clothing materials and parts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clothing_materials_and_parts" title="Template talk:Clothing materials and parts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing_materials_and_parts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clothing materials and parts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Clothing_materials_and_parts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Clothing materials and parts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Garment structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armscye" title="Armscye">Armscye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_(clothing)" title="Collar (clothing)">Collar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_collar" title="Clerical collar">Clerical collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_stays" class="mw-redirect" title="Collar stays">Collar stays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachable_collar" title="Detachable collar">Detachable collar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuff" title="Cuff">Cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dart_(sewing)" title="Dart (sewing)">Dart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_(sewing)" title="Facing (sewing)">Facing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_(clothing)" title="Fly (clothing)">Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel" title="Lapel">Lapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_(segment)" title="Gore (segment)">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hem" title="Hem">Hem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lining_(sewing)" title="Lining (sewing)">Lining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placket" title="Placket">Placket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleat" title="Pleat">Pleat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket" title="Pocket">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revers" title="Revers">Revers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruffle_(sewing)" title="Ruffle (sewing)">Ruffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_pads_(fashion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder pads (fashion)">Shoulder pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_strap" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder strap">Strap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve" title="Sleeve">Sleeve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_(clothing)" title="Train (clothing)">Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waistband" title="Waistband">Waistband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(clothing)" title="Yoke (clothing)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Textiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">Fur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synthetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_leather" title="Artificial leather">Artificial leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastomer" title="Elastomer">Elastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">Animal hides</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calfskin" title="Calfskin">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckskin_(leather)" title="Buckskin (leather)">Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goatskin_(material)" title="Goatskin (material)">Goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_leather" title="Kangaroo leather">Kangaroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrich_leather" title="Ostrich leather">Ostrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealskin" title="Sealskin">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheepskin" title="Sheepskin">Sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snakeskin" title="Snakeskin">Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shagreen" title="Shagreen">Stingray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fastener" title="Fastener">Fasteners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back_closure" title="Back closure">Back closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_hook" title="Belt hook">Belt hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckle" title="Buckle">Buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Button" title="Button">Button</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttonhole" title="Buttonhole">Buttonhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_(fastening)" title="Frog (fastening)">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shank_(sewing)" title="Shank (sewing)">Shank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook-and-eye_closure" title="Hook-and-eye closure">Hook-and-eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook-and-loop_fastener" title="Hook-and-loop fastener">Hook-and-loop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velcro" title="Velcro">Velcro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_fastener" title="Snap fastener">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipper" title="Zipper">Zipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seam_(sewing)" title="Seam (sewing)">Seams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neckline" title="Neckline">Neckline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bustline" title="Bustline">Bustline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waistline_(clothing)" title="Waistline (clothing)">Waistline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemline" title="Hemline">Hemline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sewing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sewing" title="Template:Sewing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sewing" title="Template talk:Sewing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sewing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sewing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sewing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">Sewing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tack_(sewing)" title="Tack (sewing)">Basting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_(clothing)" title="Cut (clothing)">Cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darning" title="Darning">Darning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ease_(sewing)" title="Ease (sewing)">Ease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embellishment" title="Embellishment">Embellishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabric_tube_turning" title="Fabric tube turning">Fabric tube turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_canvas" title="Floating canvas">Floating canvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gather_(sewing)" title="Gather (sewing)">Gather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godet_(sewing)" title="Godet (sewing)">Godet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gore_(fabrics)" title="Gore (fabrics)">Gore (fabrics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusset" title="Gusset">Gusset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom_sewing" title="Heirloom sewing">Heirloom sewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleat" title="Pleat">Pleat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirring" title="Shirring">Shirring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stitch_(textile_arts)" title="Stitch (textile arts)">Stitches</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sewing_stitches" title="List of sewing stitches">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backstitch" title="Backstitch">Backstitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_tack" title="Bar tack">Bar tack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_stitch" title="Blanket stitch">Blanket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_stitch" title="Blind stitch">Blind stitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttonhole_stitch" title="Buttonhole stitch">Buttonhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_stitches" title="Cross stitches">Catch stitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_stitch" title="Chain stitch">Chain stitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coverstitch" title="Coverstitch">Coverstitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-stitch" title="Cross-stitch">Cross-stitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embroidery_stitch" title="Embroidery stitch">Embroidery stitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemstitch" title="Hemstitch">Hemstitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockstitch" title="Lockstitch">Lockstitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlock" title="Overlock">Overlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_stitch" title="Pad stitch">Pad stitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pick_stitch" title="Pick stitch">Pick stitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rantering" title="Rantering">Rantering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Running_stitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Running stitch">Running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sashiko" title="Sashiko">Sashiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoating" title="Stoating">Stoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tack_(sewing)" title="Tack (sewing)">Tack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topstitch" title="Topstitch">Topstitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zigzag_stitch" title="Zigzag stitch">Zigzag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Seam_(sewing)" title="Seam (sewing)">Seams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neckline" title="Neckline">Neckline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felled_seam" title="Felled seam">Felled seam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seam_allowance" title="Seam allowance">Seam allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_line" title="Style line">Style line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notions_(sewing)" title="Notions (sewing)">Notions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Trim_(sewing)" title="Trim (sewing)">Trim</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bias_tape" title="Bias tape">Bias tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_stay" title="Collar stay">Collar stay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_(notion)" title="Elastic (notion)">Elastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galloon" title="Galloon">Galloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grommet" title="Grommet">Grommet/eyelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interfacing" title="Interfacing">Interfacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passementerie" title="Passementerie">Passementerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping_(sewing)" title="Piping (sewing)">Piping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruffle_(sewing)" title="Ruffle (sewing)">Ruffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickrack" title="Rickrack">Rickrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fabric" title="Self-fabric">Self-fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soutache" title="Soutache">Soutache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twill_tape" title="Twill tape">Twill tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrights_(textile_manufacturers)" title="Wrights (textile manufacturers)">Wrights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckle" title="Buckle">Buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Button" title="Button">Button</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttonhole" title="Buttonhole">Buttonhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_(fastening)" title="Frog (fastening)">Frog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook-and-eye_closure" title="Hook-and-eye closure">Hook-and-eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook-and-loop_fastener" title="Hook-and-loop fastener">Hook-and-loop fastener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shank_(sewing)" title="Shank (sewing)">Shank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_fastener" title="Snap fastener">Snap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipper" title="Zipper">Zipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grain_(textile)" title="Grain (textile)">Grain/bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selvage" title="Selvage">Selvage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Textile/fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(yarn)" title="Thread (yarn)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobbin" title="Bobbin">Bobbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_form" title="Dress form">Dress form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlecase" title="Needlecase">Needlecase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_threader" title="Needle threader">Needle threader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_notcher" title="Pattern notcher">Pattern notcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pin" title="Pin">Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pincushion" title="Pincushion">Pincushion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinking_shears" title="Pinking shears">Pinking shears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scissors" title="Scissors">Scissors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seam_ripper" title="Seam ripper">Seam ripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_gauge" title="Sewing gauge">Sewing gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Stitching awl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailor%27s_ham" title="Tailor's ham">Tailor's ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_measure" title="Tape measure">Tape measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimble" title="Thimble">Thimble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_paper" title="Tracing paper">Tracing paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_wheel" title="Tracing wheel">Tracing wheel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sewing_occupations" title="List of sewing occupations">Trades</a></li><li>Suppliers</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloth_merchant" title="Cloth merchant">Cloth merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draper" title="Draper">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressmaker" title="Dressmaker">Dressmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haberdasher" title="Haberdasher">Haberdasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercery" title="Mercery">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silkwoman" title="Silkwoman">Silkwoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailor" title="Tailor">Tailor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pattern_(sewing)" title="Pattern (sewing)">Patterns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butterick_Publishing_Company" title="Butterick Publishing Company">Butterick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burda_Style" title="Burda Style">Burda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothkits" title="Clothkits">Clothkits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCall%27s" title="McCall's">McCall's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicity_Pattern" title="Simplicity Pattern">Simplicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sewing_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewing machines">Machines</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sewing_machine_brands" title="List of sewing machine brands">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Thimonnier" title="Barthélemy Thimonnier">Barthélemy Thimonnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernina_International" title="Bernina International">Bernina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Industries" title="Brother Industries">Brother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elna_(Swiss_company)" title="Elna (Swiss company)">Elna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feiyue_Group" title="Feiyue Group">Feiyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frister_%26_Rossmann" title="Frister & Rossmann">Frister & Rossmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janome" title="Janome">Janome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Sewing_Machine_Company" title="Jones Sewing Machine Company">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juki" title="Juki">Juki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrow_Sewing_Machine_Company" title="Merrow Sewing Machine Company">Merrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Grout" title="William L. Grout">New Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfaff" title="Pfaff">Pfaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewmor" title="Sewmor">Sewmor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singer_Corporation" title="Singer Corporation">Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_edge_machine" title="Tape edge machine">Tape edge machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSM_Group" title="VSM Group">Viking/Husqvarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sewing_Machine_Company" title="White Sewing Machine Company">White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sewing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sewing">Sewing</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F458.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/16px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/24px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Emojione_1F458.svg/32px-Emojione_1F458.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Clothing" title="Portal:Clothing">Clothing portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_sewing_terms" title="Glossary of sewing terms">Glossary of terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Weaving" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weaving" title="Template:Weaving"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weaving" title="Template talk:Weaving"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weaving" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weaving"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Weaving" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weaves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basketweave_(weaving)" title="Basketweave (weaving)">Basketweave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvet_(fabric)" title="Charvet (fabric)">Charvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woven_coverlet" title="Woven coverlet">Coverlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobby_(cloth)" title="Dobby (cloth)">Dobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_cloth" title="Double cloth">Double weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even-weave" class="mw-redirect" title="Even-weave">Even-weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabardine" title="Gabardine">Gabardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampas" title="Lampas">Lampas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leno_weave" title="Leno weave">Leno weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_(cloth)" title="Oxford (cloth)">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_weave" title="Pile weave">Pile weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piqu%C3%A9_(weaving)" title="Piqué (weaving)">Piqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_weave" title="Plain weave">Plain weave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">Satin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_silk" title="Shot silk">Shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swivel_weave" title="Swivel weave">Swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twill" title="Twill">Twill</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Swedish_weaving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Swedish_weaving.jpg/120px-Swedish_weaving.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Swedish_weaving.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="253" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_and_weft" title="Warp and weft">Warp and weft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">Yarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools and techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barber-Colman_knotter" title="Barber-Colman knotter">Barber-Colman knotter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beamer_(occupation)" title="Beamer (occupation)">Beamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braid" title="Braid">Braid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilkat_weaving" title="Chilkat weaving">Chilkat weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingerweaving" title="Fingerweaving">Fingerweaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_shuttle" title="Flying shuttle">Flying shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heddle" title="Heddle">Heddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikat" title="Ikat">Ikat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkle_weaving" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkle weaving">Inkle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">Loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_weaving" title="Navajo weaving">Navajo weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibiones" title="Pibiones">Pibiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_(weaving)" title="Reed (weaving)"> Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_weaving" title="Salish weaving">Salish weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed_(weaving)" title="Shed (weaving)">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_(weaving)" title="Shuttle (weaving)">Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">Sizing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textile_sizing_machine" title="Textile sizing machine">Sizing machine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_weaving" title="Tablet weaving">Tablet weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talim_(textiles)" title="Talim (textiles)">Talim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81niko" title="Tāniko">Tāniko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">Tapestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(weaving)" title="Temple (weaving)">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_(construction)" title="Wattle (construction)">Wattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicker" title="Wicker">Wicker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resin_wicker" title="Resin wicker">Resin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">looms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-jet_loom" title="Air-jet loom">Air-jet loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandy_loom" title="Dandy loom">Dandy loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobby_loom" title="Dobby loom">Dobby loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hattersley_loom" title="Hattersley loom">Hattersley loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horrocks_loom" title="Horrocks loom">Horrocks loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacquard_loom" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacquard loom">Jacquard loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Loom" title="Lancashire Loom">Lancashire loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Loom" title="Northrop Loom">Northrop loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_loom" title="Power loom">Power loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapier_loom" title="Rapier loom">Rapier loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Loom" title="Roberts Loom">Roberts loom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp-weighted_loom" title="Warp-weighted loom">Warp-weighted loom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weavers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acesas" title="Acesas">Acesas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anni_Albers" title="Anni Albers">Anni Albers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otti_Berger" title="Otti Berger">Otti Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micheline_Beauchemin" title="Micheline Beauchemin">Micheline Beauchemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johanna_Brunsson" title="Johanna Brunsson">Johanna Brunsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Dietz" title="Ada Dietz">Ada Dietz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ferguson_%26_Co_Ltd" title="Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd">Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Forsell" title="Elisabeth Forsell">Elisabeth Forsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Liebes" title="Dorothy Liebes">Dorothy Liebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mairet" title="Ethel Mairet">Ethel Mairet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Elisabet_%C3%96berg" title="Maria Elisabet Öberg">Maria Elisabet Öberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Reich" title="Lilly Reich">Lilly Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaretha_Reichardt" title="Margaretha Reichardt">Margaretha Reichardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rylands" title="John Rylands">John Rylands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitta_Scherzenfeldt" title="Brigitta Scherzenfeldt">Brigitta Scherzenfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Sherman" title="Clara Sherman">Clara Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunta_St%C3%B6lzl" title="Gunta Stölzl">Gunta Stölzl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judocus_de_Vos" title="Judocus de Vos">Judocus de Vos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaretha_Zetterberg" title="Margaretha Zetterberg">Margaretha Zetterberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employment practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/More_looms" title="More looms">More looms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_the_shuttle" title="Kissing the shuttle">Kissing the shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piece-rate_list" title="Piece-rate list">Piece-rate list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Shed" title="Bancroft Shed">Bancroft Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Street_Mill" title="Queen Street Mill">Queen Street Mill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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