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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nuclear research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Post war</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post war subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cockcroft's_Folly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cockcroft's_Folly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cockcroft's Folly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cockcroft's_Folly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Cockcroft</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AA" title="جون كوكروفت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون كوكروفت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="جان داقلاس کاکرافت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان داقلاس کاکرافت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%9F" title="জন কক্‌ক্রফট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জন কক্‌ক্রফট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82" title="Джон Дуглас Кокрафт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Дуглас Кокрафт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82" title="Джон Кокрофт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Кокрофт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Douglas Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Douglas Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%84" title="Τζον Ντάγκλας Κόκροφτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζον Ντάγκλας Κόκροφτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Douglas Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Douglas Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="جان داگلاس کاکرافت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان داگلاس کاکرافت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockroft" title="John Douglas Cockroft – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="John Douglas Cockroft" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EC%BD%95%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8" title="존 콕크로프트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 콕크로프트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%BF" title="Ջոն Կոկրոֆտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Կոկրոֆտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="जॉन कॉक्रॉफ़्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉन कॉक्रॉफ़्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="John Douglas Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Douglas Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Douglas Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98" title="ג'ון קוקרופט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון קוקרופט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ კოკროფტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ კოკროფტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82" title="Джон Кокрофт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джон Кокрофт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="John Douglas Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Cockcroft" title="Ioannes Cockcroft – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Kokrofts" title="Džons Kokrofts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Kokrofts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="John Douglas Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82" title="Џон Кокрофт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џон Кокрофт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="जॉन डग्लस कॉकक्रॉफ्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉन डग्लस कॉकक्रॉफ्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ კოკროფტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯონ კოკროფტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AA" title="جون كوكروفت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون كوكروفت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="جان داگلاس کاکرافت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جان داگلاس کاکرافت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="जोह्न् कक्क्रोफ्ट – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जोह्न् कक्क्रोफ्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88" title="ジョン・コッククロフト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・コッククロフト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%9F" title="ਜੌਨ ਕੌਕ੍ਰਾਫਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੌਨ ਕੌਕ੍ਰਾਫਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%B9" title="جان کوککرافٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جان کوککرافٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="John Douglas Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Douglas Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Douglas Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кокрофт, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кокрофт, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Douglas Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Douglas_Cockcroft" title="John Douglas Cockcroft – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="John Douglas Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%A9%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%81%D8%AA" title="جۆن کۆککرۆفت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆن کۆککرۆفت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82" title="Џон Кокрофт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џон Кокрофт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜான் கொக்ரொஃப்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜான் கொக்ரொஃப்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82" title="Җон Кокрофт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җон Кокрофт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82" title="Джон Дуглас Кокрофт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Дуглас Кокрофт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%B9" title="جان کوکروفٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جان کوکروفٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%80%83%E5%85%8B%E9%A5%B6%E5%A4%AB" title="约翰·考克饶夫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约翰·考克饶夫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="John Cockcroft" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%80%83%E5%85%8B%E9%A5%B6%E5%A4%AB" title="约翰·考克饶夫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰·考克饶夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English physicist (1897–1967)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the politician, see <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft_(politician)" title="John Cockcroft (politician)">John Cockcroft (politician)</a>. For the cardiologist, see <a href="/wiki/John_R._Cockcroft" title="John R. Cockcroft">John R. Cockcroft</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John Cockcroft</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath">KCB</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Douglas_Cockcroft_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/John_Douglas_Cockcroft_1961.jpg/220px-John_Douglas_Cockcroft_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/John_Douglas_Cockcroft_1961.jpg/330px-John_Douglas_Cockcroft_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/John_Douglas_Cockcroft_1961.jpg/440px-John_Douglas_Cockcroft_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2190" data-file-height="2920" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Cockcroft in 1961</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st Master of <a href="/wiki/Churchill_College,_Cambridge" title="Churchill College, Cambridge">Churchill College, Cambridge</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1959–1967</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Hawthorne" title="William Hawthorne">William Hawthorne</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Douglas Cockcroft</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1897-05-27</span>)</span>27 May 1897<br /><a href="/wiki/Todmorden" title="Todmorden">Todmorden</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding of Yorkshire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">18 September 1967<span style="display:none">(1967-09-18)</span> (aged 70)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Parish_Burial_Ground" title="Ascension Parish Burial Ground">Ascension Parish Burial Ground</a>, Cambridge <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Victoria University of Manchester</a> (no degree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Municipal_College_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Municipal College of Technology">Manchester Municipal College of Technology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>, 1920; <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>, 1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_College,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's College, Cambridge">St. John's College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, 1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>, 1928)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Performing the first fully artificial <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reaction" title="Nuclear reaction">nuclear reaction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">nuclear transmutation</a> (1932)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Elizabeth Crabtree</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1925)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday Medal">Faraday Medal</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Exner_Medal" title="Wilhelm Exner Medal">Wilhelm Exner Medal</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoms_for_Peace_Award" title="Atoms for Peace Award">Atoms for Peace Award</a> (1961)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Honours</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Medal_of_Freedom.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Medal_of_Freedom.svg/25px-Medal_of_Freedom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Medal_of_Freedom.svg/38px-Medal_of_Freedom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Medal_of_Freedom.svg/50px-Medal_of_Freedom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Freedom_(1945)" title="Medal of Freedom (1945)">Medal of Freedom</a> (1947)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_(UK).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg/25px-200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg/38px-200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg/50px-200px_ribbon_bar_of_the_Knight_Bachelor_medal_%28UK%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a> (1948)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_of_Honour_-_Knight_(France).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Legion_of_Honour_-_Knight_%28France%29.png/25px-Legion_of_Honour_-_Knight_%28France%29.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Legion_of_Honour_-_Knight_%28France%29.png/38px-Legion_of_Honour_-_Knight_%28France%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Legion_of_Honour_-_Knight_%28France%29.png/50px-Legion_of_Honour_-_Knight_%28France%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="705" /></a></span> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (1952)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/25px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/38px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/50px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> (Knight Commander, 1953)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Commander_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Commander_BAR.svg/25px-PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Commander_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Commander_BAR.svg/38px-PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Commander_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Commander_BAR.svg/50px-PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Commander_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Christ" title="Military Order of Christ">Military Order of Christ</a> (1955)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_(UK).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/25px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/38px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg/50px-Gal%C3%B3_de_l%27Orde_del_M%C3%A8rit_%28UK%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> (1957)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_Alfonso_X_Order_GC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/ESP_Alfonso_X_Order_GC.svg/25px-ESP_Alfonso_X_Order_GC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/ESP_Alfonso_X_Order_GC.svg/38px-ESP_Alfonso_X_Order_GC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/ESP_Alfonso_X_Order_GC.svg/50px-ESP_Alfonso_X_Order_GC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="62" /></a></span> Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Order_of_Alfonso_X,_the_Wise" title="Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise">Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise</a> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physics" title="Nuclear physics">Nuclear physics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>University of Cambridge (1928–1946, 1959–1967) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churchill_College,_Cambridge" title="Churchill College, Cambridge">Churchill College</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Research_Establishment" title="Atomic Energy Research Establishment">Atomic Energy Research Establishment</a> (Director, 1946–1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i> On phenomena occurring in the condensation of molecular streams on surfaces </i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1928)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Horace Lamb</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">8th <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_Professor_of_Natural_Philosophy" title="Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy">Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1939–1946</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Appleton" title="Edward Appleton">Edward Appleton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Frisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto Frisch">Otto Frisch</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir John Douglas Cockcroft</b> (27 May 1897 – 18 September 1967) was an English <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> who shared the 1951 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Ernest Walton</a> for their splitting of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nucleus</a>, which was instrumental in the development of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>. </p><p>After service on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Field_Artillery" title="Royal Field Artillery">Royal Field Artillery</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great War">Great War</a>, Cockcroft studied <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology">Manchester Municipal College of Technology</a> whilst he was an apprentice at Metropolitan Vickers Trafford Park and was also a member of their research staff. He then won a scholarship to <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_College,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's College, Cambridge">St. John's College, Cambridge</a>, where he sat the <a href="/wiki/Tripos" title="Tripos">tripos</a> exam in June 1924, becoming a <a href="/wiki/Wrangler_(University_of_Cambridge)" title="Wrangler (University of Cambridge)">wrangler</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> accepted Cockcroft as a research student at the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a>, and Cockcroft completed his doctorate under Rutherford's supervision in 1928. With Walton and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a>, he built what became known as a <a href="/wiki/Cockcroft%E2%80%93Walton_generator" title="Cockcroft–Walton generator">Cockcroft–Walton generator</a>. Cockcroft and Walton used this to perform the first artificial <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">disintegration of an atomic nucleus</a>, a feat popularly known as <i>splitting the atom</i>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> Cockcroft became Assistant Director of Scientific Research in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply" title="Ministry of Supply">Ministry of Supply</a>, working on <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>. He was also a member of the committee formed to handle issues arising from the <a href="/wiki/Frisch%E2%80%93Peierls_memorandum" title="Frisch–Peierls memorandum">Frisch–Peierls memorandum</a>, which calculated that an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a> could be technically feasible, and of the <a href="/wiki/MAUD_Committee" title="MAUD Committee">MAUD Committee</a> which succeeded it. In 1940, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Tizard_Mission" title="Tizard Mission">Tizard Mission</a>, he shared British technology with his counterparts in the United States. Later in the war, the fruits of the Tizard Mission came back to Britain in the form of the <a href="/wiki/SCR-584_radar" title="SCR-584 radar">SCR-584 radar</a> set and the <a href="/wiki/Proximity_fuze" title="Proximity fuze">proximity fuze</a>, which were used to help defeat the <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a>. In May 1944, he became director of the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Laboratory" title="Montreal Laboratory">Montreal Laboratory</a>, and oversaw the development of the <a href="/wiki/ZEEP" title="ZEEP">ZEEP</a> and <a href="/wiki/NRX" title="NRX">NRX</a> reactors, and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Chalk_River_Laboratories" title="Chalk River Laboratories">Chalk River Laboratories</a>. </p><p>After the war Cockcroft became the director of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Research_Establishment" title="Atomic Energy Research Establishment">Atomic Energy Research Establishment</a> (AERE) at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Harwell" title="RAF Harwell">Harwell</a>, where the low-powered, graphite-moderated <a href="/wiki/GLEEP" title="GLEEP">GLEEP</a> became the first nuclear reactor to operate in western Europe when it was started on 15 August 1947. This was followed by the British Experimental Pile 0 (BEPO) in 1948. Harwell was involved in the design of the reactors and the chemical separation plant at <a href="/wiki/Windscale" class="mw-redirect" title="Windscale">Windscale</a>. Under his direction it took part in frontier fusion research, including the <a href="/wiki/ZETA_(fusion_reactor)" title="ZETA (fusion reactor)">ZETA</a> program. His insistence that the chimney stacks of the Windscale reactors be fitted with filters was mocked as <i>Cockcroft's Folly</i> until the core of one of the reactors ignited and released radionuclides during the <a href="/wiki/Windscale_fire" title="Windscale fire">Windscale fire</a> of 1957. </p><p>From 1959 to 1967, he was the first Master of <a href="/wiki/Churchill_College,_Cambridge" title="Churchill College, Cambridge">Churchill College, Cambridge</a>. He was also chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> from 1961 to 1965. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cockcroft&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John Douglas Cockcroft, also known as "Johnny W.", was born in <a href="/wiki/Todmorden" title="Todmorden">Todmorden</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding of Yorkshire</a>, England, on 27 May 1897,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the eldest son of a mill owner, John Arthur Cockcroft, and his wife Annie Maude <span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a></span> Fielden.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had four younger brothers; Eric, Philip, Keith and Lionel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone19842_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone19842-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His early education was at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of England school">Church of England school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Walsden" title="Walsden">Walsden</a> from 1901 to 1908, at Todmorden Elementary School from 1908 to 1909, and at <a href="/wiki/Todmorden_High_School" title="Todmorden High School">Todmorden Secondary School</a> from 1909 to 1914,<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oliphant_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliphant-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he played <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>. Among the girls at the school was his future wife, Eunice Elizabeth Crabtree. In 1914, he won a County Major Scholarship, <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding of Yorkshire</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Victoria University of Manchester">Victoria University of Manchester</a>, where he studied <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliphant_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliphant-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone19844–5_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone19844–5-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great War">Great War</a> broke out in August 1914. Cockcroft completed his first year at Manchester in June 1915. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Officers%27_Training_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Officers' Training Corps">Officers' Training Corps</a> there, but did not wish to become an <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer</a>. During the summer break he worked at a <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a> canteen at <a href="/wiki/Kinmel_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinmel Camp">Kinmel Camp</a> in Wales. He enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> on 24 November 1915. On 29 March 1916, he joined the 59th Training Brigade, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Field_Artillery" title="Royal Field Artillery">Royal Field Artillery</a>, where he was trained as a <a href="/wiki/Signaller" title="Signaller">signaller</a>. He was then posted to B Battery, 92nd Field Artillery Brigade, one of the units of the <a href="/wiki/20th_(Light)_Division" title="20th (Light) Division">20th (Light) Division</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone19845–7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone19845–7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cockcroft participated in the <a href="/wiki/Advance_to_the_Hindenburg_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Advance to the Hindenburg Line">Advance to the Hindenburg Line</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Ypres" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Battle of Ypres">Third Battle of Ypres</a>. He applied for a commission, and was accepted. He was sent to <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a> in February 1918 to learn about gunnery, and in April 1918, to the <a href="/wiki/Officer_Candidate_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer Candidate School">Officer Candidate School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Weedon_Bec" title="Weedon Bec">Weedon Bec</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a>, where he was trained as a field artillery officer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198410–15_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198410–15-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">lieutenant</a> in the Royal Field Artillery on 17 October 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war ended, Cockcroft was released from the Army in January 1919. He elected not to return to the Victoria University of Manchester, but to study <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester_Institute_of_Science_and_Technology" title="University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology">Manchester Municipal College of Technology</a>. Because he had completed a year at Victoria University of Manchester, he was allowed to skip the first year of the course. He received his <a href="/wiki/BSc" class="mw-redirect" title="BSc">BSc</a> in June 1920. Miles Walker, the professor of electrical engineering there, persuaded him to take up an apprenticeship with <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Vickers" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Vickers">Metropolitan Vickers</a>. He obtained a <a href="/wiki/1851_Exhibition_Scholarship" class="mw-redirect" title="1851 Exhibition Scholarship">1851 Exhibition Scholarship</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_for_the_Exhibition_of_1851" title="Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851">Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851</a>, and submitted his <a href="/wiki/MSc" class="mw-redirect" title="MSc">MSc</a> thesis on the "Harmonic Analysis for Alternating Currents" in June 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198415–19_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198415–19-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walker then suggested Cockcroft sit for a scholarship to <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_College,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's College, Cambridge">St. John's College, Cambridge</a>, Walker's alma mater. Cockcroft was successful, winning a £30 scholarship and a £20 bursary awarded to undergraduates of limited means. Metropolitan Vickers gave him £50 subject to his returning after completing his degree. Walker and an aunt made up the balance of the £316 fee. As a graduate of another university, he was allowed to skip the first year of the <a href="/wiki/Tripos" title="Tripos">tripos</a>. He sat the tripos exam in June 1924, achieved a B* as a <a href="/wiki/Wrangler_(University_of_Cambridge)" title="Wrangler (University of Cambridge)">wrangler</a>, and was awarded his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a> degree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198420–25_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198420–25-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cockcroft married Elizabeth Crabtree on 26 August 1925,<sup id="cite_ref-Oliphant_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliphant-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a ceremony at the Bridge Street United Methodist Church in Todmorden.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198434_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198434-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had six children. The first, a boy known as Timothy, died in infancy. They subsequently had four daughters, Joan Dorothea (Thea), Jocelyn, Elisabeth Fielden and Catherine Helena; and another son, Christopher Hugh John.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliphant_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliphant-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuclear_research">Nuclear research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cockcroft&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nuclear research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_in_Walsden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_513474.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/House_in_Walsden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_513474.jpg/260px-House_in_Walsden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_513474.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/House_in_Walsden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_513474.jpg/390px-House_in_Walsden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_513474.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/House_in_Walsden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_513474.jpg/520px-House_in_Walsden_-_geograph.org.uk_-_513474.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>House in <a href="/wiki/Walsden" title="Walsden">Walsden</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a> where John Cockcroft lived from the age of two until he was 28 years old</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> accepted Cockcroft as a research student at the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a> on the recommendation of Miles Walker and the director of research at Metropolitan Vickers.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cockcroft enrolled as a <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> student in 1924, with a Foundation Scholarship of St John's College, and a State Scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliphant_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliphant-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Rutherford's supervision, he wrote his doctoral thesis "On phenomena occurring in the condensation of molecular streams on surfaces",<sup id="cite_ref-PhD_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhD-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Proceedings of the Royal Society">Proceedings of the Royal Society</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded his doctorate on 6 September 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198433_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198433-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time he was an assistant to the Russian physicist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kapitza" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Kapitza">Peter Kapitza</a>, who was working on the physics of magnetic fields in extremely low temperatures. Cockcroft helped with the design and construction of helium liquefiers.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, Rutherford had succeeded in disintegrating <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> atoms with <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a> emitted from decaying <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> atoms. This and subsequent experiments hinted at the structure of atomic nuclei. To explore it further, he needed an artificial means of creating particles with a velocity high enough to overcome the charge of the nucleus. This opened a new line of research at the Cavendish Laboratory. He assigned Cockcroft, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Allibone" title="Thomas Allibone">Thomas Allibone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Ernest Walton</a> to the problem. They built what became known as a <a href="/wiki/Cockcroft%E2%80%93Walton_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Cockcroft–Walton accelerator">Cockcroft–Walton accelerator</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a> designed a <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> source for them. A crucial moment came when Cockcroft read a paper by <a href="/wiki/George_Gamow" title="George Gamow">George Gamow</a> on <a href="/wiki/Quantum_tunnelling" title="Quantum tunnelling">quantum tunnelling</a>. Cockcroft realised that as a result of this phenomenon, the desired effect could be achieved with much lower voltages than first thought. In fact, he calculated that protons with energy of just 300,000 <a href="/wiki/Electronvolt" title="Electronvolt">electronvolts</a> would be able to penetrate a <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> nucleus. Cockcroft and Walton worked on their accelerator for the next two years. Rutherford obtained a £1,000 grant from the University of Cambridge for them to buy a <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformer</a> and other equipment they needed.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oliphant_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliphant-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198437–42_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198437–42-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cockcroft was elected a Fellow of St. John's College on 5 November 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198443_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198443-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and Walton began operating their accelerator in March 1932, bombarding <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> with high-energy protons. They expected to see <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a>, which French scientists had reported, but none were found. In February 1932, <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> demonstrated that what had been observed were actually <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>. Cockcroft and Walton then switched to looking for alpha particles instead. On 14 April 1932, Walton bombarded a lithium target and noticed what he thought might be alpha particles. Cockcroft and then Rutherford were summoned, and confirmed that this was indeed the case. That evening, Cockcroft and Walton met at Rutherford's home and produced a letter for <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> in which they announced their results, the first artificial disintegration of an atomic nucleus, which can be described thus:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198450–53_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198450–53-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium-7" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium-7"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">7</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>Li<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></a></span> + <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span>p<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></a></span> → 2<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Helium-4" title="Helium-4"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:right"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>He<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;line-height:1.0em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sub></span></span></a></span> + 17.2 MeV</dd></dl> <p>This feat was popularly known as <i>splitting the atom</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198450–53_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198450–53-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this accomplishment, Cockcroft and Walton were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a> in 1938,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They went on to disintegrate <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, nitrogen and <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> using protons, <a href="/wiki/Deuteron" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteron">deuterons</a> and alpha particles. They demonstrated that they had produced radioactive <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Carbon-11" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-11">carbon-11</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen-13" title="Nitrogen-13">nitrogen-13</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cockcroft_Walton_voltage_multiplier_circuit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cockcroft_Walton_voltage_multiplier_circuit.svg/220px-Cockcroft_Walton_voltage_multiplier_circuit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cockcroft_Walton_voltage_multiplier_circuit.svg/330px-Cockcroft_Walton_voltage_multiplier_circuit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cockcroft_Walton_voltage_multiplier_circuit.svg/440px-Cockcroft_Walton_voltage_multiplier_circuit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier circuit</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1929, Cockcroft was appointed a Supervisor in Mechanical Sciences at St John's College. He was appointed a Supervisor in Physics in 1931, and in 1933 became the junior <a href="/wiki/Bursar" title="Bursar">bursar</a>, making him responsible for the upkeep of the buildings, many of which were suffering from neglect. The college <a href="/wiki/Gatehouse" title="Gatehouse">gatehouse</a> had to be partly taken down in order to repair damage done by <a href="/wiki/Deathwatch_beetle" title="Deathwatch beetle">deathwatch beetles</a>, and Cockcroft supervised rewiring of the electrics. In 1935, Rutherford appointed him the director of research at the Mond Laboratory after Kapitza, who had returned to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supervised the installation of new cryogenic equipment, and supervised low temperature research. He was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> in 1936,<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oliphant_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliphant-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1939 was elected the <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_Professor_of_Natural_Philosophy" title="Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy">Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy</a>, effective 1 October 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliphant_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliphant-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cockcroft and Walton were well aware of the limits of their accelerator. A much better design had been developed in the United States by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a>, which he called the <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a>. The Cavendish Laboratory was able to keep ahead of the Americans despite having an inferior accelerator with clever physics, but Cockcroft pressed Rutherford to obtain a cyclotron for the Cavendish laboratory. Rutherford baulked at the price tag, but a £250,000 gift from <a href="/wiki/Lord_Austin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Austin">Lord Austin</a> enabled a 36-inch (910 mm) cyclotron, based on Lawrence's design, to be built, along with a new wing to house it.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliphant_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliphant-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cockcroft supervised the work. The cyclotron was in operation by October 1938, and the new wing was completed in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984368–371_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984368–371-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oliphant felt that the cyclotron was not big enough, and commenced construction of a larger 60-inch cyclotron at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a>. Its construction was delayed by the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> in Europe in 1939, and it too would be obsolescent when it was completed after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cockcroft&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GL_Mk_IIIb_left_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/GL_Mk_IIIb_left_side.jpg/220px-GL_Mk_IIIb_left_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/GL_Mk_IIIb_left_side.jpg/330px-GL_Mk_IIIb_left_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/GL_Mk_IIIb_left_side.jpg/440px-GL_Mk_IIIb_left_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/GL_Mk._III_radar" title="GL Mk. III radar">GL Mk. III radar</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>At the outbreak of the Second World War, Cockcroft took up the post of Assistant Director of Scientific Research in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Supply" title="Ministry of Supply">Ministry of Supply</a>, working on <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>. In 1938, Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tizard" title="Henry Tizard">Henry Tizard</a> showed Cockcroft <a href="/wiki/Chain_Home" title="Chain Home">Chain Home</a>, the ring of coastal <a href="/wiki/Early-warning_radar" title="Early-warning radar">early warning</a> radar stations built by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) to detect and track aircraft. Now, he helped deploy scientists to help get the system fully operational.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198489–90_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198489–90-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940, he became part of the Advisory Council for Scientific Research and Technical Development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198494_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198494-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1940, along he became a member of the Committee for the Scientific Study of Air Warfare formed to handle issues arising from the <a href="/wiki/Frisch%E2%80%93Peierls_memorandum" title="Frisch–Peierls memorandum">Frisch–Peierls memorandum</a>, which calculated that an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic bomb">atomic bomb</a> could be technically feasible. This committee was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/MAUD_Committee" title="MAUD Committee">MAUD Committee</a>, of which Cockcroft was also a member, in June 1940. This committee directed the ground-breaking early research in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984120–124_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984120–124-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1940, Cockcroft travelled to the United States as part of the <a href="/wiki/Tizard_Mission" title="Tizard Mission">Tizard Mission</a>. Because Britain had developed many new technologies but lacked the industrial capacity to fully exploit them, it was decided to share them with the United States, although that nation was not yet at war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198496–103_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198496–103-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The information provided by the Tizard Mission contained some of the greatest scientific advances made during the war. The shared technology included radar technologies, in particular the greatly improved <a href="/wiki/Cavity_magnetron" title="Cavity magnetron">cavity magnetron</a> designed by Oliphant's group at Birmingham, which the American historian <a href="/wiki/James_Phinney_Baxter_III" title="James Phinney Baxter III">James Phinney Baxter III</a> described as "the most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores",<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the design for the <a href="/wiki/Proximity_fuze" title="Proximity fuze">proximity fuze</a>, details of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engine</a> and the Frisch–Peierls memorandum describing the feasibility of an atomic bomb. Though these may be considered the most significant, many other items were also transported, including designs for rockets, superchargers, gunsights and submarine detection devices. He returned to Britain in December 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198496–103_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198496–103-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after his return, Cockcroft was appointed Chief Superintendent of the Air Defence Research Development Establishment (ADRDE) at <a href="/wiki/Christchurch,_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Christchurch, Hampshire">Christchurch</a>, Hampshire.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliphant_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliphant-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His focus was on the use of radar for shooting down enemy aircraft. The <a href="/wiki/GL_Mk._III_radar" title="GL Mk. III radar">GL Mk. III radar</a> was developed as a target tracking and predicting radar, but by 1942 the <a href="/wiki/SCR-584_radar" title="SCR-584 radar">SCR-584 radar</a> developed for the same purpose in the United States became available, and Cockcroft recommended that it be acquired under <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a>. On his own initiative, he acquired SCR-584 sets for testing, and trials conducted on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Sheppey" title="Isle of Sheppey">Isle of Sheppey</a> in October 1943 conclusively demonstrated that SCR-584 was superior. This made Cockcroft very unpopular at the Ministry of Supply, but he had intelligence that the Germans were planning to deploy the <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a>. On 1 January 1944, Lieutenant-General Sir <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Weeks,_1st_Baron_Weeks" title="Ronald Weeks, 1st Baron Weeks">Ronald Weeks</a> sent Washington an urgent request for 134 SCR-584 sets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984108–111_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984108–111-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proximity_fuse,_Applied_Physics_Lab,_Johns_Hopkins_University,_1945_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC00065.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Proximity_fuse%2C_Applied_Physics_Lab%2C_Johns_Hopkins_University%2C_1945_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC00065.jpg/220px-Proximity_fuse%2C_Applied_Physics_Lab%2C_Johns_Hopkins_University%2C_1945_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC00065.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Proximity_fuse%2C_Applied_Physics_Lab%2C_Johns_Hopkins_University%2C_1945_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC00065.jpg/330px-Proximity_fuse%2C_Applied_Physics_Lab%2C_Johns_Hopkins_University%2C_1945_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC00065.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Proximity_fuse%2C_Applied_Physics_Lab%2C_Johns_Hopkins_University%2C_1945_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC00065.jpg/440px-Proximity_fuse%2C_Applied_Physics_Lab%2C_Johns_Hopkins_University%2C_1945_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC00065.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4970" data-file-height="2515" /></a><figcaption>A proximity fuze</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Proximity_fuze" title="Proximity fuze">proximity fuze</a> had been pioneered by <a href="/wiki/W._A._S._Butement" title="W. A. S. Butement">Alan Butement</a>. The idea was that if a shell could explode when it was near an enemy aircraft, a near miss would be nearly as effective as a direct hit. The technical problem was to miniaturise a radar set, and make it sturdy enough to be fired from a gun barrel. The second problem had been solved by the Germans; a dud German bomb was salvaged that had <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">valves</a> that could withstand the acceleration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198496_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198496-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plans were given to the Americans by the Tizard Mission, but work continued in Britain, where a team was established at Christchurch under <a href="/wiki/Charles_Drummond_Ellis" title="Charles Drummond Ellis">Charles Drummond Ellis</a> in February 1942. Work proceeded fitfully, and by 1943, production was still two years away. On a visit to the United States in November 1943, Cockcroft discussed adapting the American proximity fuze for British use with <a href="/wiki/Merle_Tuve" title="Merle Tuve">Merle Tuve</a>. As a result, 150,000 fuzes for <a href="/wiki/QF_3.7-inch_AA_gun" title="QF 3.7-inch AA gun">QF 3.7-inch AA guns</a> were ordered on 16 January 1944. The fuzes arrived in time to engage the V-1 flying bombs in August 1944, shooting down 97 per cent of them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984108–111_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984108–111-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his services, he was made a <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> in June 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a> subsumed the British <a href="/wiki/Tube_Alloys" title="Tube Alloys">Tube Alloys</a> project into the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, and established the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Policy_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined Policy Committee">Combined Policy Committee</a> to control the Manhattan Project.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson1962277–280_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson1962277–280-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A final agreement was spelt out on 20 May 1944. Under it, the Americans would assist with the construction of a <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a>-<a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">moderated</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> in Canada, and would provide technical assistance with matters such as corrosion and the effects of radiation on materials. They would not provide details about <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> chemistry or metallurgy, although irradiated uranium slugs were made available for the British to work it out for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson1962281–284_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHewlettAnderson1962281–284-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sticking point was the director of the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Laboratory" title="Montreal Laboratory">Montreal Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Halban" title="Hans von Halban">Hans von Halban</a>, who was a poor administrator, did not work well with the Canadians,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvery1998184–185_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvery1998184–185-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was regarded as a security risk by the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowing1964206–207,_209–214_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowing1964206–207,_209–214-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1944 a Combined Policy Committee meeting at Washington agreed that Montreal Laboratory scientists who were not British subjects would leave, and Cockcroft would become the new director of the Montreal Laboratory in May 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Role_of_the_French_Scientists_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Role_of_the_French_Scientists-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZEEP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/ZEEP.jpg/220px-ZEEP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/ZEEP.jpg/330px-ZEEP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/ZEEP.jpg/440px-ZEEP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ZEEP" title="ZEEP">ZEEP</a> reactor in February 1954 with <a href="/wiki/NRX" title="NRX">NRX</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Universal_reactor" title="National Research Universal reactor">NRU</a> (under construction, in background)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 24 August 1944, the decision was taken to build a small reactor in order to test the Montreal Laboratory's calculations relating to such matters as lattice dimensions, sheathing materials, and <a href="/wiki/Control_rod" title="Control rod">control rods</a>, before proceeding with the full-scale <a href="/wiki/NRX" title="NRX">NRX</a> reactor. This was named <a href="/wiki/ZEEP" title="ZEEP">ZEEP</a>, for Zero Energy Experimental Pile.<sup id="cite_ref-Early_Years_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early_Years-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Building reactors in downtown Montreal was out of the question; the Canadians selected, and Groves approved, a site at <a href="/wiki/Chalk_River" title="Chalk River">Chalk River</a>, Ontario, on the south bank of the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_River" title="Ottawa River">Ottawa River</a> some 110 miles (180 km) north west of Ottawa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1985246–247_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1985246–247-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Chalk_River_Laboratories" title="Chalk River Laboratories">Chalk River Laboratories</a> opened in 1944, and the Montreal Laboratory was closed in July 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-Early_Years_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early_Years-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ZEEP went critical on 5 September 1945,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClose2015102–104_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClose2015102–104-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becoming the first operating nuclear reactor outside the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManhattan_District19479.23_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManhattan_District19479.23-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larger NRX followed on 21 July 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClose2015102–104_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClose2015102–104-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With five times the <a href="/wiki/Neutron_flux" title="Neutron flux">neutron flux</a> of any other reactor, it was the most powerful <a href="/wiki/Research_reactor" title="Research reactor">research reactor</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Fidecaro_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fidecaro-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally designed in July 1944 with an output of 8 MW, the power was raised to 10 MW through design changes such as replacing uranium rods clad in stainless steel and cooled by heavy water with aluminium-clad rods cooled by light water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManhattan_District19479.9–9.10_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManhattan_District19479.9–9.10-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cockcroft was shocked when he was informed on 10 September 1945 that the British physicist <a href="/wiki/Alan_Nunn_May" title="Alan Nunn May">Alan Nunn May</a>, who worked at the Chalk River Laboratories, was a Soviet spy. In August 1947, Cockcroft was one of the scientists who signed a petition urging that Nunn May's ten-year prison sentence be reduced, an act he later regretted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984133–134_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984133–134-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post_war">Post war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cockcroft&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1945, Cockcroft and Oliphant scouted a site for a similar establishment in Britain, settling on <a href="/wiki/RAF_Harwell" title="RAF Harwell">RAF Harwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984136–137_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984136–137-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cockcroft was offered the directorship of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Research_Establishment" title="Atomic Energy Research Establishment">Atomic Energy Research Establishment</a> (AERE) at Harwell on 9 November 1945. The official announcement was made on 29 January 1946, but the news leaked two months before the announcement, and before the Canadian government was informed, creating a diplomatic incident. It was agreed that Cockcroft would not depart until a successor was found, and he did not depart Chalk River for Harwell until 30 September 1946. In the meantime he recruited staff for the new laboratory. <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a> from the Manhattan Project's <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamos Laboratory">Los Alamos Laboratory</a> became head of the Theoretical Physics; Robert Spence, Cockcroft's deputy at Montreal Laboratory, became head of Chemistry; H.W.B. Skinner, of General Physics; Otto Frisch, of Nuclear Physics; and John Dunworth, of Reactor Physics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984139–146_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984139–146-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fuchs was later arrested as a Soviet spy on 3 February 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984158_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984158-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The low-powered, graphite-moderated <a href="/wiki/GLEEP" title="GLEEP">GLEEP</a>, which stood for Graphite Low Energy Experimental Pile, was designed by the Montreal Laboratory, and became the first nuclear reactor to operate in Western Europe when it was started on 15 August 1947. This was followed by BEPO, a 6 MW research reactor designed by AERE, on 3 July 1948. Because heavy water was unavailable in Britain, BEPO was designed and built as a graphite-moderated reactor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984146–147_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984146–147-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowingArnold1974a379–382_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowingArnold1974a379–382-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Harwell was involved in the design of reactors at <a href="/wiki/Windscale" class="mw-redirect" title="Windscale">Windscale</a>, and the chemical separation plant there.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliphant_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliphant-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passage of the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a> (McMahon Act) in August 1946, made it clear that the UK would no longer be allowed access to the United States' atomic research. This partly resulted from the arrest for espionage of Alan Nunn May in February 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGowingArnold1974105–108_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGowingArnold1974105–108-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cockcroft helped negotiate a new, more informal and unsigned agreement with the Americans that was announced on 7 January 1948, known as the <i>Modus Vivendi</i>. The renewed cooperation that he hoped for under the agreement proved illusory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984222–223_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984222–223-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of the independent British nuclear deterrent led to the Atomic Energy Act being amended in 1958, and to a resumption of the nuclear Special Relationship between America and Britain under the <a href="/wiki/1958_US%E2%80%93UK_Mutual_Defence_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement">1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Cockcroft's direction, AERE took part in frontier fusion research in the post-war years, including the <a href="/wiki/ZETA_(fusion_reactor)" title="ZETA (fusion reactor)">ZETA</a> program. Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a> began research in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> in 1946. This was subsequently transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Electrical_Industries" title="Associated Electrical Industries">Associated Electrical Industries</a> Laboratory at <a href="/wiki/Aldermaston" title="Aldermaston">Aldermaston</a>, under Allibone's direction. Research independently began at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> under Peter Thonemann. In 1951, Cockcroft arranged for the Oxford group to be transferred to Harwell. Cockcroft approved the construction of ZETA (Zero Energy Thermonuclear Assembly) by the Thonemann's Harwell group, and the smaller <a href="/wiki/Sceptre_(fusion_reactor)" title="Sceptre (fusion reactor)">Sceptre</a> by Allibone's AEI group. <a href="/wiki/James_L._Tuck" title="James L. Tuck">James L. Tuck</a>'s group at the Los Alamos Laboratory was also researching fusion, and Cockcroft struck an agreement with the Americans that they would release their results together, which was done in 1958. Despite Cockcroft's perennial optimism that a breakthrough was imminent, fusion power remained an elusive goal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984201–204_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984201–204-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cockcroft's_Folly"><span id="Cockcroft.27s_Folly"></span>Cockcroft's Folly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cockcroft&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cockcroft's Folly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Storm_Clouds_over_Sellafield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_330062.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Storm_Clouds_over_Sellafield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_330062.jpg/260px-Storm_Clouds_over_Sellafield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_330062.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Storm_Clouds_over_Sellafield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_330062.jpg/390px-Storm_Clouds_over_Sellafield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_330062.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Storm_Clouds_over_Sellafield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_330062.jpg/520px-Storm_Clouds_over_Sellafield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_330062.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>The two chimney stacks of the <a href="/wiki/Windscale_Piles" title="Windscale Piles">Windscale reactors</a>, with the visible swellings to house Cockcroft's filters</figcaption></figure> <p>As director of the AERE, Cockcroft famously insisted that the chimney stacks of the Windscale plutonium production reactors be fitted, at great expense, with high-performance filters. That was in response to a report that uranium oxide had been found in the vicinity of the <a href="/wiki/X-10_Graphite_Reactor" title="X-10 Graphite Reactor">X-10 Graphite Reactor</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge</a>, Tennessee. Because it was decided to fit them after the stacks had been designed, the filters became pronounced lumps at the top of the chimneys. </p><p>The reactors had been designed to remain clean and uncorroded during use, so it was thought there would be no particulate for the filters to catch. As well, the uranium oxide at Oak Ridge turned out to be from the chemical plant and not the reactor. The filters therefore became known as "Cockcroft's Folly". However, when the core of one of the two reactors ignited the <a href="/wiki/Windscale_fire" title="Windscale fire">Windscale fire</a> of 1957, the filters prevented a far worse release of radioactive material. Terence Price, future scientific advisor at the Ministry of Defence in the 1960s, noted that "the word folly did not seem appropriate after the accident".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984211_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984211-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cockcroft&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 24 January 1959, <a href="/wiki/Churchill_College,_Cambridge" title="Churchill College, Cambridge">Churchill College, Cambridge</a>, was formally recognised by the University. Two days later, the Trustees announced that Cockcroft would be its first Master. Although it would also teach the humanities and social sciences, 70 per cent of the student body would study science and technology related subjects. He nominated the first fellows, and he oversaw the initial construction. Controversy arose over the chapel. A 1961 plan to build it at the entrance to the college, as was traditional at Cambridge, led to the immediate resignation of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>, a staunch atheist, as a fellow. The first undergraduates arrived in 1961, and the college, still incomplete, was formally opened by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a>, on 5 June 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984250–258_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984250–258-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Churchill_College_Cambridge_-_Central_area_and_Hepworth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Churchill_College_Cambridge_-_Central_area_and_Hepworth.jpg/260px-Churchill_College_Cambridge_-_Central_area_and_Hepworth.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Churchill_College_Cambridge_-_Central_area_and_Hepworth.jpg/390px-Churchill_College_Cambridge_-_Central_area_and_Hepworth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Churchill_College_Cambridge_-_Central_area_and_Hepworth.jpg/520px-Churchill_College_Cambridge_-_Central_area_and_Hepworth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Churchill_College,_Cambridge" title="Churchill College, Cambridge">Churchill College, Cambridge</a>, in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Cockcroft was president of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics" title="Institute of Physics">Institute of Physics</a> from 1954 to 1956, and of the <a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association for the Advancement of Science">British Association for the Advancement of Science</a>. He served as chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> from 1961 to 1965, a largely symbolic post that involved a visit once a year for degree conferring ceremonies. He delivered the <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_Memorial_Lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherford Memorial Lecture">Rutherford Memorial Lecture</a> in 1944. He was the British delegate on the Council of <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> as well as Chairman of the Nuclear Physics Sub-Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (United Kingdom)">Department of Scientific and Industrial Research</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliphant_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliphant-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to winning, along with Walton, the Hughes Medal and 1951 Nobel Prize in Physics, Cockcroft received numerous awards and accolades over the years. He became a <a href="/wiki/Knight_bachelor" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight bachelor">knight bachelor</a> in January 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was normal: scientists were seldom inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Chivalric order">chivalric orders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984193_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984193-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but he was created a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath">Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath</a> in May 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps because this was rare, scientists normally regarded becoming a member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> as a greater honour; Cockcroft became an Order of Merit member in December 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also received the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> in 1954, the <a href="/wiki/Faraday_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday Medal">Faraday Medal</a> in 1955, the American <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Freedom_(1945)" title="Medal of Freedom (1945)">Medal of Freedom</a> in 1947 and <a href="/wiki/Atoms_for_Peace_Award" title="Atoms for Peace Award">Atoms for Peace Award</a> in 1961,<sup id="cite_ref-Oliphant_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliphant-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was made a <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur</a> by France in 1952,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Knight Commander of the Military Order of Christ</a> by Portugal in 1955, and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Order_of_Alfonso_X,_the_Wise" title="Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise">Grand Cross of the Order of Alfonso X</a> by Spain in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-Oliphant_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliphant-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAL_sod_turning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SAL_sod_turning.jpg/240px-SAL_sod_turning.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SAL_sod_turning.jpg/360px-SAL_sod_turning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/SAL_sod_turning.jpg/480px-SAL_sod_turning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="1096" /></a><figcaption>Cockcroft (left) at a sod turning for the <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Accelerator_Laboratory" title="Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory">Saskatchewan Accelerator Laboratory</a> in Saskatoon, Canada in May 1962</figcaption></figure> <p>Cockcroft died from a <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> at his home at Churchill College, Cambridge, on 18 September 1967. He is buried at the <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Parish_Burial_Ground,_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension Parish Burial Ground, Cambridge">Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground</a> in Cambridge, in the same grave as his son Timothy. A memorial service was held at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> on 17 October 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984284_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone1984284-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several buildings in the United Kingdom are named after him: the Cockcroft building at the <a href="/wiki/New_Museums_Site" title="New Museums Site">New Museums Site</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, comprising a lecture theatre and several hardware laboratories;<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Cockcroft_Institute" title="Cockcroft Institute">Cockcroft Institute</a> at Daresbury Laboratory in Cheshire;<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Cockcroft building of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Brighton" title="University of Brighton">University of Brighton</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Cockcroft building of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Salford" title="University of Salford">University of Salford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest building at the <a href="/wiki/Research_School_of_Physical_Sciences_and_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering">Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering</a>, Australian National University, the Cockcroft building, is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cockcroft's papers are held at the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Archives_Centre" title="Churchill Archives Centre">Churchill Archives Centre</a> in Cambridge, and are accessible to the public. They include his lab books, correspondence, photographs (with dozens depicting the construction of Chalk River, CKFT 26/4), theses and political papers.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cockcroft&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllibone1967" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Allibone" title="Thomas Allibone">Allibone, T. E.</a> (1967). "Sir John Cockcroft, O.M., F.R.S". <i>British Journal of Radiology</i>. <b>40</b> (479): <span class="nowrap">872–</span>873. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1259%2F0007-1285-40-479-872">10.1259/0007-1285-40-479-872</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4862179">4862179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Radiology&rft.atitle=Sir+John+Cockcroft%2C+O.M.%2C+F.R.S&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=479&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E872-%3C%2Fspan%3E873&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1259%2F0007-1285-40-479-872&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4862179&rft.aulast=Allibone&rft.aufirst=T.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Cockcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllibone" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Allibone" title="Thomas Allibone">Allibone, T. E.</a> "Cockcroft, Sir John Douglas (1897–1967), physicist and engineer". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F2473">10.1093/ref:odnb/2473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cockcroft%2C+Sir+John+Douglas+%281897%E2%80%931967%29%2C+physicist+and+engineer&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F2473&rft.aulast=Allibone&rft.aufirst=T.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Cockcroft" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone19842-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone19842_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartcupAllibone1984">Hartcup & Allibone 1984</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliphant-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oliphant_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliphant_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliphant_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliphant_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliphant_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliphant_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliphant_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliphant_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliphant_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliphant_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliphant_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliphant_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliphant_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oliphant_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliphantPenney1968" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Oliphant, M. L. E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Penney,_Baron_Penney" title="William Penney, Baron Penney">Penney, L.</a> (1968). "John Douglas Cockcroft. 1897–1967". <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>14</b>: <span class="nowrap">139–</span>188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1968.0007">10.1098/rsbm.1968.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57116624">57116624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=John+Douglas+Cockcroft.+1897%E2%80%931967&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E188&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1968.0007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57116624%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Oliphant&rft.aufirst=M.+L.+E.&rft.au=Penney%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Cockcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone19844–5-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone19844–5_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartcupAllibone1984">Hartcup & Allibone 1984</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone19845–7-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone19845–7_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartcupAllibone1984">Hartcup & Allibone 1984</a>, pp. 5–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198410–15-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198410–15_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartcupAllibone1984">Hartcup & Allibone 1984</a>, pp. 10–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette30993" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/30993/supplement/13089">"No. 30993"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 5 November 1918. p. 13089.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+30993&rft.pages=13089&rft.date=1918-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F30993%2Fsupplement%2F13089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Cockcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198415–19-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198415–19_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartcupAllibone1984">Hartcup & Allibone 1984</a>, pp. 15–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198420–25-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198420–25_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartcupAllibone1984">Hartcup & Allibone 1984</a>, pp. 20–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198434-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartcupAllibone198434_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartcupAllibone1984">Hartcup & Allibone 1984</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhD-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhD_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockcroft" class="citation web cs1">Cockcroft, John Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025818/https://hooke.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/bib_seek.cgi?cat=man&bib=39784">"On phenomena occurring in the condensation of molecular streams on surfaces"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hooke.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/bib_seek.cgi?cat=man&bib=39784">the original</a> on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+phenomena+occurring+in+the+condensation+of+molecular+streams+on+surfaces&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft.aulast=Cockcroft&rft.aufirst=John+Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhooke.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbib_seek.cgi%3Fcat%3Dman%26bib%3D39784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Cockcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockcroft1928" class="citation journal cs1">Cockcroft, J. D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cockcroft+Building&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudentvip.com.au%2Fanu%2Fmain%2Fmaps%2F3675&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Cockcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1487">"The Papers of Sir John Cockcroft"</a>. Churchill Archives Centre, ArchiveSearch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+Sir+John+Cockcroft&rft.pub=Churchill+Archives+Centre%2C+ArchiveSearch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Frepositories%2F9%2Fresources%2F1487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Cockcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cockcroft&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvery1998" class="citation book cs1">Avery, Donald (1998). <i>The Science of War: Canadian Scientists and Allied Military Technology</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-5996-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-5996-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-5996-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38885226">38885226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+War%3A+Canadian+Scientists+and+Allied+Military+Technology&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38885226&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-5996-3&rft.aulast=Avery&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Cockcroft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClose2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Close" title="Frank Close">Close, Frank</a> (2015). <i>Half-Life: The Divided Life of Bruno Pontecorvo, Physicist or Spy</i>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06998-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06998-9"><bdi>978-0-465-06998-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/897001600">897001600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Half-Life%3A+The+Divided+Life+of+Bruno+Pontecorvo%2C+Physicist+or+Spy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F897001600&rft.isbn=978-0-465-06998-9&rft.aulast=Close&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Cockcroft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowing1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Gowing" title="Margaret Gowing">Gowing, Margaret</a> (1964). <i>Britain and Atomic Energy 1939–1945</i>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3195209">3195209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+Atomic+Energy+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3195209&rft.aulast=Gowing&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Cockcroft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowingArnold1974" class="citation book cs1">Gowing, Margaret; <a href="/wiki/Lorna_Arnold" title="Lorna Arnold">Arnold, Lorna</a> (1974). <i>Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945–1952, Volume 1, Policy Making</i>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-15781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-15781-7"><bdi>978-0-333-15781-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/611555258">611555258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Independence+and+Deterrence%3A+Britain+and+Atomic+Energy%2C+1945%E2%80%931952%2C+Volume+1%2C+Policy+Making&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F611555258&rft.isbn=978-0-333-15781-7&rft.aulast=Gowing&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Lorna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Cockcroft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGowingArnold1974a" class="citation book cs1">Gowing, Margaret; <a href="/wiki/Lorna_Arnold" title="Lorna Arnold">Arnold, Lorna</a> (1974a). <i>Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945–1952, Volume 2, Policy Execution</i>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-16695-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-16695-6"><bdi>978-0-333-16695-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59047125">59047125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Independence+and+Deterrence%3A+Britain+and+Atomic+Energy%2C+1945%E2%80%931952%2C+Volume+2%2C+Policy+Execution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59047125&rft.isbn=978-0-333-16695-6&rft.aulast=Gowing&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Lorna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Cockcroft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartcupAllibone1984" class="citation book cs1">Hartcup, Guy; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Allibone" title="Thomas Allibone">Allibone, T. E.</a> (1984). <i>Cockcroft and the Atom</i>. Bristol: Avon : A. Hilger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85274-759-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85274-759-9"><bdi>978-0-85274-759-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12666364">12666364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cockcroft+and+the+Atom&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pub=Avon+%3A+A.+Hilger&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12666364&rft.isbn=978-0-85274-759-9&rft.aulast=Hartcup&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft.au=Allibone%2C+T.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Cockcroft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewlettAnderson1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hewlett" title="Richard G. Hewlett">Hewlett, Richard G.</a>; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.governmentattic.org/5docs/TheNewWorld1939-1946.pdf"><i>The New World, 1939–1946</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07186-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07186-5"><bdi>978-0-520-07186-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/637004643">637004643</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+World%2C+1939%E2%80%931946&rft.place=University+Park&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F637004643&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07186-5&rft.aulast=Hewlett&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Oscar+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.governmentattic.org%2F5docs%2FTheNewWorld1939-1946.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Cockcroft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1985" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Vincent (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007074359/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/011/11-10/CMH_Pub_11-10.pdf"><i>Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10913875">10913875</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/011/11-10/CMH_Pub_11-10.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manhattan%3A+The+Army+and+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10913875&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F011%2F11-10%2FCMH_Pub_11-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Cockcroft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManhattan_District1947" class="citation book cs1">Manhattan District (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/includes/opennet/includes/MED_scans/Book%20I%20-%20General%20-%20Vol.%204-Chapters%209-10.pdf"><i>Manhattan District History, Book I, Volume 4, Chapter 9 – Assistance to the Canadian Pile Project</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/889323140">889323140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manhattan+District+History%2C+Book+I%2C+Volume+4%2C+Chapter+9+%E2%80%93+Assistance+to+the+Canadian+Pile+Project&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Energy&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F889323140&rft.au=Manhattan+District&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fincludes%2Fopennet%2Fincludes%2FMED_scans%2FBook%2520I%2520-%2520General%2520-%2520Vol.%25204-Chapters%25209-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Cockcroft" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cockcroft&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathcart2005" class="citation book cs1">Cathcart, Brian (2005). <i>The Fly in the Cathedral: How a Small Group of Cambridge Scientists Won the Race to Split the Atom</i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-027906-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-027906-1"><bdi>978-0-14-027906-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937140229">937140229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fly+in+the+Cathedral%3A+How+a+Small+Group+of+Cambridge+Scientists+Won+the+Race+to+Split+the+Atom&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F937140229&rft.isbn=978-0-14-027906-1&rft.aulast=Cathcart&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Cockcroft" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Cockcroft&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Douglas_Cockcroft" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Douglas Cockcroft">John Douglas Cockcroft</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4556">Oral history interview transcript with John Cockcroft on 2 May 1963, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4557">Oral history interview transcript with John Cockcroft on 28 March 1967, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/5935484">John Cockcroft</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1487">Biography</a> from <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Archives_Centre" title="Churchill Archives Centre">Churchill Archives Centre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/56">John Cockcroft</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62897#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/john_douglas_cockcroft.html">Another Nobel biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/458604/view">1958 visit at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Объединённый институт ядерных исследований) in Dubna (UdSSR)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518083430/https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/458604/view">Archived</a> 18 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F257094">"Archival material relating to John Cockcroft"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+John+Cockcroft&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF257094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Cockcroft" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62897#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Edward Victor Appleton</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_Professor_of_Natural_Philosophy" title="Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy">Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy</a> </b><br />1939–1946 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Robert_Frisch" title="Otto Robert Frisch">Otto Robert Frisch</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New institution</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Master of <a href="/wiki/Churchill_College,_Cambridge" title="Churchill College, Cambridge">Churchill College, Cambridge</a> </b><br />1959–1967 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Hawthorne" title="William Hawthorne">William Hawthorne</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Bruce" title="Stanley Bruce">Stanley Bruce</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_National_University_people#Chancellors" title="List of Australian National University people">Chancellor of the Australian National University</a> </b><br />1961–1965 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1951_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1951 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1951_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1951 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1951_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1951 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1951_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1951 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1951_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1951 Nobel Prize in Literature">1951</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist" title="Pär Lagerkvist">Pär Lagerkvist</a> (Sweden)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Cockcroft</a> (Great Britain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Ernest Walton</a> (Ireland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1946_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1946 Nobel Prize winners">1946</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1947_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1947 Nobel Prize winners">1947</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1948_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1948 Nobel Prize winners">1948</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1949_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1949 Nobel Prize winners">1949</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1950_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1950 Nobel Prize winners">1950</a></dd> <dd><b>1951 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1952_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1952 Nobel Prize winners">1952</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1953_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1953 Nobel Prize winners">1953</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1954_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1954 Nobel Prize winners">1954</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1955_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1955 Nobel Prize winners">1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1956_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1956 Nobel Prize winners">1956</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_Australian_National_University107" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australian_National_University_chancellors" title="Template:Australian National University chancellors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australian_National_University_chancellors" title="Template talk:Australian National University chancellors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australian_National_University_chancellors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australian National University chancellors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_Australian_National_University107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_National_University_people#Chancellors" title="List of Australian National University people">Chancellors of Australian National University</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Bruce" title="Stanley Bruce">Stanley Bruce</a> (1951)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Cockcroft</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Baron Florey</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._C._Coombs" title="H. C. Coombs">H. C. Coombs</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crawford_(economist)" title="John Crawford (economist)">John Crawford</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Blackburn" title="Richard Blackburn">Richard Blackburn</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Jackson_(businessman)" title="Gordon Jackson (businessman)">Gordon Jackson</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Yeend" title="Geoffrey Yeend">Geoffrey Yeend</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Baume" title="Peter Baume">Peter Baume</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hawke" title="Allan Hawke">Allan Hawke</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Beazley" title="Kim Beazley">Kim Beazley</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareth_Evans_(politician)" title="Gareth Evans (politician)">Gareth Evans</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Bishop" title="Julie Bishop">Julie Bishop</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manhattan_Project245" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manhattan_Project" title="Template talk:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan_Project" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manhattan Project"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manhattan_Project245" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Manhattan_Project" title="Timeline of the Manhattan Project">Timeline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ames_Project" title="Ames Project">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_Laboratory" title="Metallurgical Laboratory">Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Site_A" title="Site A">Site A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Project" title="Dayton Project">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Engineer_Works" title="Hanford Engineer Works">Hanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Camel" title="Project Camel">Inyokern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Y" title="Project Y">Los Alamos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Laboratory" title="Montreal Laboratory">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Engineer_Works" title="Clinton Engineer Works">Oak Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Wells_Pilot_Plant" title="Salt Wells Pilot Plant">Salt Wells Pilot Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)" title="Trinity (nuclear test)">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendover_Air_Force_Base" title="Wendover Air Force Base">Wendover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-9_Project" title="P-9 Project">Heavy water sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Arthur Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Conant" title="James B. Conant">James B. Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Duffield" title="Priscilla Duffield">Priscilla Duffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrell_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Thomas Farrell (United States Army officer)">Thomas Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Groves" title="Leslie Groves">Leslie Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lansdale_Jr." title="John Lansdale Jr.">John Lansdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Marshall" title="James C. Marshall">James Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Matthias" title="Franklin Matthias">Franklin Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_McKibbin" title="Dorothy McKibbin">Dorothy McKibbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Nichols" title="Kenneth Nichols">Kenneth Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" title="William Sterling Parsons">Deak Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pash" title="Boris Pash">Boris Pash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Purnell" title="William R. Purnell">William Purnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Spedding" title="Frank Spedding">Frank Spedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_Thomas" title="Charles Allen Thomas">Charles Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tibbets" title="Paul Tibbets">Paul Tibbets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Uanna" title="William L. Uanna">Bud Uanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_L._Warren" title="Stafford L. Warren">Stafford Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Westcott" title="Ed Westcott">Ed Westcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Charles_Wilson" title="Roscoe Charles Wilson">Roscoe Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Luis Alvarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacher" title="Robert Bacher">Robert Bacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Hans Bethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Bradbury" title="Norris Bradbury">Norris Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Cockcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Critchfield" title="Charles Critchfield">Charles Critchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Daghlian" title="Harry Daghlian">Harry Daghlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Dunning" title="John R. Dunning">John R. Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Val Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fuchs" title="Klaus Fuchs">Klaus Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky" title="George Kistiakowsky">George Kistiakowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Koval" title="George Koval">George Koval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Oliphant" title="Mark Oliphant">Mark Oliphant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Pegram" title="George B. Pegram">George B. Pegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Norman Ramsey Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">James Rainwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn Seaborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Slotin" title="Louis Slotin">Louis Slotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_DeWolf_Smyth" title="Henry DeWolf Smyth">Henry DeWolf Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Ulam" title="Stanisław Ulam">Stanisław Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Wilson" title="Robert R. Wilson">Robert Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leona_Woods" title="Leona Woods">Leona Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsos_Mission" title="Alsos Mission">Alsos Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Peppermint" title="Operation Peppermint">Operation Peppermint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Alberta" title="Project Alberta">Project Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverplate" title="Silverplate">Silverplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/509th_Composite_Group" title="509th Composite Group">509th Composite Group</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay" title="Enola Gay">Enola Gay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bockscar" title="Bockscar">Bockscar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Artiste" title="The Great Artiste">The Great Artiste</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_bomb" title="Pumpkin bomb">Pumpkin bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_Man_(nuclear_bomb)" title="Thin Man (nuclear bomb)">Thin Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_scientists_and_technicians_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="African-American scientists and technicians on the Manhattan Project">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Act_of_1946" title="Atomic Energy Act of 1946">Atomic Energy Act of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_phosphate_process" title="Bismuth phosphate process">Bismuth phosphate process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron_Girls" title="Calutron Girls">Calutron Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">Chicago Pile-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon_core" title="Demon core">Demon core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein%E2%80%93Szilard_letter" title="Einstein–Szilard letter">Einstein–Szilard letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franck_Report" title="Franck Report">Franck Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Committee" title="Interim Committee">Interim Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">K-25 Project</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_Primer" title="Los Alamos Primer">Los Alamos Primer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_who_worked_on_the_Manhattan_Project" title="List of Nobel laureates who worked on the Manhattan Project">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_security_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppenheimer security hearing">Oppenheimer security hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RaLa_Experiment" title="RaLa Experiment">RaLa Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-1_Executive_Committee" title="S-1 Executive Committee">S-1 Executive Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-50_(Manhattan_Project)" title="S-50 (Manhattan Project)">S-50 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyth_Report" title="Smyth Report">Smyth Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-10_Graphite_Reactor" title="X-10 Graphite Reactor">X-10 Graphite Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calutron" title="Calutron">Y-12 Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/21px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/32px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/42px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology" title="Portal:Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/17px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/26px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/34px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62897#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2444" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62897#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2444" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62897#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000117400148">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7383731">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/129499/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhH3PXvK9vqvd684VRMyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/106509640">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84066774">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11198163f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11198163f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cockcroft, John Douglas <1897-1967>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV699771">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36553266">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002158987&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/48034">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071270000">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsvvr503zl3c7k">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007277301505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:cockcroft.j-d">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/67f30bf9-1cf6-4c44-a156-c7adb128dba8">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1288668">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/106509640.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/084635282">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fq9vrq">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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