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> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Promagistrate" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Promagistrate" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Emergence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_Punic_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_Punic_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>During the Punic Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_Punic_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_late_republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_late_republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>In the late republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_late_republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proconsul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proconsul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Proconsul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proconsul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propraetor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propraetor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Propraetor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propraetor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proquaestor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proquaestor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Proquaestor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proquaestor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procurator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procurator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Procurator</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Promagistrate</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84" title="حاكم روماني بديل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حاكم روماني بديل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Промагистрат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Промагистрат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promagistrat" title="Promagistrat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Promagistrat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promagistrat" title="Promagistrat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Promagistrat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promagistrat" title="Promagistrat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Promagistrat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promagistraat" title="Promagistraat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Promagistraat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE)" title="Αντιστράτηγος (ρωμαϊκή εποχή) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντιστράτηγος (ρωμαϊκή εποχή)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promagistrado" title="Promagistrado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Promagistrado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84" title="کلانتر بدیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلانتر بدیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promagistrat" title="Promagistrat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Promagistrat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promagistrat" title="Promagistrat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Promagistrat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promagistratura" title="Promagistratura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Promagistratura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98" title="פרומגיסטראט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרומגיסטראט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promagistratus" title="Promagistratus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Promagistratus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Промагистрат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Промагистрат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promagistrat" title="Promagistrat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Promagistrat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promagistrado" title="Promagistrado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Promagistrado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promagistrat" title="Promagistrat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Promagistrat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Промагистрат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Промагистрат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promagistrat" title="Promagistrat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Promagistrat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Промагистрат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Промагистрат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promagistratus" title="Promagistratus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Promagistratus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q731997#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of ancient Rome">Politics of ancient Rome</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_SPQR_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/150px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/225px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/300px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Periods</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a></b><br />753–509 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></b><br />509–27 BC</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></b><br />27 BC – AD 395</li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 284</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />AD 284–641</li></ul> </div> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire"><b>Western</b></a><br />AD 395–476</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><b>Eastern</b></a><br />AD 395–1453</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Sulla" title="Constitutional reforms of Sulla">Sullan republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Augustus" title="Constitutional reforms of Augustus">Augustan reforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Political institutions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Assemblies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Ordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Extraordinary magistrates</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrector" title="Corrector">Corrector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Public law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ius" title="Ius">Ius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum" title="Senatus consultum">Senatus consultum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quaestio_perpetua" title="Quaestio perpetua">Quaestio perpetua</a></i></li></ul> </div> <i><a href="/wiki/Senatus_consultum_ultimum" title="Senatus consultum ultimum">Senatus consultum ultimum</a></i></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align:center; background:#e5d4a8;"> Titles and honours</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li></ul> <div class="div-col" style="column-width: 8em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses">Praeses</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis" title="Triumvir monetalis">Triumvir monetalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Template talk:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_ancient_Rome" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of ancient Rome"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, a <b>promagistrate</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">pro magistratu</i>) was a person who was granted the power via <i><a href="/wiki/Prorogation" title="Prorogation">prorogation</a></i> to act in place of an ordinary magistrate in the field. This was normally <i>pro consule</i> or <i>pro praetore</i>, that is, in place of a consul or praetor, respectively. This was an expedient development, starting in 327 BC and becoming regular by 241 BC, that was meant to allow consuls and praetors to continue their activities in the field without disruption. </p><p>Prorogation created an official with no civilian authority or responsibility in Rome and allowed commanders to retain their position indefinitely, weakening the time-limited check that Romans had over their commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015212_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015212-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prorogation, by allowing veteran commanders to stay rather than being rotated out for someone with little experience, also helped increase the chances of victory. In the late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a>, politics, often motivated by the <a href="/wiki/Dignitas_(Roman_concept)" title="Dignitas (Roman concept)">ambitions of individuals</a>, decided whose commands were extended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittenger200977_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittenger200977-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes men who held no elected public office – that is, private citizens (<i><a href="/wiki/Privati" class="mw-redirect" title="Privati">privati</a></i>) – were given <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i> and prorogued, as justified by perceived military emergencies. In the late republic, this was most exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>, who held a series of promagisterial commands before ever holding a magistracy or even joining the <a href="/wiki/Roman_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman senate">senate</a>. With the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provinces</a> outside of Italy and the expansion of the <i><a href="/wiki/Quaestiones_perpetuae" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaestiones perpetuae">quaestiones perpetuae</a></i> (permanent courts), it became normal for the provincial governors to be promagistrates. By the late republic, practically all governors were dispatched <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pro consule</i></span>, regardless of their last urban magistracy. </p><p>The titles "proconsul" and "propraetor" are not used by <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> or literary sources of the republican era. Those Romans did not view a promagistracy as a formal office in the republic but rather as an administrative expedient.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001603,_noting_"the_Romans_obviously_never_came_to_terms_with_recognising_the_promagistracy_as_an_actual_office"_after_explaining_that_neither_Livy_nor_Cicero_use_the_titles_"proconsul"_or_"propraetor"_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001603,_noting_"the_Romans_obviously_never_came_to_terms_with_recognising_the_promagistracy_as_an_actual_office"_after_explaining_that_neither_Livy_nor_Cicero_use_the_titles_"proconsul"_or_"propraetor"-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_effect">Legal effect</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promagistrate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legal effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provincia</a></i> was originally a task (e.g., war with Carthage) assigned to someone, sometimes with geographic boundaries; when such territories were formally annexed,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the fixed geographical entity became a "province" in modern terms, but in the early and middle Republic, the "task" was most often a military command within a defined <a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">theatre of operations</a> with unclear geographic boundaries. </p><p>Prorogation did not create a new commander or even class of general. It merely allowed a magistrate to continue performing duties beyond the expiration of the magistracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015213_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015213-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Livy implies that prorogation extended a magistrate's <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i>, this is contradicted in that <i>imperium</i> was not time-limited.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015214_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015214-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cicero, for example, possessed <i>imperium</i> even after his governorship of Cilicia expired.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015127_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015127-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because <i>imperium</i> did not expire, prorogation was simply an extension or reassignment of a commander's possession of a <i>provincia</i>, something feasible by senatorial decree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015377_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015377-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously, a <i>provincia</i> expired with a magistracy; prorogation severed the old tightly-linked connection between magistrate and <i>provincia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015291_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015291-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While normally someone in the theatre or province was prorogued, one could also be prorogued by assigning a someone still possessing <i>imperium</i> to new <i>provincia</i> (as was the case with two <i>imperatores</i> during the <a href="/wiki/Catilinarian_conspiracy" title="Catilinarian conspiracy">Catilinarian conspiracy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015215_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015215-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While modern scholars often suppose that prorogation was intended originally to ensure that an experienced commander with hands-on knowledge of the local situation could conclude a successful campaign, in practice the extension of command was subject to "unsteady ad-hoc politics".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittenger200977_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittenger200977-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And "unusual political influence" was required for prorogations of longer than one year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott1999114_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott1999114-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Roman governor</a> had the right, and was normally expected, to remain in his province until his successor arrived, even when he had not been prorogued. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Cornelia_de_maiestate" title="Lex Cornelia de maiestate">lex Cornelia de maiestate</a></i>, passed following <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a>'s dictatorship, a governor was then required to give up his province within 30 days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199346–7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199346–7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A prorogued magistrate could not exercise his <i>imperium</i> within Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001606_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001606-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2007419_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2007419-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nature of promagisterial <i>imperium</i> is also complicated by its relation to the celebrating of a <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a> as awarded by the Senate. Before a commander could enter the city limits (<i><a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">pomerium</a></i>) for his triumph, he had to lay aside arms formally and ritually, that is, he had to re-enter society as a civilian.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several early instances, however, of a commander celebrating a triumph during his two- or three-year term; it is possible that the triumph was held at the completion of his assignment and before he returned to the field with prorogued <i>imperium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promagistrate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence">Emergence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promagistrate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The literary sources of <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> name a number of commanders in the early republic as proconsuls or propraetors. Modern historians believe the use of these titles is largely anachronistic and also self-contradictory, as Livy notes that that the first promagisterial appointment was in 327 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201527_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201527-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the republic after 367 BC, only three types magistrates held <i>imperium</i>: dictators, consuls, and praetors. At first, the appointment of <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictatores</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_Horse#The_Roman_Master_of_the_Horse_(Magister_Equitum)" title="Master of the Horse">magistri equitum</a></i> filled the need for additional military commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott1999113_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott1999113-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first recorded prorogation and promagistrate was that of the consul <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Publilius_Philo" title="Quintus Publilius Philo">Quintus Publilius Philo</a> in 327 BC. The senate ordered Philo, whose consulship was about to expire, to continue to perform his military duties as he was on the verge of capturing Palaepolis (modern day <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>) and completing his <i>provincia</i> (assigned task). It "probably seemed imprudent to send a new consul to take over a command that would be completed within days".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015210_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015210-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Livy reports that legislation was then moved by the tribunes that "when [Quintus Publilius' term expired] he should continue to manage the campaign <i>pro consule</i> until he should bring the war with the Greeks to an end".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This innovation permitted Philo to hold the military authority and responsibility of a magistrate while not actually being one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015211_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015211-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans did not seem to be too bothered by the legal innovation which occurred, as Philo's success was rewarded with a triumph even though his consulship had expired.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015212_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015212-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the following decades, it became regular practice to prorogue consuls and prorogation of praetors started in 241 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015212_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015212-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Samnite_Wars" title="Samnite Wars">Second and Third Samnite Wars</a> (326–290 BC), prorogation became a regular administrative practice that allowed continuity of military command without violating the principle of annual magistracies, or increasing the number of magistrates who held <i>imperium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001602_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001602-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 307, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Rullianus" title="Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus">Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus</a> became the second magistrate to have his command prorogued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1989378_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1989378-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in the years 296–95, several prorogations are recorded at once, including four promagistrates who were granted <i>imperium</i> while they were private citizens (<i>privati</i>). Territorial expansion and increasing militarization drove a recognition that the "emergencies" had become a continual state of affairs, and a regular system of allotting commands developed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1989378_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1989378-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this early period, prorogued assignments, like the <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictatorship</a>, originated as special military commands, they may at first have been limited in practice to about six months, or the length of the campaigning season.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan200138–43_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan200138–43-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_the_Punic_Wars">During the Punic Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promagistrate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: During the Punic Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commanders were often prorogued during the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> (264–241 BC). During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, Rome started to assign private citizens both <i>imperium</i> (military authority) and assign them to <i>provincia</i> (here meaning military tasks). These <i>privati cum imperio</i> were unable to triumph, probably due to their lack of an official magistracy. The legal authority for this emerged directly from the sovereign powers of the Roman assemblies who were then able "to select any man[,] whether or not he had ever been elected to office[,] and make him the commander of any <i>provincia</i> they wished".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015220_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015220-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These <i>privati cum imperio</i> had titles <i>pro consule</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015225_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015225-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>pro praetore</i>, in place of regular magistrates. </p><p>The first instance may have been in 215 BC after the losses at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trebia" title="Battle of the Trebia">Trebia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Trasimene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae" title="Battle of Cannae">Cannae</a> when <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus">Marcus Claudius Marcellus</a> was elected suffect consul in the place of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Postumius_Albinus_(consul_234_BC)" title="Lucius Postumius Albinus (consul 234 BC)">Lucius Postumius Albinus</a>, deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015221_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015221-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was forced to resign when the <a href="/wiki/Augur" title="Augur">augurs</a> detected flaws in his election; even so, the people passed laws to invest him with <i>imperium</i> and assigned him to take a consular army regardless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015221_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015221-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars and argue instead that Marcellus' just-completed praetorship meant he was just prorogued.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015221_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015221-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The clearest instance is in the assignment of <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Publius Cornelius Scipio</a> (later <i>Africanus</i>) to Spain in 211 BC before he had held any magistracy. After the deaths of his father and uncle in Spain, no consul or praetor wanted to take up the province. The people invested Scipio with the command and the necessary <i>imperium</i> and <i>auspicium militiae</i> regardless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015222_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015222-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Scipio's victory in 206 BC, two more <i>privati cum imperio</i> were dispatched to the peninsula, which continued under such command until the creation of two new praetors in 197 BC made it possible to send annual magistrates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015223_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015223-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, prorogation became almost the norm for the <i>provinciae</i> of Sicily, Sardinia, <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Navy">naval fleets</a> due to the lack of sufficient annual magistrates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen1986215_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen1986215-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expansion of promagistracies shattering the connection between military command and magisterial office, allowing any aristocrat so empowered by law the power to exercise military authority without any official status within the city's normal civilian government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015223_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015223-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another impact of this wartime expedience was separating "magisterial precedence" from the magistracy itself, creating something akin to a military rank, evident in the jockeying of magistrates over the specific status of their prorogation: eg, desire to attain the more prestigious <i>pro consule</i> status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015225–8_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015225–8-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The close of the wartime crisis and the return of annual governors also dampened the length of prorogations, allowing the senate to regain more granular control over provincial assignments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015307_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015307-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning, there were two distinct forms of prorogation – per <a href="/wiki/T._Corey_Brennan" title="T. Corey Brennan">T. Corey Brennan</a>'s <i>Praetorship in the Roman republic</i> – a <i>prorogatio</i> before the people to determine whether a provincial command should be extended and a <i>propagatio</i> from the senate in other cases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001603_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001603-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But by the 190s BC, the senate stopped submitting decisions on prorogation of permanent <i>provinciae</i> to the people for ratification and eventually all extensions of <i>imperium</i> were called <i>prorogatio</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015255_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015255-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001603_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001603-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this point, the term <i>prorogatio</i> became a misnomer, since no <i><a href="/wiki/Rogatio" title="Rogatio">rogatio</a></i> (consultation of the people) was involved.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This likely emerged because the decision of <i>whether</i> to send commanders had been replaced to the question of <i>who</i> should be sent, and therefore became a routine staffing decision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015255_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015255-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_late_republic">In the late republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promagistrate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In the late republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The promagistrates take on a new importance with the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman province of Africa</a> in 146 BC. The number of praetors was not increased even though the two new territories were organized as praetorian provinces. For the first time since the 170s, it became impossible for sitting magistrates to govern all the permanent praetorian <i>provinciae</i>, which now numbered eight.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This point marks the beginning of the era of the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Roman governor</a>", a post for which there is no single word in the Republic. Promagistracies became fully institutionalised, and even the <i>praetor urbanus</i> was sometimes prorogued. Due to the lack of replacement magistrates, governors with established territorial provinces had their tenures increased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001626–7_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001626–7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The addition of the wealthy <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asian province</a> in 133 BC as a <a href="/wiki/Bequest" class="mw-redirect" title="Bequest">bequest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Attalus_III" title="Attalus III">Attalus III</a> put further pressure on the system, again without increasing the number of praetorships: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>The senate evidently placed a premium on controlling competition for the consulship, and chose to neglect the rapidly accelerating erosion of a fundamental Republican constitutional principle — the annual magistracy — as well as to ignore the added inconvenience to commanders and possible danger to provincials... The members of the senate had lost serious interest in maintaining a working administrative scheme for Rome's growing empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001627–28_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001627–28-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>In one major administrative development for which the career of Marius offers the clearest evidence, praetors now needed to remain in Rome to preside over increased activity in the criminal courts; only after their term were praetors regularly assigned to a province as proconsul or propraetor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott1999114_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott1999114-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001628_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001628-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scale of Roman military commitments in annexed territories during the late republic required regular prorogation, since the number of magistrates and ex-magistrates who were both able commanders and willing to accept provincial governorships did not increase proportionally. Emergency grants of <i>imperium</i> in the field during the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9388_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social War (91–88 BC)">Social War</a> (91–87 BC) made the granting of extra-magisterial command routine. When <a href="/wiki/Sulla" title="Sulla">Sulla</a> assumed the dictatorship in late 82 BC, the territorial provinces alone numbered ten, with possibly six permanent courts to be presided over in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001583,_629_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001583,_629-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rise of <i><a href="/wiki/Popularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Popularis">popularis</a></i> political tactics from the time of Gaius Marius forward also coincided with the creation of "super <i>provinciae</i>", "massive commands in which multiple permanent provinces were incorporated into a single consular provincial assignment" with "proportionately larger military and financial resources".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015306_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015306-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pompey, for example, declined a province after his consulship in 70 BC until he was able to convince a friendly tribune to create an enormous command against the pirates in consequence of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Lex_Gabinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lex Gabinia">lex Gabinia</a></i></span> in 67 BC and, then, a similarly vast eastern command during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a> the next year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015307,_306_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015307,_306-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These super-provinces were traditional in the sense that they were meant to defeat some particular enemy, but the scale of the campaign and the concentration of power under a single commander was unprecedented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015306–7_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015306–7-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fixed multi-year terms of those campaigns also were unheard of in the earlier Republic; their length detracted from the Senate's <i>de facto</i> powers to assign provinces and control the ambition of its members by splitting both the proceeds and glory of single campaigns between multiple commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015307–8_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015307–8-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promagistrate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lukullus_wiki.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lukullus_wiki.png/220px-Lukullus_wiki.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lukullus_wiki.png/330px-Lukullus_wiki.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Lukullus_wiki.png/440px-Lukullus_wiki.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Marble bust of a person that is traditionally identified to be <a href="/wiki/Lucullus" title="Lucullus">Lucius Licinius Lucullus</a>. Lucullus was quaestor in 87 BC under Sulla and acted <i>pro quaestore</i> campaigning in the East all the way until 80 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1952580_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1952580-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proconsul">Proconsul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promagistrate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Proconsul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Proconsul"></span> <span class="anchor" id="pro_consule"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">Proconsul</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propraetor">Propraetor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promagistrate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Propraetor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Propraetor"></span> <span class="anchor" id="pro_praetore"></span> </p><p>A <b>propraetor</b> was a form of promagistrate, as the name implies, acting in place of a praetor. Initially, praetors who were prorogued continued to act <i>pro praetore</i> after their terms, but through the second century, prorogued praetors started to be titled the more prestigious <i>pro consule</i> instead. After the time of Sulla, all governors were prorogued <i>pro consule</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the few exceptions to this rule was a senatorial snub against <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a> in 43 BC when he was vested with <i>imperium</i> and prorogued <i>pro praetore</i>, putting him lower in status than all other promagistrates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015341_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015341-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a governor died in office, it was normal for his quaestor to assume command <i>pro praetore</i>. It also became normal for legates during the late republic to be titled <i>pro praetore</i> if they were themselves vested with <i>imperium</i>. Pompey, for example, received such legates during the campaign against the pirates in consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Lex_Gabinia_de_piratis_persequendis" title="Lex Gabinia de piratis persequendis"><i>lex Gabinia</i></a>. During the imperial period, the legates of the emperor were titled <a href="/wiki/Legatus_Augusti_pro_praetore" title="Legatus Augusti pro praetore"><i>pro praetore</i></a>, consistent with late republican practice; the quaestors and legates of the public provinces were by this period similarly granted praetorian <i>imperium</i> and likewise titled <i>pro praetore</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierdorf2006b_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierdorf2006b-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proquaestor">Proquaestor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promagistrate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Proquaestor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Proquaestor"></span> A <b>proquaestor</b> was a person who took up the administrative duties normally adopted by a <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a>. This was normally done in the absence of a questor, usually by death or resignation. In such cases, a governor normally named a member of his staff: for example, <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Cornelius_Dolabella" title="Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella">Gnaeus Cornelius Dolabella</a> named <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Verres" title="Gaius Verres">Gaius Verres</a> to serve <i>pro quaestore</i> in 80 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At other times, ex-quaestors were sent or kept as proquaestor to act as someone's quaestor. But more extraordinarily, in the absence of sufficient governors or to complete some specific task, an ex-quaestor could be sent as a governor with the title <i>pro quaestor pro praetore</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Younger" title="Cato the Younger">Marcus Porcius Cato</a> was dispatched to Cyprus <i>pro quaestore pro praetore</i> to handle the annexation of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procurator">Procurator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promagistrate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Procurator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(ancient_Rome)" title="Procurator (ancient Rome)">Procurator (ancient Rome)</a></div> <p>The title <i>procurator</i> is not related to prorogation and is not a promagistracy. Procurators were originally agents of rich men, later of the emperor, who acted on his patron's behalf with regard to financial matters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promagistrate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/48px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/64px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">Royal prerogative</a>, a later medieval derivation and evolution of the term as method(s) of governance</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promagistrate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">What precisely a formal annexation meant is a subject of much scholarly discussion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2023)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After his term as governor in <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Spain</a> in the late 60s BC, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> was awarded a triumph. However, the law required him to declare his candidacy in person within the pomerium. Unable to get a dispensation from the senate and unwilling to wait a year, he entered the pomerium and gave up his command. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There were six provinces: Sicily, Sardinia, nearer and further Spain, Macedonia and Africa. Brennan also counts the urban and peregrine courts as <i>provinciae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015237_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015237-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promagistrate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promagistrate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015212-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015212_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015212_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015212_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPittenger200977-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittenger200977_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPittenger200977_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPittenger2009">Pittenger 2009</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001603,_noting_"the_Romans_obviously_never_came_to_terms_with_recognising_the_promagistracy_as_an_actual_office"_after_explaining_that_neither_Livy_nor_Cicero_use_the_titles_"proconsul"_or_"propraetor"-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001603,_noting_"the_Romans_obviously_never_came_to_terms_with_recognising_the_promagistracy_as_an_actual_office"_after_explaining_that_neither_Livy_nor_Cicero_use_the_titles_"proconsul"_or_"propraetor"_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2001">Brennan 2001</a>, p. 603, noting "the Romans obviously never came to terms with recognising the promagistracy as an actual office" after explaining that neither Livy nor Cicero use the titles "proconsul" or "propraetor".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015213-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015213_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015214-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015214_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015127-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015127_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015377-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015377_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015291-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015291_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015215-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015215_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott1999114-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott1999114_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott1999114_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1999">Lintott 1999</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott199346–7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott199346–7_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1993">Lintott 1993</a>, pp. 46–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001606-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001606_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2001">Brennan 2001</a>, p. 606.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2007419-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2007419_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2007">Drogula 2007</a>, p. 419.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVersnel1970">Versnel 1970</a>, p. 189. This triumphal pattern is visible, for instance, in provincial commands and prorogations in Cisalpine Gaul during the middle republic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula201527-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula201527_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDevelin1975" class="citation journal cs1">Develin, Robert (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41533367">"Prorogation of imperium before the Hannibalic war"</a>. <i>Latomus</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 716–722. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-8856">0023-8856</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41533367">41533367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latomus&rft.atitle=Prorogation+of+imperium+before+the+Hannibalic+war&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=716-722&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41533367%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0023-8856&rft.aulast=Develin&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41533367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromagistrate" class="Z3988"></span> Cf Livy 3.4.10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELintott1999113-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELintott1999113_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLintott1999">Lintott 1999</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015210-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015210_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 211; Livy 8.23.11-12. This decision also may have been motivated by the substantial delay in consular elections that year.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015211-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015211_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001602-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001602_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2001">Brennan 2001</a>, p. 602.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1989378-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1989378_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1989378_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell1989">Cornell 1989</a>, p. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar1984" class="citation journal cs1">Millar, Fergus (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/abs/political-character-of-the-classical-roman-republic-200151-bc/6870706C8E33C21E8775363F7D78237A">"The political character of the classical Roman republic, 200–151 BC"</a>. <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i>. <b>74</b>: 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F299003">10.2307/299003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1753-528X">1753-528X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/299003">299003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155069351">155069351</a>. <q>Roman <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a> was demonstrated consistently in northern Italy and Spain, at various periods in Greece and Macedonia (200–194, 191–187–171–168), and for one period of three years in Asia Minor (190–188).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=The+political+character+of+the+classical+Roman+republic%2C+200%E2%80%93151+BC&rft.volume=74&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=1984&rft.issn=1753-528X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155069351%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F299003%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F299003&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-roman-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpolitical-character-of-the-classical-roman-republic-200151-bc%2F6870706C8E33C21E8775363F7D78237A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromagistrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan200138–43-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan200138–43_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2001">Brennan 2001</a>, pp. 38–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015220-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015220_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015225-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015225_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015221-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015221_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015221_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015221_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015222-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015222_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015223-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015223_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015223_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGruen1986215-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGruen1986215_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGruen1986">Gruen 1986</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015225–8-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015225–8_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 225–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 228. Re status: "one can imagine that even praetors denied a triumph might have dallied outside the <i>pomerium</i> for a period of time rejoicing in their own magnificence... adorned in consular splendour".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015307-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015307_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001603-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001603_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001603_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2001">Brennan 2001</a>, p. 603.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015255-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015255_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015255_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2014" class="citation book cs1">Brennan, T Corey (2014-06-23). "Power and Process under the Republican "Constitution"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Flower, Harriet I. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7SOjAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03224-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03224-8"><bdi>978-1-107-03224-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Power+and+Process+under+the+Republican+%22Constitution%22&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Roman+Republic&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-06-23&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03224-8&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=T+Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7SOjAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromagistrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015237-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015237_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001626–7-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001626–7_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2001">Brennan 2001</a>, pp. 626–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001627–28-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001627–28_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2001">Brennan 2001</a>, pp. 627–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001628-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001628_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2001">Brennan 2001</a>, p. 628.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001583,_629-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrennan2001583,_629_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrennan2001">Brennan 2001</a>, pp. 583, 629.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015306-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015306_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015307,_306-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015307,_306_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 307, 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015306–7-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015306–7_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 306–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015307–8-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015307–8_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, pp. 307–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughton1952580-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroughton1952580_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroughton1952">Broughton 1952</a>, p. 580.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBadianLintott2016">Badian & Lintott 2016</a>. "After Sulla, all governors seemed to have been ranked <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pro consule</i></span>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015341-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrogula2015341_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrogula2015">Drogula 2015</a>, p. 341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKierdorf2006b-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKierdorf2006b_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKierdorf2006b">Kierdorf 2006b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKierdorf2006c">Kierdorf 2006c</a>, citing Cic. <i>Verr.</i>, 2.1.41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKierdorf2006c">Kierdorf 2006c</a>, citing Cic. <i>Fam.</i> 5.6 (<a href="/wiki/Publius_Sestius" title="Publius Sestius">Publius Sestius</a>), 2.18 (<a href="/wiki/Lucius_Antonius_(brother_of_Mark_Antony)" title="Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony)">Lucius Antonius</a>), 12.15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrogula2019" class="citation book cs1">Drogula, Fred K (2019). <i>Cato the Younger: life and death at the end of the Roman republic</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190869021" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190869021"><bdi>978-0190869021</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1090168108">1090168108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cato+the+Younger%3A+life+and+death+at+the+end+of+the+Roman+republic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1090168108&rft.isbn=978-0190869021&rft.aulast=Drogula&rft.aufirst=Fred+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromagistrate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Promagistrate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadianLintott2016" class="citation web cs1">Badian, Ernst; Lintott, Andrew (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5337">"pro consule, pro praetore"</a>. <i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.5337">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5337</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938113-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.atitle=pro+consule%2C+pro+praetore&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.5337&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938113-5&rft.aulast=Badian&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft.au=Lintott%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.5337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromagistrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrennan2001" class="citation book cs1">Brennan, T Corey (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LtWq0nabTEYC"><i>The praetorship in the Roman republic</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511460-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511460-7"><bdi>978-0-19-511460-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+praetorship+in+the+Roman+republic&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511460-7&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=T+Corey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLtWq0nabTEYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromagistrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughton1952" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton" title="Thomas Robert Shannon Broughton">Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon</a> (1952). <i>The magistrates of the Roman republic</i>. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+magistrates+of+the+Roman+republic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=American+Philological+Association&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Robert+Shannon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromagistrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Cornell, Tim (1989). "The conquest of Italy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qXuay2SEtIC"><i>The rise of Rome to 220 BC</i></a>. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 7 Pt. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 351–419. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23446-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-23446-7"><bdi>978-0-521-23446-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+conquest+of+Italy&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+Rome+to+220+BC&rft.series=Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=351-419&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-23446-7&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qXuay2SEtIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromagistrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrogula2007" class="citation journal cs1">Drogula, Fred K (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25598407">"Imperium, potestas, and the pomerium in the Roman republic"</a>. <i>Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte</i>. <b>56</b> (4): 419–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25162%2Fhistoria-2007-0027">10.25162/historia-2007-0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311">0018-2311</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25598407">25598407</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159843089">159843089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Alte+Geschichte&rft.atitle=Imperium%2C+potestas%2C+and+the+pomerium+in+the+Roman+republic&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=419-452&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0018-2311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159843089%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25598407%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25162%2Fhistoria-2007-0027&rft.aulast=Drogula&rft.aufirst=Fred+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25598407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromagistrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrogula2015" class="citation book cs1">Drogula, Fred K (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XJ6_BwAAQBAJ"><i>Commanders and command in the Roman republic and early empire</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2127-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-2127-2"><bdi>978-1-4696-2127-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commanders+and+command+in+the+Roman+republic+and+early+empire&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-2127-2&rft.aulast=Drogula&rft.aufirst=Fred+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXJ6_BwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromagistrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruen1986" class="citation book cs1">Gruen, Erich S (1986-09-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EkdCokrrp4gC"><i>The hellenistic world and the coming of Rome</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05737-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-05737-1"><bdi>978-0-520-05737-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+hellenistic+world+and+the+coming+of+Rome&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986-09-25&rft.isbn=978-0-520-05737-1&rft.aulast=Gruen&rft.aufirst=Erich+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEkdCokrrp4gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromagistrate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_Pauly2006" class="citation book cs1">Cancik, Hubert; et al., eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/package/bnpo"><i>New Pauly Online</i></a>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Pauly+Online&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fpackage%2Fbnpo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromagistrate" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFKierdorf2006a" class="citation">Kierdorf, Wilhelm (2006a). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1009260">Proconsul</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFNew_Pauly2006"><i>New Pauly</i> (2006)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFKierdorf2006b" class="citation">Kierdorf, Wilhelm (2006b). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1010720">Propraetor</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFNew_Pauly2006"><i>New Pauly</i> (2006)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFKierdorf2006c" class="citation">Kierdorf, Wilhelm (2006c). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1010740">Proquaestor</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFNew_Pauly2006"><i>New Pauly</i> (2006)</a>.</span></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLintott1993" class="citation book cs1">Lintott, Andrew (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1LM9AAAAIAAJ"><i>Imperium romanum: politics and administration</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09375-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09375-0"><bdi>978-0-415-09375-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperium+romanum%3A+politics+and+administration&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09375-0&rft.aulast=Lintott&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1LM9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromagistrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLintott1999" class="citation book cs1">Lintott, Andrew (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yaFPohP2lB8C"><i>The constitution of the Roman republic</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-158467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-158467-1"><bdi>978-0-19-158467-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+constitution+of+the+Roman+republic&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-158467-1&rft.aulast=Lintott&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyaFPohP2lB8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromagistrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittenger2009" class="citation book cs1">Pittenger, Miriam R Pelikan (2009-02-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fs53Wa6fKRMC"><i>Contested triumphs: politics, pageantry, and performance in Livy's republican Rome</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94277-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94277-6"><bdi>978-0-520-94277-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+triumphs%3A+politics%2C+pageantry%2C+and+performance+in+Livy%27s+republican+Rome&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009-02-10&rft.isbn=978-0-520-94277-6&rft.aulast=Pittenger&rft.aufirst=Miriam+R+Pelikan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfs53Wa6fKRMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromagistrate" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVersnel1970" class="citation book cs1">Versnel, HS (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DswUAAAAIAAJ"><i>Triumphus: an inquiry into the origin, development and meaning of the Roman triumph</i></a>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumphus%3A+an+inquiry+into+the+origin%2C+development+and+meaning+of+the+Roman+triumph&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Versnel&rft.aufirst=HS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDswUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APromagistrate" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia" title="Curia">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> 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