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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Principal_axes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_axes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Principal axes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Principal_axes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Principal axes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Principal_axes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vertical_axis_(yaw)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_axis_(yaw)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Vertical axis (yaw)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_axis_(yaw)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lateral_axis_(pitch)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lateral_axis_(pitch)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Lateral axis (pitch)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lateral_axis_(pitch)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Longitudinal_axis_(roll)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longitudinal_axis_(roll)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Longitudinal axis (roll)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longitudinal_axis_(roll)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference_planes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_planes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reference planes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_planes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_other_systems_of_axes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_other_systems_of_axes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relationship with other systems of axes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_other_systems_of_axes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="محاور الطائرة الرئيسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محاور الطائرة الرئيسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fl%C4%B1_koordinat_sistemi" title="Bağlı koordinat sistemi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bağlı koordinat sistemi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eixos_de_l%27avi%C3%B3" title="Eixos de l'avió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Eixos de l'avió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roll-Nick-Gier-Winkel" title="Roll-Nick-Gier-Winkel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roll-Nick-Gier-Winkel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejes_del_avi%C3%B3n" title="Ejes del avión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ejes del avión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7" title="محورهای اصلی هواپیما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محورهای اصلی هواپیما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axes_de_rotation_d%27un_a%C3%A9ronef" title="Axes de rotation d'un aéronef – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Axes de rotation d'un aéronef" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eixes_do_avi%C3%B3n" title="Eixes do avión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Eixes do avión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumbu_utama_pesawat_terbang" title="Sumbu utama pesawat terbang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sumbu utama pesawat terbang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A3" title="זוויות גוף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זוויות גוף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollen_(luchtvaart)" title="Rollen (luchtvaart) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rollen (luchtvaart)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%85ty_RPY" title="Kąty RPY – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kąty RPY" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eixos_do_avi%C3%A3o" title="Eixos do avião – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eixos do avião" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Связанная система координат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Связанная система координат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch,_yaw,_and_roll" title="Pitch, yaw, and roll – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pitch, yaw, and roll" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentodynamiikka" title="Lentodynamiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lentodynamiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF,_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="குறுக்கச்சு சுழற்சி, குத்தச்சு சுழற்சி மற்றும் நெட்டச்சு சுழற்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குறுக்கச்சு சுழற்சி, குத்தச்சு சுழற்சி மற்றும் நெட்டச்சு சுழற்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="แกนหลักของเครื่องบิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แกนหลักของเครื่องบิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Зв'язана система координат літака – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зв'язана система координат літака" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about yaw, pitch, and roll as symmetry axes of an aircraft. For meaning in mechanics, see <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia#Principal_axes" title="Moment of inertia">Moment of inertia § Principal axes</a>. For Euler angles with the same names, see <a href="/wiki/Euler_angles#Tait–Bryan_angles" title="Euler angles">Euler angles § Tait–Bryan angles</a>. For aircraft design coordinates, see <a href="/wiki/Lofting_coordinates" title="Lofting coordinates">Lofting coordinates</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaw_Axis_Corrected.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Yaw_Axis_Corrected.svg/250px-Yaw_Axis_Corrected.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Yaw_Axis_Corrected.svg/375px-Yaw_Axis_Corrected.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Yaw_Axis_Corrected.svg/500px-Yaw_Axis_Corrected.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>The position of all three axes, with the <a href="/wiki/Right-hand_rule" title="Right-hand rule">right-hand rule</a> for describing the angle of its rotations</figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> in flight is free to rotate in three dimensions: <i><a href="/wiki/Yaw_(rotation)" title="Yaw (rotation)">yaw</a></i>, nose left or right about an axis running up and down; <i>pitch</i>, nose up or down about an axis running from wing to wing; and <i>roll</i>, rotation about an axis running from nose to tail. The axes are alternatively designated as <i>vertical</i>, <i>lateral</i> (or <i>transverse</i>), and <i>longitudinal</i> respectively. These axes <a href="/wiki/Moving_frame" title="Moving frame">move with the vehicle</a> and rotate relative to the Earth along with the craft. These definitions were analogously applied to <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> when the first crewed spacecraft were designed in the late 1950s. </p><p>These rotations are produced by <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">torques</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Moment_(physics)" title="Moment (physics)">moments</a>) about the principal axes. On an aircraft, these are intentionally produced by means of moving control surfaces, which vary the distribution of the net <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamic</a> force about the vehicle's <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of gravity">center of gravity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevators</a> (moving flaps on the horizontal tail) produce pitch, a <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudder</a> on the vertical tail produces yaw, and <a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">ailerons</a> (flaps on the wings that move in opposing directions) produce roll. On a spacecraft, the movements are usually produced by a <a href="/wiki/Reaction_control_system" title="Reaction control system">reaction control system</a> consisting of small rocket thrusters used to apply asymmetrical thrust on the vehicle. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principal_axes">Principal axes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_principal_axes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Principal axes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ship_motions" title="Ship motions">Ship motions</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aileron_yaw.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Yaw"><img alt="Yaw animation of a plane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aileron_yaw.gif/225px-Aileron_yaw.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aileron_yaw.gif/338px-Aileron_yaw.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aileron_yaw.gif/450px-Aileron_yaw.gif 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="403" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yaw</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aileron_pitch.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Pitch"><img alt="Pitch animation of a plane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Aileron_pitch.gif/224px-Aileron_pitch.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Aileron_pitch.gif/336px-Aileron_pitch.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Aileron_pitch.gif/447px-Aileron_pitch.gif 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pitch</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aileron_roll.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Roll"><img alt="Roll animation of a plane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aileron_roll.gif/223px-Aileron_roll.gif" decoding="async" width="149" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aileron_roll.gif/334px-Aileron_roll.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Aileron_roll.gif/446px-Aileron_roll.gif 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roll</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_surfaces#Vertical_axis" title="Flight control surfaces">Normal axis</a>, or yaw axis — an axis drawn from top to bottom, and perpendicular to the other two axes, parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Fuselage_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuselage station">fuselage or frame station</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_surfaces#Transverse_axis" title="Flight control surfaces">Transverse axis</a>, lateral axis, or pitch axis — an axis running from the pilot's left to right in piloted aircraft, and parallel to the wings of a winged aircraft, parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Buttock_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Buttock line">buttock line</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_surfaces#Longitudinal_axis" title="Flight control surfaces">Longitudinal axis</a>, or roll axis — an axis drawn through the body of the vehicle from tail to nose in the normal direction of flight, or the direction the pilot faces, similar to a ship's <a href="/wiki/Waterline" title="Waterline">waterline</a>.</li></ul> <p>Normally, these axes are represented by the letters X, Y and Z in order to compare them with some reference frame, usually named x, y, z. Normally, this is made in such a way that the X is used for the longitudinal axis, but there are <a href="/wiki/Axes_conventions" title="Axes conventions">other possibilities</a> to do it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertical_axis_(yaw)"><span id="Vertical_axis_.28yaw.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Yaw"></span>Vertical axis (yaw)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_principal_axes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vertical axis (yaw)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>yaw axis</b> has its origin at the center of gravity and is directed towards the bottom of the aircraft, <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular" title="Perpendicular">perpendicular</a> to the wings and to the fuselage reference line. Motion about this axis is called <b>yaw</b>. A positive yawing motion moves the nose of the aircraft to the right.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">rudder</a> is the primary control of yaw.<sup id="cite_ref-Clancy_16.6_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clancy_16.6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>yaw</i> was originally applied in sailing, and referred to the motion of an unsteady ship rotating about its vertical axis. Its <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-yaw_oed_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yaw_oed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lateral_axis_(pitch)"><span id="Lateral_axis_.28pitch.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Pitch"></span>Lateral axis (pitch)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_principal_axes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lateral axis (pitch)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>pitch axis</b> (also called <b>transverse</b> or <b>lateral axis</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-MISB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MISB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> passes through an aircraft from wingtip to wingtip. Rotation about this axis is called <b>pitch</b>. Pitch changes the vertical direction that the aircraft's nose is pointing (a positive pitching motion raises the nose of the aircraft and lowers the tail). The <a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">elevators</a> are the primary control surfaces for pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-Clancy_16.6_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clancy_16.6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longitudinal_axis_(roll)"><span id="Longitudinal_axis_.28roll.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Roll"></span>Longitudinal axis (roll)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_principal_axes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Longitudinal axis (roll)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>roll axis</b> (or <b>longitudinal axis</b><sup id="cite_ref-MISB_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MISB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) has its origin at the center of gravity and is directed forward, parallel to the fuselage reference line. Motion about this axis is called <b>roll</b>. An angular displacement about this axis is called <b>bank</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clancy_16.6_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clancy_16.6-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A positive rolling motion lifts the left wing and lowers the right wing. The pilot rolls by increasing the lift on one wing and decreasing it on the other. This changes the bank angle.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">ailerons</a> are the primary control of bank. The rudder also has a secondary effect on bank.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference_planes">Reference planes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_principal_axes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reference planes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principal axes of rotation imply three <a href="/wiki/Euclidean_planes_in_three-dimensional_space" title="Euclidean planes in three-dimensional space">reference planes</a>, each perpendicular to an axis: </p> <ul><li>Normal plane, or yaw plane</li> <li>Transverse plane, lateral plane, or pitch plane</li> <li>Longitudinal plane, or roll plane</li></ul> <p>The three planes define the aircraft's <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of gravity">center of gravity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_other_systems_of_axes">Relationship with other systems of axes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_principal_axes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relationship with other systems of axes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MISB_ST_0601.8_-_Yaw,_Pitch_%26_Roll.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/MISB_ST_0601.8_-_Yaw%2C_Pitch_%26_Roll.png/390px-MISB_ST_0601.8_-_Yaw%2C_Pitch_%26_Roll.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="567" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/MISB_ST_0601.8_-_Yaw%2C_Pitch_%26_Roll.png/585px-MISB_ST_0601.8_-_Yaw%2C_Pitch_%26_Roll.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/MISB_ST_0601.8_-_Yaw%2C_Pitch_%26_Roll.png/780px-MISB_ST_0601.8_-_Yaw%2C_Pitch_%26_Roll.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1570" /></a><figcaption>Yaw/heading, pitch and roll <a href="/wiki/Angle" title="Angle">angles</a> and associated vertical (down), transverse and longitudinal axes</figcaption></figure> <p>These axes are related to the <a href="/wiki/Moment_of_inertia#Principal_axes" title="Moment of inertia">principal axes of inertia</a>, but are not the same. They are geometrical symmetry axes, regardless of the mass distribution of the aircraft.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In aeronautical and aerospace engineering intrinsic rotations around these axes are often called <a href="/wiki/Euler_angles" title="Euler angles">Euler angles</a>, but this conflicts with existing usage elsewhere. The calculus behind them is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Frenet%E2%80%93Serret_formulas" title="Frenet–Serret formulas">Frenet–Serret formulas</a>. Performing a rotation in an intrinsic reference frame is equivalent to right-multiplying its characteristic matrix (the matrix that has the vectors of the reference frame as columns) by the matrix of the rotation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_principal_axes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first aircraft to demonstrate active control about all three axes was the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a>' <a href="/wiki/Wright_Glider#1902_glider" title="Wright Glider">1902 glider</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_principal_axes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Aircraft flight control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euler_angles" title="Euler angles">Euler angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">Fixed-wing aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_surfaces" title="Flight control surfaces">Flight control surfaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_dynamics" title="Flight dynamics">Flight dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_frame" title="Moving frame">Moving frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning (camera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_degrees_of_freedom" title="Six degrees of freedom">Six degrees of freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_theory" title="Screw theory">Screw theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triad_method" title="Triad method">Triad method</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_principal_axes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ref1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ref1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/yaw-axis">"Yaw axis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Answers.com" title="Answers.com">Answers.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Answers.com&rft.atitle=Yaw+axis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2Fyaw-axis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+principal+axes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121008001023/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/ya/yaw+axis.html">"Specialty Definition: YAW AXIS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/ya/yaw+axis.html">the original</a> on 2012-10-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Specialty+Definition%3A+YAW+AXIS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.websters-online-dictionary.org%2Fya%2Fyaw%2Baxis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+principal+axes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clancy_16.6-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clancy_16.6_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clancy_16.6_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clancy_16.6_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clancy, L.J. (1975) <i>Aerodynamics</i> Pitman Publishing Limited, London <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-273-01120-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-273-01120-0">0-273-01120-0</a>, Section 16.6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yaw_oed-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yaw_oed_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/yaw">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fyaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+principal+axes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MISB-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MISB_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MISB_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwg.nga.mil/misb//docs/standards/ST0601.8.pdf">"MISB Standard 0601"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Motion Imagery Standards Board (MISB)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MISB+Standard+0601&rft.pub=Motion+Imagery+Standards+Board+%28MISB%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwg.nga.mil%2Fmisb%2F%2Fdocs%2Fstandards%2FST0601.8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+principal+axes" class="Z3988"></span> Also at <a href="/wiki/File:MISB_Standard_0601.pdf" title="File:MISB Standard 0601.pdf">File:MISB Standard 0601.pdf</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWragg1973" class="citation book cs1">Wragg, David W. (1973). <i>A Dictionary of Aviation</i> (first ed.). Osprey. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850451634" title="Special:BookSources/9780850451634"><bdi>9780850451634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Aviation&rft.pages=224&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780850451634&rft.aulast=Wragg&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+principal+axes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FAA (2004). <i>Airplane Flying Handbook</i>. Washington D.C.:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, ch 4, p 2, FAA-8083-3A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/rotations.html">"Aircraft rotations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704135659/http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/rotations.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aircraft+rotations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grc.nasa.gov%2FWWW%2FK-12%2Fairplane%2Frotations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+principal+axes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_principal_axes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flyaeroguard.com/learning-center/pitch-roll-yaw/">Pitch, Roll, Yaw</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717062743/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0749489">Yaw Axis Control as a Means of Improving V/STOL Aircraft Performance.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=/iel5/9091/28850/01297903.pdf?temp=x">3D fast walking simulation of biped robot by yaw axis moment compensation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612204855/http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/6478262/claims.html">Flight control system for a hybrid aircraft in the yaw axis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gwg.nga.mil/gwg/focus-groups/misb/">Motion Imagery Standards Board (MISB)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220823155115/https://gwg.nga.mil/gwg/focus-groups/misb/">Archived</a> 2022-08-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_principal_axes&oldid=1245523479">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_principal_axes&oldid=1245523479</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aerodynamics" title="Category:Aerodynamics">Aerodynamics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Attitude_control" title="Category:Attitude control">Attitude control</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Line_(geometry)" title="Category:Line (geometry)">Line (geometry)</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 September 2024, at 13:45<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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