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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dramatizations_and_fictionalizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dramatizations_and_fictionalizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Dramatizations and fictionalizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dramatizations_and_fictionalizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Fritz Haber</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" > 82 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="فريتز هابر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريتز هابر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fris_Haber" title="Fris Haber – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fris Haber" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="فریتس هابر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فریتس هابر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ফ্রিৎস হেবার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রিৎস হেবার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фрыц Габер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фрыц Габер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%86_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Фрыц Габэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фрыц Габэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фриц Хабер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фриц Хабер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%82_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Φριτς Χάμπερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φριτς Χάμπερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="فریتس هابر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فریتس هابر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%B8%A0_%ED%95%98%EB%B2%84" title="프리츠 하버 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프리츠 하버" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%81_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ֆրից Հաբեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրից Հաբեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A5_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8" title="פריץ הבר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פריץ הבר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ფრიც ჰაბერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრიც ჰაბერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridericus_Haber" title="Fridericus Haber – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fridericus Haber" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricis_H%C4%81bers" title="Fricis Hābers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fricis Hābers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC" title="ഫ്രിറ്റ്സ് ഹേബർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രിറ്റ്സ് ഹേബർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ფრიც ჰაბერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფრიც ჰაბერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="فريتز هابر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريتز هابر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B3_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="فریتس هابر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فریتس هابر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фриц Хабер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фриц Хабер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%84%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC" title="フリッツ・ハーバー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フリッツ・ハーバー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B2_%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="فرتز ہابر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرتز ہابر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Габер, Фриц – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Габер, Фриц" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фриц Хабер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фриц Хабер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரிட்சு ஏபர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரிட்சு ஏபர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86_%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фриц Һабер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фриц Һабер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫ్రిట్జ్ హేబర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫ్రిట్జ్ హేబర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ฟริทซ์ ฮาเบอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟริทซ์ ฮาเบอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%96%D1%86_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фріц Габер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фріц Габер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%B2_%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="فرٹز ہیبر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرٹز ہیبر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E4%BC%AF" title="弗里茨·哈伯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="弗里茨·哈伯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Fritz Haber" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BC%AF" title="哈伯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哈伯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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searchaux" style="display:none">German chemist (1868–1934)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Fritz Haber</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_Professor_Fritz_Haber,_een_chemicus_uit_Duitsland_(foto_1918-_1934),_SFA002023057.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Portret_van_Professor_Fritz_Haber%2C_een_chemicus_uit_Duitsland_%28foto_1918-_1934%29%2C_SFA002023057.jpg/220px-Portret_van_Professor_Fritz_Haber%2C_een_chemicus_uit_Duitsland_%28foto_1918-_1934%29%2C_SFA002023057.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Portret_van_Professor_Fritz_Haber%2C_een_chemicus_uit_Duitsland_%28foto_1918-_1934%29%2C_SFA002023057.jpg/330px-Portret_van_Professor_Fritz_Haber%2C_een_chemicus_uit_Duitsland_%28foto_1918-_1934%29%2C_SFA002023057.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Portret_van_Professor_Fritz_Haber%2C_een_chemicus_uit_Duitsland_%28foto_1918-_1934%29%2C_SFA002023057.jpg/440px-Portret_van_Professor_Fritz_Haber%2C_een_chemicus_uit_Duitsland_%28foto_1918-_1934%29%2C_SFA002023057.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2571" data-file-height="3449" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Haber, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1919</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1868-12-09)9 December 1868 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Breslau, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, Poland)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 January 1934(1934-01-29) (aged 65) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Switzerland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">German<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Technische Universität Berlin">Technische Universität Berlin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface chemistry">Surface chemistry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Haber%27s_rule" title="Haber's rule">Haber's rule</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Haber%E2%80%93Weiss_reaction" title="Haber–Weiss reaction">Haber–Weiss reaction</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Born%E2%80%93Haber_cycle" title="Born–Haber cycle">Born–Haber cycle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">Chemical warfare</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Explosive_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive materials">Explosives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizers</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clara_Immerwahr" title="Clara Immerwahr">Clara Immerwahr</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1901; died 1915)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Charlotte Nathan</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1917; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1927)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> (1915)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (1918)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rumford_Medal" title="Rumford Medal">Rumford Medal</a> (1932)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Member of the National Academy of Sciences">International member of NAS</a> (1932)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ETH_Zurich" title="ETH Zurich">Swiss Federal Institute of Technology</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Karlsruhe" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Karlsruhe">University of Karlsruhe</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Fritz Haber (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈfʁɪt͡s ˈhaːbɐ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d7\/De-Fritz_Haber.ogg\/De-Fritz_Haber.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Fritz Haber.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/De-Fritz_Haber.ogg/De-Fritz_Haber.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Fritz_Haber.ogg" title="File:De-Fritz Haber.ogg">ⓘ</a>; 9 December 1868 – 29 January 1934) was a German <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a> who received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 1918 for his invention of the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber–Bosch process</a>, a method used in industry to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> gas and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas. This invention is important for the large-scale synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Explosive_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive material">explosives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> It is estimated that a third of annual global food production uses ammonia from the Haber–Bosch process, and that this food supports nearly half the world's population.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> For this work, Haber has been called one of the most important scientists and industrial chemists in human history.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Haber also, along with <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a>, proposed the <a href="/wiki/Born%E2%80%93Haber_cycle" title="Born–Haber cycle">Born–Haber cycle</a> as a method for evaluating the <a href="/wiki/Lattice_energy" title="Lattice energy">lattice energy</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Ionic_solid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic solid">ionic solid</a>. Haber, a known German nationalist, is also considered the "father of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical warfare</a>" for his years of pioneering work developing and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine#Use_as_a_weapon" title="Chlorine">weaponizing chlorine</a> and other poisonous gases during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. He first proposed the use of the heavier-than-air <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> gas as a weapon to break the <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench deadlock</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a>. His work was later used, without his direct involvement,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> to develop the <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_B" title="Zyklon B">Zyklon B</a> pesticide used for the killing of more than 1 million Jews in <a href="/wiki/Gas_chambers" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas chambers">gas chambers</a> in the greater context of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Nazis' rise to power</a> in 1933, Haber resigned from his position. Already in poor health, he spent time in various countries before <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a> invited him to become the director of the Sieff Research Institute (now the <a href="/wiki/Weizmann_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Weizmann Institute">Weizmann Institute</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Rehovot" title="Rehovot">Rehovot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>. He accepted the offer but died of <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a> mid-journey in a <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Switzerland hotel on 29 January 1934, aged 65. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Haber&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Haber was born in <a href="/wiki/Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslau">Breslau</a>, Kingdom of Prussia (now <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, Poland), into a well-off <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-Goran-11">[11]</a>: 38  Despite Haber being a common family name in Breslau, the family has been traced back to a great-grandfather, Pinkus Selig Haber, who was a wool dealer from <a href="/wiki/K%C4%99pno" title="Kępno">Kempen</a> (now Kępno, Poland). An important Prussian edict of 13 March 1812 determined that Jews and their families, including Pinkus Haber, were "to be treated as local citizens and citizens of Prussia". Under such regulations, members of the Haber family were able to establish themselves in respected positions in business, politics, and law.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 3–5  Haber was the son of Siegfried and Paula Haber, who were first cousins who married in spite of considerable opposition from their families.<a href="#cite_note-Charles-13">[13]</a> Haber's father Siegfried was a well-known merchant in the town, who had founded his own business in dye pigments, paints and pharmaceuticals.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 6  Paula experienced a difficult pregnancy and died three weeks after Fritz's birth, leaving Siegfried devastated and Fritz in the care of various aunts.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 11  When Haber was about six years old, Siegfried remarried to Hedwig Hamburger. Siegfried and his second wife had three daughters: Else, Helene, and Frieda. Although his relationship with his father was distant and often difficult owing to Fritz being associated with the death of his first wife, Haber developed close relationships with his stepmother and his half-sisters.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 7  Siegfried displayed love and care for his three daughters but never fully accepted Fritz as his son.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> By the time Fritz was born, the Habers had to some extent become assimilated into German society. He attended primary school at the Johanneum School, a "simultaneous school" open equally to Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish students.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 12  At age 11, he went to school at the St Elizabeth classical school, in a class evenly divided between Protestant and Jewish students.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 14  His family supported the Jewish community and continued to observe many Jewish traditions, but were not strongly associated with the synagogue.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 15  Haber identified strongly as German, less so as Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 15  Haber successfully passed his examinations at the St Elizabeth High School in Breslau in September 1886.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 16  Although his father wished him to become an apprentice in the dye company, Haber obtained his father's permission to study chemistry at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin (today the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a>), with the director of the Institute for Chemistry <a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">A. W. Hofmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 17  Haber was disappointed by his initial winter semester (1886–87) in Berlin, and arranged to attend the <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a> for the summer semester of 1887, where he studied under <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 18  He then returned to Berlin, to the <a href="/wiki/Technische_Hochschule" title="Technische Hochschule">Technische Hochschule</a> in Charlottenburg (today <a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Technische Universität Berlin">Technische Universität Berlin</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 19  In the summer of 1889, Haber was conscripted and left university to perform his <a href="/wiki/One-year_volunteer" title="One-year volunteer">one-year volunteer</a> service in the Sixth Field Artillery Regiment.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 20  Upon its completion, he returned to Charlottenburg where he became a student of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Liebermann" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Liebermann">Carl Liebermann</a>. In addition to Liebermann's lectures on organic chemistry, Haber also attended lectures by Otto Witt on the chemical technology of dyes.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 21  Liebermann assigned Haber to work on reactions with <a href="/wiki/Piperonal" title="Piperonal">piperonal</a> for his thesis topic, published as Ueber einige Derivate des Piperonals (About a Few piperonal Derivatives) in 1891.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Haber received his doctorate cum laude from Friedrich Wilhelm University in May 1891, after presenting his work to a board of examiners from the University of Berlin, since Charlottenburg was not yet accredited to grant doctorates.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 22  With his degree, Haber returned to Breslau to work at his father's chemical business, where their relationship continued to have difficulties. Through Siegfried's connections, Haber was assigned a series of practical apprenticeships in different chemical companies to gain experience. These included Grünwald and Company (a Budapest distillery), an Austrian ammonia-sodium factory, and the Feldmühle paper and cellulose works. These experiences drove Haber to learn more about technical processes, and persuaded his father to let him spend a semester at the Polytechnic College in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/ETH_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="ETH Zürich">ETH Zürich</a>), studying with <a href="/wiki/Georg_Lunge" title="Georg Lunge">Georg Lunge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 27–29  In the Fall of 1892, Haber returned again to Breslau to work in his father's company, but the two men continued to clash and Siegfried finally accepted that they could not work well together.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 30–31  Haber had received a PhD in chemistry by this time, but his father required him to take handwriting courses and become a salesman to learn more about the company. Haber urged his father to transfer from natural to synthetic dyes, but his father refused. Eventually, his father followed global business trends and switched to synthetic dyes. Haber's next suggestion, during a <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemic, was for his father to purchase <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite" title="Calcium hypochlorite">calcium hypochlorite</a>, which at the time was the only known method for the prevention of cholera. That epidemic ended up being isolated and resulted in their possession of a sizeable amount of unused calcium hypochlorite, which is unstable. This caused a rift between Siegfried and Haber, with his father telling him to go back to his university studies as he did not belong in the business world.<a href="#cite_note-Goran-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Haber&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a>]</div> Haber then sought an academic appointment, first working as an independent assistant to <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Knorr" title="Ludwig Knorr">Ludwig Knorr</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Jena" title="University of Jena">University of Jena</a> between 1892 and 1894.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 32  During his time in Jena, Haber <a href="/wiki/List_of_converts_to_Christianity" title="List of converts to Christianity">converted</a> from Judaism to Lutheranism, possibly in an attempt to improve his chances of getting a better academic or military position.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 33  Knorr recommended Haber to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Engler" title="Karl Engler">Carl Engler</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 33  a chemistry professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Karlsruhe" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Karlsruhe">University of Karlsruhe</a> who was intensely interested in the chemical technology of dyes and the dye industry, and the study of synthetic materials for textiles.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 38  Engler referred Haber to a colleague in Karlsruhe, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Bunte" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Bunte">Hans Bunte</a>, who made Haber an Assistent in 1894.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 40 <a href="#cite_note-NobelBio-16">[16]</a> Bunte suggested that Haber examine the thermal decomposition of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>. By making careful quantitative analyses, Haber was able to establish that "the thermal stability of the carbon-carbon bond is greater than that of the carbon-hydrogen bond in aromatic compounds and smaller in aliphatic compounds", a classic result in the study of <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a> of hydrocarbons. This work became Haber's <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> thesis.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 40  Haber was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a> in Bunte's institute, taking on teaching duties related to the area of dye technology, and continuing to work on the combustion of gases. In 1896, the university supported him in travelling to Silesia, Saxony, and Austria to learn about advances in dye technology.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 41  In 1897 Haber made a similar trip to learn about developments in <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 41  He had been interested in the area for some time, and had worked with another privatdozent, Hans Luggin, who gave theoretical lectures in electrochemistry and physical chemistry. Haber's 1898 book Grundriss der technischen Elektrochemie auf theoretischer Grundlage (Outline of technical electrochemistry based on theoretical foundations) attracted considerable attention, particularly his work on the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Nitrobenzene" title="Nitrobenzene">nitrobenzene</a>. In the book's foreword, Haber expresses his gratitude to Luggin, who died on 5 December 1899.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 42  Haber collaborated with others in the area as well, including <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bredig" title="Georg Bredig">Georg Bredig</a>, a student and later an assistant of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a> in Leipzig.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 43  Bunte and Engler supported an application for further authorization of Haber's teaching activities, and on 6 December 1898, Haber was invested with the title of Extraordinarius and an associate professorship, by order of the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden" title="Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden">Grand Duke Friedrich von Baden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 44  Haber worked in a variety of areas while at Karlsruhe, making significant contributions in several areas. In the area of dye and textiles, he and Friedrich Bran were able to explain theoretically steps in textile printing processes developed by Adolf Holz. Discussions with Carl Engler prompted Haber to explain <a href="/wiki/Autoxidation" title="Autoxidation">autoxidation</a> in electrochemical terms, differentiating between dry and wet autoxidation. Haber's examinations of the thermodynamics of the reaction of solids confirmed that <a href="/wiki/Faraday%27s_laws_of_electrolysis" title="Faraday's laws of electrolysis">Faraday's laws</a> hold for the electrolysis of crystalline salts. This work led to a theoretical basis for the <a href="/wiki/Glass_electrode" title="Glass electrode">glass electrode</a> and the measurement of electrolytic potentials. Haber's work on irreversible and reversible forms of <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_reduction_of_carbon_dioxide" title="Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide">electrochemical reduction</a> are considered classics in the field of electrochemistry. He also studied the <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivity</a> of non-rare metals and the effects of electric current on <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> of metals.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 55  In addition, Haber published his second book, Thermodynamik technischer Gasreaktionen: sieben Vorlesungen (1905) trans. Thermodynamics of technical gas-reactions: seven lectures (1908), later regarded as "a model of accuracy and critical insight" in the field of chemical thermodynamics.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 56–58  In 1906, Max Le Blanc, chair of the physical chemistry department at Karlsruhe, accepted a position at the University of Leipzig. After receiving recommendations from a search committee, the Ministry of Education in Baden offered the full professorship for physical chemistry at Karlsruhe to Haber, who accepted the offer.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 61  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nobel_Prize">Nobel Prize</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Haber&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nobel Prize">edit</a>]</div> During his time at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Karlsruhe" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Karlsruhe">University of Karlsruhe</a> from 1894 to 1911, Haber and his assistant <a href="/wiki/Robert_Le_Rossignol" title="Robert Le Rossignol">Robert Le Rossignol</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber–Bosch process</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Catalytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalytic">catalytic</a> formation of <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> under conditions of high temperature and pressure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHager200890-17">[17]</a> This discovery was a direct consequence of <a href="/wiki/Le_Ch%C3%A2telier%27s_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Châtelier's principle">Le Châtelier's principle</a>, announced in 1884, which states that when a system is in equilibrium and one of the factors affecting it is changed, the system will respond by minimizing the effect of the change. Since it was known how to decompose ammonia in the presence of a nickel-based catalyst, one could derive from Le Châtelier's principle that the reaction could be reversed to produce ammonia at high temperature and pressure.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> To further develop the process for large-scale ammonia production, Haber turned to industry. Partnering with <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> at <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a>, the process was successfully scaled up to produce commercial quantities of ammonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHager200890-17">[17]</a> The Haber–Bosch process was a milestone in industrial chemistry. The production of nitrogen-based products such as <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> and chemical feedstocks, which was previously dependent on acquisition of ammonia from limited natural deposits, now became possible using an easily available and abundant base: atmospheric nitrogen.<a href="#cite_note-LandauSymposium-19">[19]</a> The ability to produce much larger quantities of nitrogen-based fertilizers in turn supported much greater agricultural yields, supporting half the world's population.<a href="#cite_note-Brot-20">[20]</a> The discovery of a new way of producing ammonia had other significant economic impacts as well. Chile had been a major (and almost unique) exporter of natural deposits such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">sodium nitrate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caliche_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliche (mineral)">caliche</a>). After the introduction of the Haber process, naturally extracted nitrate production in Chile fell from 2.5 million tons (employing 60,000 workers and selling at US$45/ton) in 1925 to just 800,000 tons, produced by 14,133 workers, and selling at $19/ton in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-Collier-21">[21]</a> The annual world production of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer is currently more than 100 million tons. The food base of half the current world population is based on the Haber–Bosch process.<a href="#cite_note-Brot-20">[20]</a> Haber was awarded the 1918 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work (he actually received the award in 1919).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In his acceptance speech for that Nobel Prize Haber commented "It may be that this solution is not the final one. Nitrogen bacteria teach us that Nature, with her sophisticated forms of the chemistry of living matter, still understands and utilizes methods which we do not as yet know how to imitate."<a href="#cite_note-Smil-23">[23]</a> Haber was also active in the research on <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> reactions, the separation of gold from sea water, <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a> effects, <a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">electrochemistry</a>, and free radical research (see <a href="/wiki/Fenton%27s_reagent" title="Fenton's reagent">Fenton's reagent</a>). A large part of his work from 1911 to 1933 was done at the <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber_Institute_of_the_MPG" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dahlem_(Berlin)" title="Dahlem (Berlin)">Berlin-Dahlem</a>. In 1953, this institute was renamed for him. He is sometimes credited, incorrectly, with first synthesizing <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a> (which was first synthesized by <a href="/wiki/Merck_KGaA" class="mw-redirect" title="Merck KGaA">Merck KGaA</a> chemist <a href="/wiki/Anton_K%C3%B6llisch" title="Anton Köllisch">Anton Köllisch</a> in 1912).<a href="#cite_note-Benzenhöfer-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Haber&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> Haber greeted World War I with enthusiasm, joining 92 other German intellectuals in signing the <a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Ninety-Three" title="Manifesto of the Ninety-Three">Manifesto of the Ninety-Three</a> in October 1914.<a href="#cite_note-ED-25">[25]</a> Haber played a major role in the development of the non-ballistic use of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">chemical warfare in World War I</a>, in spite of the proscription of their use in shells by the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Convention of 1907</a> (to which Germany was a signatory). He was promoted to the rank of captain and made head of the Chemistry Section in the Ministry of War soon after the war began.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 133  In addition to leading the teams developing <a href="/wiki/Chlorine#Use_as_a_weapon" title="Chlorine">chlorine gas</a> and other deadly gases for use in <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gross-26">[26]</a> Haber was on hand personally when it was first released by the German military at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a> (22 April to 25 May 1915) in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 138  The team Haber assembled consisted of more than 150 scientists and 1,300 technical personnel.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Haber also helped to develop <a href="/wiki/WWI_gas_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="WWI gas mask">gas masks</a> with <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorbent</a> filters which could protect against such weapons. A special troop was formed for gas warfare (Pioneer Regiments 35 and 36) under the command of Otto Peterson, with Haber and Friedrich Kerschbaum as advisors. Haber actively recruited physicists, chemists, and other scientists to be transferred to the unit. Future Nobel laureates <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Hertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav Hertz">Gustav Hertz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> served as <a href="/wiki/Poison_gas_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison gas in World War I">gas troops</a> in Haber's unit.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 136–138  In 1914 and 1915, before the Second Battle of Ypres, Haber's unit investigated reports that the French had deployed <a href="/wiki/Turpinite" title="Turpinite">Turpinite</a>, a supposed chemical weapon, against German soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Richter_2014-28">[28]</a> Gas warfare in World War I was, in a sense, the war of the chemists, with Haber pitted against French Nobel laureate chemist <a href="/wiki/Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Victor Grignard</a>. Regarding war and peace, Haber once said "during peace time a scientist belongs to the world, but during war time he belongs to his country". This was an example of the ethical dilemmas facing chemists at that time.<a href="#cite_note-Novak-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Haber was a patriotic German who was proud of his service during World War I, for which he was decorated. He was even given the rank of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">captain</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser">Kaiser</a>, which Haber had been denied 25 years earlier during his compulsory military service.<a href="#cite_note-Coffey2008-31">[31]</a> In his studies of the effects of poison gas, Haber noted that exposure to a low concentration of a poisonous gas for a long time often had the same effect (death) as exposure to a high concentration for a short time. He formulated a simple mathematical relationship between the gas concentration and the necessary exposure time. This relationship became known as <a href="/wiki/Haber%27s_rule" title="Haber's rule">Haber's rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GadKaplan1990-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-SalemKatz2014-33">[33]</a> Haber defended gas warfare against accusations that it was inhumane, saying that death was death, by whatever means it was inflicted and referred to history: "The disapproval that the knight had for the man with the firearm is repeated in the soldier who shoots with steel bullets towards the man who confronts him with chemical weapons. [...] The gas weapons are not at all more cruel than the flying iron pieces; on the contrary, the fraction of fatal gas diseases is comparatively smaller, the mutilations are missing".<a href="#cite_note-Haber_1924_p.50-34">[34]</a> Haber received much criticism for his involvement in the development of chemical weapons in pre-World War II Germany, both from contemporaries, especially <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, and from modern-day scientists.<a href="#cite_note-Shapin-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Genius-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Between_World_Wars">Between World Wars</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Haber&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Between World Wars">edit</a>]</div> From 1919 to 1923 Haber continued to be involved in Germany's secret development of chemical weapons, working with <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Stoltzenberg" title="Hugo Stoltzenberg">Hugo Stoltzenberg</a>, and helping both Spain and Russia in the development of chemical gases.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 169  During the 1920s, scientists working at Haber's institute developed the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">cyanide</a> gas formulation <a href="/wiki/Methyl_cyanoformate" title="Methyl cyanoformate">Zyklon A</a>, which was used as an <a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">insecticide</a>, especially as a <a href="/wiki/Fumigation" title="Fumigation">fumigant</a> in grain stores.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> From 1919 to 1925, in response to a request made by German ambassador <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Solf" title="Wilhelm Solf">Wilhelm Solf</a> to Japan for Japanese support for German scholars in times of financial hardship, a Japanese businessman named Hoshi Hajime, the president of Hoshi Pharmaceutical Company, donated two million Reichsmark to the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Society">Kaiser Wilhelm Society</a> as the 'Japan Fund' (Hoshi-Ausschuss). Haber was asked to manage the fund, and was invited by Hoshi to Japan in 1924. Haber offered a number of chemical licences to Hoshi's company, but the offers were refused. The money from the Fund was used to support the work of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Willstätter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a>, and others.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In the 1920s, Haber searched exhaustively for a method to extract gold from sea water, and published a number of scientific papers on the subject. After years of research, he concluded that the concentration of gold dissolved in sea water was much lower than that reported by earlier researchers, and that gold extraction from sea water was uneconomic.<a href="#cite_note-Goran-11">[11]</a>: 91–98  By 1931, Haber was increasingly concerned about the rise of <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a> in Germany, and the possible safety of his friends, associates, and family. Under the <a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Professional_Civil_Service" title="Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service">Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service</a> of 7 April 1933, Jewish scientists at the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Society">Kaiser Wilhelm Society</a> were particularly targeted. The Zeitschrift für die gesamte Naturwissenschaft ("Journal for all natural sciences") charged that "The founding of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes in Dahlem was the prelude to an influx of Jews into the physical sciences. The directorship of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical and Electrochemistry was given to the Jew, F. Haber, the nephew of the big-time Jewish profiteer Koppel". (Koppel was not actually related to Haber.)<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 277–280  Haber was stunned by these developments, since he assumed that his conversion to Christianity and his services to the state during World War I should have made him a German patriot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHager2008235–236-39">[39]</a> Ordered to dismiss all Jewish personnel, Haber attempted to delay their departures long enough to find them somewhere to go.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 285–286  As of 30 April 1933, Haber wrote to <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a>, the national and Prussian minister of Education, and to <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>, president of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, to tender his resignation as the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, and as a professor at the university, effective 1 October 1933. He said that although as a converted Jew he might be legally entitled to remain in his position, he no longer wished to do so.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 280  Haber and his son Hermann also urged that Haber's children by Charlotte Nathan, at boarding school in Germany, should leave the country.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 181  Charlotte and the children moved to the United Kingdom around 1933 or 1934. After the war, Charlotte's children became British citizens.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 188–189  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_family">Personal life and family</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Haber&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life and family">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clara_Immerwahr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Clara_Immerwahr.jpg/220px-Clara_Immerwahr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Clara_Immerwahr.jpg/330px-Clara_Immerwahr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Clara_Immerwahr.jpg/440px-Clara_Immerwahr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2768" /></a><figcaption>Haber's first wife, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Immerwahr" title="Clara Immerwahr">Clara Immerwahr</a></figcaption></figure> Haber met <a href="/wiki/Clara_Immerwahr" title="Clara Immerwahr">Clara Immerwahr</a> in <a href="/wiki/Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslau">Breslau</a> in 1889, while he was serving his required year in the military. Clara was the daughter of a chemist who owned a sugar factory, and was the first woman to earn a PhD (in chemistry) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Breslau">University of Breslau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 20  She converted from Judaism to Christianity in 1897, several years before she and Haber became engaged. They were married on 3 August 1901;<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 46  their son Hermann was born on 1 June 1902.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 173  Clara was a <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> activist and according to some accounts, a <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a>. Intelligent and a perfectionist, she became increasingly depressed after her marriage and the resulting loss of her career.<a href="#cite_note-Creese-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Friedrich-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carty-42">[42]</a> On 2 May 1915, following an argument with Haber, Clara committed suicide in their garden by shooting herself in the heart with his <a href="/wiki/Service_revolver" class="mw-redirect" title="Service revolver">service revolver</a>. She did not die immediately, and was found by her 12-year-old son, Hermann, who had heard the shot.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 176  Her reasons for suicide remain the subject of speculation. There were multiple stresses in the marriage,<a href="#cite_note-Carty-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Friedrich-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Creese-40">[40]</a> and it has been suggested that she opposed Haber's work in chemical warfare. According to this view, her suicide may have been in part a response to Haber's having personally overseen the first successful use of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine#Use_as_a_weapon" title="Chlorine">chlorine gas</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a>, resulting in over 67,000 casualties.<a href="#cite_note-Hobbes-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mistake-44">[44]</a> Haber left within days for the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> to oversee gas release against the Russian Army.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Originally buried in <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Dahlem" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Dahlem">Dahlem</a>, Clara's remains were later transferred at her husband's request to Basel, where she is buried next to him.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 176  Haber married his second wife, Charlotte Nathan, on 25 October 1917 in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 183  When out travelling, Fritz was staying at the Adlon Hotel which was near the Deutscher Klub. At this establishment, Fritz met Nathan, who was one of the secretaries and sparked his interest with her accomplishments despite not having extensive experience or education. On the day that he met her, it had been raining and she gave him an umbrella to use to which he replied "I lay the umbrella into your arms and myself and my thanks at your feet". She replied "I'd rather like the contrary". They began seeing each other and he would soon propose to her. Charlotte rejected the proposal at first due to their large age difference but eventually, she agreed.<a href="#cite_note-Goran-11">[11]</a> Charlotte, like Clara, converted from Judaism to Christianity before marrying Haber.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 183  The couple had two children, Eva-Charlotte and Ludwig Fritz ("Lutz").<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 186  Again, however, there were conflicts, and the couple were divorced as of 6 December 1927.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 188  Haber and Clara's son, Hermann Haber, lived in France until 1941, but was unable to obtain French citizenship. When Germany invaded France during World War II, Hermann and his wife and three daughters escaped internment on a French ship travelling from Marseilles to the Caribbean. From there, they obtained visas allowing them to immigrate to the United States. Hermann's wife Margarethe died after the end of the war, and Hermann committed suicide in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 182–183  His oldest daughter, Claire, committed suicide in 1949; also a chemist, she had been told her research into an antidote for the effects of chlorine gas was being set aside, as work on the atomic bomb was taking precedence.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Fritz Haber's other son, Ludwig Fritz Haber (1921–2004), became an eminent British economist and wrote a history of chemical warfare in World War I, The Poisonous Cloud (1986).<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Hermann's daughter Eva lived in Kenya for many years, returning to England in the 1950s. She died in 2015, leaving three children, five grandchildren, and eight great-grandchildren. Several members of Haber's extended family died in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>, including his half-sister Frieda's daughter, Hilde Glücksmann, her husband, and their two children.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 235  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Haber&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habers_in_Basel.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Habers_in_Basel.JPG/220px-Habers_in_Basel.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Habers_in_Basel.JPG/330px-Habers_in_Basel.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Habers_in_Basel.JPG/440px-Habers_in_Basel.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>The grave of Fritz and Clara Haber (née Immerwahr) in the Hörnli graveyard of Basel, Switzerland</figcaption></figure> Haber left Dahlem in August 1933, staying briefly in Paris, Spain, and Switzerland. He was in extremely poor health during these travels. Haber specifically suffered attacks from <a href="/wiki/Angina" title="Angina">angina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Repeated angina attacks can cause lasting damage which likely contributed to his death the next year.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 288  In the meantime, some of the scientists who had been Haber's counterparts and competitors in England during World War I now helped him and others to leave Germany. Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Harold_B._Hartley" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold B. Hartley">Harold Hartley</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_Pope" title="William Jackson Pope">William Jackson Pope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_G._Donnan" title="Frederick G. Donnan">Frederick G. Donnan</a> arranged for Haber to be officially invited to <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 287–288  There, with his assistant <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joshua_Weiss" title="Joseph Joshua Weiss">Joseph Joshua Weiss</a>, Haber lived and worked for a few months.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 288  Scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> were less forgiving of Haber's involvement in poison gas warfare: Rutherford pointedly refused to shake hands with him.<a href="#cite_note-Rutherford-50">[50]</a> In 1933, during Haber's brief sojourn in England, <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a> offered him the directorship at the Sieff Research Institute (now the <a href="/wiki/Weizmann_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Weizmann Institute">Weizmann Institute</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Rehovot" title="Rehovot">Rehovot</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>. He accepted, and left for the Middle East in January 1934, travelling with his half-sister, Else Haber Freyhahn.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 209, 288–289  His ill health overpowered him and on 29 January 1934, at the age of 65, he died of heart failure, mid-journey, in a <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a> hotel.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 299–300  Following Haber's wishes, Haber and Clara's son Hermann arranged for Haber to be cremated and buried in Basel's Hörnli Cemetery on 29 September 1934, and for Clara's remains to be removed from Dahlem and re-interred with him on 27 January 1937 (see picture). Albert Einstein, his longtime friend, eulogized Haber with the following words: "Haber's life was the tragedy of the German Jew – the tragedy of unrequited love".<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estate_and_legacy">Estate and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Haber&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Estate and legacy">edit</a>]</div> Haber bequeathed his extensive private library to the <a href="/wiki/Weizmann_Institute_of_Science" title="Weizmann Institute of Science">Sieff Institute</a>, where it was dedicated as the Fritz Haber Library on 29 January 1936. Hermann Haber helped to move the library and gave a speech at the dedication.<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 182  It still exists as a private collection in the Weizmann Institute.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 1981, the Minerva foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> (HUJI) established the Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics, based at the Institute of Chemistry of the Hebrew University. Its purpose is the promotion of Israeli-German scientific collaboration in the field of Molecular Dynamics. The Center's library is also called Fritz Haber Library, but it is not immediately clear whether there is any connection to the 1936 homonymous library of the Sieff (now Weizmann) Institute.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The institute most closely associated with his work, the former Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry at Dahlem (a suburb of Berlin), was renamed <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber_Institute_of_the_MPG" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG">Fritz Haber Institute</a> in 1953 and is part of the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Haber&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Awards and honours">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Foreign Honorary Member, <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1914)<a href="#cite_note-Goran-11">[11]</a>: 152 <a href="#cite_note-AAAS-54">[54]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (1918)<a href="#cite_note-NobelBio-16">[16]</a></li> <li>Bunsen Medal of the Bunsen Society of Berlin, with <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> (1918)<a href="#cite_note-Colby-55">[55]</a></li> <li>President of the <a href="/wiki/German_Chemical_Society" title="German Chemical Society">German Chemical Society</a> (1923)<a href="#cite_note-Wisniak-56">[56]</a>: 169 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Exner_Medal" title="Wilhelm Exner Medal">Wilhelm Exner Medal</a>, 1929</li> <li>Honorary Member, <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Chimique_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Société Chimique de France">Société Chimique de France</a> (1931)<a href="#cite_note-Goran-11">[11]</a>: 152 </li> <li>Honorary Member, Chemical Society of England (1931)<a href="#cite_note-Goran-11">[11]</a>: 152 </li> <li>Honorary Member, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Chemical_Industry" title="Society of Chemical Industry">Society of Chemical Industry</a>, London, (1931)<a href="#cite_note-Goran-11">[11]</a>: 152 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumford_Medal" title="Rumford Medal">Rumford Medal</a>, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1932)<a href="#cite_note-Fegley-57">[57]</a></li> <li>Elected a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Associate_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences">Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences</a>, USA (1932)<a href="#cite_note-nasmember-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademyUSA-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAS-60">[60]</a></li> <li>Honorary Member, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#The_USSR_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">USSR Academy of Sciences</a> (1932)<a href="#cite_note-Goran-11">[11]</a>: 152 </li> <li>Board of Directors, <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a>, 1929–1933; Vice-President, 1931<a href="#cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">[12]</a>: 271 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe-Medaille_f%C3%BCr_Kunst_und_Wissenschaft" title="Goethe-Medaille für Kunst und Wissenschaft">Goethe-Medaille für Kunst und Wissenschaft</a> (Goethe Medal for Art and Science) from the President of Germany<a href="#cite_note-Wisniak-56">[56]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dramatizations_and_fictionalizations">Dramatizations and fictionalizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Haber&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dramatizations and fictionalizations">edit</a>]</div> A fictional description of Haber's life, and in particular his long-term relationship with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>, appears in Vern Thiessen's 2003 play <a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_Gift" title="Einstein's Gift">Einstein's Gift</a>. Thiessen describes Haber as a tragic figure who strives unsuccessfully throughout his life to evade both his Jewish ancestry and the moral implications of his scientific contributions.<a href="#cite_note-Saltzman-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a> <a href="/wiki/Afternoon_Play" class="mw-redirect" title="Afternoon Play">Afternoon Play</a> has broadcast two plays on the life of Fritz Haber. The description of the first reads:<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> from the Diversity Website: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Bread from the Air, Gold from the Sea as another chemical story (R4, 1415, 16 Feb 01). Fritz Haber found a way of making nitrogen compounds from the air. They have two main uses: fertilizers and explosives. His process enabled Germany to produce vast quantities of armaments. (The second part of the title refers to a process for obtaining gold from sea water. It worked, but didn't pay.) There can be few figures with a more interesting life than Haber, from a biographer's point of view. He made German agriculture independent of Chilean <a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">saltpetre</a> during the Great War. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, yet there were moves to strip him of the award because of his work on gas warfare. He pointed out, rightly, that most of Nobel's money had come from armaments and the pursuit of war. After Hitler's rise to power, the government forced Haber to resign from his professorship and research jobs because he was Jewish.</blockquote> The second play was titled The Greater Good and was first broadcast on 23 October 2008.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> It was directed by Celia de Wolff and written by Justin Hopper, and starred <a href="/wiki/Anton_Lesser" title="Anton Lesser">Anton Lesser</a> as Haber. It explored his work on <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical warfare</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the strain it put on his wife Clara (<a href="/wiki/Lesley_Sharp" title="Lesley Sharp">Lesley Sharp</a>), concluding with her suicide and its cover-up by the authorities.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Other cast included <a href="/wiki/Dan_Starkey_(actor)" title="Dan Starkey (actor)">Dan Starkey</a> as Haber's research associate <a href="/wiki/Otto_Sackur" title="Otto Sackur">Otto Sackur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Critchlow" title="Stephen Critchlow">Stephen Critchlow</a> as Colonel Peterson, Conor Tottenham as Haber's son Hermann, <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Tierney" title="Malcolm Tierney">Malcolm Tierney</a> as <a href="/wiki/General_Falkenhayn" class="mw-redirect" title="General Falkenhayn">General Falkenhayn</a> and Janice Acquah as Zinaide. In 2008, a short film titled <a href="/wiki/Haber_(film)" title="Haber (film)">Haber</a> depicted Fritz Haber's decision to embark on the gas warfare program and his relationship with his wife.<a href="#cite_note-Meyer-65">[65]</a> The film was written and directed by Daniel Ragussis.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In November 2008, Haber was again played by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Lesser" title="Anton Lesser">Anton Lesser</a> in <a href="/wiki/Einstein_and_Eddington" title="Einstein and Eddington">Einstein and Eddington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In January 2012, <a href="/wiki/Radiolab" title="Radiolab">Radiolab</a> aired a segment on Haber, including the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Haber_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Haber Process">Haber Process</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a>, his involvement with <a href="/wiki/Zyklon_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Zyklon A">Zyklon A</a>, and the death of his wife, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Immerwahr" title="Clara Immerwahr">Clara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-radiolab-69">[69]</a> In December 2013, Haber was the subject of a BBC World Service radio programme: "Why has one of the world's most important scientists been forgotten?".<a href="#cite_note-BBC2013-70">[70]</a> His and his wife's life, including their relationship with the Einsteins, and Haber's wife's suicide, are featured prominently in the novel A Reunion of Ghosts by Judith Claire Mitchell. The characters are named Lenz and Iris Alter.<a href="#cite_note-Benjamin-71">[71]</a> Haber's life and relationship to Albert Einstein was portrayed in <a href="/wiki/Genius_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genius (U.S. TV series)">Genius</a> which aired on <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Channel">National Geographic Channel</a> from 25 April to 27 June 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Genius_Episode_7:_Scientists_at_war-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Haber&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Nobel laureates in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">List of Jewish Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luggin_capillary" title="Luggin capillary">Luggin–Haber capillary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Haber&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/haber-bio.html">"Fritz Haber – Biographical"</a>. Nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144158/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/haber-bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fritz+Haber+%E2%80%93+Biographical&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1918%2Fhaber-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/884/000092608/">"Fritz Haber"</a>. NNDB.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220103035653/https://nndb.com/people/884/000092608/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 19 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fritz+Haber&rft.pub=NNDB.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndb.com%2Fpeople%2F884%2F000092608%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowlby2011" class="citation news cs1">Bowlby, Chris (12 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-13015210">"Fritz Haber: Jewish chemist whose work led to Zyklon B"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018174811/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-13015210">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Fritz+Haber%3A+Jewish+chemist+whose+work+led+to+Zyklon+B&rft.date=2011-04-12&rft.aulast=Bowlby&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-13015210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fritz-Haber">"Fritz Haber | Biography & Facts"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200418193057/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fritz-Haber">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 19 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fritz+Haber+%7C+Biography+%26+Facts&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFritz-Haber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmil2004" class="citation book cs1">Smil, Vaclav (2004). Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262693134" title="Special:BookSources/9780262693134"><bdi>9780262693134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enriching+the+Earth%3A+Fritz+Haber%2C+Carl+Bosch%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+World+Food+Production&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780262693134&rft.aulast=Smil&rft.aufirst=Vaclav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlavell-While" class="citation web cs1">Flavell-While, Claudia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thechemicalengineer.com/features/cewctw-fritz-haber-and-carl-bosch-feed-the-world/">"Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch – Feed the World"</a>. www.thechemicalengineer.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619021457/https://www.thechemicalengineer.com/features/cewctw-fritz-haber-and-carl-bosch-feed-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2021. Retrieved 30 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thechemicalengineer.com&rft.atitle=Fritz+Haber+and+Carl+Bosch+%E2%80%93+Feed+the+World&rft.aulast=Flavell-While&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thechemicalengineer.com%2Ffeatures%2Fcewctw-fritz-haber-and-carl-bosch-feed-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EvknN89JoWo&t=462s">"The Man Who Killed Millions and Saved Billions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231025004125/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EvknN89JoWo&t=462s">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+Killed+Millions+and+Saved+Billions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DEvknN89JoWo%26t%3D462s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobalist.com/seven-billion-humans-the-world-fritz-haber-made/">"Seven Billion Humans: The World Fritz Haber Made"</a>. 2 November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230530041732/https://www.theglobalist.com/seven-billion-humans-the-world-fritz-haber-made/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seven+Billion+Humans%3A+The+World+Fritz+Haber+Made&rft.date=2011-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobalist.com%2Fseven-billion-humans-the-world-fritz-haber-made%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/fritz-habers-experiments-in-life-and-death-114161301/">"Fritz Haber's Experiments in Life and Death"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190516230704/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/fritz-habers-experiments-in-life-and-death-114161301/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fritz+Haber%27s+Experiments+in+Life+and+Death&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Ffritz-habers-experiments-in-life-and-death-114161301%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uh.edu/engines/epi2287.htm">"No. 2287: Fritz Haber"</a>. www.uh.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230209133911/https://www.uh.edu/engines/epi2287.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uh.edu&rft.atitle=No.+2287%3A+Fritz+Haber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uh.edu%2Fengines%2Fepi2287.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goran-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goran_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goran_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goran_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goran_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goran_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goran_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goran_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goran_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goran_11-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoran1967" class="citation book cs1">Goran, Morris (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=im24AAAAIAAJ">The Story of Fritz Haber</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-0756-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-0756-1"><bdi>978-0-8061-0756-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223090223/https://books.google.com/books?id=im24AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Fritz+Haber&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-0756-1&rft.aulast=Goran&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dim24AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stoltzenberg-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoltzenberg_12-58">bg</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoltzenberg2004" class="citation book cs1">Stoltzenberg, Dietrich (2004). Fritz Haber : Chemist, Nobel laureate, German, Jew. Philadelphia: Chemical Heritage Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941901-24-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941901-24-6"><bdi>978-0-941901-24-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fritz+Haber+%3A+Chemist%2C+Nobel+laureate%2C+German%2C+Jew&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Chemical+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-941901-24-6&rft.aulast=Stoltzenberg&rft.aufirst=Dietrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charles-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Charles_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2005" class="citation book cs1">Charles, Daniel (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3W7Fk63dbIC&pg=PT15">Master mind : the rise and fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel laureate who launched the age of chemical warfare</a> (1. ed.). New York, NY: Ecco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-056272-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-056272-4"><bdi>978-0-06-056272-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720090144/https://books.google.com/books?id=b3W7Fk63dbIC&pg=PT15">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 8 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Master+mind+%3A+the+rise+and+fall+of+Fritz+Haber%2C+the+Nobel+laureate+who+launched+the+age+of+chemical+warfare&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=Ecco&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-06-056272-4&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db3W7Fk63dbIC%26pg%3DPT15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoran1967" class="citation book cs1">Goran, Morris (1967). The Story of Fritz Haber. University of Oklahoma Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Fritz+Haber&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Goran&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdma.net/fritz-haber/inaugural-dissertation.html">"Ueber einige Derivate des Piperonals (cover)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308172452/https://www.mdma.net/fritz-haber/inaugural-dissertation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ueber+einige+Derivate+des+Piperonals+%28cover%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdma.net%2Ffritz-haber%2Finaugural-dissertation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NobelBio-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NobelBio_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NobelBio_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/haber-bio.html">"Fritz Haber – Biographical"</a>. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612144158/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/haber-bio.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Fritz+Haber+%E2%80%93+Biographical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1918%2Fhaber-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHager200890-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHager200890_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHager200890_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHager2008">Hager 2008</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullerAnFortunelliGoddard2022" class="citation journal cs1">Fuller, Jon; An, Qi; Fortunelli, Alessandro; Goddard, William A. (19 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00789">"Reaction Mechanisms, Kinetics, and Improved Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis from Hierarchical High Throughput Catalyst Design"</a>. Accounts of Chemical Research. 55 (8): 1124–1134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.accounts.1c00789">10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00789</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-4842">0001-4842</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35387450">35387450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounts+of+Chemical+Research&rft.atitle=Reaction+Mechanisms%2C+Kinetics%2C+and+Improved+Catalysts+for+Ammonia+Synthesis+from+Hierarchical+High+Throughput+Catalyst+Design&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1124-1134&rft.date=2022-04-19&rft.issn=0001-4842&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35387450&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.accounts.1c00789&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=An%2C+Qi&rft.au=Fortunelli%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Goddard%2C+William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.accounts.1c00789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LandauSymposium-19"><a href="#cite_ref-LandauSymposium_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/technologyeconom00land/page/110">Technology & economics: Papers commemorating Ralph Landau's service to the National Academy of Engineering</a>. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1991. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/technologyeconom00land/page/110">110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-04397-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-04397-7"><bdi>978-0-309-04397-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology+%26+economics%3A+Papers+commemorating+Ralph+Landau%27s+service+to+the+National+Academy+of+Engineering.&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=National+Academy+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-309-04397-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftechnologyeconom00land%2Fpage%2F110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brot-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brot_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brot_20-1">b</a> Albrecht, Jörg (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/physik-mehr/100-jahre-haber-bosch-verfahren-brot-und-kriege-aus-der-luft-1713668.html">"Brot und Kriege aus der Luft"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503161528/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/physik-mehr/100-jahre-haber-bosch-verfahren-brot-und-kriege-aus-der-luft-1713668.html">Archived</a> 3 May 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Sonntagszeitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung</a>. p. 77 (Data from "Nature Geosience"). </li> <li id="cite_note-Collier-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Collier_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollierSater2004" class="citation book cs1">Collier, Simon; Sater, William F. (2004). A history of Chile, 1808–2002 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521827493" title="Special:BookSources/0521827493"><bdi>0521827493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Chile%2C+1808%E2%80%932002&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0521827493&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Sater%2C+William+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/">"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918"</a>. Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180107062002/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1918/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Chemistry+1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fchemistry%2Flaureates%2F1918%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smil-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Smil_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmil2004" class="citation book cs1">Smil, Vaclav (27 February 2004). Enriching the Earth Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/The_MIT_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The MIT Press">The MIT Press</a>. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262693134" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262693134"><bdi>978-0262693134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enriching+the+Earth+Fritz+Haber%2C+Carl+Bosch%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+World+Food+Production&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2004-02-27&rft.isbn=978-0262693134&rft.aulast=Smil&rft.aufirst=Vaclav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benzenhöfer-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Benzenhöfer_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenzenhöferPassie2006" class="citation journal cs1">Benzenhöfer, U; Passie, T (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdma.net/mdma.pdf">"The early history of "Ecstasy""</a> (PDF). Der Nervenarzt. 77 (1): 95–6, 98–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00115-005-2001-y">10.1007/s00115-005-2001-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16397805">16397805</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090918131433/http://www.mdma.net/mdma.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 September 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Nervenarzt&rft.atitle=The+early+history+of+%22Ecstasy%22&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-6%2C+98-9&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00115-005-2001-y&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16397805&rft.aulast=Benzenh%C3%B6fer&rft.aufirst=U&rft.au=Passie%2C+T&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdma.net%2Fmdma.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ED-25"><a href="#cite_ref-ED_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrundmann2005" class="citation book cs1">Grundmann, Siegfried (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1bxYPMHPhGcC">The Einstein Dossiers: Science and Politics – Einstein's Berlin Period with an Appendix on Einstein's FBI File (translated by A. Hentschel)</a>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-31104-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-31104-1"><bdi>978-3-540-31104-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223090221/https://books.google.com/books?id=1bxYPMHPhGcC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. 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Retrieved 20 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distillations&rft.atitle=Chemical+Warfare%3A+From+the+European+Battlefield+to+the+American+Laboratory&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-23&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Daniel+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Fchemical-warfare-from-the-european-battlefield-to-the-american-laboratory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitschi2000" class="citation journal cs1">Witschi, Hanspeter (1 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2F55.1.1">"Fritz Haber: 1868–1934"</a>. Toxicological Sciences. 55 (1): 1–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2F55.1.1">10.1093/toxsci/55.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1096-6080">1096-6080</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10788553">10788553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Fritz+Haber%3A+1868%E2%80%931934&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2000-05-01&rft.issn=1096-6080&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10788553&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2F55.1.1&rft.aulast=Witschi&rft.aufirst=Hanspeter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ftoxsci%252F55.1.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richter_2014-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Richter_2014_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter2014" class="citation book cs1">Richter, D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wAbangEACAAJ">Chemical Soldiers: British Gas Warfare in World War I</a>. Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-173-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78346-173-8"><bdi>978-1-78346-173-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223090222/https://books.google.com/books?id=wAbangEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+Soldiers%3A+British+Gas+Warfare+in+World+War+I&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books+Limited&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78346-173-8&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwAbangEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Novak-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Novak_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovak2011" class="citation book cs1">Novak, Igor (2011). "Science and History". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencemanysplen00nova">Science : a many-splendored thing</a>. Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 247–316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9789814304757_0004">10.1142/9789814304757_0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814304740" title="Special:BookSources/978-9814304740"><bdi>978-9814304740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Science+and+History&rft.btitle=Science+%3A+a+many-splendored+thing&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=247-316&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F9789814304757_0004&rft.isbn=978-9814304740&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencemanysplen00nova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Medical Aspects of Chemical Warfare. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 102–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971746-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971746-0"><bdi>978-0-19-971746-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720090111/https://books.google.com/books?id=UQt6glJEiGsC&pg=PA102">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cathedrals+of+Science%3A+The+Personalities+and+Rivalries+That+Made+Modern+Chemistry&rft.pages=102-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-08-29&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971746-0&rft.au=Coffey%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUQt6glJEiGsC%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GadKaplan1990-32"><a href="#cite_ref-GadKaplan1990_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGad,_Shayne_C.Kaplan,_Harold_L.1990" class="citation book cs1">Gad, Shayne C.; Kaplan, Harold L. (2 October 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=088qMHudhRoC&pg=PA99">Combustion Toxicology</a>. CRC Press. pp. 99–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-0532-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-0532-9"><bdi>978-1-4398-0532-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720090111/https://books.google.com/books?id=088qMHudhRoC&pg=PA99">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Combustion+Toxicology&rft.pages=99-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1990-10-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-0532-9&rft.au=Gad%2C+Shayne+C.&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Harold+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D088qMHudhRoC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SalemKatz2014-33"><a href="#cite_ref-SalemKatz2014_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalem,_HarryKatz,_Sidney_A.2014" class="citation book cs1">Salem, Harry; Katz, Sidney A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pWULBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130">Inhalation Toxicology, Third Edition</a>. CRC Press. pp. 130–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-5273-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-5273-9"><bdi>978-1-4665-5273-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720090612/https://books.google.com/books?id=pWULBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA130">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 15 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inhalation+Toxicology%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pages=130-&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4665-5273-9&rft.au=Salem%2C+Harry&rft.au=Katz%2C+Sidney+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpWULBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haber_1924_p.50-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Haber_1924_p.50_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaber2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haber, Fritz (2020). Die Chemie im Kriege; fünf Vorträge (1920–1923) über Giftgas, Sprengstoff und Kunstdünger im Ersten Weltkrieg (in German). Berlin: Comino Verlag. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-945831-26-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-945831-26-7"><bdi>978-3-945831-26-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1136163177">1136163177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Chemie+im+Kriege%3B+f%C3%BCnf+Vortr%C3%A4ge+%281920%E2%80%931923%29+%C3%BCber+Giftgas%2C+Sprengstoff+und+Kunstd%C3%BCnger+im+Ersten+Weltkrieg&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Comino+Verlag&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1136163177&rft.isbn=978-3-945831-26-7&rft.aulast=Haber&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shapin-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Shapin_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapin2006" class="citation journal cs1">Shapin, Steven (26 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n02/steven-shapin/tod-aus-luft">"Tod aus Luft"</a>. London Review of Books. 28 (2): 7–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620141723/https://www.lrb.co.uk/v28/n02/steven-shapin/tod-aus-luft">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Tod+aus+Luft&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7-8&rft.date=2006-01-26&rft.aulast=Shapin&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv28%2Fn02%2Fsteven-shapin%2Ftod-aus-luft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genius-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Genius_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2006" class="citation book cs1">Charles, Daniel (2006). Between genius and genocide : the tragedy of Fritz Haber, father of chemical warfare. London: Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844130924" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844130924"><bdi>978-1844130924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+genius+and+genocide+%3A+the+tragedy+of+Fritz+Haber%2C+father+of+chemical+warfare&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1844130924&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzöllösi-Janze,_M.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Szöllösi-Janze, M. (2001). "Pesticides and war: the case of Fritz Haber". European Review. 9 (1): 97–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1062798701000096">10.1017/S1062798701000096</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145487024">145487024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Review&rft.atitle=Pesticides+and+war%3A+the+case+of+Fritz+Haber&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-108&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1062798701000096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145487024%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Sz%C3%B6ll%C3%B6si-Janze%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprangKato2006" class="citation book cs1">Sprang, Christian; Kato, Tetsuro (2006). Japanese-German Relations 1895–1945. Routledge. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/041545705X" title="Special:BookSources/041545705X"><bdi>041545705X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese-German+Relations+1895%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=041545705X&rft.aulast=Sprang&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Kato%2C+Tetsuro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHager2008235–236-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHager2008235–236_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHager2008">Hager 2008</a>, p. 235–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-Creese-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Creese_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creese_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreeseCreese2004" class="citation book cs1">Creese, Mary R. S. Creese; Creese, Thomas M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SVYnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143">Ladies in the Laboratory II: West European women in science, 1800 – 1900 : a survey of their contributions to research</a>. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press. pp. 143–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810849792" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810849792"><bdi>978-0810849792</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720090612/https://books.google.com/books?id=SVYnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA143">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ladies+in+the+Laboratory+II%3A+West+European+women+in+science%2C+1800+%E2%80%93+1900+%3A+a+survey+of+their+contributions+to+research&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pages=143-145&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0810849792&rft.aulast=Creese&rft.aufirst=Mary+R.+S.+Creese&rft.au=Creese%2C+Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSVYnAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedrich-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Friedrich_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Friedrich_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrichHoffmann2016" class="citation journal cs1">Friedrich, Bretislav; Hoffmann, Dieter (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4825402">"Clara Haber, nee Immerwahr (1870-1915): Life, Work and Legacy"</a>. Zeitschrift für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie. 642 (6): 437–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.201600035">10.1002/zaac.201600035</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4825402">4825402</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27099403">27099403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Anorganische+und+Allgemeine+Chemie&rft.atitle=Clara+Haber%2C+nee+Immerwahr+%281870-1915%29%3A+Life%2C+Work+and+Legacy&rft.volume=642&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=437-448&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4825402%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27099403&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.201600035&rft.aulast=Friedrich&rft.aufirst=Bretislav&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+Dieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4825402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carty-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carty_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carty_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarty2012" class="citation journal cs1">Carty, Ryan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/casualty-of-war">"Casualty of War"</a>. Chemical Heritage Magazine. 30 (2). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190620141332/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/casualty-of-war">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 22 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Heritage+Magazine&rft.atitle=Casualty+of+War&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Carty&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Fcasualty-of-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hobbes-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Hobbes_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbes2003" class="citation book cs1">Hobbes, Nicholas (2003). Essential Militaria. Atlantic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-229-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-229-2"><bdi>978-1-84354-229-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Militaria&rft.pub=Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84354-229-2&rft.aulast=Hobbes&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mistake-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Mistake_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbarelli2009" class="citation book cs1">Albarelli, H.P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terriblemistake00hpal">A terrible mistake : the murder of Frank Olson, and the CIA's secret cold war experiments</a> (1st ed.). Walterville, OR: Trine Day. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9777953-7-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9777953-7-6"><bdi>978-0-9777953-7-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+terrible+mistake+%3A+the+murder+of+Frank+Olson%2C+and+the+CIA%27s+secret+cold+war+experiments&rft.place=Walterville%2C+OR&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Trine+Day&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9777953-7-6&rft.aulast=Albarelli&rft.aufirst=H.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fterriblemistake00hpal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuxtable2002" class="citation journal cs1">Huxtable, R. J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407120759/http://www.medicine.nevada.edu/wps/Proceedings/45/01-3-PWPS2002HuxtableHaber.pdf">"Reflections: Fritz Haber and the ambiguity of ethics"</a> (PDF). Proceedings Western Pharmacology Soc. 45: 1–3. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12434507">12434507</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicine.nevada.edu/wps/Proceedings/45/01-3-PWPS2002HuxtableHaber.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 April 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+Western+Pharmacology+Soc&rft.atitle=Reflections%3A+Fritz+Haber+and+the+ambiguity+of+ethics&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=1-3&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12434507&rft.aulast=Huxtable&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicine.nevada.edu%2Fwps%2FProceedings%2F45%2F01-3-PWPS2002HuxtableHaber.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSternCharlesNasserKaufman2012" class="citation interview cs1">Stern, Fritz; Charles, Daniel; Nasser, Latif; Kaufman, Fred (9 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/segments/180132-how-do-you-solve-problem-fritz-haber">"How Do You Solve a Problem Like Fritz Haber?"</a>. Radiolab (Interview). Interviewed by Jad Abumrad, Robert Krulwich. New York, NY: WNYC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104224826/https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/segments/180132-how-do-you-solve-problem-fritz-haber">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiolab&rft.atitle=How+Do+You+Solve+a+Problem+Like+Fritz+Haber%3F&rft.date=2012-01-09&rft.aulast=Stern&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft.au=Charles%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Nasser%2C+Latif&rft.au=Kaufman%2C+Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnycstudios.org%2Fpodcasts%2Fradiolab%2Fsegments%2F180132-how-do-you-solve-problem-fritz-haber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClapp2016" class="citation web cs1">Clapp, Susannah (5 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/jun/05/the-forbidden-zone-fritz-haber-barbican-katie-mitchell-review">"The Forbidden Zone review – poisoned by a 'higher form of killing'"</a>. the Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220729215515/https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2016/jun/05/the-forbidden-zone-fritz-haber-barbican-katie-mitchell-review">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Forbidden+Zone+review+%E2%80%93+poisoned+by+a+%27higher+form+of+killing%27&rft.date=2016-06-05&rft.aulast=Clapp&rft.aufirst=Susannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fstage%2F2016%2Fjun%2F05%2Fthe-forbidden-zone-fritz-haber-barbican-katie-mitchell-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612195112/http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/Dexter%20Papers/HaberDexterBioJJB.pdf">"Lutz F. Haber (1921–2004)"</a> (PDF). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/Dexter%20Papers/HaberDexterBioJJB.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lutz+F.+Haber+%281921%E2%80%932004%29&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+at+Urbana-Champaign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scs.uiuc.edu%2F~mainzv%2FHIST%2Fawards%2FDexter%2520Papers%2FHaberDexterBioJJB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitschi2000" class="citation journal cs1">Witschi, H. (1 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2F55.1.1">"Fritz Haber: 1868–1934"</a>. Toxicological Sciences. 55 (1): 1–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2F55.1.1">10.1093/toxsci/55.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10788553">10788553</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Fritz+Haber%3A+1868%E2%80%931934&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-2&rft.date=2000-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ftoxsci%2F55.1.1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10788553&rft.aulast=Witschi&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ftoxsci%252F55.1.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rutherford-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Rutherford_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016070848/http://www.thechemicalblog.co.uk/remembering-controversial-chemist-fritz-haber/">"Remembering Controversial Chemist Fritz Haber"</a>. The Chemical Blog. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thechemicalblog.co.uk/remembering-controversial-chemist-fritz-haber/">the original</a> on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Chemical+Blog&rft.atitle=Remembering+Controversial+Chemist+Fritz+Haber&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thechemicalblog.co.uk%2Fremembering-controversial-chemist-fritz-haber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> A photograph of their gravestone in Hörnli Cemetery, Basel can also be found in the book written by Stoltzenberg. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrichHoffmann2017" class="citation cs2">Friedrich, Bretislav; Hoffmann, Dieter (2017), Friedrich, Bretislav; Hoffmann, Dieter; Renn, Jürgen; Schmaltz, Florian (eds.), "Clara Immerwahr: A Life in the Shadow of Fritz Haber", One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 45–67, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-51664-6_4">10.1007/978-3-319-51664-6_4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-002D-7FF9-2">11858/00-001M-0000-002D-7FF9-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51663-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51663-9"><bdi>978-3-319-51663-9</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159561319">159561319</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=One+Hundred+Years+of+Chemical+Warfare%3A+Research%2C+Deployment%2C+Consequences&rft.atitle=Clara+Immerwahr%3A+A+Life+in+the+Shadow+of+Fritz+Haber&rft.pages=45-67&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-002D-7FF9-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159561319%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-51664-6_4&rft.isbn=978-3-319-51663-9&rft.aulast=Friedrich&rft.aufirst=Bretislav&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReznik" class="citation web cs1">Reznik, Anton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weizmann.libguides.com/library/about-the-library/special_collections">"The Library: Library: Special Collections"</a>. weizmann.libguides.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220203111028/https://weizmann.libguides.com/library/about-the-library/special_collections">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2022. 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New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 125. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720090612/https://books.google.com/books?id=bXwxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA125">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2023. 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Archives of Anthony Phillips (who composed the music). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthonyphillips.co.uk/media/bfta.htm">the original</a> on 2 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bread+from+the+Air%2C+Gold+from+the+Sea&rft.pub=Archives+of+Anthony+Phillips+%28who+composed+the+music%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthonyphillips.co.uk%2Fmedia%2Fbfta.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00f06bw">"Afternoon Play, The Greater Good"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113110548/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00f06bw">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afternoon+Play%2C+The+Greater+Good&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00f06bw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419100638/http://justinhopper.weebly.com/radio.html">"The Greater Good"</a>. Justin Hopper – Writer and Script Consultant. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://justinhopper.weebly.com/radio.html">the original</a> on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 18 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justin+Hopper+%E2%80%93+Writer+and+Script+Consultant&rft.atitle=The+Greater+Good&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjustinhopper.weebly.com%2Fradio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2010" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Michal (Spring 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601023523/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/feeding-a-war">"Feeding a War (Interview with Daniel Ragussis)"</a>. Chemical Heritage Magazine. 28 (1): 40–41. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/feeding-a-war">the original</a> on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Heritage+Magazine&rft.atitle=Feeding+a+War+%28Interview+with+Daniel+Ragussis%29&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-41&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Ffeeding-a-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1258199/">Haber</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5636705#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/2762/daniel-ragussis-short-film-haber">"Sloan Science & Film"</a>. scienceandfilm.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921005657/http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/2762/daniel-ragussis-short-film-haber">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scienceandfilm.org&rft.atitle=Sloan+Science+%26+Film&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscienceandfilm.org%2Farticles%2F2762%2Fdaniel-ragussis-short-film-haber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0995036/">Einstein and Eddington</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1627275#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </li> <li id="cite_note-radiolab-69"><a href="#cite_ref-radiolab_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/segments/180132-how-do-you-solve-problem-fritz-haber">"The Bad Show"</a>. Radiolab. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104224826/https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/segments/180132-how-do-you-solve-problem-fritz-haber">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radiolab&rft.atitle=The+Bad+Show&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnycstudios.org%2Fpodcasts%2Fradiolab%2Fsegments%2F180132-how-do-you-solve-problem-fritz-haber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC2013-70"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC2013_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2013" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Mike (27 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01nbn85">"Nitrogen: Forgetting Fritz"</a>. BBC World News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150217043940/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01nbn85">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+World+News&rft.atitle=Nitrogen%3A+Forgetting+Fritz&rft.date=2013-12-27&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp01nbn85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benjamin-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Benjamin_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2015" class="citation news cs1">Benjamin, Chloe (30 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fictionwritersreview.com/interview/the-project-is-nothing-the-process-is-everything-an-interview-with-judith-claire-mitchell/">"The Project is Nothing, The Process is Everything: An Interview with Judith Claire Mitchell"</a>. Fiction Writers Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190517000500/https://fictionwritersreview.com/interview/the-project-is-nothing-the-process-is-everything-an-interview-with-judith-claire-mitchell/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fiction+Writers+Review&rft.atitle=The+Project+is+Nothing%2C+The+Process+is+Everything%3A+An+Interview+with+Judith+Claire+Mitchell&rft.date=2015-03-30&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Chloe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffictionwritersreview.com%2Finterview%2Fthe-project-is-nothing-the-process-is-everything-an-interview-with-judith-claire-mitchell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genius_Episode_7:_Scientists_at_war-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Genius_Episode_7:_Scientists_at_war_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170605091409/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/genius/videos/scientists-at-war/">"Scientists at war"</a>. National Geographic. June 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/genius/videos/scientists-at-war/">the original</a> on 5 June 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Scientists+at+war&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchannel.nationalgeographic.com%2Fgenius%2Fvideos%2Fscientists-at-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Haber&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHager2008" class="citation book cs1">Hager, Thomas (9 September 2008). The Alchemy of Air: A Jewish Genius, a Doomed Tycoon, and the Scientific Discovery That Fed the World but Fueled the Rise of Hitler. Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-44999-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-44999-3"><bdi>978-0-307-44999-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alchemy+of+Air%3A+A+Jewish+Genius%2C+a+Doomed+Tycoon%2C+and+the+Scientific+Discovery+That+Fed+the+World+but+Fueled+the+Rise+of+Hitler&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2008-09-09&rft.isbn=978-0-307-44999-3&rft.aulast=Hager&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Haber&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Fritz Haber <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=37018070">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=37018070&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Fritz Haber <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=37018070&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=37018070">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=37018070&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li>Albarelli JR., H. P.: A Terrible Mistake: The Murder of Frank Olson and the CIA's Secret Cold War Experiments – Trine Day LLC, 1st ed., 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9777953-7-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9777953-7-3">0-9777953-7-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein1987" class="citation journal cs1">Bernstein, Barton J. (1987). "Birth of the U.S. biological warfare program". Scientific American. 256 (6): 116–121. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987SciAm.256f.116B">1987SciAm.256f.116B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0687-116">10.1038/scientificamerican0687-116</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3296173">3296173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Birth+of+the+U.S.+biological+warfare+program&rft.volume=256&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=116-121&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3296173&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0687-116&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987SciAm.256f.116B&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Barton+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Charles, Daniel: Master mind: The Rise and Fall of Fritz Haber, the Nobel Laureate Who Launched the Age of Chemical Warfare (New York: Ecco, 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-056272-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-056272-2">0-06-056272-2</a>.</li> <li>Dunikowska, Magda; Turko, Ludwik 2011 "Fritz Haber: The Damned Scientist". "Angew. Chem. Int. Ed." 50: 10050–10062</li> <li>Geissler, Erhard: Biologische Waffen, nicht in Hitlers Arsenalen. Biologische und Toxin-Kampfmittel in Deutschland von 1915–1945. LIT-Verlag, Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 2nd ed., 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-2955-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-8258-2955-3">3-8258-2955-3</a>.</li> <li>Geissler, Erhard: "Biological warfare activities in Germany 1923–1945". In: Geissler, Erhard and Moon, John Ellis van Courtland, eds., Biological warfare from the Middle Ages to 1945. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-829579-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-829579-0">0-19-829579-0</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li>Maddrell, Paul: Spying on Science: Western Intelligence in Divided Germany 1945–1961. Oxford University Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926750-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-926750-2">0-19-926750-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmil2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vaclav_Smil" title="Vaclav Smil">Smil, Vaclav</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G9FljcEASycC">Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production</a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-69313-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-69313-4"><bdi>978-0-262-69313-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enriching+the+Earth%3A+Fritz+Haber%2C+Carl+Bosch%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+World+Food+Production&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-262-69313-4&rft.aulast=Smil&rft.aufirst=Vaclav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG9FljcEASycC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Haber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Stern" title="Fritz Stern">Stern, Fritz</a>: "Together and Apart: Fritz Haber and Albert Einstein", in Einstein's German World. Princeton University Press, 2001</li> <li>Stoltzenberg, Dietrich: Fritz Haber: Chemist, Nobel Laureate, German, Jew: A Biography (Chemical Heritage Foundation, 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941901-24-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-941901-24-6">0-941901-24-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Haber&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fritz_Haber" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/177">Fritz Haber</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57075#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> including the Nobel Lecture, 2 June 1920 The Synthesis of Ammonia from Its Elements</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/18728629#">HABER</a> – A biographical film about Fritz Haber</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fhi-berlin.mpg.de/history/Friedrich_HaberArticle.pdf">A short biography of Fritz Haber</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Bretislav_Friedrich" title="Bretislav Friedrich">Bretislav Friedrich</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fritz-Haber">Fritz Haber</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/segments/180132-how-do-you-solve-problem-fritz-haber">"How do you solve a problem like Fritz Haber"</a> on NPR's Radiolab</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13015210">Fritz Haber: Jewish chemist whose work led to Zyklon B</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.nli.org.il/en/haber-farkas/">Termination of Employment Letter to Ladislaus Farkas from Fritz Haber</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/006843">Newspaper clippings about Fritz Haber</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57075#P4293" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/iypt/chlorine-nitrogen-and-the-legacies-of-fritz-haber/3010838.article">Chlorine nitrogen and the legacies of Fritz Haber</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EvknN89JoWo">The Man Who Killed Millions and Saved Billions</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1901: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus van 't Hoff</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Fischer" title="Emil Fischer">Emil Fischer</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">William Ramsay</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Adolf von Baeyer</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Eduard Buchner</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Wilhelm Ostwald</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Otto Wallach</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Victor Grignard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_(chemist)" title="Paul Sabatier (chemist)">Paul Sabatier</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a></li> <li>1914: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Theodore Richards</a></li> <li>1915: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Richard Willstätter</a></li> <li>1916</li> <li>1917</li> <li>1918: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fritz Haber</a></li> <li>1919</li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis Aston</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pregl" title="Fritz Pregl">Fritz Pregl</a></li> <li>1924</li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy">Richard Zsigmondy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Theodor Svedberg</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Heinrich Wieland</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Adolf Windaus</a></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Arthur Harden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Hans von Euler-Chelpin</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer" title="Hans Fischer">Hans Fischer</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Friedrich Bergius</a></li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a></li> <li>1933</li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Haworth" title="Norman Haworth">Norman Haworth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Paul Karrer</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Leopold Ružička">Leopold Ružička</a></li> <li>1940</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1942</li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen" title="Artturi Ilmari Virtanen">Artturi Virtanen</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Sumner" title="James B. Sumner">James B. Sumner</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">John Northrop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Wendell Meredith Stanley</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Arne Tiselius</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/William_Giauque" title="William Giauque">William Giauque</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Diels" title="Otto Diels">Otto Diels</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Kurt Alder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Archer_Martin" title="Archer Martin">Archer Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge" title="Richard Laurence Millington Synge">Richard Synge</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Hermann Staudinger</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vincent du Vigneaud</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Hinshelwood</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Semyonov" title="Nikolay Semyonov">Nikolay Semyonov</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Alexander Todd</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Jaroslav Heyrovský</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">John Kendrew</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler">Karl Ziegler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a></li> <li>1966: <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Mulliken" title="Robert S. Mulliken">Robert S. Mulliken</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Manfred Eigen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish">Ronald Norrish</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Odd_Hassel" title="Odd Hassel">Odd Hassel</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir" title="Luis Federico Leloir">Luis Federico Leloir</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Gerhard Herzberg</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Christian_B._Anfinsen" title="Christian B. Anfinsen">Christian B. Anfinsen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Moore" title="Stanford Moore">Stanford Moore</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Stein" title="William Howard Stein">William Stein</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">Ernst Otto Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Geoffrey Wilkinson</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Paul Flory</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Prelog" title="Vladimir Prelog">Vladimir Prelog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">William Lipscomb</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Ilya Prigogine</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Brown" title="Herbert C. Brown">Herbert C. Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Georg Wittig</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg" title="Paul Berg">Paul Berg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Walter Gilbert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Kenichi Fukui</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Roald Hoffmann</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Merrifield" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield">Robert Merrifield</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Herbert A. Hauptman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle">Jerome Karle</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Dudley R. Herschbach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">John Polanyi</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Donald_J._Cram" title="Donald J. Cram">Donald J. Cram</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Jean-Marie Lehn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Charles J. Pedersen</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Johann Deisenhofer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Robert Huber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Hartmut Michel</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Sidney Altman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Thomas Cech</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Elias Corey</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Richard R. Ernst</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Rudolph A. Marcus</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Kary Mullis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(chemist)" title="Michael Smith (chemist)">Michael Smith</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">George Olah</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Crutzen" title="Paul J. Crutzen">Paul J. Crutzen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mario_Molina" title="Mario Molina">Mario Molina</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._Sherwood_Rowland" title="F. Sherwood Rowland">F. Sherwood Rowland</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Robert Curl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harold Kroto</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Richard Smalley</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Paul D. Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John E. Walker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Jens Christian Skou</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Walter Kohn</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">John Pople</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Ahmed Zewail</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Heeger" title="Alan J. Heeger">Alan J. Heeger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">Alan MacDiarmid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Hideki Shirakawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001: <a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">William Knowles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dji_Noyori" title="Ryōji Noyori">Ryoji Noyori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">K. Barry Sharpless</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Fenn" title="John B. Fenn">John B. Fenn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Koichi Tanaka</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Kurt Wüthrich</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Peter Agre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">Roderick MacKinnon</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanover" title="Aaron Ciechanover">Aaron Ciechanover</a> / <a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Avram Hershko</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Irwin Rose</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Grubbs" title="Robert H. Grubbs">Robert H. Grubbs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Schrock" title="Richard R. Schrock">Richard R. Schrock</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Yves Chauvin</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Kornberg" title="Roger D. Kornberg">Roger D. Kornberg</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Gerhard Ertl</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Osamu Shimomura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Martin Chalfie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Steitz" title="Thomas A. Steitz">Thomas A. Steitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Ada E. Yonath</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Heck" title="Richard F. Heck">Richard F. Heck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki" title="Akira Suzuki">Akira Suzuki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Ei-ichi Negishi</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Robert Lefkowitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kobilka" title="Brian Kobilka">Brian Kobilka</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus">Martin Karplus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt_(biophysicist)" title="Michael Levitt (biophysicist)">Michael Levitt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arieh_Warshel" title="Arieh Warshel">Arieh Warshel</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Eric Betzig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Stefan Hell</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_E._Moerner" title="William E. Moerner">William E. Moerner</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Modrich" title="Paul L. Modrich">Paul L. Modrich</a> / <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Aziz Sancar</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage">Jean-Pierre Sauvage</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Fraser Stoddart</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Ben Feringa</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Jacques Dubochet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frank" title="Joachim Frank">Joachim Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)" title="Richard Henderson (biologist)">Richard Henderson</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Frances Arnold</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(chemist)" title="George Smith (chemist)">George Smith</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> / <a href="/wiki/M._Stanley_Whittingham" title="M. Stanley Whittingham">M. Stanley Whittingham</a> / <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Akira Yoshino</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/wiki/David_MacMillan" title="David MacMillan">David MacMillan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">Benjamin List</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Carolyn R. Bertozzi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Morten_P._Meldal" title="Morten P. Meldal">Morten P. Meldal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Moungi G. Bawendi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Brus" title="Louis E. Brus">Louis E. Brus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Ekimov" title="Alexey Ekimov">Alexei I. Ekimov</a></li> <li>2024: <a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemist)" title="David Baker (biochemist)">David Baker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Demis Hassabis</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_M._Jumper" title="John M. Jumper">John M. Jumper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1918_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1918_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1918 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1918_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1918 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1918_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1918 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1918_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1918 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fritz Haber</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1918_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1918 Nobel Prize in Literature">1918</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1913_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1913 Nobel Prize winners">1913</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1914_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1914 Nobel Prize winners">1914</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1915_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1915 Nobel Prize winners">1915</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1916_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1916 Nobel Prize winners">1916</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1917_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1917 Nobel Prize winners">1917</a></dd> <dd>1918 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1919_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1919 Nobel Prize winners">1919</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1920_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1920 Nobel Prize winners">1920</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1921_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1921 Nobel Prize winners">1921</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1922_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1922 Nobel Prize winners">1922</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1923_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1923 Nobel Prize winners">1923</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57075#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57075#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57075#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081157835">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/37018070">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/186542/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtCFGqRr4qD449rXFPRKd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118699814">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86864480">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12477531x">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12477531x">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00652432">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV598716">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20010525326&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070530645">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90885400">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200806723">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/20dhppdl2gxvh97">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810594116505606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118699814.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118699814">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033972583">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6513x75">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Haber&oldid=1256621584">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Haber&oldid=1256621584</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fritz_Haber" title="Category:Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1868_births" title="Category:1868 births">1868 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1934_deaths" title="Category:1934 deaths">1934 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="Category:Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Nobel laureates in 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