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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86" title="فريتز ستيرن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فريتز ستيرن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Stern" title="Fritz Stern – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fritz Stern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Stern" title="Fritz Stern – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fritz Stern" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Stern" title="Fritz Stern – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fritz Stern" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Stern" title="Fritz Stern – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fritz Stern" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%81_%D5%87%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6" title="Ֆրից Շտերն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրից Շտերն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Stern" title="Fritz Stern – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fritz Stern" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A5_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="פריץ שטרן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פריץ שטרן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridericus_Stern" title="Fridericus Stern – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fridericus Stern" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Stern" title="Fritz Stern – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fritz Stern" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86" title="فريتز ستيرن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فريتز ستيرن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Stern" title="Fritz Stern – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fritz Stern" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Stern" title="Fritz Stern – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fritz Stern" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Stern" title="Fritz Stern – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fritz Stern" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Штерн, Фриц – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Штерн, Фриц" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Stern" title="Fritz Stern – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fritz Stern" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Stern" title="Fritz Stern – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fritz Stern" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%81%A9" title="弗里茨·斯特恩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗里茨·斯特恩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q66375#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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searchaux" style="display:none">American historian</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Fritz R. Stern</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:STERNFFM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/STERNFFM.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="302" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="302" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1926-02-02</span>)</span>February 2, 1926<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Silesia_Province_(Prussia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Silesia Province (Prussia)">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a><br />(now <a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 18, 2016<span style="display:none">(2016-05-18)</span> (aged 90)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, New York">New York, New York</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data">Columbia University</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fritz Richard Stern</b> (February 2, 1926 – May 18, 2016) was a German-born American <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">German history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a>. He was a University Professor and a provost at New York's <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. His work focused on the complex relationships between <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> in the 19th and 20th centuries and on the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialism</a> in Germany during the first half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Stern&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stern was born on February 2, 1926, in <a href="/wiki/Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslau">Breslau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (now Wrocław, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>), to a locally-prominent medical family of <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-apobit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father, Rudolf Stern, was a physician, medical researcher and a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. His mother, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Stern" title="Catherine Stern">Käthe Stern</a>, was a noted theorist, practitioner and reformer in the field of education for young children. Through family, friends, and colleagues, they were connected with a number of leading scientific and cultural figures in Europe and later in the United States For example, when trying to decide on his career objective while in college, Stern discussed choosing between history and medicine with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The family had converted from <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> in the late 19th century and shared the increasingly-secular world view that was frequently found among Germany's educated classes.<sup id="cite_ref-apobit_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stern was baptized shortly after his birth and named after his godfather, another member of Breslau's intellectual élite, the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize winner</a> <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a><sup id="cite_ref-WhyFritzlautWelt_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhyFritzlautWelt-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (also a Christian convert from Judaism). The Sterns emigrated to the United States in 1938 to escape the virulent anti-Jewish policies of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist">National Socialist</a> government and the increasing violence against all <a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Jewish_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans of Jewish ancestry">Germans of Jewish ancestry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-apobit_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The family settled in <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Heights,_Queens" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson Heights, Queens">Jackson Heights, Queens</a>, where Stern spent the remainder of his childhood, attended public school and quickly learned English while his parents re-established their respective careers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then attended <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, where he received his bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees. His professors included <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Lionel Trilling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1953 to 1997, he served as a professor at Columbia, obtaining the eminent <a href="/wiki/Seth_Low" title="Seth Low">Seth Low</a> chair before attaining the rank of University Professor. Stern also briefly served as <a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">provost</a> of the university.<sup id="cite_ref-apobit_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1954, Stern taught frequently as a guest lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin" title="Free University of Berlin">Free University</a> in West Berlin. </p><p>In 1990, he helped persuade British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> that a reunited Germany firmly anchored in the West would pose no threat to the rest of Europe. In 1993 to 1994, Stern served as an adviser to the US ambassador to Germany, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke" title="Richard Holbrooke">Richard Holbrooke</a>. In 2010, Stern spoke at the former German military headquarters building, the <a href="/wiki/Bendlerblock" title="Bendlerblock">Bendlerblock</a>, on the 66th anniversary of an <a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">assassination attempt on Hitler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Looking back in January 2016, he told an interviewer, "Sometimes I bemoaned the fact that I had to grow up amid the disintegration of a democracy; now, at the end of life, I am having to experience again the struggles of democracy."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stern died on May 18, 2016, in New York, at 90.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Stern&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fritz_Stern" title="Special:EditPage/Fritz Stern">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fritz+Stern%22">"Fritz Stern"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fritz+Stern%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fritz+Stern%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fritz+Stern%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fritz+Stern%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fritz+Stern%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The focus of much of Stern's work an attempt to track the development of the rise of <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialism">National Socialism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and its characteristics. Stern traced the origins of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> back to the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement"><i>völkische</i> movement</a>. Stern considered that the virulent anti-Semitic <i>völkische</i> movement to have been the result of the "politics of cultural despair" experienced by German intellectuals, who were unable to come to grips with modernity. However, Stern rejected the <i><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i> interpretation of German history and considered the ideas of the <i>völkische</i> movement to have been merely a "dark undercurrent" in 19th-century German society. </p><p>In the 1990s, Stern was a leading critic of the controversial American author <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldhagen" title="Daniel Goldhagen">Daniel Goldhagen</a>, whose book <i><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Willing_Executioners" title="Hitler's Willing Executioners">Hitler's Willing Executioners</a></i> was denounced by Stern as unscholarly and full of <a href="/wiki/Germanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanophobia">Germanophobia</a>. </p><p>Another major area of research for Stern was the history of the Jewish community in Germany and how the Jewish culture influenced German culture and vice versa. In Stern's view, the interaction produced what Stern often called the "Jewish-German symbiosis". In Stern's view, the best example of the "Jewish-German symbiosis" was <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Stern&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Author">Author</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Stern&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Author"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Politics Of Cultural Despair: A Study In The Rise Of The Germanic Ideology</i>, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1961, 1963. Adapted from Stern's dissertation; essays on <a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Lagarde" title="Paul de Lagarde">Paul de Lagarde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Langbehn" title="Julius Langbehn">Julius Langbehn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Arthur Moeller van den Bruck</a>.</li> <li><i>The Failure Of Illiberalism: Essays on the Political Culture of Modern Germany</i>, London, George Allen & Unwin, 1972, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-943019-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-943019-X">0-04-943019-X</a>. A collection of essays.</li> <li><i>Gold and Iron: Bismarck, Bleichröder, and the Building of the German Empire</i>, New York: Knopf, 1977, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-49545-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-49545-4">0-394-49545-4</a>. A dual biography of banker <a href="/wiki/Gerson_Bleichr%C3%B6der" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerson Bleichröder">Gerson Bleichröder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>.</li> <li><i>Germany 1933: Fifty Years Later</i>, New York: Leo Baeck Institute, 1984. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck" title="Leo Baeck">Leo Baeck</a> memorial lecture.</li> <li><i>Dreams and Delusions: The Drama Of German History</i>, New York: Knopf, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-55995-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-55995-9">0-394-55995-9</a>. A collection of essays.</li> <li><i>Einstein's German World</i>, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05939-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05939-X">0-691-05939-X</a>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <i>Friedenspreis des deutschen Buchhandels: Ansprachen aus Anlass der Verleihung</i>, Frankfurt am Main: Börsenverein des Deutschen Buchhandels e.V. im Verlag der Buchhändler-Vereinigung GmbH, 1999.</li> <li><i>Five Germanies I Have Known</i>, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-15540-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-15540-2">0-374-15540-2</a>. Autobiography.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laphamsquarterly.org/states-war/imperial-hubris-german-tale">"Imperial Hubris: A German Tale, War, Wilhelm II, and the consequences of leadership"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lapham%27s_Quarterly" title="Lapham's Quarterly">Lapham's Quarterly</a></i>, Winter 2008.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Co-author">Co-author</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Stern&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Co-author"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> with <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a>, <i>Unser Jahrhundert: Ein Gespräch</i>. C.H. Beck, München, 2010. A conversation between the historian and the former German chancellor</li> <li>with Elizabeth Sifton, <i>No Ordinary Men: Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Hans von Dohnanyi, Resisters against Hitler in Church and State</i>, (New York Review Books Collections: 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-681-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-681-8">978-1-59017-681-8</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Editor</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>The Varieties of History: From Voltaire to the Present</i>, New York: Meridian Books, 1956, 1960, 1972, 1973, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-71962-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-71962-X">0-394-71962-X</a>.</li> <li>co-edited with <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Krieger" title="Leonard Krieger">Leonard Krieger</a>, <i>The Responsibility of Power: Historical Essays In Honor of <a href="/wiki/Hajo_Holborn" title="Hajo Holborn">Hajo Holborn</a></i>, London: Macmillan, 1968, 1967. A survey of historiography from the eighteenth century to the twentieth.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Stern&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1969: Elected member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1984: Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize (jointly with <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jonas" title="Hans Jonas">Hans Jonas</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_T%C3%BCbingen" title="University of Tübingen">University of Tübingen</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1988: Elected member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Pour_le_Merite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pour le Merite">Pour le mérite für Wissenschaft und Künste</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Friedenspreis_des_Deutschen_Buchhandels" title="Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels">Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Humboldt Prize">Humboldt Prize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt_Foundation" title="Alexander von Humboldt Foundation">Alexander von Humboldt Foundation</a></li> <li>2002: Honorary doctor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">University of Wrocław</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Medal" title="Leo Baeck Medal">Leo Baeck Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute" title="Leo Baeck Institute">Leo Baeck Institute</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Nationalpreis" class="extiw" title="de:Deutscher Nationalpreis">The German National Prize</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2006: <a href="/wiki/Bundesverdienstkreuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesverdienstkreuz">Großes Verdienstkreuz des Verdienstordens der Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit Stern und Schulterband</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2007: Preis für Verständigung und Toleranz, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_Berlin" title="Jewish Museum Berlin">Jewish Museum Berlin</a></li> <li>2007: Livetime Achievement Award, <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Association" title="American Historical Association">American Historical Association</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Jacques Barzun</a> Prize for Cultural History, <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationaler_Br%C3%BCckepreis" class="extiw" title="de:Internationaler Brückepreis">Internationaler Brückepreis</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Marion_D%C3%B6nhoff" title="Marion Dönhoff">Marion Dönhoff</a> Prize</li> <li>2013: Volkmar and Margret Sander Prize</li></ul> <p>The Fritz Stern Professorship at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="University of Wrocław">University of Wrocław</a> was established in his honor in 2009. The first person appointed to hold that chair was former German President <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Richard von Weizsäcker">Richard von Weizsäcker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Stern&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volker_Berghahn" title="Volker Berghahn">Volker Berghahn</a>, "Fritz Stern (1926‒2016)", in <i>Central European History</i> 49 (2016), pp. 308‒321.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Daum" title="Andreas Daum">Andreas Daum</a>, "Refugees from Nazi Germany as Historians: Origins and Migrations, Interests and Identities", in <i>The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide</i>, ed. Andreas Daum, <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Lehmann" title="Hartmut Lehmann">Hartmut Lehmann</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_J._Sheehan" title="James J. Sheehan">James J. Sheehan</a>, New York: Berghahn Books, 1‒52.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Stern&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Daum" title="Andreas Daum">Andreas Daum</a>, Hartmut Lehmann, <a href="/wiki/James_J._Sheehan" title="James J. Sheehan">James Sheehan</a> (eds.), <i>The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians. With a Biobibliographic Guide</i>. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-985-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-985-9">978-1-78238-985-9</a>, 2, 9, 11, 14, 17, 21, 23, 25, 28‒29, 146‒149, 160‒161, 177‒206, 289‒295, 437‒441 (including a biography, bibliography of works, and comprehensive list of honors and awards).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apobit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-apobit_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apobit_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apobit_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-apobit_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/cb55d4f7898a40b2825c876b48bb87e6">"Fritz Stern, prominent historian and academic, dead at 90"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i>. May 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Fritz+Stern%2C+prominent+historian+and+academic%2C+dead+at+90&rft.date=2016-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fcb55d4f7898a40b2825c876b48bb87e6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Stern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytobit-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes2016" class="citation news cs1">Grimes, William (May 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/19/books/fritz-stern-a-leading-historian-on-modern-germany-dies-at-90.html">"Fritz Stern, a Leading Historian on Modern Germany, Dies at 90"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Fritz+Stern%2C+a+Leading+Historian+on+Modern+Germany%2C+Dies+at+90&rft.date=2016-05-18&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F05%2F19%2Fbooks%2Ffritz-stern-a-leading-historian-on-modern-germany-dies-at-90.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Stern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WhyFritzlautWelt-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WhyFritzlautWelt_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannes_Stein2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hannes_Stein" title="Hannes Stein">Hannes Stein</a> (May 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/kultur/literarischewelt/article155457457/Er-war-der-Schutzengel-der-freien-Welt.html">"Er war der Schutzengel der freien Welt: Wer wissen will, was westliche Werte sind, muss Fritz Stern lesen. Zeit seines Lebens hat der erzliberale Historiker gegen den Kulturpessimismus angeschrieben. Nun ist er gestorben. Ein Nachruf ... (<i>He was the guardian angel of the free world: Anyone wishing to know western values must read Fritz Stern. During his lifetime the arch-liberal historian wrote against cultural pessimism. Now he is dead. An obituary ... </i>)"</a>. <i>Die Welt</i>. <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a> (online)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt&rft.atitle=Er+war+der+Schutzengel+der+freien+Welt%3A+Wer+wissen+will%2C+was+westliche+Werte+sind%2C+muss+Fritz+Stern+lesen.+Zeit+seines+Lebens+hat+der+erzliberale+Historiker+gegen+den+Kulturpessimismus+angeschrieben.+Nun+ist+er+gestorben.+Ein+Nachruf+...+%28He+was+the+guardian+angel+of+the+free+world%3A+Anyone+wishing+to+know+western+values+must+read+Fritz+Stern.+During+his+lifetime+the+arch-liberal+historian+wrote+against+cultural+pessimism.+Now+he+is+dead.+An+obituary+...+%29&rft.date=2016-05-18&rft.au=Hannes+Stein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fkultur%2Fliterarischewelt%2Farticle155457457%2FEr-war-der-Schutzengel-der-freien-Welt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Stern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fritz Stern, "Not exile, but a new life", in <i>The Second Generation: Émigrés from Nazi Germany as Historians,</i> ed. <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Daum" title="Andreas Daum">Andreas Daum</a>, Hartmut Lehmann, <a href="/wiki/James_J._Sheehan" title="James J. Sheehan">James Sheehan</a>. New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 79‒81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudt2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Judt, Tony</a> (September 20, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v29/n18/letters#letter1">"Anything But Shy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a></i>. <b>29</b> (18)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Anything+But+Shy&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=18&rft.date=2007-09-20&rft.aulast=Judt&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv29%2Fn18%2Fletters%23letter1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Stern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Reden/Protokoll_Inland/20Juli1944/2010/stern.html"><i>Ansprache von Prof. em. Dr. Fritz Stern, New York/USA</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120815194353/http://www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Reden/Protokoll_Inland/20Juli1944/2010/stern.html">Archived</a> August 15, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In: <i>bmi.bund.de.</i> Retrieved August 15, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt-Tegge2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmitt-Tegge, Johannes (January 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201193916/https://www.greenpeace-magazin.de/tickerarchiv/historiker-fritz-stern-wir-stehen-vor-einem-zeitalter-der-angst-interview-johannes">"Historiker Fritz Stern: "Wir stehen vor einem Zeitalter der Angst" Interview"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace-Magazin" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenpeace-Magazin">Greenpeace-Magazin</a></i> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greenpeace-magazin.de/tickerarchiv/historiker-fritz-stern-wir-stehen-vor-einem-zeitalter-der-angst-interview-johannes">the original</a> on February 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greenpeace-Magazin&rft.atitle=Historiker+Fritz+Stern%3A+%22Wir+stehen+vor+einem+Zeitalter+der+Angst%22+Interview&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft.aulast=Schmitt-Tegge&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.greenpeace-magazin.de%2Ftickerarchiv%2Fhistoriker-fritz-stern-wir-stehen-vor-einem-zeitalter-der-angst-interview-johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Stern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.com/en/fritz-stern-a-star-german-american-historian-is-dead/a-19265953">"Stern, a star German-American historian, is dead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>. May 18, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Stern%2C+a+star+German-American+historian%2C+is+dead&rft.date=2016-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Ffritz-stern-a-star-german-american-historian-is-dead%2Fa-19265953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Stern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/fritz-richard-stern">"Fritz Richard Stern"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Fritz+Richard+Stern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Ffritz-richard-stern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Stern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uni-tuebingen.de/fakultaeten/evangelisch-theologische-fakultaet/lucas-preis/preistraeger/bisherige-preistraeger.html">"Bisherige Preisträger"</a>. <i>University of Tübingen</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 31,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+T%C3%BCbingen&rft.atitle=Bisherige+Preistr%C3%A4ger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funi-tuebingen.de%2Ffakultaeten%2Fevangelisch-theologische-fakultaet%2Flucas-preis%2Fpreistraeger%2Fbisherige-preistraeger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Stern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Fritz+Stern&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DFritz%2BStern%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Stern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friedenspreis-des-deutschen-buchhandels.de/445722/">"Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Friedenspreis+des+Deutschen+Buchhandels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friedenspreis-des-deutschen-buchhandels.de%2F445722%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Stern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2008" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Don Hanlon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bryw3qvptzUC&pg=PA61"><i>The Meaning of Life in the 21st Century: Tensions Among Science, Religion and Experience</i></a>. Yoko Civilization Research Institute. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-45188-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-595-45188-3"><bdi>978-0-595-45188-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Life+in+the+21st+Century%3A+Tensions+Among+Science%2C+Religion+and+Experience&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Yoko+Civilization+Research+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-595-45188-3&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Don+Hanlon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBryw3qvptzUC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Stern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalstiftung.de/nationalpreis2005.php?h=4&p=9">"Deutscher Nationalpreis 2005"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deutscher+Nationalpreis+2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalstiftung.de%2Fnationalpreis2005.php%3Fh%3D4%26p%3D9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Stern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBundespräsident_Horst_Köhler2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bundespräsident <a href="/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6hler" title="Horst Köhler">Horst Köhler</a> (September 28, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007110745/http://www.bundespraesident.de/-,2.633282/Laudatio-von-Bundespraesident-.htm">"Laudati"</a> (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundespraesident.de/-,2.633282/Laudatio-von-Bundespraesident-.htm">the original</a> on October 7, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laudati&rft.date=2006-09-28&rft.au=Bundespr%C3%A4sident+Horst+K%C3%B6hler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundespraesident.de%2F-%2C2.633282%2FLaudatio-von-Bundespraesident-.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Stern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820112322/http://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news,380782,former-german-president-awarded-the-fritz-stern-professorship-of-wroclaw.html">"Former German President awarded the Fritz Stern Professorship of Wrocław"</a>. March 23, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news,380782,former-german-president-awarded-the-fritz-stern-professorship-of-wroclaw.html">the original</a> on August 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Former+German+President+awarded+the+Fritz+Stern+Professorship+of+Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.date=2011-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscienceinpoland.pap.pl%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fnews%2C380782%2Cformer-german-president-awarded-the-fritz-stern-professorship-of-wroclaw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFritz+Stern" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Stern&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fritz_Stern" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fritz Stern">Fritz Stern</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inthesetimes.com/site/main/article/2341/">"A Fundamental History Lesson"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204150632/http://www.inthesetimes.com/site/main/article/2341">Archived</a> December 4, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>In These Times</i>, October 10, 2005, by Fritz Stern</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvHhbqKxd47DWbHqwXmVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119491133">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79018405">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121440352">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121440352">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00475604">Japan</a></span></li><li><span 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01138648?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/999f7c20-2e76-47da-90b0-fdd52a3ac104">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119491133.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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