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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Academic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>World War II years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>United Nations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_Nations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United Nations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decolonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decolonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Decolonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decolonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab–Israeli_conflict_and_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab–Israeli_conflict_and_Nobel_Peace_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Arab–Israeli conflict and Nobel Peace Prize</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab–Israeli_conflict_and_Nobel_Peace_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_Rights_Movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_Rights_Movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Civil Rights Movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_Rights_Movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Marriage and family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Memorials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_Places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_Places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Historic Places</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_Places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Filmography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Selected bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ralph Bunche</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B4" title="رالف بنش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رالف بنش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_Ban%C3%A7" title="Ralf Banç – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ralf Banç" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E2%80%8D%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%87" title="র‍্যাল্ফ বুঞ্চে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="র‍্যাল্ফ বুঞ্চে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87" title="Ральф Банч – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ральф Банч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87" title="Ральф Банч – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ральф Банч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%87" title="Ралф Бънч – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ралф Бънч" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86" title="رالف بانچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رالف بانچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A" title="रॅल्फ जॉन्सन बंच – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="रॅल्फ जॉन्सन बंच" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%A0%ED%94%84_%EB%B2%88%EC%B9%98" title="랠프 번치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="랠프 번치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%AC%D6%86_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B9" title="Ռալֆ Բանչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռալֆ Բանչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Johnson_Bunche" title="Ralph Johnson Bunche – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ralph Johnson Bunche" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A3_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A5%27" title="ראלף באנץ' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ראלף באנץ'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A9%E1%83%98" title="რალფ ბანჩი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რალფ ბანჩი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Johnson_Bunche" title="Ralph Johnson Bunche – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ralph Johnson Bunche" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B4" title="رالف بنش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رالف بنش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87" title="Ральф Банч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ральф Банч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81" title="ラルフ・バンチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラルフ・バンチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%86" title="رالف بنچ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رالف بنچ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86" title="رالف بانچ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رالف بانچ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Johnson_Bunche" title="Ralph Johnson Bunche – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ralph Johnson Bunche" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87,_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Банч, Ральф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Банч, Ральф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87" title="Ралф Банч – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ралф Банч" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D" title="ரால்ப் பன்ச் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரால்ப் பன்ச்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87" title="Ральф Банч – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ральф Банч" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87" title="Ральф Банч – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ральф Банч" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86%DA%86" title="رالف جانسن بنچ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رالف جانسن بنچ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ralph Bunche" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ralph Bunche (disambiguation)">Ralph Bunche (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ralph Bunche</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralph_Bunche_-_1963_March_on_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ralph_Bunche_-_1963_March_on_Washington.jpg/220px-Ralph_Bunche_-_1963_March_on_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Ralph_Bunche_-_1963_March_on_Washington.jpg/330px-Ralph_Bunche_-_1963_March_on_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Ralph_Bunche_-_1963_March_on_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="527" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bunche at the 1963 <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Ralph Johnson Bunche</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1904-08-07</span>)</span>August 7, 1904<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 9, 1971<span style="display:none">(1971-12-09)</span> (aged 67)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Mediation in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (1950)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_J._Bunche_III" title="Ralph J. Bunche III">Ralph J. Bunche III</a> (grandchild)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RalphJBunche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/RalphJBunche.jpg/150px-RalphJBunche.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/RalphJBunche.jpg/225px-RalphJBunche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/RalphJBunche.jpg/300px-RalphJBunche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ralph Johnson Bunche</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; August 7, 1904 – December 9, 1971) was an American <a href="/wiki/Political_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientist">political scientist</a>, diplomat, and leading actor in the mid-20th-century <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> process and US <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, who received the 1950 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for his late 1940s mediation in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. He is the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_black_Nobel_laureates" title="List of black Nobel laureates">black Nobel laureate</a> and the first person of African descent to be awarded a Nobel Prize. He was involved in the formation and early administration of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN), and played a major role in both the decolonization process and numerous <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN peacekeeping</a> operations. </p><p>Bunche served on the US delegation to both the <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a> in 1944 and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">United Nations Conference on International Organization</a> in 1945 that drafted the UN charter. He then served on the American delegation to the first session of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> in 1946 and joined the UN as head of the <a href="/wiki/Trusteeship_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Trusteeship Department">Trusteeship Department</a>, beginning a long series of troubleshooting roles and responsibilities related to decolonization. In 1948, Bunche became an acting mediator for the Middle East, negotiating an armistice between Egypt and Israel. For this success he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1950. </p><p>Bunche continued to serve at the UN, working on crises in the Sinai (1956), the Congo (1960), Yemen (1963), Cyprus (1964) and Bahrain in 1970, reporting directly to the UN Secretary-General. He chaired study groups dealing with water resources in the Middle East. In 1957, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations">Under-Secretary-General</a> for <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Peace_Operations" title="United Nations Department of Peace Operations">special political affairs</a>, having prime responsibility for peacekeeping roles. In 1965, Bunche supervised the cease-fire following the war between India and Pakistan. He retired from the UN in June 1971, dying six months later.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> by President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-urquhart_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urquhart-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the UN, Bunche gained such fame that <i><a href="/wiki/Ebony_(magazine)" title="Ebony (magazine)">Ebony</a></i> magazine proclaimed him perhaps the most influential African American of the first half of the 20th century and "[f]or nearly a decade, he was the most celebrated African American of his time both [in the US] and abroad."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bunche was born in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, in 1904 and baptized at the city's <a href="/wiki/Second_Baptist_Church_(Detroit,_Michigan)" title="Second Baptist Church (Detroit, Michigan)">Second Baptist Church</a>. When Ralph was a child, his family moved to <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, where his father looked for work. They returned to Detroit in 1909 after his sister Grace was born, with the help of their maternal aunt, Ethel Johnson. Their father did not live with the family again after Ohio and had not been "a good provider". But he followed them when they moved to New Mexico. </p><p>Because of the declining health of his mother and uncle, the family moved to <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a>, New Mexico, in 1915. His mother, "a musically inclined woman who contributed much to what her son called a household 'bubbling over with ideas and opinions<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", died in 1917 from tuberculosis,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his uncle shortly thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, Bunche was raised by his maternal grandmother, Lucy Taylor Johnson, whom he credited with instilling in him his pride in his race and his self-belief.<sup id="cite_ref-HarvardMag-2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarvardMag-2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1918, Lucy Taylor Johnson moved with the two Bunche grandchildren to the <a href="/wiki/South_Los_Angeles" title="South Los Angeles">South Central</a> neighborhood of Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Detnews_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Detnews-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bunche was a brilliant student, a <a href="/wiki/Debate" title="Debate">debater</a>, athlete and the <a href="/wiki/Valedictorian" title="Valedictorian">valedictorian</a> of his graduating class at <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_High_School_(Los_Angeles)" title="Jefferson High School (Los Angeles)">Jefferson High School</a>. He attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (<a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>) as a political science student,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and graduated <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/summa_cum_laude" class="extiw" title="wikt:summa cum laude">summa cum laude</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1927 as the valedictorian of his class. Using the money his community raised for his studies and a graduate scholarship at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, he earned a doctorate in political science.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bunche earned a master's degree in <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> in 1928 and a doctorate in 1934, while he was already teaching in the Department of Political Science at <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Historically black college">historically black college</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, it was typical for doctoral candidates to start teaching before completion of their dissertations. He was the first African American to gain a PhD in political science from an American university. Bunche's 1934 dissertation, "French Administration in Togoland and Dahomey", won the Toppan Prize for the best dissertation on comparative politics in the Department of Government at Harvard University.<sup id="cite_ref-:02223_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02223-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dissertation examined the mandates system of the League of Nations, arguing that the system was indistinguishable from formal empire.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1936 to 1938, Ralph Bunche studied <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> and conducted postdoctoral research at <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a><sup id="cite_ref-pbs_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston, Illinois</a>, and at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (LSE), and later at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town" title="University of Cape Town">University of Cape Town</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. </p><p>He published his first book, <i><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Booklet_series" title="Bronze Booklet series">A World View of Race</a>,</i> in 1936, arguing that "race is a social concept which can be and is employed effectively to rouse and rationalize emotions [and] an admirable device for the cultivation of group prejudices." In 1940, Bunche served as the chief research associate to Swedish sociologist <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a>'s landmark study of racial dynamics in the U.S., <i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Dilemma" title="An American Dilemma">An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Myrdal_1944_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Myrdal_1944-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For more than two decades (1928–1950), Bunche served as chair of the Department of Political Science at <a href="/wiki/Howard_University" title="Howard University">Howard University</a>, where he also taught. Furthermore, he contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Howard_School_of_International_Relations" title="Howard School of International Relations">Howard School of International Relations</a> with his work regarding the effect racism and imperialism had on global economic systems and international relations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bunche was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 1950. He was the first Black member to be inducted into the Society since its founding in 1743.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1953–54, he served as the president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served as a member of the Board of Overseers of his <a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">alma mater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (1960–1965), as a member of the board of the Institute of International Education, and as a trustee of <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Pennsylvania)" title="Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)">Lincoln University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Lincoln_School" title="New Lincoln School">New Lincoln School</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II_years">World War II years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Rivlin,_bottom_left,_worked_for_Ralph_Bunche_in_the_OSS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Benjamin_Rivlin%2C_bottom_left%2C_worked_for_Ralph_Bunche_in_the_OSS.jpg/220px-Benjamin_Rivlin%2C_bottom_left%2C_worked_for_Ralph_Bunche_in_the_OSS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Benjamin_Rivlin%2C_bottom_left%2C_worked_for_Ralph_Bunche_in_the_OSS.jpg/330px-Benjamin_Rivlin%2C_bottom_left%2C_worked_for_Ralph_Bunche_in_the_OSS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Benjamin_Rivlin%2C_bottom_left%2C_worked_for_Ralph_Bunche_in_the_OSS.jpg/440px-Benjamin_Rivlin%2C_bottom_left%2C_worked_for_Ralph_Bunche_in_the_OSS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2479" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Ralph Bunche (top right) and members of his staff during WW2. He was the head of the Africa Research Section of the Office of Strategic Services. Declassified.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1941–43, Bunche worked in the <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Branch" title="Research and Analysis Branch">Research and Analysis Branch</a> (R&A) of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS), the wartime intelligence service, as a senior social analyst on Colonial Affairs. In 1943, he was transferred from the OSS to the <a href="/wiki/State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department">State Department</a>. He was appointed Associate Chief of the Division of Dependent Area Affairs under <a href="/wiki/Alger_Hiss" title="Alger Hiss">Alger Hiss</a>. With Hiss, Bunche became one of the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Pacific_Relations" title="Institute of Pacific Relations">Institute of Pacific Relations</a> (IPR). He participated in the preliminary planning for the United Nations at the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Conference">San Francisco Conference</a> of 1945. In 2008, the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration released a 51-page <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> of his OSS records, which is available online.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Nations">United Nations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Near the close of World War II in 1944, Bunche took part in planning for the United Nations at the <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a>, held in Washington, D.C. He was an adviser to the U.S. delegation for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">Charter Conference</a> of the United Nations held in 1945, when the governing document was drafted. Together with First Lady <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>, Bunche was instrumental in the creation and adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> in 1948. Bunche urged African Americans to take UN positions. "Negroes ought to get busy and prepare to obtain some of the jobs in the United Nations' set-up," he counseled. "There are going to be all kinds of jobs and Negroes should attempt to get jobs on all levels. Some organization should be working on this now."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the United Nations document "Ralph Bunche: Visionary for Peace", during his 25 years of service to the United Nations, he </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> ... championed the principle of equal rights for everyone, regardless of race or creed. He believed in 'the essential goodness of all people, and that no problem in human relations is insoluble.' Through the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Trusteeship_Council" title="United Nations Trusteeship Council">UN Trusteeship Council</a>, Bunche readied the international stage for a period of rapid transformation, dismantling the old colonial systems in Africa and Asia, and guiding scores of emerging nations through the transition to independence in the post-war era.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decolonization">Decolonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decolonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bunche was instrumental in ending colonialism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> His work to end colonialism began early in his academic career, during which time he developed into a leading scholar and expert of the impact of colonialism on subjugated people, and developed close relationships with many anti-colonialism leaders and intellectuals from the Caribbean and Africa, in particular during his field research and his time at the London School of Economics. Bunche characterized economic policies in colonies and mandates as exploitative, and argued that the colonial powers misrepresented the nature of their rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:02223_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02223-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mandates_Commission" title="Permanent Mandates Commission">Permanent Mandates Commission</a> needed expanded powers to investigate how the mandates were governed.<sup id="cite_ref-:02223_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02223-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bunche's work on decolonization was influenced by the work of <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Leslie_Buell" title="Raymond Leslie Buell">Raymond Leslie Buell</a>. However, Bunche disagreed with Buell on the relative merits of British and French colonial rule. Bunche argued that British rule was not more progressive – British rule was characterized by paternalism at best and white supremacy at worst.<sup id="cite_ref-:02223_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02223-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a speech in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland</a>, Bunche said: "The modern world has come to the realisation that there is a great moral issue involved in the perpetuation of the colonial system."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Susan_Pedersen_(historian)" title="Susan Pedersen (historian)">Susan Pedersen</a> describes Bunche as the "architect" of the United Nations' trusteeship regime.<sup id="cite_ref-:02223_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02223-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bunche was a principal author of the chapters in the UN charter on non-self-determining territories and trusteeship.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was later head of the Trusteeship Division of the UN.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab–Israeli_conflict_and_Nobel_Peace_Prize"><span id="Arab.E2.80.93Israeli_conflict_and_Nobel_Peace_Prize"></span>Arab–Israeli conflict and Nobel Peace Prize</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arab–Israeli conflict and Nobel Peace Prize"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in 1947, Bunche was involved with trying to resolve the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> in Palestine. He served as assistant to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Committee_on_Palestine" title="United Nations Special Committee on Palestine">United Nations Special Committee on Palestine</a>, and thereafter as the principal secretary of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Palestine_Commission" title="United Nations Palestine Commission">UN Palestine Commission</a>. In 1948, he traveled to the Middle East as the chief aide to <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>'s Count <a href="/wiki/Folke_Bernadotte" title="Folke Bernadotte">Folke Bernadotte</a>, who had been appointed by the UN to mediate the conflict. These men chose the island of <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a> for their base and working headquarters. In September 1948, Bernadotte was assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> by members of the underground Jewish <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi</a> group, which was led by <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a> and referred to its members as terrorists <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>and admitted to having carried out terrorist attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Levi_Eshkol_%26_Ralph_Bunche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Levi_Eshkol_%26_Ralph_Bunche.jpg/220px-Levi_Eshkol_%26_Ralph_Bunche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Levi_Eshkol_%26_Ralph_Bunche.jpg/330px-Levi_Eshkol_%26_Ralph_Bunche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Levi_Eshkol_%26_Ralph_Bunche.jpg/440px-Levi_Eshkol_%26_Ralph_Bunche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2742" data-file-height="1917" /></a><figcaption>Bunche with Israeli prime minister <a href="/wiki/Levi_Eshkol" title="Levi Eshkol">Levi Eshkol</a>, 1966</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the assassination, Bunche became the UN's chief mediator; he conducted all future negotiations on Rhodes. The representative for Israel was <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a>; he reported in memoirs that much of his delicate negotiation with Bunche was conducted over a billiard table while the two were shooting pool. Optimistically, Bunche commissioned a local potter to create unique memorial plates bearing the name of each negotiator. When the agreement was signed, Bunche awarded these gifts. After unwrapping his, Dayan asked Bunche what might have happened if no agreement had been reached. "I'd have broken the plates over your damn heads," Bunche answered. For achieving the <a href="/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements" title="1949 Armistice Agreements">1949 Armistice Agreements</a>, Bunche received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HarvardMag-2003_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarvardMag-2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to work for the United Nations, mediating in other strife-torn regions, including <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. Bunche was appointed <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations">Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> in 1968. While at the UN, Bunche forged a close bond with his friend and colleague, Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Yost" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles W. Yost">Charles W. Yost</a>, with whom he had worked at the UN founding conference. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_Rights_Movement">Civil Rights Movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Civil Rights Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralph_Bunch_Headstone_1024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ralph_Bunch_Headstone_1024.jpg/220px-Ralph_Bunch_Headstone_1024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ralph_Bunch_Headstone_1024.jpg/330px-Ralph_Bunch_Headstone_1024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Ralph_Bunch_Headstone_1024.jpg/440px-Ralph_Bunch_Headstone_1024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>The grave of Ralph Bunche</figcaption></figure> <p>Bunche was actively involved in movements for black liberation in his pre-United Nations days, including through leadership positions with various civil rights organizations and as one of the leading scholars on the issue of race in the US and colonialism abroad. During his time at the United Nations, Bunche remained a vocal supporter of the US <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a> despite his activities being somewhat constrained by the codes governing international civil servants. He participated in the 1963 <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> gave his "<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" speech, and also, marching side by side with King, in the <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_march" class="mw-redirect" title="Selma to Montgomery march">Selma to Montgomery march</a> in 1965, which contributed to passage of the landmark <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a> and federal enforcement of voting rights.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of his activism in the pre-war period, Bunche was a topic of discussion in the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a>. However, he was never a communist or Marxist, and indeed came under very heavy attack from the pro-Soviet press during his career.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bunche lived in the <a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens,_Queens" title="Kew Gardens, Queens">Kew Gardens</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, New York, in a home purchased with his Nobel Prize money, from 1953 until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Rimer-2007_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rimer-2007-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many other <a href="/wiki/People_of_color" class="mw-redirect" title="People of color">people of color</a>, Bunche continued to struggle against racism across the United States and sometimes in his own neighborhood. In 1959, he and his son, Ralph, Jr., were denied membership in the <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Tennis_Club" title="West Side Tennis Club">West Side Tennis Club</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Forest_Hills,_Queens" title="Forest Hills, Queens">Forest Hills</a> neighborhood of Queens.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the issue was given national coverage by the press, the club offered the Bunches an apology and invitation of membership. The official who had rebuffed them resigned. Bunche refused the offer, saying it was not based on racial equality and was an exception based only on his personal prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his UN career, Bunche turned down appointments from presidents Harry Truman and John Kennedy, because of the <a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a> still in effect in Washington, D.C. Historian John Hope Franklin credits him with "creating a new category of leadership among African-Americans" due to his unique ability "to take the power and prestige he accumulated...to address the problems of his community."<sup id="cite_ref-HarvardMag-2003_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarvardMag-2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bunche denounced the <a href="/wiki/Watts_riots" title="Watts riots">Watts riots</a>, which led to a critique from the <a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">black power</a> movement. He took the critique seriously and following his daughter's suicide came to sympathize with the riots, calling them a violent rejection of unjust authority.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marriage and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While teaching at Howard University in 1928, Bunche met Ruth Harris, who was a first-grade teacher in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They later started seeing each other and married June 23, 1930. The couple had three children: Joan Harris Bunche (1931–2015), Jane Johnson Bunche (1933–1966), and Ralph J. Bunche, Jr. (1943–2016).<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His grandson, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_J._Bunche_III" title="Ralph J. Bunche III">Ralph J. Bunche III</a>, is the general secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a>, an international membership organization established to facilitate the voices of unrepresented and marginalised nations and peoples worldwide. </p><p>On October 9, 1966, their daughter Jane Bunche Pierce fell or jumped from the roof of her apartment building in <a href="/wiki/Riverdale,_Bronx" title="Riverdale, Bronx">Riverdale, Bronx</a>; her death was believed to be <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>. She left no note. She and her husband Burton Pierce, a <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell</a> alumnus and labor relations executive, had three children. Their apartment was on the first floor of the building.<sup id="cite_ref-Jane_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jane-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bunche resigned from his position at the UN due to ill health, but this was not announced, as <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General</a> <a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a> hoped he would be able to return soon. His health did not improve, and Bunche died December 9, 1971, from complications of <a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">kidney disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>. He was 67.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTobit_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried in <a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Cemetery,_Bronx" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx">Woodlawn Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a>, New York City. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1949, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1950, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Peace">Nobel Prize for Peace</a>, for his work in resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict in Palestine</li> <li>In 1951, Bunche was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Buffalo_Award" title="Silver Buffalo Award">Silver Buffalo Award</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a> for his work in scouting and positive impact for the world<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2002, scholar <a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Molefi Kete Asante</a> included Ralph Bunche on his list of <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_African_Americans" title="100 Greatest African Americans">100 Greatest African Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-asante_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asante-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2004, Ralph Bunche was posthumously honored with the <a href="/wiki/William_J._Donovan" title="William J. Donovan">William J. Donovan</a> Award from the <a href="/wiki/OSS_Society" title="OSS Society">OSS Society</a>.</li> <li>A scholarship at UCLA was named for him.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ralph Bunche Committee, in the UCLA Alumni Association's Alumni Scholars Club, is named for him.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A scholarship at Colby College was named for him<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memorials">Memorials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>On February 11, 1972, the site of his birth in Detroit was listed as a <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_Historic_Preservation_Office" title="Michigan State Historic Preservation Office">Michigan Historic Site</a>. His widow, Ruth Bunche attended the unveiling of a historical marker on April 27, 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-Detnews_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Detnews-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies at <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_New_York" title="City University of New York">City University of New York</a>, engages in research, graduate training, and public education in the fields of international studies and contemporary global problem-solving. It was founded in 1973 as the Ralph Bunche Institute on the United Nations and was renamed in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-cityuniversity_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cityuniversity-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On January 12, 1982, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Great_Americans_series" title="Great Americans series">Great Americans series</a> 20¢ postage stamp in his honor.</li> <li>In 1996, Howard University named its international affairs center, a physical facility and associated administrative programs, the <a href="/wiki/Ralph_J._Bunche_International_Affairs_Center" title="Ralph J. Bunche International Affairs Center">Ralph J. Bunche International Affairs Center</a>. The center is the site of lectures and internationally oriented programming.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buildings">Buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_University" title="Colgate University">Colgate University</a> has the Ralph J. Bunche House which is a housing option available to juniors and seniors and can also be home to special interest groups.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunche_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunche Hall">Bunche Hall</a>, named in his honor, at UCLA. A <a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">bust</a> of Dr. Bunche was erected at the entrance<sup id="cite_ref-ucla_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucla-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_J._Bunche_Library" title="Ralph J. Bunche Library">The Ralph J. Bunche Library</a> of the U.S. Department of State is the oldest Federal government library. Founded by the first secretary of state, Thomas Jefferson, in 1789, it was dedicated to and renamed the Ralph J. Bunche Library on May 5, 1997. It is located in the Harry S. Truman Building, the main State Department headquarters.</li> <li>A neighborhood of West Oakland, home to Ralph Bunche High School,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is also known as "Ralph Bunche".</li> <li>Elementary schools were named after him in <a href="/wiki/Midland,_Texas" title="Midland, Texas">Midland, Texas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Markham,_Illinois" title="Markham, Illinois">Markham, Illinois</a>; <a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint, Michigan</a>; Detroit, Michigan; <a href="/wiki/Ecorse,_Michigan" title="Ecorse, Michigan">Ecorse, Michigan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Canton,_Georgia" title="Canton, Georgia">Canton, Georgia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Miami,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami, Florida">Miami, Florida</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carson,_California" title="Carson, California">Carson, California</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Metairie,_Louisiana" title="Metairie, Louisiana">Metairie, Louisiana</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anne_Arundel_County,_Maryland" title="Anne Arundel County, Maryland">Anne Arundel County, Maryland</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and New York City; high schools were named after him in West Oakland, California and <a href="/wiki/King_George_County,_Virginia" title="King George County, Virginia">King George County, Virginia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche_High_School" title="Ralph Bunche High School">Ralph Bunche High School</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Dr._Ralph_J._Bunche_Peace_and_Heritage_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Ralph J. Bunche Peace and Heritage Center">Dr. Ralph J. Bunche Peace and Heritage Center</a>, his boyhood home with his grandmother, has been listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> and City of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Historic-Cultural_Monument" title="Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument">Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Landmarks</a>, HCM #159. The building has been restored and is operated as an interpretive house Museum and Community Center.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Glasgow,_Kentucky" title="Glasgow, Kentucky">Glasgow, Kentucky</a>, the <i>Liberty District-Ralph Bunche Community Center</i>, to support community relations and cultural understanding, was named in his honor.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks">Parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche_Park" title="Ralph Bunche Park">Ralph Bunche Park</a> was named for him in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>; it is located across First Avenue from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations headquarters">United Nations headquarters</a>.</li> <li>Near Fort Myers, Florida, historically black beaches in the age of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregation</a>, had been named Bunche Beach<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Bunche_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunche Park">Bunche Park</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Miami_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami Gardens">Miami Gardens</a>, Florida, was named in his honor.</li> <li>Ralph Bunche Road in <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, is named after him.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fortworthtexas.gov/departments/parks/parks-and-trails/bunche-park">Bunche Park</a> in Fort Worth, Texas was named in his honor in 1954.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_Places">Historic Places</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Historic Places"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several of Bunche's residences are listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Location</th> <th>Years of Residence</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ralph_J._Bunche_House" title="Ralph J. Bunche House">Ralph J. Bunche House</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles, Cal.</a></td> <td>1919?–1928?</td> <td>Also a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Los_Angeles_Historic-Cultural_Monuments_in_South_Los_Angeles" title="List of Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments in South Los Angeles">Los Angeles Historical-Cultural Monument</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche_House_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Ralph Bunche House (Washington, D.C.)">Ralph Bunche House</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td> <td>1941–1947</td> <td>Built for Bunche.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCLPC_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCLPC-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Parkway_Village_(Queens)" title="Parkway Village (Queens)">Parkway Village</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens, N.Y.</a></td> <td>1947–1952</td> <td>Apartment complex built for UN employees.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCLPC_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCLPC-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Johnson_Bunche_House" title="Ralph Johnson Bunche House">Ralph Johnson Bunche House</a></td> <td>Queens, N.Y.</td> <td>1952–1971</td> <td>Also a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> and a <a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_Designated_Landmarks_in_Queens" title="List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Queens">New York City designated landmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYCLPC_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYCLPC-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche:_An_American_Odyssey" title="Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey">Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey</a></i> (2001)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ralph Bunche: The Odyssey Continues...</i> (2003)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBunche1936" class="citation book cs1">Bunche, Ralph (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WRlGvwEACAAJ"><i>A World View of Race</i></a>. Bronze Booklet Series. Washington, D.C.: Associates in Negro Folk Education. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B004D6VKAQ">B004D6VKAQ</a>. <q>Reprint, Port Washington: Kennikat Press, 1968; excerpt in Ralph Bunche: Selected Speeches and Writings, edited by Charles P. Henry</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+World+View+of+Race&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Bronze+Booklet+Series&rft.pub=Associates+in+Negro+Folk+Education&rft.date=1936&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB004D6VKAQ%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Bunche&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWRlGvwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunche1973" class="citation book cs1">Bunche, Ralph (1973). Grantham, Dewey W. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZVALPwAACAAJ"><i>The Political Status of the Negro in the Age of FDR</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-08029-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-08029-1"><bdi>978-0-226-08029-1</bdi></a>. <q>Edited with an Introduction by Dewey W. Grantham. A version of a Ralph Bunche 1941 research memorandum prepared for the Carnegie-Myrdal study, <i>The Negro in America</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Status+of+the+Negro+in+the+Age+of+FDR&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-226-08029-1&rft.aulast=Bunche&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZVALPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunche2005" class="citation book cs1">Bunche, Ralph (2005). Holloway, Jonathan Scott (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brieftentativean0000bunc"><i>A Brief and Tentative Analysis of Negro Leadership</i></a></span>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3684-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3684-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-3684-5</bdi></a>. <q>edited with an Introduction by Jonathan Scott Holloway, A version of <i>The Negro in America</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+and+Tentative+Analysis+of+Negro+Leadership&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3684-5&rft.aulast=Bunche&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrieftentativean0000bunc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar1992" class="citation book cs1">Edgar, Robert R., ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b-1EPgAACAAJ"><i>An African American in South Africa: The Travel Notes of Ralph J. Bunche, September 28, 1937 – January 1, 1938</i></a>. Athens: Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1394-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1394-4"><bdi>978-0-8214-1394-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+African+American+in+South+Africa%3A+The+Travel+Notes+of+Ralph+J.+Bunche%2C+September+28%2C+1937+%E2%80%93+January+1%2C+1938&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-1394-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db-1EPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry1995" class="citation book cs1">Henry, Charles P., ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YbEE659doD8C"><i>Ralph J. Bunche: Selected Speeches and Writings</i></a>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10589-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-10589-2"><bdi>978-0-472-10589-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ralph+J.+Bunche%3A+Selected+Speeches+and+Writings&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-472-10589-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYbEE659doD8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African American firsts">List of African American firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nobel_Prize_laureates" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Nobel Prize laureates">Black Nobel Prize laureates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jentleson, Bruce W., and Thomas G. Paterson, eds. <i>Encyclopedia of US Foreign Relations.</i> (1997) 1:191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urquhart-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urquhart_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrquhart1998" class="citation book cs1">Urquhart, Brian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lsfETlobAkC&pg=PA25"><i>Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey</i></a>. WW Norton. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31859-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31859-3"><bdi>978-0-393-31859-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ralph+Bunche%3A+An+American+Odyssey&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=WW+Norton&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31859-3&rft.aulast=Urquhart&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-lsfETlobAkC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry1999" class="citation book cs1">Henry, Charles P. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MgQrH75yH9wC&q=charles+p+henry+ralph+bunche+model+negro"><i>Ralph Bunche: Model Negro Or American Other?</i></a>. 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(August 29, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707182010/http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=89">"Michigan History: Dr. Ralph Bunche—from Detroit to the world stage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Detroit_News" title="The Detroit News">The Detroit News</a></i>. detnews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.detnews.com/apps/history/index.php?id=89">the original</a> on July 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Detroit+News&rft.atitle=Michigan+History%3A+Dr.+Ralph+Bunche%E2%80%94from+Detroit+to+the+world+stage&rft.date=1997-08-29&rft.aulast=Marzejka&rft.aufirst=Laurie+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.detnews.com%2Fapps%2Fhistory%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference "Detnews" was defined multiple times with different content (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_duplicate_key" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references duplicate key">help page</a>).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150909005827/https://www.pbk.org/WEB/pbkdocs/NobelLaureates2009.pdf">"Nobel Laureates Who Are BK Members"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2009. 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Oxford University Press. pp. 321–324. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199570485.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199570485.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957048-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957048-5"><bdi>978-0-19-957048-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Guardians%3A+The+League+of+Nations+and+the+Crisis+of+Empire&rft.pages=321-324&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199570485.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957048-5&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtu2kCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, Pearl T. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Farw.0.0005">"Ralph Bunche and African Studies: Reflections on the Politics of Knowledge"</a>. <i>African Studies Review</i>. <b>51</b> (1): 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Farw.0.0005">10.1353/arw.0.0005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-0206">0002-0206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144776400">144776400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Ralph+Bunche+and+African+Studies%3A+Reflections+on+the+Politics+of+Knowledge&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144776400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0002-0206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Farw.0.0005&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Pearl+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1353%252Farw.0.0005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pbs_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pbs_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/ralphbunche/education/teach_timeline.html">"Ralph Bunche | Teacher's Guide | Timeline"</a>. <i>www.pbs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives.gov&rft.atitle=Digital+Copies+of+Selected+OSS+Personnel+Files+%E2%80%93+Bunche%2C+Ralph&rft.date=2008-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.nara.gov%2Foss%2FBunche_Ralph.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlummer1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Gayle_Plummer" title="Brenda Gayle Plummer">Plummer, Brenda Gayle</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M4eEkAbYTTUC&pg=PA122"><i>Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935–1960</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4575-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4575-2"><bdi>978-0-8078-4575-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+Wind%3A+Black+Americans+and+U.S.+Foreign+Affairs%2C+1935%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4575-2&rft.aulast=Plummer&rft.aufirst=Brenda+Gayle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM4eEkAbYTTUC%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSands2022" class="citation book cs1">Sands, Philippe (2022). <i>The Last Colony</i>. W&N. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Colony&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=W%26N&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Sands&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillEdmond_J._Keller2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Hill_(historian)" title="Robert A. Hill (historian)">Hill, Robert A.</a>; Edmond J. Keller, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DEWmkdhRAWUC"><i>Trustee for the Human Community: Ralph J. Bunche, the United Nations, and the Decolonization of Africa</i></a>. Ohio University Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1909-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1909-0"><bdi>978-0-8214-1909-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trustee+for+the+Human+Community%3A+Ralph+J.+Bunche%2C+the+United+Nations%2C+and+the+Decolonization+of+Africa&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-1909-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDEWmkdhRAWUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calder Walton (2008), Intelligence and National Security. 23(4): 435-462</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">He Khazit (underground publication of Lehi), Issue 2, August 1943 also see Heller, p.115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSveen" class="citation web cs1">Sveen, Asle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081231222710/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/articles/bunche/index.html">"Ralph Bunche: UN Mediator in the Middle East, 1948–1949"</a>. Archived from the original on December 31, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ralph+Bunche%3A+UN+Mediator+in+the+Middle+East%2C+1948%E2%80%931949&rft.aulast=Sveen&rft.aufirst=Asle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Farticles%2Fbunche%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span> Nobelprize.org. December 29, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070220125347/http://www.black-collegian.com/african/converge2005-2nd.shtml">"Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Dr. Ralph J. Bunche: Nobel Peace Prize Winners Whose Paths Converge"</a>. <i>Black Collegian</i>. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.black-collegian.com/african/converge2005-2nd.shtml">the original</a> on February 20, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Black+Collegian&rft.atitle=Dr.+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.+and+Dr.+Ralph+J.+Bunche%3A+Nobel+Peace+Prize+Winners+Whose+Paths+Converge&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.black-collegian.com%2Fafrican%2Fconverge2005-2nd.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrquhart1998" class="citation book cs1">Urquhart, Brian (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lsfETlobAkC&pg=PA251"><i>Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey</i></a>. WW Norton. pp. 249–251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31859-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31859-3"><bdi>978-0-393-31859-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ralph+Bunche%3A+An+American+Odyssey&rft.pages=249-251&rft.pub=WW+Norton&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31859-3&rft.aulast=Urquhart&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-lsfETlobAkC%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rimer-2007-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rimer-2007_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRimer1989" class="citation web cs1">Rimer, Sara (October 19, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE1DB153FF93AA25753C1A96F948260">"From Queens Streets, City Hall Seems Very Distant"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=From+Queens+Streets%2C+City+Hall+Seems+Very+Distant&rft.date=1989-10-19&rft.aulast=Rimer&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D950DE1DB153FF93AA25753C1A96F948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/1959/07/09/archive/new-york-tennis-club-bars-jews-and-negroes-president-explains-ban">"New York Tennis Club Bars Jews and Negroes; President "explains" Ban"</a>. <i>Jewish Telegraphic Agency</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=New+York+Tennis+Club+Bars+Jews+and+Negroes%3B+President+%22explains%22+Ban&rft.date=1959-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1959%2F07%2F09%2Farchive%2Fnew-york-tennis-club-bars-jews-and-negroes-president-explains-ban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen2023" class="citation news cs1">Pedersen, Susan (June 29, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v45/n13/susan-pedersen/dining-at-the-white-house">"Dining at the White House"</a>. <i>London Review of Books</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Dining+at+the+White+House&rft.date=2023-06-29&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv45%2Fn13%2Fsusan-pedersen%2Fdining-at-the-white-house&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/09/obituaries/ruth-h-bunche-82-widow-of-statesman.html">"Ruth H. Bunche, 82, Widow of Statesman"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. October 9, 1988.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ruth+H.+Bunche%2C+82%2C+Widow+of+Statesman&rft.date=1988-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F10%2F09%2Fobituaries%2Fruth-h-bunche-82-widow-of-statesman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jane-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jane_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1697&dat=19661010&id=CCoeAAAAIBAJ&pg=5155,3683304">"Ralph Bunche's Daughter Falls to Death"</a>. <i>The Park City Daily News (Bowling Green, Kentucky)</i>. March 10, 1966. p. 3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Park+City+Daily+News+%28Bowling+Green%2C+Kentucky%29&rft.atitle=Ralph+Bunche%27s+Daughter+Falls+to+Death&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1966-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1697%26dat%3D19661010%26id%3DCCoeAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5155%2C3683304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707184346/http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners">"NAACP Spingarn Medal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naacp.org/pages/spingarn-medal-winners">the original</a> on July 7, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAACP+Spingarn+Medal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naacp.org%2Fpages%2Fspingarn-medal-winners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scouting.org/scoutsource/Awards/SilverBuffalo/Previouswinners/1959–1950.aspx">"Silver Buffalo Award Winners 1959–1950"</a>. Boy Scouts of America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silver+Buffalo+Award+Winners+1959%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=Boy+Scouts+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scouting.org%2Fscoutsource%2FAwards%2FSilverBuffalo%2FPreviouswinners%2F1959%E2%80%931950.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asante-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-asante_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsante,_Molefi_Kete2002" class="citation book cs1">Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). <i>100 Greatest African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia</i>. 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Bunche Alumni Scholarships<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alumni.ucla.edu&rft.atitle=Prospective+Students&rft.pages=Bunche+Alumni+Scholarships&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falumni.ucla.edu%2Fscholarships%2Fprospective-students%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alumni.ucla.edu/leadership/asc/board.aspx">"Student Alumni Association |"</a>. <i>alumni.ucla.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alumni.ucla.edu&rft.atitle=Student+Alumni+Association+%7C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falumni.ucla.edu%2Fleadership%2Fasc%2Fboard.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colby.edu/pugh/ralph-j-bunche-scholar-program/">"Ralph J. Bunche Scholar Program | Pugh Center"</a>. <i>Colby College</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 26,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colby+College&rft.atitle=Ralph+J.+Bunche+Scholar+Program+%7C+Pugh+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colby.edu%2Fpugh%2Fralph-j-bunche-scholar-program%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cityuniversity-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cityuniversity_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ralphbuncheinstitute.org/about/">"About"</a>. Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.pub=Ralph+Bunche+Institute+for+International+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fralphbuncheinstitute.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howard.edu/rjb/ABOUT.HTM">"About the Ralph J. Bunche International Affairs Center"</a>. Howard University. 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Ralph+J.+Bunche+International+Affairs+Center&rft.pub=Howard+University&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.howard.edu%2Frjb%2FABOUT.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colgate.edu/campus-life/residential-life/housing-options#juniors">"Colgate University Housing Options"</a>. <i>Colgate University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colgate+University&rft.atitle=Colgate+University+Housing+Options&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colgate.edu%2Fcampus-life%2Fresidential-life%2Fhousing-options%23juniors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucla-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ucla_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magazine.ucla.edu/depts/hailhills/bunche_kareem/index1.html">"Bunche's Tall Tales"</a>. <i>UCLA Magazine</i>. April 1, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Magazine&rft.atitle=Bunche%27s+Tall+Tales&rft.date=2006-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magazine.ucla.edu%2Fdepts%2Fhailhills%2Fbunche_kareem%2Findex1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220702084457/https://www.ousd.org/domain/4865">"Welcome to Bunche! / Welcome"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ousd.org/domain/4865">the original</a> on July 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Bunche%21+%2F+Welcome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ousd.org%2Fdomain%2F4865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220703165311/https://rbes-compton-ca.schoolloop.com/">"Dr. Ralph Bunche Elementary"</a>. <i>rbes-compton-ca.schoolloop.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rbes-compton-ca.schoolloop.com/">the original</a> on July 3, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rbes-compton-ca.schoolloop.com&rft.atitle=Dr.+Ralph+Bunche+Elementary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frbes-compton-ca.schoolloop.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mht.maryland.gov/secure/medusa/PDF/AnneArundel/AA-2063.pdf">Ralph Bunche School, (Ralph J. Bunche Community Center, Inc.)</a> Maryland Historical Trust.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conservation2020.org/Pages/preservedetails.aspx?projid=2">"Bunche Beach"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bunche+Beach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservation2020.org%2FPages%2Fpreservedetails.aspx%3Fprojid%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCLPC-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYCLPC_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCLPC_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYCLPC_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090612100557/http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/bunchehouse.pdf">"Ralph Bunche House"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/reports/bunchehouse.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 12, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ralph+Bunche+House&rft.pub=New+York+City+Landmarks+Preservation+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyc.gov%2Fhtml%2Flpc%2Fdownloads%2Fpdf%2Freports%2Fbunchehouse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2019" class="citation web cs1">Freedman, Richard (September 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesheraldonline.com/2019/09/24/september-26-arts-and-entertainment-source-film-at-empress-honors-nobel-peace-prize-winner">"September 26 Arts and Entertainment Source: Film at Empress honors Nobel Peace Prize winner"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times-Herald" title="Times-Herald">Times-Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times-Herald&rft.atitle=September+26+Arts+and+Entertainment+Source%3A+Film+at+Empress+honors+Nobel+Peace+Prize+winner&rft.date=2019-09-24&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesheraldonline.com%2F2019%2F09%2F24%2Fseptember-26-arts-and-entertainment-source-film-at-empress-honors-nobel-peace-prize-winner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivlin1990" class="citation book cs1">Rivlin, Benjamin, ed. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oBF3AAAAMAAJ"><i>Ralph Bunche: The Man and His Times</i></a>. New York: Holmes & Meyer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-1145-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-1145-1"><bdi>978-0-8419-1145-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ralph+Bunche%3A+The+Man+and+His+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Holmes+%26+Meyer&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8419-1145-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoBF3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrquhart1993" class="citation book cs1">Urquhart, Brian (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ralphbuncheameri00urqu"><i>Ralph Bunche: An American Life</i></a>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03527-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-03527-8"><bdi>978-0-393-03527-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ralph+Bunche%3A+An+American+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-393-03527-8&rft.aulast=Urquhart&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fralphbuncheameri00urqu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry1999" class="citation book cs1">Henry, Charles P. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MgQrH75yH9wC"><i>Ralph Bunche: Model Negro or American Other?</i></a>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3582-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3582-4"><bdi>978-0-8147-3582-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ralph+Bunche%3A+Model+Negro+or+American+Other%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3582-4&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Charles+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMgQrH75yH9wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillEdmond_J._Keller2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Hill_(historian)" title="Robert A. Hill (historian)">Hill, Robert A.</a>; Edmond J. Keller, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DEWmkdhRAWUC"><i>Trustee for the Human Community: Ralph J. Bunche, the United Nations, and the Decolonization of Africa</i></a>. Ohio University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1909-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8214-1909-0"><bdi>978-0-8214-1909-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trustee+for+the+Human+Community%3A+Ralph+J.+Bunche%2C+the+United+Nations%2C+and+the+Decolonization+of+Africa&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8214-1909-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDEWmkdhRAWUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Dror2015" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Dror, Elad (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mP2PCgAAQBAJ"><i>Ralph Bunche and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: Mediation and the UN 1947–1949</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-78988-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-78988-3"><bdi>978-1-138-78988-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ralph+Bunche+and+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict%3A+Mediation+and+the+UN+1947%E2%80%931949&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-138-78988-3&rft.aulast=Ben-Dror&rft.aufirst=Elad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmP2PCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer1978" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, Edith Patterson (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofpeace00meye"><i>In Search of Peace: The Winners of the Nobel Peace Prize, 1901–1975</i></a>. Nashville: Abdington. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-687-18969-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-687-18969-4"><bdi>978-0-687-18969-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Peace%3A+The+Winners+of+the+Nobel+Peace+Prize%2C+1901%E2%80%931975&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pub=Abdington&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-687-18969-4&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Edith+Patterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofpeace00meye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlummer1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brenda_Gayle_Plummer" title="Brenda Gayle Plummer">Plummer, Brenda Gayle</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M4eEkAbYTTUC"><i>Rising wind: Black Americans and US foreign affairs, 1935–1960</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4575-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4575-2"><bdi>978-0-8078-4575-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+wind%3A+Black+Americans+and+US+foreign+affairs%2C+1935%E2%80%931960&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4575-2&rft.aulast=Plummer&rft.aufirst=Brenda+Gayle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM4eEkAbYTTUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrenn2015" class="citation book cs1">Krenn, Michael (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qVzCQAAQBAJ"><i>Black Diplomacy: African Americans and the State Department, 1945–69</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47582-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-47582-8"><bdi>978-1-317-47582-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Diplomacy%3A+African+Americans+and+the+State+Department%2C+1945%E2%80%9369&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-47582-8&rft.aulast=Krenn&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qVzCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Raustiala, Kai. 2022. <i>The Absolutely Indispensable Man: Ralph Bunche, the United Nations, and the Fight to End Empire</i>. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdiplo.org/to/E535">online scholarly review of this book </a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Bunche&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" class="extiw" title="commons:Ralph Bunche"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Ralph Bunche</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" class="extiw" title="q:Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/002745">Newspaper clippings about Ralph Bunche</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213500#P4293" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/511">Ralph Bunche</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213500#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1950 <i>Some Reflections on Peace in Our Time</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.ucla.edu/catalog/3cvg9000zz-89112">"Digitized materials from Ralph J. Bunche Papers"</a>. UCLA Library Special Collections.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digitized+materials+from+Ralph+J.+Bunche+Papers&rft.pub=UCLA+Library+Special+Collections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.ucla.edu%2Fcatalog%2F3cvg9000zz-89112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepeacemission.com/ralph-bunche.htm">"Ralph Bunche Biography"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ralph+Bunche+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepeacemission.com%2Fralph-bunche.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/southerncampus1927univ#page/184/mode/2up">"1927 Yearbook Photo"</a>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1927+Yearbook+Photo&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsoutherncampus1927univ%23page%2F184%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.depauw.edu/news/?id=27214">"Commencement address"</a>. DePauw University. 1956.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commencement+address&rft.pub=DePauw+University&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.depauw.edu%2Fnews%2F%3Fid%3D27214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/scm/20652">"Ralph Bunche Papers, 1922–1988"</a>. <i>Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture</i>. nypl.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Schomburg+Center+for+Research+in+Black+Culture&rft.atitle=Ralph+Bunche+Papers%2C+1922%E2%80%931988&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.nypl.org%2Fscm%2F20652&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nara-media-001.s3.amazonaws.com/arcmedia/oss/Bunche_Ralph.pdf">"Ralph Bunche"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Records of the Office of Strategic Services</i>. National Archives and Records Administration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Office+of+Strategic+Services&rft.atitle=Ralph+Bunche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnara-media-001.s3.amazonaws.com%2Farcmedia%2Foss%2FBunche_Ralph.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt409nb02d">"Brian Urquhart Collection of Material about Ralph Bunche, ca 1932-1972"</a>. <i>Special Collections</i>. UCLA Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Special+Collections.&rft.atitle=Brian+Urquhart+Collection+of+Material+about+Ralph+Bunche%2C+ca+1932-1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foac.cdlib.org%2Ffindaid%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fkt409nb02d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARalph+Bunche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0120366/">Ralph Bunche</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li>The story of his mediation efforts is retold in the 1949 radio drama "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DestinationFreedom/DF_49-02-20_ep034-Peace_Mediator.mp3">Peace Mediator</a>", a presentation from <i><a href="/wiki/Destination_Freedom" title="Destination Freedom">Destination Freedom</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Durham" title="Richard Durham">Richard Durham</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Position Created</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations">Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> <br />for Special Political Affairs </b><br />1961–1971 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Urquhart" title="Brian Urquhart">Brian Urquhart</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1901 Nobel Peace Prize">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Gobat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1914</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1923</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1924</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1928</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Butler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1932</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1939</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1943</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1948</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ralph Bunche</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1955</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1956</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1965 Nobel Peace Prize">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1966 Nobel Peace Prize">1966</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575"><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1967 Nobel Peace Prize">1967</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1968 Nobel Peace Prize">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1969 Nobel Peace Prize">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#757575">1972</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award)</i> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)" title="Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)">Center for Civil Liberties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo" title="Nihon Hidankyo">Nihon Hidankyo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Political_Science_Association" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Political_Science_Association_presidents" title="Template:American Political Science Association presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Political_Science_Association_presidents" title="Template talk:American Political Science Association presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Political_Science_Association_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Political Science Association presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Political_Science_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Presidents of the <a href="/wiki/American_Political_Science_Association" title="American Political Science Association">American Political Science Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1903–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Johnson_Goodnow" title="Frank Johnson Goodnow">Frank Johnson Goodnow</a> (1903–1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Shaw_(journalist)" title="Albert Shaw (journalist)">Albert Shaw</a> (1905–1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Frederick N. Judson (1906–1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce" title="James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce">James Bryce</a> (1907–1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A._Lawrence_Lowell" title="A. Lawrence Lowell">A. Lawrence Lowell</a> (1908–1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (1909–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simeon_E._Baldwin" title="Simeon E. Baldwin">Simeon E. Baldwin</a> (1910–1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bushnell_Hart" title="Albert Bushnell Hart">Albert Bushnell Hart</a> (1911–1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Westel_W._Willoughby" title="Westel W. Willoughby">Westel W. Willoughby</a> (1912–1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bassett_Moore" title="John Bassett Moore">John Bassett Moore</a> (1913–1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Freund" title="Ernst Freund">Ernst Freund</a> (1914–1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Macy" title="Jesse Macy">Jesse Macy</a> (1915–1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munroe_Smith" title="Munroe Smith">Munroe Smith</a> (1916–1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jones_Ford" title="Henry Jones Ford">Henry Jones Ford</a> (1918–1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuel_Reinsch" title="Paul Samuel Reinsch">Paul Samuel Reinsch</a> (1919–1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Stanton_Rowe" title="Leo Stanton Rowe">Leo Stanton Rowe</a> (1920–1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Archibald_Dunning" title="William Archibald Dunning">William Archibald Dunning</a> (1921–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Augustus_Garfield" title="Harry Augustus Garfield">Harry Augustus Garfield</a> (1922–1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Wilford_Garner" title="James Wilford Garner">James Wilford Garner</a> (1923–1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Merriam" title="Charles Edward Merriam">Charles Edward Merriam</a> (1924–1925)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1925–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a> (1925–1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Munro" title="William B. Munro">William B. Munro</a> (1926–1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Jesse S. Reeves (1927–1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Fairlie" title="John Archibald Fairlie">John A. Fairlie</a> (1928–1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Benjamin F. Shambaugh (1929–1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Samuel_Corwin" title="Edward Samuel Corwin">Edward Samuel Corwin</a> (1930–1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Willoughby" title="William F. Willoughby">William F. Willoughby</a> (1931–1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Isidor Loeb (1932–1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Walter J. Shepard (1933–1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Francis W. Coker (1934–1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_N._Holcombe" title="Arthur N. Holcombe">Arthur N. Holcombe</a> (1935–1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Thomas Reed Powell (1936–1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Addison_Dykstra" title="Clarence Addison Dykstra">Clarence Addison Dykstra</a> (1937–1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Charles Grove Haines (1938–1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Robert C. Brooks (1939–1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Austin_Ogg" title="Frederic Austin Ogg">Frederic A. Ogg</a> (1940–1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Anderson_(political_scientist)" title="William Anderson (political scientist)">William Anderson</a> (1941–1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Robert E. Cushman (1942–1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_D._White" title="Leonard D. White">Leonard D. White</a> (1943–1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">John Gaus (1944–1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_F._Dodd" title="Walter F. Dodd">Walter F. Dodd</a> (1945–1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_MacMahon" title="Arthur MacMahon">Arthur MacMahon</a> (1946–1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Henry R. Spencer (1947–1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Wright" title="Quincy Wright">Quincy Wright</a> (1948–1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_K._Pollock" title="James K. Pollock">James K. Pollock</a> (1949–1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_H._Odegard" title="Peter H. Odegard">Peter H. Odegard</a> (1950–1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luther_Gulick_(social_scientist)" title="Luther Gulick (social scientist)">Luther Gulick</a> (1951–1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._Pendleton_Herring" title="E. Pendleton Herring">E. Pendleton Herring</a> (1952–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ralph Bunche</a> (1953–1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Charles McKinley (1954–1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Lasswell" title="Harold Lasswell">Harold Lasswell</a> (1955–1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Eric_Schattschneider" title="Elmer Eric Schattschneider">Elmer Eric Schattschneider</a> (1956–1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/V._O._Key_Jr." title="V. O. Key Jr.">V. O. Key Jr.</a> (1957–1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">R. Taylor Cole (1958–1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Brent_Swisher" title="Carl Brent Swisher">Carl Brent Swisher</a> (1959–1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Emmette_Redford" title="Emmette Redford">Emmette Redford</a> (1960–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Charles S. Hyneman (1961–1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Joachim_Friedrich" title="Carl Joachim Friedrich">Carl Joachim Friedrich</a> (1962–1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">C. Herman Pritchett (1963–1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Truman" title="David Truman">David Truman</a> (1964–1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Almond" title="Gabriel Almond">Gabriel Almond</a> (1965–1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Dahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Dahl">Robert A. Dahl</a> (1966–1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Merle_Fainsod" title="Merle Fainsod">Merle Fainsod</a> (1967–1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Easton" title="David Easton">David Easton</a> (1968–1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Deutsch" title="Karl Deutsch">Karl Deutsch</a> (1969–1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lane" title="Robert E. Lane">Robert E. Lane</a> (1970–1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Heinz Eulau (1971–1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Robert E. Ward (1972–1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Avery Leiserson (1973–1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._Austin_Ranney" title="J. Austin Ranney">J. Austin Ranney</a> (1974–1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_MacGregor_Burns" title="James MacGregor Burns">James MacGregor Burns</a> (1975–1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beer" title="Samuel Beer">Samuel Beer</a> (1976–1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Wahlke" title="John Wahlke">John Wahlke</a> (1977–1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Epstein" title="Leon Epstein">Leon Epstein</a> (1978–1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Miller_(political_scientist)" title="Warren Miller (political scientist)">Warren Miller</a> (1979–1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Lindblom" title="Charles E. Lindblom">Charles E. Lindblom</a> (1980–1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a> (1981–1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Riker" title="William H. Riker">William H. Riker</a> (1982–1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Converse" title="Philip Converse">Philip Converse</a> (1983–1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fenno" title="Richard Fenno">Richard Fenno</a> (1984–1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Wildavsky" title="Aaron Wildavsky">Aaron Wildavsky</a> (1985–1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a> (1986–1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a> (1987–1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Pye" title="Lucian Pye">Lucian Pye</a> (1988–1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Judith_N._Shklar" title="Judith N. Shklar">Judith N. Shklar</a> (1989–1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_J._Lowi" title="Theodore J. Lowi">Theodore J. Lowi</a> (1990–1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Q._Wilson" title="James Q. Wilson">James Q. Wilson</a> (1991–1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Barker" title="Lucius Barker">Lucius Barker</a> (1992–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_O._Jones" title="Charles O. Jones">Charles O. Jones</a> (1993–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Verba" title="Sidney Verba">Sidney Verba</a> (1994–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arend_Lijphart" title="Arend Lijphart">Arend Lijphart</a> (1995–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a> (1996–1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M._Kent_Jennings" title="M. Kent Jennings">M. Kent Jennings</a> (1997–1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Holden" title="Matthew Holden">Matthew Holden</a> (1998–1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Keohane" title="Robert Keohane">Robert Keohane</a> (1999–2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jervis" title="Robert Jervis">Robert Jervis</a> (2000–2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Putnam" title="Robert D. Putnam">Robert D. Putnam</a> (2001–2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theda_Skocpol" title="Theda Skocpol">Theda Skocpol</a> (2002–2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Hoeber_Rudolph" title="Susanne Hoeber Rudolph">Susanne Hoeber Rudolph</a> (2003–2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Levi" title="Margaret Levi">Margaret Levi</a> (2004–2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ira_Katznelson" title="Ira Katznelson">Ira Katznelson</a> (2005–2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Axelrod_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Axelrod (political scientist)">Robert Axelrod</a> (2006–2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Pinderhughes" title="Dianne Pinderhughes">Dianne Pinderhughes</a> (2007–2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. Katzenstein">Peter J. Katzenstein</a> (2008–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_E._Brady" title="Henry E. Brady">Henry E. Brady</a> (2009–2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carole_Pateman" title="Carole Pateman">Carole Pateman</a> (2010–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">G. Bingham Powell (2011–2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Mansbridge" title="Jane Mansbridge">Jane Mansbridge</a> (2012–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Aldrich_(political_scientist)" title="John Aldrich (political scientist)">John Aldrich</a> (2013–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Rodney E. Hero (2014–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Hochschild" title="Jennifer Hochschild">Jennifer Hochschild</a> (2015–2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_A._Lake" title="David A. Lake">David A. Lake</a> (2016–2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Thelen" title="Kathleen Thelen">Kathleen Thelen</a> (2017–2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Smith" title="Rogers Smith">Rogers Smith</a> (2018–2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paula_D._McClain" title="Paula D. McClain">Paula D. McClain</a> (2019–2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Janet_M._Box-Steffensmeier" title="Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier">Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier</a> (2020–2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ishiyama" title="John Ishiyama">John Ishiyama</a> (2021–2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Martin_(political_scientist)" title="Lisa Martin (political scientist)">Lisa Martin</a> (2022–2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_E._Warren" title="Mark E. Warren">Mark E. Warren</a> (2023–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spingarn_Medal_winners" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spingarn_Medal" title="Template talk:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spingarn Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spingarn_Medal_winners" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal</a> winners</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Everett_Just" title="Ernest Everett Just">Ernest Everett Just</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1916: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Young_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Charles Young (United States Army officer)">Charles Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Burleigh" title="Harry Burleigh">Harry Burleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Braithwaite" title="William Stanley Braithwaite">William Stanley Braithwaite</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Archibald Grimké">Archibald Grimké</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sidney_Gilpin" title="Charles Sidney Gilpin">Charles Sidney Gilpin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Roland_Hayes" title="Roland Hayes">Roland Hayes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson" title="Carter G. Woodson">Carter G. Woodson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Overton" title="Anthony Overton">Anthony Overton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Chesnutt" title="Charles W. Chesnutt">Charles W. Chesnutt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Wyatt_Johnson" title="Mordecai Wyatt Johnson">Mordecai Wyatt Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Hunt" title="Henry A. Hunt">Henry A. Hunt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Berry_Harrison" title="Richard Berry Harrison">Richard Berry Harrison</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Russa_Moton" title="Robert Russa Moton">Robert Russa Moton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Max_Yergan" title="Max Yergan">Max Yergan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/William_T._B._Williams" title="William T. B. Williams">William T. B. Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_(educator)" title="John Hope (educator)">John Hope</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1940: <a href="/wiki/Louis_T._Wright" title="Louis T. Wright">Louis T. Wright</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1941: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1942: <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/William_H._Hastie" title="William H. Hastie">William H. Hastie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Drew" title="Charles R. Drew">Charles R. Drew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Lavon_Julian" title="Percy Lavon Julian">Percy Lavon Julian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Channing_Heggie_Tobias" title="Channing Heggie Tobias">Channing Heggie Tobias</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ralph Bunche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Houston" title="Charles Hamilton Houston">Charles Hamilton Houston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Keaton_Staupers" title="Mabel Keaton Staupers">Mabel Keaton Staupers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Williams" title="Paul R. Williams">Paul R. Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_K._Lawless" title="Theodore K. Lawless">Theodore K. Lawless</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Carl_J._Murphy" title="Carl J. Murphy">Carl J. Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_B._Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth B. Clark">Kenneth B. Clark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Weaver" title="Robert C. Weaver">Robert C. Weaver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Leontyne_Price" title="Leontyne Price">Leontyne Price</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/John_H._Johnson" title="John H. Johnson">John H. Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr." title="Sammy Davis Jr.">Sammy Davis Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Mitchell_Jr." title="Clarence Mitchell Jr.">Clarence Mitchell Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence" title="Jacob Lawrence">Jacob Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Sullivan" title="Leon Sullivan">Leon Sullivan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Riles" title="Wilson Riles">Wilson Riles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Damon_Keith" title="Damon Keith">Damon Keith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Hank_Aaron" title="Hank Aaron">Hank Aaron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey" title="Alvin Ailey">Alvin Ailey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Rayford_Logan" title="Rayford Logan">Rayford Logan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Young" title="Coleman Young">Coleman Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Elijah Mays</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Lena_Horne" title="Lena Horne">Lena Horne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bradley_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Bradley (American politician)">Tom Bradley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cosby" title="Bill Cosby">Bill Cosby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Hooks" title="Benjamin Hooks">Benjamin Hooks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sutton" title="Percy Sutton">Percy Sutton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Patterson" title="Frederick D. Patterson">Frederick D. Patterson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Douglas Wilder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/John_Hope_Franklin" title="John Hope Franklin">John Hope Franklin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/A._Leon_Higginbotham_Jr." title="A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.">A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Rowan" title="Carl Rowan">Carl Rowan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Earl_G._Graves_Sr." title="Earl G. Graves Sr.">Earl G. Graves Sr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Carter" title="Robert L. Carter">Robert L. Carter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Carson" title="Ben Carson">Ben Carson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Cicely_Tyson" title="Cicely Tyson">Cicely Tyson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Muse_Freeman" title="Frankie Muse Freeman">Frankie Muse Freeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Jessye_Norman" title="Jessye Norman">Jessye Norman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_R._Jones" title="Nathaniel R. Jones">Nathaniel R. Jones</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Willie_Brown_(politician)" title="Willie Brown (politician)">Willie Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gaspard" title="Patrick Gaspard">Patrick Gaspard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <i>no award</i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Cato_T._Laurencin" title="Cato T. Laurencin">Cato T. Laurencin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Clyburn" title="Jim Clyburn">Jim Clyburn</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_American_topics" title="Template:African American topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_American_topics" title="Template talk:African American topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_American_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African American topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_history" title="African-American history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_African-American_history" title="Timeline of African-American history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cowboys" title="Black cowboys">Black cowboys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Black genocide">Black genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_plantation" title="Children of the plantation">Children of the plantation</a></li> <li>Civil Rights Acts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">Civil rights movement 1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">Civil right movement 1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement 1954–1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">Birmingham movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93civil_rights_era_in_African-American_history" title="Post–civil rights era in African-American history">Post–civil rights era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_African_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on African communities">COVID-19 impact</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Negro" title="Free Negro">Free Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_people_of_color" title="Free people of color">Free people of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Second Great Migration (African American)">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Great_Migration" title="New Great Migration">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodusters" title="Exodusters">Exodusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009</a> / <a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="Second inauguration of Barack Obama">Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans" title="Military history of African Americans">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Man_March" title="Million Man March">Million Man March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadir_of_American_race_relations" title="Nadir of American race relations">Nadir of American race relations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Negro_Motorist_Green_Book" title="The Negro Motorist Green Book">The Negro Motorist Green Book</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Partus_sequitur_ventrem" title="Partus sequitur ventrem">Partus sequitur ventrem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Parade" title="Silent Parade">Silent Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_race_massacre" title="Tulsa race massacre">Tulsa race massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">Women's suffrage movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_mecca" title="Black mecca">Black mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-owned_business" title="Black-owned business">Businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_family_structure" title="African-American family structure">Family structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_folktales" title="African-American folktales">Folktales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_hair" title="African-American hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Negro" title="New Negro">New Negro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanzaa" title="Kwanzaa">Kwanzaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_LGBT_community" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American LGBT community">LGBT community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_literature" title="African-American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_musical_theater" title="African-American musical theater">Musical theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_names" title="African-American names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_Every_Voice_and_Sing" title="Lift Every Voice and Sing">Negro National Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_newspapers" title="African American newspapers">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">Soul food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_African_Americans" title="Stereotypes of African Americans">Stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_middle_class" title="African-American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_upper_class" title="African-American upper class">Upper class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispus_Attucks" title="Crispus Attucks">Crispus Attucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bradley_(former_slave)" title="James Bradley (former slave)">James Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Moseley_Braun" title="Carol Moseley Braun">Carol Moseley Braun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Brooke" title="Edward Brooke">Edward Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche Bruce</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Highland_Garnet" title="Henry Highland Garnet">Henry Highland Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix" title="Jimi Hendrix">Jimi Hendrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson" title="Michael Jackson">Michael Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Jacobs" title="Harriet Jacobs">Harriet Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_Belly" title="Lead Belly">Huddie Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rainey" title="Joseph Rainey">Joseph Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_R._Revels" title="Hiram R. Revels">Hiram Revels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sharpton" title="Al Sharpton">Al Sharpton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Walker_(abolitionist)" title="David Walker (abolitionist)">David Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Education, science<br />and technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_studies" title="Black studies">Black studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Black school">Black schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historically_black_colleges_and_universities" title="Historically black colleges and universities">Historically black colleges and universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_inventors_and_scientists" title="List of African-American inventors and scientists">Inventors and scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_focused_on_African_Americans" title="List of museums focused on African Americans">Museums</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_computer_science" title="African-American women in computer science">in computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_medicine" title="List of African-American women in medicine">in medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_women_in_STEM_fields" title="List of African-American women in STEM fields">in STEM fields</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_Black_Americans" title="Religion of Black Americans">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">African-American Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Muslims" title="African-American Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Muslims" title="American Society of Muslims">American Society of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Father_Divine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of Father Divine">Doctrine of Father Divine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Political movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_anarchism" title="Black anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-Africa_movement" title="Back-to-Africa movement">Back-to-Africa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_capitalism" title="Black capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_leftism" title="African-American leftism">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_populism" title="Black populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_fist" title="Raised fist">Raised fist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_self-determination" title="African-American self-determination">Self-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Civic and economic<br />groups</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_African_American_Life_and_History" title="Association for the Study of African American Life and History">Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Black_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="National Black Chamber of Commerce">National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pan-Hellenic_Council" title="National Pan-Hellenic Council">National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League (NUL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_College_Fund" title="Thurgood Marshall College Fund">Thurgood Marshall College Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNCF" title="UNCF">United Negro College Fund (UNCF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negro_league_baseball" title="Negro league baseball">Negro league baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_color_line" title="Baseball color line">Baseball color line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_professional_American_football" title="Black players in professional American football">Black players in professional American football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_starting_NFL_quarterbacks" title="List of black starting NFL quarterbacks">Black NFL quarterbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_players_in_ice_hockey" title="Black players in ice hockey">Black players in ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashe" title="Arthur Ashe">Arthur Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Louis" title="Joe Louis">Joe Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Owens" title="Jesse Owens">Jesse Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Athletic associations<br />and conferences</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Association" title="Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association">Central (CIAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Eastern_Athletic_Conference" title="Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference">Mid-Eastern (MEAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Intercollegiate_Athletic_Conference" title="Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference">Southern (SIAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Athletic_Conference" title="Southwestern Athletic Conference">Southwestern (SWAC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Ethnic subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By African descent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah" title="Gullah">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_freedmen_controversy" title="Cherokee freedmen controversy">Cherokee freedmen controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_freedmen" title="Choctaw freedmen">Choctaw freedmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_Freedmen" title="Creek Freedmen">Creek Freedmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Southerners" title="Black Southerners">Black Southerners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">of color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhood" title="African-American neighborhood">Neighborhoods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Black_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Black populations">U.S. cities with large populations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2000" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2000">2000 majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._communities_with_African-American_majority_populations_in_2010" title="List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations in 2010">2010 majorities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._metropolitan_areas_with_large_African-American_populations" title="List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_African-American_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by African-American population">States and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Seminole_Creole" title="Afro-Seminole Creole">Afro-Seminole Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">African-American Vernacular English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English_and_social_context" title="African-American Vernacular English and social context">social context</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullah_language" title="Gullah language">Gullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole" title="Louisiana Creole">Louisiana Creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">By state/city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Alabama" title="African Americans in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Arkansas" title="African Americans in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_California" title="African Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of African Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_San_Francisco" title="African Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Cleveland" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Florida" title="African Americans in Florida">Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Jacksonville" title="History of African Americans in Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida#Black_history" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Georgia" title="African Americans in Georgia">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Atlanta" title="African Americans in Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Hawaii" title="Africans in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Illinois" title="African Americans in Illinois">Illinois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Chicago" title="History of African Americans in Chicago">Chicago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in Iowa">Iowa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Davenport,_Iowa" title="African Americans in Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of African Americans in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Kentucky" title="History of African Americans in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_neighborhoods_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="African-American neighborhoods in Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="African Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Maryland" title="African Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Baltimore" title="History of African Americans in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li>Massachusetts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of African Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li>Michigan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Detroit" title="History of African Americans in Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Mississippi" title="African Americans in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_history_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="African American history of Nebraska">Nebraska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="African Americans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_Jersey" title="African Americans in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="African Americans in New York">New York</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_New_York_City" title="African Americans in New York City">New York City</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_North_Carolina" title="African Americans in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ohio" title="African Americans in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oklahoma" title="African Americans in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Oregon" title="African Americans in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li>Pennsylvania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of African Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro%E2%80%93Puerto_Ricans" title="Afro–Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Carolina" title="African Americans in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_South_Dakota" title="African Americans in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Tennessee" title="African Americans in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of African Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Austin" title="History of African Americans in Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of African Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of African Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_San_Antonio" title="History of African Americans in San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African_Americans_in_Utah" title="History of African Americans in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Virginia" title="African Americans in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_West_Virginia" title="African Americans in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_diaspora" title="African-American diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Africa" title="African Americans in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Creole_people" title="Gambian Creole people">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo-Liberian_people" title="Americo-Liberian people">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li></ul></li> <li>America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Nova_Scotians" title="Black Nova Scotians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Americans" title="Samaná Americans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_emigration" title="Haitian emigration">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascogos" title="Mascogos">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikins" title="Merikins">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Israel" title="African Americans in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_France" title="African Americans in France">France</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #d1eaeb;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_African_Americans" title="Lists of African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_activists" title="List of African-American activists">Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_actors" title="List of African-American actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_astronauts" title="List of African-American astronauts">Astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_billionaires" title="Black billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_journalists" title="List of African American journalists">Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American jurists">Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_mathematicians" title="List of African-American mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_Republicans" title="List of African-American Republicans">Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_singers" title="List of African-American singers">Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_American_sportspeople" title="List of African American sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spingarn_Medal" title="Spingarn Medal">Spingarn Medal winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of African-American United States Cabinet members">US cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">US representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">US senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_visual_artists" title="List of African-American visual artists">Visual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_writers" title="List of African-American writers">Writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_firsts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American firsts">African-American firsts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_African-American_mayors" title="List of first African-American mayors">Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_sports_firsts" title="List of African-American sports firsts">Sports firsts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_U.S._state_firsts" title="List of African-American U.S. state firsts">US state firsts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_historic_places" title="List of African-American historic places">Historic places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_African_Americans" title="Index of articles related to African Americans">Index of related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landmark_African-American_legislation" title="List of landmark African-American legislation">Landmark African-American legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">Lynching victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_to_African_Americans" title="List of monuments to African Americans">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_neighborhoods" title="List of African-American neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_related_to_the_African_diaspora" title="List of topics related to the African diaspora">Topics related to the African diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #d1eaeb;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_society" title="Category:African-American society">Category</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213500#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213500#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213500#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/46805351">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/15678/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjMypKF8DwYTBcDTFpXVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118664956">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50045583">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121867657">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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