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<span>Tiberius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiberius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caligula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caligula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Caligula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caligula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claudius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claudius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Claudius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claudius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nero" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nero"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Nero</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nero-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survival_after_the_fall_of_Nero" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival_after_the_fall_of_Nero"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Survival after the fall of Nero</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survival_after_the_fall_of_Nero-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_among_the_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_among_the_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relationships among the rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_among_the_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dynastic_timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dynastic_timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dynastic timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dynastic_timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Julio-Claudian dynasty: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="السلالة اليوليوكلاودية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="السلالة اليوليوكلاودية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Xulio-Claudia" title="Dinastía Xulio-Claudia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Xulio-Claudia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulil%C9%99r-Klavdil%C9%99r" title="Yulilər-Klavdilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yulilər-Klavdilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius-Claudius_%C3%B4ng-ti%C3%A2u" title="Julius-Claudius ông-tiâu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Julius-Claudius ông-tiâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Юлиево-Клавдиева династия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юлиево-Клавдиева династия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_juliocl%C3%A0udia" title="Dinastia julioclàudia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia julioclàudia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliovsko-claudiovsk%C3%A1_dynastie" title="Juliovsko-claudiovská dynastie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Juliovsko-claudiovská dynastie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julisk-Claudiske_dynasti" title="Julisk-Claudiske dynasti – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Julisk-Claudiske dynasti" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julisch-Claudische_Dynastie" title="Julisch-Claudische Dynastie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Julisch-Claudische Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF-%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ιουλιο-Κλαυδιανή δυναστεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιουλιο-Κλαυδιανή δυναστεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Julio-Claudia" title="Dinastía Julio-Claudia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Julio-Claudia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juli-Kla%C5%ADdia_dinastio" title="Juli-Klaŭdia dinastio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Juli-Klaŭdia dinastio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio-klaudiotar_dinastia" title="Julio-klaudiotar dinastia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Julio-klaudiotar dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%98%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دودمان ژولیو کلودین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان ژولیو کلودین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio-Claudiens" title="Julio-Claudiens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Julio-Claudiens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4-%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EB%94%94%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0" title="율리우스-클라우디우스 왕조 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="율리우스-클라우디우스 왕조" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD-%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հուլիոս-Կլավդիոսներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հուլիոս-Կլավդիոսներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julijevsko-Klaudijevska_dinastija" title="Julijevsko-Klaudijevska dinastija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Julijevsko-Klaudijevska dinastija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Julio-Claudian" title="Dinasti Julio-Claudian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Julio-Claudian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAl%C3%ADska-cl%C3%A1d%C3%ADska_%C3%A6ttin" title="Júlíska-cládíska ættin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Júlíska-cládíska ættin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_giulio-claudia" title="Dinastia giulio-claudia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia giulio-claudia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95-%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="השושלת היוליו-קלאודית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="השושלת היוליו-קלאודית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იულიუს-კლავდიუსების დინასტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იულიუს-კლავდიუსების დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Юлий-Клавдийлер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Юлий-Клавдийлер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domus_Iulio-Claudia" title="Domus Iulio-Claudia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Domus Iulio-Claudia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julij%C5%B3%E2%80%93Klaudij%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Julijų–Klaudijų dinastija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Julijų–Klaudijų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="იულიუს-კლავდიუსეფიშ დინასტია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იულიუს-კლავდიუსეფიშ დინასტია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julisch-Claudische_dynastie" title="Julisch-Claudische dynastie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Julisch-Claudische dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E6%9C%9D" title="ユリウス＝クラウディウス朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユリウス＝クラウディウス朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julo-claudiske_dynasti" title="Julo-claudiske dynasti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Julo-claudiske dynasti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julioclaudians" title="Julioclaudians – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Julioclaudians" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ACa_Giulio-Cl%C3%A0udia" title="Dinastìa Giulio-Clàudia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Dinastìa Giulio-Clàudia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_julijsko-klaudyjska" title="Dynastia julijsko-klaudyjska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia julijsko-klaudyjska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_j%C3%BAlio-claudiana" title="Dinastia júlio-claudiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia júlio-claudiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Iulio-Claudian%C4%83" title="Dinastia Iulio-Claudiană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Iulio-Claudiană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Юлии-Клавдии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юлии-Клавдии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Julio-Claudian dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julsko-klaudijsk%C3%A1_dynastia" title="Julsko-klaudijská dynastia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Julsko-klaudijská dynastia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julijsko-klavdijska_rodbina" title="Julijsko-klavdijska rodbina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Julijsko-klavdijska rodbina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95_%D9%81%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86-%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="زنجیرە فەرمانرەوایەتیی جولیۆ-کلاودیوس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زنجیرە فەرمانرەوایەتیی جولیۆ-کلاودیوس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B8-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Јулијевци-Клаудијевци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јулијевци-Клаудијевци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julijevci-Klaudijevci" title="Julijevci-Klaudijevci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Julijevci-Klaudijevci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliusten-Claudiusten_hallitsijasuku" title="Juliusten-Claudiusten hallitsijasuku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juliusten-Claudiusten hallitsijasuku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Julio-Claudio" title="Dinastiyang Julio-Claudio – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dinastiyang Julio-Claudio" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="ஜூலியோ குளாடிய மரபு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜூலியோ குளாடிய மரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="ราชวงศ์ยูลิอุส-เกลาดิอุส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์ยูลิอุส-เกลาดิอุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius-Claudius_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Julius-Claudius Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Julius-Claudius Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97%D0%B2-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97%D0%B2" title="Династія Юліїв-Клавдіїв – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Юліїв-Клавдіїв" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81" title="جولیو کلاڈیوی شاہی سلسلہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جولیو کلاڈیوی شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%E1%BB%81u_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_Julio-Claudian" title="Triều đại Julio-Claudian – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Triều đại Julio-Claudian" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%84%92%E7%95%A5-%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E7%8B%84%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="儒略-克劳狄王朝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="儒略-克劳狄王朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%84%92%E7%95%A5-%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E7%8B%84%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="儒略-克劳狄王朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="儒略-克劳狄王朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/134.153.51.239" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/134.153.51.239" data-mw-revid="1166110892"><bdi>134.153.51.239</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:134.153.51.239&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:134.153.51.239 (page does not exist)">talk</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><span class="autocomment"><a href="#Survival_after_the_fall_of_Nero">→<bdi dir="ltr">Survival after the fall of Nero</bdi></a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-visualeditor"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor">Visual edit</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julio-Claudian_dynasty&diff=next&oldid=1166110892" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty" id="differences-nextlink">Next edit →</a></div></td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 101:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 101:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In addition to Cassia Longina, Junia Lepida gave birth to a son called [[Cassius Lepidus]]. Around AD 80 Lepidus had a daughter named [[Cassia Lepida]], who married [[Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus]], a descendant of [[Herod the Great|Herod the Great,]] [[Ptolemy VI Philometor]] and [[Antiochus VIII Grypus|Antiochus VIII Gryphus]]. [[Julia Cassia Alexandria]], Lepida's daughter by Berenicianus, married [[Gaius Avidius Heliodorus]] and ultimately gave birth to [[Avidius Cassius|Gaius Avidius Cassius]].{{sfn|Smith|1870|p=626}}{{sfn|Astarita|1983|p=27}} Avidius Cassius had three children with his wife (named either [[Volusia Vettia]] or [[Volusia Maeciana]]);{{sfn|Astarita|1983|p=27}} they were [[Avidius Heliodorus]], [[Avidius Maecianus]] and [[Avidia Alexandra]].{{sfn|Birley|2001|p=191}} In AD 175 Cassius was proclaimed emperor after he received erroneous news of the death of [[Marcus Aurelius]],{{sfn|Birley|2001|p=184}} whose survival made Cassius a [[Roman usurper|usurper]] of the empire.{{sfn|Birley|2001|p=185}} Cassius' rebellion ended three months into his bid for the throne when one of his [[centurion]]s assassinated him in favour of Marcus Aurelius.{{sfn|Smith|1870|p=441}} Cassius' daughter, Avidia, is known to have had four children with her husband, [[Titius Claudius Dryantianus Antonius]]: the [[Roman Senate|senator]] Claudius Cassius Aggripinus, Claudia Maeciana Alexandra, Claudia Vettia Agrippina, and Claudia Dryantilla Platonis, one of the women who took part in the ''[[ludi saeculares]]'' of the year AD 204.<ref>Jameson, Shelagh (1966). "Two Lycian Families". ''Anatolian Studies''. '''16''': 125–137 [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/anatolian-studies/article/abs/two-lycian-families/816CEFFDEE722539635AF3C4CDCD4678 10.2307/3642481] [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642481 3642481] [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Two-Lycian-Families-Jameson/f50f6d706f5cd1b6f02b6b4230c91502e7966c9e 161893470]</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In addition to Cassia Longina, Junia Lepida gave birth to a son called [[Cassius Lepidus]]. Around AD 80 Lepidus had a daughter named [[Cassia Lepida]], who married [[Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus]], a descendant of [[Herod the Great|Herod the Great,]] [[Ptolemy VI Philometor]] and [[Antiochus VIII Grypus|Antiochus VIII Gryphus]]. [[Julia Cassia Alexandria]], Lepida's daughter by Berenicianus, married [[Gaius Avidius Heliodorus]] and ultimately gave birth to [[Avidius Cassius|Gaius Avidius Cassius]].{{sfn|Smith|1870|p=626}}{{sfn|Astarita|1983|p=27}} Avidius Cassius had three children with his wife (named either [[Volusia Vettia]] or [[Volusia Maeciana]]);{{sfn|Astarita|1983|p=27}} they were [[Avidius Heliodorus]], [[Avidius Maecianus]] and [[Avidia Alexandra]].{{sfn|Birley|2001|p=191}} In AD 175 Cassius was proclaimed emperor after he received erroneous news of the death of [[Marcus Aurelius]],{{sfn|Birley|2001|p=184}} whose survival made Cassius a [[Roman usurper|usurper]] of the empire.{{sfn|Birley|2001|p=185}} Cassius' rebellion ended three months into his bid for the throne when one of his [[centurion]]s assassinated him in favour of Marcus Aurelius.{{sfn|Smith|1870|p=441}} Cassius' daughter, Avidia, is known to have had four children with her husband, [[Titius Claudius Dryantianus Antonius]]: the [[Roman Senate|senator]] Claudius Cassius Aggripinus, Claudia Maeciana Alexandra, Claudia Vettia Agrippina, and Claudia Dryantilla Platonis, one of the women who took part in the ''[[ludi saeculares]]'' of the year AD 204.<ref>Jameson, Shelagh (1966). "Two Lycian Families". ''Anatolian Studies''. '''16''': 125–137 [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/anatolian-studies/article/abs/two-lycian-families/816CEFFDEE722539635AF3C4CDCD4678 10.2307/3642481] [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642481 3642481] [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Two-Lycian-Families-Jameson/f50f6d706f5cd1b6f02b6b4230c91502e7966c9e 161893470]</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Tiberius' lineage may have survived into the [[2nd century]] through the offspring of his granddaughter [[Julia Livia]], wife of [[Gaius Rubellius Blandus]]. Apart from a son, [[Rubellius Plautus]], executed by Nero in AD 62, Julia had a daughter or step-daughter, [[Rubellia Bassa]], who married a maternal uncle of the future Roman Emperor [[Nerva]] by the name of [[Gaius Octavius Laenas]]. Together Laenas and Bassa had at least one child, a surmised son, who was the grandfather of [[Sergius Octavius Laenas Pontianus]], consul in 131.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Syme |first=Ronald |date=Spring 1982 |title=The Marriage of Rubellius Blandus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/293964?read-now=1&seq=22#page_scan_tab_contents |journal=The American Journal of Philology |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=62-85 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> </div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Tiberius' lineage may have survived into the [[2nd century]] through the offspring of his granddaughter [[Julia Livia]], wife of [[Gaius Rubellius Blandus]]. Apart from a son, [[Rubellius Plautus]], executed by Nero in AD 62, Julia had a daughter or step-daughter, [[Rubellia Bassa]], who married a maternal uncle of the future Roman Emperor [[Nerva]] by the name of [[Gaius Octavius Laenas]]. Together Laenas and Bassa had at least one child, a surmised son, who was the grandfather of [[Sergius Octavius Laenas Pontianus]], consul in<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> AD</ins> 131.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Syme |first=Ronald |date=Spring 1982 |title=The Marriage of Rubellius Blandus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/293964?read-now=1&seq=22#page_scan_tab_contents |journal=The American Journal of Philology |volume=103 |issue=1 |pages=62-85 |via=JSTOR}}</ref> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{multiple image</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{multiple image</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| footer = </div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| footer = </div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Revision as of 12:05, 19 July 2023</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman imperial dynasty consisting of the first five emperors</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Julio-Claudian dynasty<br /><div style="display:inline;" class="nickname" lang="[[Latin]]"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-la&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-la (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-la</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png/110px-Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png/165px-Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png/220px-Great_Cameo_of_France-removebg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="520" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Great_Cameo_of_France" title="Great Cameo of France">The Great Cameo of France</a> depicting emperors <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent house</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Julii_Caesares" title="Julii Caesares">Julii Caesares</a></i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Octavii_Rufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavii Rufi">Octavii Rufi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Claudii_Nerones" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudii Nerones">Claudii Nerones</a></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahenobarbus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ahenobarbus (disambiguation)">Domitii Ahenobarbi</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data label"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/25px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/38px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/50px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="343" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">27 BC<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">27 BC</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Final ruler</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Titles</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh of Egypt</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Prince of the Senate</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">Greatest Priest of Rome</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">Father of the Country</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(manner_of_address)" class="mw-redirect" title="Style (manner of address)">Style(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">"<a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a>"<br />"<a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>"<br />"<a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a>"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Connected families</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gens_Julia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gens Julia">gens Julia</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gens_Claudia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gens Claudia">gens Claudia</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Estate(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzi_imperiali_del_Palatino" class="extiw" title="it:Palazzi imperiali del Palatino">Imperial Palaces of the Palatine Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Augustus" title="House of Augustus">House of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Livia" title="Villa of Livia">Villa of Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Maecenas" title="Gardens of Maecenas">Gardens of Maecenas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domus_Aurea" title="Domus Aurea">Domus Aurea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domus_Transitoria" title="Domus Transitoria">Domus Transitoria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Nero" title="Villa of Nero">Villa of Nero</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Villa_Jovis" title="Villa Jovis">Villa Jovis</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deposition</th><td class="infobox-data">AD 68<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">AD 68</span>)</span> (deposed by <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="color:#ffffff; background:#b80049;text-align:center;">Roman imperial dynasties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue-Augustus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/200px-Statue-Augustus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/300px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Statue-Augustus.jpg/400px-Statue-Augustus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">The statue known as the <a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Augustus of Prima Porta</a>, 1st century</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#000000; background:#E5E4E2; font-size: 110%;text-align:center;"> Chronology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></div> <div style="float:right;">27 BC – AD 14</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></span></div> <div style="float:right;">AD 14–37</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></span></div> <div style="float:right;">AD 37–41</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></div> <div style="float:right;">AD 41–54</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></div> <div style="float:right;">AD 54–68</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:center;"> <table style="width:100%"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><i>Preceded by</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></td> <td style="width:50%;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><i>Followed by</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Template:Julio-Claudian dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Template talk:Julio-Claudian dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Julio-Claudian dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Julio-Claudian dynasty</b> comprised the first five <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperors</a>: <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This line of emperors ruled the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, from its formation (under Augustus, in 27 BC) until the last of the line, emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, committed <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> (in AD 68).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>Julio-Claudian</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiographical</a> term, deriving from the two families composing the imperial dynasty: the <a href="/wiki/Julii_Caesares" title="Julii Caesares">Julii Caesares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claudia_gens" title="Claudia gens">Claudii</a> Nerones. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Julia_gens" title="Julia gens">Julius</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Claudia_gens" title="Claudia gens">Claudius</a></i> were two <a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman family names</a>; in classical Latin, they came second. Roman family names were inherited from father to son, but a Roman aristocrat could—either during his life or in his will—adopt an heir if he lacked a natural son. In accordance with Roman naming conventions, the adopted son would replace his original family name with the name of his adopted family. A famous example of this custom is <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s adoption of his great-nephew, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Gaius Octavius</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">Primogeniture</a> is notably absent in the history of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Augustus, Caligula and Nero failed to father biological and legitimate sons. Tiberius' own son, <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus</a> predeceased him. Only Claudius was outlived by his son, <a href="/wiki/Britannicus" title="Britannicus">Britannicus</a>, although he opted to promote his adopted son Nero as his successor to the throne. <a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a> ultimately became a tool that most Julio-Claudian emperors utilized in order to promote their chosen heir to the front of the succession. Augustus—himself an adopted son of his great-uncle, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Roman dictator</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>—adopted his stepson Tiberius as his son and heir. Tiberius was, in turn, required to adopt his nephew <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>, the father of Caligula and brother of Claudius. Caligula adopted his cousin <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gemellus" title="Tiberius Gemellus">Tiberius Gemellus</a> (grandson of the emperor Tiberius) shortly before executing him. Claudius adopted his great-nephew and stepson Nero, who, lacking a natural or adopted son of his own, ended the reign of the Julio-Claudian dynasty with his fall from power and subsequent suicide. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></b> (<i>Imperator Caesar Divi Filius Augustus</i>), as Caesar's adopted son and heir, discarded the <a href="/wiki/Octavia_gens" title="Octavia gens">family name</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Octavius_(praetor_61_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Octavius (praetor 61 BC)">his natural father</a> and initially renamed himself "Gaius Julius Caesar" after his adoptive father. It was also customary for the adopted son to acknowledge his original family by adding an extra name at the end of his new name. As such, Augustus' adopted name would have been "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus". However, there is no evidence that he ever used the name Octavianus.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Augustus' ascension as the first <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in 27 BC, his family became a <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">royal house</a>, known in historiography as the "Julio-Claudian dynasty". For various reasons, the Julio-Claudians followed in the example of Julius Caesar and Augustus by utilizing adoption as a tool for dynastic succession. The next four emperors were closely related through a combination of blood relation, marriage and adoption.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></b> (<i>Tiberius Caesar Divi Augusti Filius Augustus</i>), a Claudian by birth, became Augustus' stepson after the latter's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a>, who divorced Tiberius' <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Nero_(praetor_42_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Claudius Nero (praetor 42 BC)">natural father</a> in the process. Tiberius' connection to the Julian side of the Imperial family grew closer when he married Augustus' only daughter, <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia the Elder</a>. He ultimately succeeded Augustus as emperor in AD 14 after becoming his stepfather's adopted son and heir.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></b> (<i>Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus</i>) was born into the Julian and Claudian branches of the Imperial family, thereby making him the first actual "Julio-Claudian" emperor. His father, <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>, was the son of <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Minor" title="Antonia Minor">Antonia Minor</a>, the son of Livia and the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Octavia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavia Minor">Octavia Minor</a> respectively. Germanicus was also a great-nephew of Augustus on his mother's side and nephew of Tiberius on his father's side. His wife, <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Elder" title="Agrippina the Elder">Agrippina the Elder</a>, was a granddaughter of Augustus. Through Agrippina, Germanicus' children—including Caligula—were Augustus' great-grandchildren. When Augustus adopted Tiberius, the latter was required to adopt his brother's eldest son as well, thus allowing Germanicus' side of the Imperial family to inherit the Julius <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">nomen</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></b> (<i>Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus</i>), the younger brother of Germanicus, was a Claudian on the side of his father, Nero Claudius Drusus, younger brother of Tiberius. However, he was also related to the Julian branch of the Imperial family through his mother, Antonia Minor. As a son of Antonia, Claudius was a great-nephew of Augustus. Moreover, he was also Augustus' step-grandson due to the fact that his father was a stepson of Augustus. Unlike Tiberius and Germanicus, both of whom were born as Claudians and became adopted Julians, Claudius was not adopted into the Julian family. Upon becoming emperor, however, he added the Julian-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></i> to his full name.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></b> (<i>Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus</i>) was a great-great-grandson of Augustus and Livia through his mother, <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a>. The younger Agrippina was a daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder, as well as Caligula's sister. Through his mother, Nero was related by blood to the Julian and Claudian branches of the Imperial family. However, he was born into the <a href="/wiki/Domitia_gens" title="Domitia gens">Domitii</a> Ahenobarbi on his father's side. Nero became a Claudian in name as a result of Agrippina's marriage to her uncle, Claudius, who ultimately adopted her son as his own. He succeeded Claudius in AD 54, becoming the last direct descendant of Augustus to rule the Roman Empire. Within a year of Nero's suicide in AD 68, the Julio-Claudian dynasty was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian emperors</a> following a brief <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">civil war</a> over the vacant Imperial throne.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_and_fall_of_the_Julio-Claudians">Rise and fall of the Julio-Claudians</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_n1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_n1.jpg/220px-Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_n1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_n1.jpg/330px-Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_n1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_n1.jpg/440px-Great_Cameo_of_France_CdM_Paris_Bab264_n1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="2650" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Cameo_of_France" title="Great Cameo of France">Great Cameo of France</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">cameo</a> five layers <a href="/wiki/Sardonyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardonyx">sardonyx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, c. AD 23, depicting the emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> seated with his mother <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a> and in front of his designated heir <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a>, with the latter's wife <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Elder" title="Agrippina the Elder">Agrippina the Elder</a>; above them float the deceased members of their house: <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus Julius Caesar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Claudius Drusus</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Augustus">Augustus</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></div> <p>Lacking any male child and heir, Augustus married his only child—a daughter—<a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia</a> to his nephew <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus_(Julio-Claudian_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Claudius Marcellus (Julio-Claudian dynasty)">Marcus Claudius Marcellus</a>. Marcellus, however, died of food poisoning in 23 BC. Augustus then married his widowed daughter to his loyal friend, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa</a>, previously married to Augustus' niece, the sister of Marcellus. This marriage produced five children, three sons and two daughters: <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius Caesar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Younger" title="Julia the Younger">Julia the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Elder" title="Agrippina the Elder">Agrippina the Elder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_Postumus" title="Agrippa Postumus">Agrippa Postumus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gaius and Lucius, the first two children of Julia and Agrippa, were adopted by Augustus and became heirs to the throne; however, Augustus also showed great favour toward his wife Livia's two children from her first marriage: <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Drusus</a>. They were successful military leaders who had fought against the barbarian Germanic tribes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Agrippa died in 12 BC, and Tiberius was ordered by Augustus to divorce his wife <a href="/wiki/Vipsania_Agrippina" title="Vipsania Agrippina">Vipsania Agrippina</a>, daughter of Agrippa by his first marriage, and marry his stepsister, the twice-widowed Julia. Drusus, the brother of Tiberius, died in 9 BC after falling from a horse. Tiberius shared in Augustus' tribune powers, but shortly thereafter, in 6 BC, he went into voluntary exile in <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>. After the early deaths of both Lucius (AD 2) and Gaius (AD 4) and the exile of both Julia the Elder and Younger for adultery, a turn of events which saw the elder Julia's half brother <a href="/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Scipio_(consul_16_BC)" title="Publius Cornelius Scipio (consul 16 BC)">Publius Cornelius Scipio</a> exiled for treason, Mark Antony's son <a href="/wiki/Iullus_Antonius" title="Iullus Antonius">Iullus Antonius</a> committing suicide and Julia the Younger's husband <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_(consul_1)" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 1)">Lucius Aemilius Paullus</a> being executed for conspiracy, Augustus was forced to recognize Tiberius as the next Roman emperor. Augustus banished his grandson Postumus Agrippa, who was adopted after the death of his brothers, to the small island of <a href="/wiki/Pianosa" title="Pianosa">Planasia</a> (around AD 6 or 7) where he was later executed, and Tiberius was recalled to Rome and officially adopted by Augustus. By Augustus' request, Tiberius adopted his nephew Germanicus, son of his late brother Drusus and biological great-nephew of Augustus through his mother. Germanicus subsequently married Augustus' granddaughter Agrippina.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tiberius">Tiberius</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></div> <p>On 19 August AD 14, Augustus died. Tiberius had already been established as Princeps in all but name, and his position as heir was confirmed in Augustus' will.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his difficult relationship with the Senate, Tiberius' first years were generally good. He stayed true to Augustus's plans for the succession and favoured his adopted son and nephew <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> over his natural son, <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus</a>, as did the Roman populace. On Tiberius' request, Germanicus was granted proconsular power and assumed command in the prime military zone of Germania, where he suppressed the mutiny there and led the formerly restless legions on campaigns against Germanic tribes from AD 14 to 16. Germanicus died in Syria in AD 19 and, on his deathbed, accused the governor of Syria, <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Calpurnius_Piso_(consul_7_BC)" title="Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 7 BC)">Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso</a>, of murdering him at Tiberius's orders. With Germanicus dead, Tiberius began elevating his own son Drusus to replace him as the Imperial successor. By this time Tiberius had left more of the day-to-day running of the Empire to <a href="/wiki/Sejanus" title="Sejanus">Lucius Aelius Sejanus</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sejanus created an atmosphere of fear in Rome, controlling a network of informers and spies whose incentive to accuse others of treason was a share in the accused's property after their conviction and death. Treason trials became commonplace; few members of the Roman aristocracy were safe. The trials played up to Tiberius' growing paranoia, which made him more reliant on Sejanus, as well as allowing Sejanus to eliminate potential rivals. Victims of this reign of terror related to the imperial family included <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Asinius_Gallus_Saloninus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Asinius Gallus Saloninus">Gaius Asinius Gallus Saloninus</a>, second husband of Tiberius' first wife Vipsania, who had since died, and <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Haterius_Agrippa" title="Decimus Haterius Agrippa">Decimus Haterius Agrippa</a>, grandson of Agrippa and husband of Augustus' great-niece. </p><p>Tiberius, perhaps sensitive to this ambition, rejected Sejanus's initial proposal to marry <a href="/wiki/Livilla" title="Livilla">Livilla</a>, Germanicus' sister and the widow of Tiberius' son Drusus the Younger, who had since died, in AD 25, but later had withdrawn his objections so that, in AD 30, Sejanus was betrothed to <a href="/wiki/Julia_Livia" title="Julia Livia">Julia Livia</a>, daughter of Livilla and Drusus the Younger. Sejanus' family connection to the Imperial house was now imminent, and in AD 31 Sejanus held the Consulship with the emperor as his colleague, an honour Tiberius reserved only for heirs to the throne. When he was summoned to a meeting of the Senate later that year on 18 October AD 31, he probably expected to receive a share of the tribunician power. Instead, however, Tiberius' letter to the Senate, completely unexpectedly, requested the destruction of Sejanus and his faction. A purge followed, in which Sejanus and his most prominent supporters were killed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With Drusus dead and having had Germanicus' elder two sons <a href="/wiki/Nero_Julius_Caesar" title="Nero Julius Caesar">Nero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Caesar" title="Drusus Caesar">Drusus</a> convicted of treason and killed, along with their mother Agrippina, Tiberius appointed Caligula, Germanicus' youngest son, and <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gemellus" title="Tiberius Gemellus">Tiberius Gemellus</a>, the son of Drusus the Younger and grandson of Tiberius, co-heirs. Drusus III's wife <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_Lepida" title="Aemilia Lepida">Aemilia Lepida</a> was later forced to commit suicide after being accused of adultery. </p><p>Rome's second Emperor died at the port town of Misenum on 16 March AD 37, at the age of 78 years, having reigned for 23 years. Suetonius writes that the Prefect of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> <a href="/wiki/Naevius_Sutorius_Macro" title="Naevius Sutorius Macro">Naevius Sutorius Macro</a> smothered Tiberius with a pillow to hasten Caligula's accession. According to Suetonius, he was known for his cruelty and debauchery through his perversion on the island of Capri where he forced young boys and girls into orgies. On one account when one of the boys complained, Tiberius had his legs broken. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caligula">Caligula</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></div> <p>Although Augustus' succession plans were all but ruined due to the deaths of more than several family members, including many of his own descendants, in the end, Tiberius remained faithful to his predecessor's wishes that the next emperor would hail from the Julian side of the Imperial family. Thus, Tiberius was succeeded by Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, the sole-remaining son of his nephew and adopted son Germanicus. The new emperor was a great grandson of Augustus through his mother <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Elder" title="Agrippina the Elder">Agrippina the Elder</a> thus making him a Julian but he was also a Claudian through his father Germanicus being the son of <a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a>'s younger son <a href="/wiki/Drusus_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Drusus the Elder">Drusus the Elder</a>. More commonly remembered in history by his childhood nickname <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a>, he was the third Roman Emperor ruling from AD 37 to 41.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Tiberius died on 16 March AD 37, Caligula was well-positioned to assume power, despite the obstacle of Tiberius's will, which named him and his cousin <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gemellus" title="Tiberius Gemellus">Tiberius Gemellus</a> as joint heirs. Caligula ordered Gemellus killed within his first year in power. Backed by Naevius Sutorius Macro, Caligula asserted himself as sole princeps, though he later had Macro disposed of as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Following Gemellus' death, Caligula marked his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(executed_by_Caligula)" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (executed by Caligula)">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus</a>, husband of his sister <a href="/wiki/Julia_Drusilla" title="Julia Drusilla">Julia Drusilla</a>, as his heir. However, after Drusilla's death, Lepidus was accused of having affairs with Caligula's other sisters <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Livilla" title="Julia Livilla">Julia Livilla</a> and he was executed. He had previously had Drusilla's first husband <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cassius_Longinus_(consul_AD_30)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cassius Longinus (consul AD 30)">Lucius Cassius Longinus</a> killed and upon the death of Agrippina's husband <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_32)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32)">Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus</a>, he seized his inheritance. </p><p>Several unsuccessful assassination attempts were made on Caligula's life. The successful conspiracy that ended Caligula's life was hatched by the disgruntled <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> with backing by the Senate. The historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> claims that the conspirators wished to restore the Republic while the historian <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> claims their motivations were mostly personal. On 24 January AD 41, the Praetorian tribune <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Chaerea" title="Cassius Chaerea">Cassius Chaerea</a> and his men stopped Caligula alone in an underground passage leading to a theater. They stabbed him to death. Together with another tribune, Cornelius Sabinus, he killed Caligula's wife <a href="/wiki/Milonia_Caesonia" title="Milonia Caesonia">Caesonia</a> and their infant daughter <a href="/wiki/Julia_Drusilla_(daughter_of_Caligula)" title="Julia Drusilla (daughter of Caligula)">Julia Drusilla</a> on the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claudius">Claudius</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></div> <p>After Caligula's death, the Senate attempted and failed to restore the Republic. <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>, Caligula's paternal uncle, became emperor by the instigation of the Praetorian Guards.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his lack of political experience, and the disapproval of the people of Rome, Claudius proved to be an able administrator and a great builder of public works. His reign saw an expansion of the empire, including the <a href="/wiki/Roman_invasion_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman invasion of Britain">invasion of Britain</a> in AD 43. He took a personal interest in the law, presided at public trials, and issued up to twenty edicts a day; however, he was seen as vulnerable throughout his rule, particularly by the nobility. Claudius was constantly forced to shore up his position—resulting in the deaths of many senators. Claudius also suffered tragic setbacks in his personal life. He married four times (to, in order, <a href="/wiki/Plautia_Urgulanilla" title="Plautia Urgulanilla">Plautia Urgulanilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Paetina" title="Aelia Paetina">Aelia Paetina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valeria_Messalina" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeria Messalina">Valeria Messalina</a> and, finally, <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a>) and is referenced by Suetonius as being easily manipulated. This is particularly evident during his marriage to Agrippina the Younger, his niece. Messalina saw several members of the dynasty eliminated, notably arranging for the executions of Claudius' nieces <a href="/wiki/Julia_Livilla" title="Julia Livilla">Julia Livilla</a>, daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina the Elder, and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Livia" title="Julia Livia">Julia Livia</a>, daughter of Livilla and Drusus the Younger, as well as Julia Livilla's husband <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vinicius_(consul_30)" title="Marcus Vinicius (consul 30)">Marcus Vinicius</a>, her mother's husband <a href="/wiki/Appius_Junius_Silanus" title="Appius Junius Silanus">Appius Junius Silanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Asinius_Pollio_(consul_23)" title="Gaius Asinius Pollio (consul 23)">Gaius Asinius Pollio</a>, son of Tiberius' first wife Vipsania by her second husband and whose brother <a href="/wiki/Servius_Asinius_Celer" title="Servius Asinius Celer">Servius Asinius Celer</a> was also killed around this time, Claudius' son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Pompeius_Magnus_(husband_of_Claudia_Antonia)" title="Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (husband of Claudia Antonia)">Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</a>, and his parents <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus_Frugi" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi">Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scribonia_(daughter_of_Lucius_Scribonius_Libo_consul_16)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribonia (daughter of Lucius Scribonius Libo consul 16)">Scribonia</a>. Messalina herself was finally executed after being charged with adultery.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Claudius' reign also included several attempts on his life. In order to gain political support, he married Agrippina and adopted his great-nephew <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>With his adoption on 25 February AD 50, Nero became heir to the throne, over Claudius' own son <a href="/wiki/Britannicus" title="Britannicus">Britannicus</a>. Claudius died on 13 October AD 54, and Nero became emperor. A number of ancient historians accuse Agrippina of poisoning Claudius, but details on these private events vary widely.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These events are recounted in book 12 of the Annals of Tacitus, book 61 of Cassius Dio's Roman History, and in the biographies of Nero and Claudius by Suetonius. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nero">Nero</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></div> <p>Nero became emperor in AD 54 at sixteen, the youngest emperor yet. Like his maternal uncle Caligula before him, Nero was also a direct descendant of Augustus, a fact which made his ascension to the throne much easier and smoother than it had been for Tiberius or Claudius. Ancient historians describe Nero's early reign as being strongly influenced by his mother <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a>, his tutor <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>, and the Praetorian Prefect <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Afranius_Burrus" title="Sextus Afranius Burrus">Burrus</a>, especially in the first year. In the first year of his reign, Nero had left all of the day-to-day running of the Empire to his mother <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a>. He was made Emperor over his step-brother, Claudius' son <a href="/wiki/Britannicus" title="Britannicus">Britannicus</a>, who he had killed. Agrippina was believed to have poisoned Claudius, having allegedly poisoned her second husband <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Sallustius_Crispus_Passienus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus">Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus</a>. She had also arranged the deaths of Caligula's third wife, <a href="/wiki/Lollia_Paulina" title="Lollia Paulina">Lollia Paulina</a> and Messalina's mother <a href="/wiki/Domitia_Lepida_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Domitia Lepida the Younger">Domitia Lepida the Younger</a>. She saw that the dynasty's numbers dwindle with the execution of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Silanus_Torquatus_(consul_46)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus (consul 46)">Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus</a>, a grandson of Julia the Younger, to strengthen Nero's claim, having previously arranged the death of his brother <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Silanus_Torquatus" title="Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus">Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus</a>. In AD 55, Nero began taking on a more active role as an administrator. He was consul four times between AD 55 and 60. Nero consolidated power over time through the execution and banishment of his rivals and slowly usurped authority from the Senate. He reportedly arranged the death of his own mother and after divorcing his wife <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Octavia" title="Claudia Octavia">Claudia Octavia</a>, daughter of Claudius' and Messalina, he had her killed. Other relatives whom Nero was believed to have had killed were Claudius' daughter by Aelia Paetina, <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Antonia" title="Claudia Antonia">Claudia Antonia</a>, her husband and half-brother of Messalina, <a href="/wiki/Faustus_Cornelius_Sulla_Felix" title="Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix">Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decimus_Junius_Silanus_Torquatus" title="Decimus Junius Silanus Torquatus">Decimus Junius Silanus Torquatus</a>, brother of Marcus and Lucius Junius Silanus Torquantus, as well as Marcus' son, also named Lucius, his aunt <a href="/wiki/Domitia_Lepida_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Domitia Lepida the Elder">Domitia Lepida the Elder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rubellius_Plautus" title="Rubellius Plautus">Rubellius Plautus</a>, son of Julia Livia along with his wife, children and father-in-law. </p><p>In AD 64 <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Rome burned</a>. Nero enacted a public relief effort as well as large reconstruction projects. To fund this, the provinces were heavily taxed following the fire. </p><p>By AD 65, senators complained that they had no power left and this led to the Pisonian conspiracy, led by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Calpurnius_Piso_(conspirator)" title="Gaius Calpurnius Piso (conspirator)">Gaius Calpurnius Piso</a>, an adoptive descendant of Triumvir <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Licinius_Crassus" title="Marcus Licinius Crassus">Marcus Licinius Crassus</a>, grandson of <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Calpurnius_Piso_(consul_7_BC)" title="Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 7 BC)">Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso</a>, a governor of Syria who committed suicide after being accused of killing Germanicus, and first husband of <a href="/wiki/Livia_Orestilla" title="Livia Orestilla">Livia Orestilla</a>, Caligula's second wife. The conspiracy failed and its members were executed. Vacancies after the conspiracy allowed <a href="/wiki/Nymphidius_Sabinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphidius Sabinus">Nymphidius Sabinus</a>, a grandson of former imperial freedman <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Callistus" title="Gaius Julius Callistus">Gaius Julius Callistus</a>, who claimed to be an illegitimate son of Caligula, to rise in the Praetorian Guard. </p><p>In late AD 67 or early 68, <a href="/wiki/Vindex" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindex">Vindex</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">Gallia Lugdunensis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, rebelled against Nero's tax policies. <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Virginius_Rufus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Virginius Rufus">Lucius Virginius Rufus</a>, the governor of superior Germany, was sent to put down the rebellion. To gain support, Vindex called on <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Citerior" title="Hispania Citerior">Hispania Citerior</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>), to become emperor. Virginius Rufus defeated Vindex's forces and Vindex committed suicide. Galba was declared a public enemy and his legion was confined in the city of Clunia.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nero had regained the control of the empire militarily, but this opportunity was used by his enemies in Rome. <a href="/wiki/Nymphidius_Sabinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nymphidius Sabinus">Nymphidius Sabinus</a>, who desired to become emperor himself, bribed the Praetorian Guard to betray Nero. Sabinus was later murdered in favour of Galba.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nero reportedly committed suicide with the help of his scribe <a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus_(freedman_of_Nero)" title="Epaphroditus (freedman of Nero)">Epaphroditus</a>. The Senate had been trying to preserve the dynastic bloodline by saving Nero's life, and were additionally reluctant to let someone who was not of the family become emperor; however, once he had committed suicide, and with Galba marching on the city, it had no choice but to declare him a public enemy posthumously. With his death, the reign of the Julio-Claudian dynasty came to an end. Chaos then ensued in the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survival_after_the_fall_of_Nero">Survival after the fall of Nero</h3></div> <p>The lineage of Augustus endured into the era of the Nerva-Antonine dynasty, the house that succeeded the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavians</a>. Augustus' bloodline outlived his dynasty through the descendants of his first granddaughter, <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Younger" title="Julia the Younger">Julia the Younger</a>, who married <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aemilius_Paullus_(consul_1)" title="Lucius Aemilius Paullus (consul 1)">Lucius Aemilius Paullus</a> and gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_Lepida_(fiancee_of_Claudius)" title="Aemilia Lepida (fiancee of Claudius)">Aemilia Lepida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After marrying <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Silanus_Torquatus_(consul_19)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus (consul 19)">Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus</a>, Aemilia gave birth to several children, including <a href="/wiki/Junia_Calvina" title="Junia Calvina">Junia Calvina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Junia_Lepida" title="Junia Lepida">Junia Lepida</a>. Although Calvina died childless, she was married to <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Vitellius_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Vitellius the Younger">Lucius Vitellius</a>, whose elder brother was the short-lived emperor <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a>. Her younger sister, Junia Lepida, married <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus_(husband_of_Junia_Lepida)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus (husband of Junia Lepida)">Gaius Cassius Longinus</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and produced a daughter called Cassia Longina. The Roman general <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Corbulo" title="Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo">Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo</a> married Cassia, who provided him with two daughters, including <a href="/wiki/Domitia_Longina" title="Domitia Longina">Domitia Longina</a>, later wife of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-levick-200_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levick-200-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By her first husband, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aelius_Lamia_Plautius_Aelianus" title="Lucius Aelius Lamia Plautius Aelianus">Lucius Aelius Lamia Plautius Aelianus</a>, Domitia Longina may have been the mother or maternal grandmother of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Fundanius_Lamia_Aelianus" title="Lucius Fundanius Lamia Aelianus">Lucius Fundanius Lamia Aelianus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fundanius married Rupilia, sister of <a href="/wiki/Rupilia_Faustina" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupilia Faustina">Rupilia Faustina</a>, and had a son, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Plautius_Lamia_Silvanus" title="Lucius Plautius Lamia Silvanus">Lucius Plautius Lamia Silvanus</a>, consul in AD 145, as well as a daughter, Fundania, married to <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Libo" title="Marcus Annius Libo">Marcus Annius Libo</a>, consul in AD 128. Fundania's offspring included <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annius_Libo_(consul_161)" title="Marcus Annius Libo (consul 161)">Marcus Annius Libo</a>, suffect consul in AD 161, and <a href="/wiki/Annia_Fundania_Faustina" title="Annia Fundania Faustina">Annia Fundania Faustina</a> (d. AD 192), wife of <a href="/wiki/Titus_Pomponius_Proculus_Vitrasius_Pollio" title="Titus Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius Pollio">Titus Pomponius Proculus Vitrasius Pollio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faustina and both of her children, Titus Fundanius Vitrasius Pollio (d. AD 182) and <a href="/wiki/Vitrasia_Faustina" title="Vitrasia Faustina">Vitrasia Faustina</a>, were executed by <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> for the charge of conspiracy. </p><p>In addition to Cassia Longina, Junia Lepida gave birth to a son called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassius_Lepidus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassius Lepidus (page does not exist)">Cassius Lepidus</a>. Around AD 80 Lepidus had a daughter named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassia_Lepida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassia Lepida (page does not exist)">Cassia Lepida</a>, who married <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Alexander_Berenicianus" title="Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus">Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus</a>, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great,</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Gryphus</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julia_Cassia_Alexandria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julia Cassia Alexandria (page does not exist)">Julia Cassia Alexandria</a>, Lepida's daughter by Berenicianus, married <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Avidius_Heliodorus" title="Gaius Avidius Heliodorus">Gaius Avidius Heliodorus</a> and ultimately gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Avidius_Cassius" title="Avidius Cassius">Gaius Avidius Cassius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1870626_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1870626-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstarita198327_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstarita198327-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Avidius Cassius had three children with his wife (named either <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volusia_Vettia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volusia Vettia (page does not exist)">Volusia Vettia</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Volusia_Maeciana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volusia Maeciana (page does not exist)">Volusia Maeciana</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstarita198327_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstarita198327-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avidius_Heliodorus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avidius Heliodorus (page does not exist)">Avidius Heliodorus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avidius_Maecianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avidius Maecianus (page does not exist)">Avidius Maecianus</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avidia_Alexandra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avidia Alexandra (page does not exist)">Avidia Alexandra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2001191_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2001191-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In AD 175 Cassius was proclaimed emperor after he received erroneous news of the death of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2001184_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2001184-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose survival made Cassius a <a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">usurper</a> of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2001185_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2001185-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cassius' rebellion ended three months into his bid for the throne when one of his <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">centurions</a> assassinated him in favour of Marcus Aurelius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1870441_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1870441-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cassius' daughter, Avidia, is known to have had four children with her husband, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titius_Claudius_Dryantianus_Antonius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titius Claudius Dryantianus Antonius (page does not exist)">Titius Claudius Dryantianus Antonius</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senator</a> Claudius Cassius Aggripinus, Claudia Maeciana Alexandra, Claudia Vettia Agrippina, and Claudia Dryantilla Platonis, one of the women who took part in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ludi_saeculares" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludi saeculares">ludi saeculares</a></i> of the year AD 204.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tiberius' lineage may have survived into the <a href="/wiki/2nd_century" title="2nd century">2nd century</a> through the offspring of his granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Julia_Livia" title="Julia Livia">Julia Livia</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Rubellius_Blandus" title="Gaius Rubellius Blandus">Gaius Rubellius Blandus</a>. Apart from a son, <a href="/wiki/Rubellius_Plautus" title="Rubellius Plautus">Rubellius Plautus</a>, executed by Nero in AD 62, Julia had a daughter or step-daughter, <a href="/wiki/Rubellia_Bassa" title="Rubellia Bassa">Rubellia Bassa</a>, who married a maternal uncle of the future Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> by the name of <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Octavius_Laenas" title="Gaius Octavius Laenas">Gaius Octavius Laenas</a>. Together Laenas and Bassa had at least one child, a surmised son, who was the grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Sergius_Octavius_Laenas_Pontianus" title="Sergius Octavius Laenas Pontianus">Sergius Octavius Laenas Pontianus</a>, consul in AD 131.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Colonna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Colonna.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Colonna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Colonna.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Colonna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Colonna.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_House_of_Colonna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="509" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coat of Arms of the <a href="/wiki/Colonna_family" title="Colonna family">Colonna family</a>, claim to be descended from the Julio-Claudian dynasty</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Orsini_(3).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Orsini_%283%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Orsini_%283%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Orsini_%283%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Orsini_%283%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Orsini_%283%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_house_of_Orsini_%283%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="531" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Princely arms of the Gravina line of the <a href="/wiki/Orsini_family" title="Orsini family">Orsini family</a>, claim to be descended from the Julio-Claudian dynasty</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_among_the_rulers">Relationships among the rulers</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kujula_Kadphises._Laureate_Julio-Claudian_style.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kujula_Kadphises._Laureate_Julio-Claudian_style.jpg/330px-Kujula_Kadphises._Laureate_Julio-Claudian_style.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kujula_Kadphises._Laureate_Julio-Claudian_style.jpg/495px-Kujula_Kadphises._Laureate_Julio-Claudian_style.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kujula_Kadphises._Laureate_Julio-Claudian_style.jpg/660px-Kujula_Kadphises._Laureate_Julio-Claudian_style.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Kushan" class="mw-disambig" title="Kushan">Kushan</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Kujula_Kadphises" title="Kujula Kadphises">Kujula Kadphises</a> (circa AD 30/50–80). <b>Obv</b> Laureate "Julio-Claudian" style head right. <b>Rev</b> Kujula Kadphises seated right, raising hand; tripartite symbol to left.</figcaption></figure> <p>The great-uncle/great-nephew blood relationship and/or adopted son relationship was commonly found among the rulers of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. </p> <ol><li>Augustus was the great-nephew and posthumously adopted son of Julius Caesar; his mother Atia was the daughter of Caesar's sister Julia.</li> <li>Caligula was the great-nephew and adoptive grandson (via the adoption of his father Germanicus) of Tiberius; his father was the son of Tiberius' brother Drusus.</li> <li>Claudius was the great-nephew of Augustus, as well as the nephew of Tiberius (and the only Julio-Claudian who was not adopted); his mother Antonia was the daughter of Augustus' sister Octavia, and his father Drusus was the brother of Tiberius.</li> <li>Nero was the great-nephew and adopted son of Claudius; his mother Agrippina, in addition to being married to Claudius, was the daughter of Claudius' brother Germanicus.</li></ol> <p>The other recurring relationship between emperor and successor is that of stepfather/stepson, a relationship not by blood but by marriage: </p> <ol><li>Tiberius was Augustus' stepson due to the latter's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Livia_Drusilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Livia Drusilla">Livia Drusilla</a>. He and his brother <a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Drusus</a> were Livia's sons through her previous marriage to <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Claudius_Nero_(praetor_42_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Claudius Nero (praetor 42 BC)">Tiberius Claudius Nero</a>.</li> <li>Nero, biological son of <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_32)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 32)">Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus</a>, became the stepson of his great-uncle Claudius when the emperor married his niece <a href="/wiki/Agrippina_the_Younger" title="Agrippina the Younger">Agrippina the Younger</a>.</li></ol> <p>The uncle/nephew relationship is also prominent: </p> <ol><li>Tiberius was Claudius's paternal uncle, being the older brother of Drusus, Claudius' father.</li> <li>Claudius was Caligula's paternal uncle, being the younger brother of Germanicus, Caligula's father.</li> <li>Caligula was Nero's maternal uncle, being the older brother of Agrippina the Younger, Nero's mother.</li></ol> <p>There were several instances of Emperors being father-in-law and son-in-law to each other: </p> <ol><li>Tiberius, in addition to being Augustus' stepson and adopted son, was married to <a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia the Elder</a>, daughter of Augustus.</li> <li>Nero, in addition to being Claudius' great-nephew, stepson and adopted son, was married to <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Octavia" title="Claudia Octavia">Claudia Octavia</a>, daughter of Claudius.</li></ol> <p>The following bullet points illustrate the lineage of Julio-Claudian emperors (adoptions included; emperors in <b>bold</b>): </p> <ul><li><b>Augustus</b>, adopted son of Julius Caesar <ul><li><b>Tiberius</b>, adopted son of Augustus <ul><li>Germanicus, adopted son of Tiberius <ul><li><b>Caligula</b>, son of Germanicus</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Drusus, stepson of Augustus <ul><li><b>Claudius</b>, son of Drusus <ul><li><b>Nero</b>, adopted son of Claudius</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <p>No Julio-Claudian emperor was a blood descendant of his immediate predecessor. Although Tiberius and Claudius had potential heirs (<a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Gemellus" title="Tiberius Gemellus">Tiberius Gemellus</a>, grandson of Tiberius through his son Drusus, and <a href="/wiki/Britannicus" title="Britannicus">Britannicus</a>, son of Claudius, respectively) available for the succession, both were, in turn, ultimately succeeded by their great-nephews Caligula and Nero, respectively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The fact that ordinary father-son (or grandfather-grandson) succession did not occur has contributed to the image of the Julio-Claudian court presented in Robert Graves's <i><a href="/wiki/I,_Claudius" title="I, Claudius">I, Claudius</a></i> as a dangerous world where scheming family members were all too ready to murder the direct heirs so as to bring themselves, their own immediate families, or their lovers closer to the succession.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynastic_timeline">Dynastic timeline</h2></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_jdjhypnjdkuw1g0zdf5b8b2ogh8jrmv"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nero" coords="710,14,768,35" title="Nero" alt="Nero" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Claudius" coords="586,14,667,35" title="Claudius" alt="Claudius" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Caligula" coords="516,14,596,35" title="Caligula" alt="Caligula" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Tiberius" coords="403,14,484,35" title="Tiberius" alt="Tiberius" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Augustus" coords="137,14,218,35" title="Augustus" alt="Augustus" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_jdjhypnjdkuw1g0zdf5b8b2ogh8jrmv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/jdjhypnjdkuw1g0zdf5b8b2ogh8jrmv.png" /></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> (27 BC–AD 14)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> (14–37)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> (37–41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> (41–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> (54–68)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_family_tree" title="Julio-Claudian family tree">Julio-Claudian family tree</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JulioClaudian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/JulioClaudian.svg/1000px-JulioClaudian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1000" height="784" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/JulioClaudian.svg/1500px-JulioClaudian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/JulioClaudian.svg/2000px-JulioClaudian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Augustan and Julio-Claudian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_gens" title="Julia gens">Julia gens</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is some variation in usage; in strictly chronological contexts, it can be useful to distinguish between the long reign of Augustus and his Julio-Claudian (or <i>Claudian</i>) successors, the four of whom together reigned about as long as Augustus himself.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stele names Roman Emperor Octavian Augustus as Egyptian Pharaoh. Link - <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/stele-names-roman-emperor-octavian-augustus-as-egyptian-pharaoh-1937308.html">https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/stele-names-roman-emperor-octavian-augustus-as-egyptian-pharaoh-1937308.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518223243/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/stele-names-roman-emperor-octavian-augustus-as-egyptian-pharaoh-1937308.html">Archived</a> 2020-05-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Brill's New Pauly</i>, "Julio-Claudian emperors"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGalinsky2012" class="citation book cs1">Galinsky, Karl (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781139045575"><i>Augustus: Introduction to the Life of an Emperor</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139045575.005">10.1017/cbo9781139045575.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-04557-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-04557-5"><bdi>978-1-139-04557-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus%3A+Introduction+to+the+Life+of+an+Emperor&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781139045575.005&rft.isbn=978-1-139-04557-5&rft.aulast=Galinsky&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.cambridge.org%2Fref%2Fid%2FCBO9781139045575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio-Claudian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowell1962" class="citation book cs1">Rowell, Henry Thompson (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mGJecvVJ4aUC&pg=PA28"><i>Rome in the Augustan Age</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-0956-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-0956-5"><bdi>978-0-8061-0956-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220222101546/https://books.google.com/books?id=mGJecvVJ4aUC&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-22</span></span>. <q>... never used the name Octavianus</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+Augustan+Age&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-0956-5&rft.aulast=Rowell&rft.aufirst=Henry+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmGJecvVJ4aUC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio-Claudian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/augustus">"Augustus"</a>. <i>British Broadcasting Corporation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Augustus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Faugustus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio-Claudian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2017">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCadouxSeager2012" class="citation book cs1">Cadoux, Theodore John; Seager, Robin J. (2012). "Iulia (3) (RE 'Iulius' 550)". <i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954556-8"><bdi>978-0-19-954556-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Iulia+%283%29+%28RE+%27Iulius%27+550%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954556-8&rft.aulast=Cadoux&rft.aufirst=Theodore+John&rft.au=Seager%2C+Robin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio-Claudian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpawforthBalsdon2012" class="citation book cs1">Spawforth, Antony; Balsdon, John P. (2012). "Vipsania Agrippina (2)". <i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-22</span></span>. <q>Since cruel fate has snatched from me my sons ... be Tiberius Caesar my heir to 2/3.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Princeton+University&rft.atitle=The+Testament+of+Augustus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.aulast=Champlin&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.princeton.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FAugustus%2527%2520Will_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio-Claudian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinterling2011" class="citation book cs1">Winterling, Aloys (2011). <i>Caligula: A biography</i>. Translated by Schneider, Deborah Lucas; Most, Glenn W.; Psoinos, Paul (1st ed.). Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2F9780520943148">10.1525/9780520943148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520943148" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520943148"><bdi>978-0520943148</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caligula%3A+A+biography&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2F9780520943148&rft.isbn=978-0520943148&rft.aulast=Winterling&rft.aufirst=Aloys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio-Claudian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuetonius1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suetonius (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39729882"><i>Lives of the Caesars</i></a> (in Latin). Translated by John Carew Rolfe, Introduction by K. R. Bradley (Revised, with new introduction ed.). Cambridge, Massaschsetts. pp. <span class="nowrap">494–</span>497. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99570-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99570-8"><bdi>0-674-99570-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39729882">39729882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Caesars&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massaschsetts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E494-%3C%2Fspan%3E497&rft.edition=Revised%2C+with+new+introduction&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39729882&rft.isbn=0-674-99570-8&rft.au=Suetonius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F39729882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio-Claudian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/claudius.shtml">"BBC History – Claudius"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021015011903/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/claudius.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 2002-10-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+History+%E2%80%93+Claudius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fclaudius.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio-Claudian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crystalinks.com/JulioClaudianDynasty.html">"Julio-Claudian Dynasty"</a>. <i>www.crystalinks.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220222142401/https://www.crystalinks.com/JulioClaudianDynasty.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.crystalinks.com&rft.atitle=Julio-Claudian+Dynasty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crystalinks.com%2FJulioClaudianDynasty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio-Claudian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffta1996" class="citation web cs1">Coffta, David J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/sabinus.htm">"An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Roman+Emperors&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Coffta&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froman-emperors.sites.luc.edu%2Fsabinus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio-Claudian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Julio-Claudian-dynasty">"Julio-Claudian dynasty | ancient Rome | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901160710/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Julio-Claudian-dynasty">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Julio-Claudian+dynasty+%7C+ancient+Rome+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FJulio-Claudian-dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio-Claudian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, <i>The Twelve Caesars</i>, "II. Augustus", LXXII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrett, Anthony, <i>Caligula: The Corruption of Power</i> (Touchstone, 1989), pp. viii–ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-levick-200-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-levick-200_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levick (2002), p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSettipani2000" class="citation book cs1">Settipani, Christian (2000). <i>Continuité gentilice et continuité familiale dans les familles sénatoriales romaines à l'époque impériale: mythe et réalité</i>. Unit for Prosopographical Research, Linacre College, University of Oxford. p. 596. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1900934022" title="Special:BookSources/978-1900934022"><bdi>978-1900934022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuit%C3%A9+gentilice+et+continuit%C3%A9+familiale+dans+les+familles+s%C3%A9natoriales+romaines+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+imp%C3%A9riale%3A+mythe+et+r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9&rft.pages=596&rft.pub=Unit+for+Prosopographical+Research%2C+Linacre+College%2C+University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1900934022&rft.aulast=Settipani&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio-Claudian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirley2012" class="citation book cs1">Birley, Anthony R (2012). <i>Marcus Aurelius: A Biography</i> (reworked ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134695690" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134695690"><bdi>978-1134695690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcus+Aurelius%3A+A+Biography&rft.edition=reworked&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1134695690&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio-Claudian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Anthony Birley</a>, <i>Marcus Aurelius, a Biography</i>, revised edition (London: Routledge, 1987), p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1870626-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1870626_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1870">Smith 1870</a>, p. 626.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstarita198327-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstarita198327_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstarita198327_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAstarita1983">Astarita 1983</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2001191-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2001191_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirley2001">Birley 2001</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2001184-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2001184_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirley2001">Birley 2001</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley2001185-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley2001185_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirley2001">Birley 2001</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1870441-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1870441_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1870">Smith 1870</a>, p. 441.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jameson, Shelagh (1966). "Two Lycian Families". <i>Anatolian Studies</i>. <b>16</b>: 125–137 <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/anatolian-studies/article/abs/two-lycian-families/816CEFFDEE722539635AF3C4CDCD4678">10.2307/3642481</a> <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642481">3642481</a> <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Two-Lycian-Families-Jameson/f50f6d706f5cd1b6f02b6b4230c91502e7966c9e">161893470</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyme1982" class="citation journal cs1">Syme, Ronald (Spring 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/293964?read-now=1&seq=22#page_scan_tab_contents">"The Marriage of Rubellius Blandus"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Philology</i>. <b>103</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">62–</span>85 – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Marriage+of+Rubellius+Blandus&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F293964%3Fread-now%3D1%26seq%3D22%23page_scan_tab_contents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio-Claudian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAstarita1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Astarita, Maria Laura (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uCUBbMOCJ74C"><i>Avidio Cassio</i></a> (in Italian). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avidio+Cassio&rft.pub=Ed.+di+Storia+e+Letteratura&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Astarita&rft.aufirst=Maria+Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuCUBbMOCJ74C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio-Claudian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirley2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Birley, Anthony</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DrIMlfGg2uoC"><i>Marcus Aurelius: A Biography</i></a>. Roman Imperial Biographies. London and New York: Taylor & Francis e-Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17125-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17125-0"><bdi>978-0-415-17125-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309043107/https://books.google.com/books?id=DrIMlfGg2uoC">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcus+Aurelius%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.series=Roman+Imperial+Biographies&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+e-Library&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17125-0&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDrIMlfGg2uoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio-Claudian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1870" class="citation book cs1">Smith, William, ed. (1870). <i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</i>. Vol. I.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Biography+and+Mythology&rft.date=1870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJulio-Claudian+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Matyszak, Philip. <i>The Sons of Caesar: Imperial Rome's First Dynasty</i>, London: Thames & Hudson, 2006 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-25128-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-25128-2">0-500-25128-2</a>)</li> <li>Anthony Kamm, <i>The Romans an Introduction</i></li> <li>Suetonius, <i>The Lives of the twelve Caesars</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suetonius-index.html">http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suetonius-index.html</a></li> <li>Anthony A. Barrett, <i>Agrippina : sex, power, and politics in the early Empire</i></li> <li>Lecture and notes from CLCV 1003A (Classical Roman Civilization); Carleton University</li> <li>Wood, Susan, <i>The Incredible, Vanishing Wives of Nero</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.portraitsofcaligula.com/3/miscellaneous1.htm">http://www.portraitsofcaligula.com/3/miscellaneous1.htm</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Holztrattner, Franz, <i>Poppaea Neronis Potens: Studien zu Poppaea Sabina</i>, Berger & Söhne: Graz-Horn, 1995</li> <li>N.A. <i>Octavia</i>, tragedy preserved with the writings of Seneca</li> <li>Tacitus, <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i></li> <li>Robert Graves, <i><a href="/wiki/I,_Claudius" title="I, Claudius">I, Claudius</a></i></li> <li>Robert Graves, <i>Claudius the God</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/groups/93273909@N00/">Julio-Claudian Art group</a>, at Flickr</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Julio-Claudian dynasty </b><br />30 BC – AD 68 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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tree</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Early <a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Roman–Iranian relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_external_wars_and_battles" title="List of Roman external wars and battles">External wars and battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_civil_wars_and_revolts" title="List of Roman civil wars and revolts">Civil wars and revolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Julius_Caesar" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Julius_Caesar" title="Template:Julius Caesar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Julius_Caesar" title="Template talk:Julius Caesar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Julius_Caesar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Julius Caesar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Julius_Caesar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major life events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Early life and career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Triumvirate" title="First Triumvirate">First Triumvirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic wars">Gallic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">Caesar's civil war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_Rubicon" title="Crossing the Rubicon">Crossing the Rubicon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">Assassination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_campaigns_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Military campaigns of Julius Caesar">Military campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mytilene_(81_BC)" title="Siege of Mytilene (81 BC)">Mytilene</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Arar" title="Battle of the Arar">Arar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bibracte" title="Battle of Bibracte">Bibracte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vosges_(58_BC)" title="Battle of Vosges (58 BC)">Vosges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Axona" title="Battle of the Axona">Axona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sabis" title="Battle of the Sabis">Sabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Atuatuci" title="Siege of the Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Octodurus" title="Battle of Octodurus">Octodurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morbihan" title="Battle of Morbihan">Morbihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain" title="Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain">Invasions of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiorix%27s_revolt" title="Ambiorix's revolt">Ambiorix's revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaricum" title="Avaricum">Avaricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gergovia" title="Battle of Gergovia">Gergovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alesia" title="Battle of Alesia">Alesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Uxellodunum" title="Siege of Uxellodunum">Uxellodunum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's Civil War">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfinium" title="Siege of Corfinium">Corfinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brundisium" title="Siege of Brundisium">Brundisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ilerda" title="Battle of Ilerda">Ilerda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(48_BC)" title="Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)">Dyrrhachium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pharsalus" title="Battle of Pharsalus">Pharsalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_war" title="Alexandrian war">Alexandrian war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Alexandria_(47_BC)" title="Siege of Alexandria (47 BC)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile_(47_BC)" title="Battle of the Nile (47 BC)">Battle of the Nile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zela" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zela">Zela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ruspina" title="Battle of Ruspina">Ruspina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corduba" title="Siege of Corduba">Corduba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thapsus" title="Battle of Thapsus">Thapsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Munda" title="Battle of Munda">Munda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_Parthian_Empire" title="Julius Caesar's planned invasion of the Parthian Empire">Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Julia_de_maiestate" title="Lex Julia de maiestate">Lex Julia de maiestate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Roscia" title="Lex Roscia">Lex Roscia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reforms_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Constitutional reforms of Julius Caesar">Constitutional reforms</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictator_perpetuo" title="Dictator perpetuo">Dictator perpetuo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudatio_Iuliae_amitae" title="Laudatio Iuliae amitae">Laudatio Iuliae amitae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anticato" title="Anticato">Anticato</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Civili" title="Commentarii de Bello Civili">Commentarii de Bello Civili</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_analogia" title="De analogia">De analogia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poems_by_Julius_Caesar" title="Poems by Julius Caesar">Poems by Julius Caesar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Quotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alea_iacta_est" title="Alea iacta est">Alea iacta est</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veni,_vidi,_vici" title="Veni, vidi, vici">Veni, vidi, vici</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ut_est_rerum_omnium_magister_usus" title="Ut est rerum omnium magister usus">Ut est rerum omnium magister usus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_words_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Last words of Julius Caesar">Last words</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Caesar" title="Forum of Caesar">Forum of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Julia" title="Basilica Julia">Basilica Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Venus_Genetrix" title="Temple of Venus Genetrix">Temple of Venus Genetrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Rhine_bridges" title="Caesar's Rhine bridges">Caesar's Rhine bridges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tusculum_portrait" title="Tusculum portrait">Tusculum portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaramonti_Caesar" title="Chiaramonti Caesar">Chiaramonti Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Caesar" title="Green Caesar">Green Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_bust" title="Arles bust">Arles bust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Julii_Caesares" title="Julii Caesares">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossutia" title="Cossutia">Cossutia (disputed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_(wife_of_Caesar)" title="Cornelia (wife of Caesar)">Cornelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeia_(wife_of_Caesar)" title="Pompeia (wife of Caesar)">Pompeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calpurnia_(wife_of_Caesar)" title="Calpurnia (wife of Caesar)">Calpurnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_(daughter_of_Caesar)" title="Julia (daughter of Caesar)">Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Caesarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus (adopted)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Caesar_(proconsul_of_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Julius Caesar (proconsul of Asia)">Gaius Julius Caesar (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_(mother_of_Caesar)" title="Aurelia (mother of Caesar)">Aurelia (mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Major_(sister_of_Caesar)" title="Julia Major (sister of Caesar)">Julia Major (sister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Minor_(grandmother_of_Augustus)" title="Julia Minor (grandmother of Augustus)">Julia Minor (sister)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Caesar_(Plutarch)" title="Life of Caesar (Plutarch)"><i>Life of Caesar</i> by Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar">Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Caesar" title="Temple of Caesar">Temple of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Comet" title="Caesar's Comet">Caesar's Comet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarism" title="Caesarism">Caesarism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar (title)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_gens" title="Julia gens">Julia gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servilia_(mother_of_Brutus)" title="Servilia (mother of Brutus)">Servilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_of_Pompey" title="Curia of Pompey">Curia of Pompey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Julius_Caesar" title="Category:Julius Caesar">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Augustus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Augustus" title="Template:Augustus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Augustus" title="Template talk:Augustus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Augustus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Augustus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Augustus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Gaius Octavius · Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (<a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_Augustus" title="Early life of Augustus">Octavian</a>) · <i>Imperator</i> Caesar Augustus</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Princeps" title="Princeps">Princeps</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)"><i>Augustus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)"><i>Caesar</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divi_filius" title="Divi filius">Divi filius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pater_patriae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pater patriae">Pater patriae</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Augustus" title="Wars of Augustus">Wars of Augustus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Mutina" title="War of Mutina">War of Mutina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mutina" title="Battle of Mutina">battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forum_Gallorum" title="Battle of Forum Gallorum">Forum Gallorum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war" title="Liberators' civil war">Liberators' Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi" title="Battle of Philippi">Philippi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perusine_War" title="Perusine War">Perusine War</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Siculum" title="Bellum Siculum">Bellum Siculum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Actium" title="War of Actium">War of Actium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alexandria_(30_BC)" title="Battle of Alexandria (30 BC)">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars" title="Cantabrian Wars">Cantabrian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum"><i>Bellum Batonianum</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Germanic War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Teutoburg</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Reforms_of_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Reforms of Augustus">Constitutional Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_Julia#Augustan_leges_Juliae" title="Lex Julia"><i>leges Juliae</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_reform_of_Augustus" title="Coinage reform of Augustus">Coinage reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bierzo_Edict" title="Bierzo Edict">Bierzo Edict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Augustan_Rome" title="Propaganda in Augustan Rome">Propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_Augustus" title="Forum of Augustus">Forum of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Martius" title="Campus Martius">Campus Martius</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Agrippa" title="Baths of Agrippa">Baths of Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Argonautarum" title="Porticus Argonautarum">Porticus Argonautarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus" title="Mausoleum of Augustus">Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarium_Augusti" title="Solarium Augusti">Solarium Augusti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Montecitorio" title="Obelisk of Montecitorio">obelisk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saepta_Julia" title="Saepta Julia">Saepta Julia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diribitorium" title="Diribitorium">Diribitorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Agrippae" title="Campus Agrippae">Campus Agrippae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Vipsania" title="Porticus Vipsania">Porticus Vipsania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_Octaviae" title="Porticus Octaviae">Porticus Octaviae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porticus_of_Livia" title="Porticus of Livia">Porticus of Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macellum_Liviae" title="Macellum Liviae">Macellum Liviae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Palatine_Apollo" title="Library of Palatine Apollo">Library of Palatine Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Marcellus" title="Theatre of Marcellus">Theatre of Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Agora" title="Roman Agora">Roman Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropaeum_Alpium" title="Tropaeum Alpium">Tropaeum Alpium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesareum_of_Alexandria" title="Caesareum of Alexandria">Caesareum of Alexandria</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Augustus" title="House of Augustus">House of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Maecenas" title="Gardens of Maecenas">Gardens of Maecenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_a_Mare" title="Palazzo a Mare">Palazzo a Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Giulia_(Ventotene)" title="Villa Giulia (Ventotene)">Villa Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_Augustus" title="Villa of Augustus">Villa of Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Neptune" title="Basilica of Neptune">Basilica of Neptune</a></li> <li>Temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Caesar" title="Temple of Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Palatinus" title="Temple of Apollo Palatinus">Apollo Palatinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Apollo_Sosianus" title="Temple of Apollo Sosianus">Apollo Sosianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Mars_Ultor" title="Temple of Mars Ultor">Mars Ultor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Castor_and_Pollux" title="Temple of Castor and Pollux">Castor and Pollux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus,_Pula" title="Temple of Augustus, Pula">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Rome_and_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Rome and Augustus">Rome and Augustus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">Aqueducts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Virgo" title="Aqua Virgo">Aqua Virgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Alsietina" title="Aqua Alsietina">Aqua Alsietina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Julia" title="Aqua Julia">Aqua Julia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milliarium_Aureum" title="Milliarium Aureum">Milliarium Aureum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Julia_Augusta" title="Via Julia Augusta">Via Julia Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Augusta" title="Via Augusta">Via Augusta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Aosta)" title="Arch of Augustus (Aosta)">Aosta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Ber%C3%A0" title="Arc de Berà">Berà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Fano)" title="Arch of Augustus (Fano)">Fano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumphal_Arch_of_Orange" title="Triumphal Arch of Orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus,_Rome" title="Arch of Augustus, Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Rimini)" title="Arch of Augustus (Rimini)">Rimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus_(Susa)" title="Arch of Augustus (Susa)">Susa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti"><i>Res Gestae Divi Augusti</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Memoirs_of_Augustus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memoirs of Augustus (page does not exist)">Memoirs of Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_literature_(ancient_Rome)" title="Augustan literature (ancient Rome)">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Augustan and Julio-Claudian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Maecenas" title="Gaius Maecenas">Gaius Maecenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parents and siblings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Octavius_(father_of_Augustus)" title="Gaius Octavius (father of Augustus)">Gaius Octavius</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> (adoptive father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atia_(mother_of_Augustus)" title="Atia (mother of Augustus)">Atia</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Elder" title="Octavia the Elder">Octavia the Elder</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger" title="Octavia the Younger">Octavia the Younger</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Claudia (wife of Octavian)">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livia" title="Livia">Livia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribonia_(wife_of_Octavian)" title="Scribonia (wife of Octavian)">Scribonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_the_Elder" title="Julia the Elder">Julia</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Caesar" title="Gaius Caesar">Gaius</a> & <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Caesar" title="Lucius Caesar">Lucius</a> (adopted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrippa_Postumus" title="Agrippa Postumus">Agrippa Postumus</a> (adopted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero_Claudius_Drusus" title="Nero Claudius Drusus">Nero Drusus</a> (stepson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> (adopted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelia_(stepdaughter_of_Augustus)" title="Cornelia (stepdaughter of Augustus)">Cornelia</a> (stepdaughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Generals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Agrippa‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Calpurnius_Piso_Caesoninus_(consul_15_BC)" title="Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus (consul 15 BC)">Piso Caesoninus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_(nephew_of_Augustus)" title="Marcellus (nephew of Augustus)">Marcellus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freedmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Licinus" title="Julius Licinus">Julius Licinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Gaius Julius Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus_(freedman_of_Augustus)" title="Epaphroditus (freedman of Augustus)">Epaphroditus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Prima Porta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Labicana_Augustus" title="Via Labicana Augustus">Via Labicana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB_Head" title="Meroë Head">Meroë Head</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Temples of Augustus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Divus_Augustus" title="Temple of Divus Augustus">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus_and_Rome" title="Temple of Augustus and Rome">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Divus_Augustus,_Nola" title="Temple of Divus Augustus, Nola">Nola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Augustus,_Barcelona" title="Temple of Augustus, Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Temple_of_%C3%89vora" title="Roman Temple of Évora">Roman Temple of Évora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodales_Augustales" title="Sodales Augustales">Sodales Augustales</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Felicior_Augusto,_melior_Traiano" title="Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano">Felicior Augusto, melior Traiano</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Augustus" title="Cultural depictions of Augustus">Cultural depictions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span></b> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Augustus" title="Category:Augustus">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192841#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192841#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/9949155832956833490008">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54157641034938221185">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6711155832950133490008">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/43151776752118011408">4</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85115126">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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