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<span>Roman curiae</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Roman_curiae-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Roman curiae subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Roman_curiae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comitia_curiata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comitia_curiata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Comitia curiata</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comitia_curiata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senate_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senate_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Senate House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senate_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Curia_Hostilia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curia_Hostilia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span><i>Curia Hostilia</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curia_Hostilia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curia_Julia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curia_Julia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span><i>Curia Julia</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curia_Julia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curiae_Veteres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curiae_Veteres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Curiae Veteres</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curiae_Veteres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipal_curiae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal_curiae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Municipal curiae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal_curiae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_curiae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_curiae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other curiae</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_curiae-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other curiae subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_curiae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval_curiae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_curiae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Medieval curiae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_curiae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Roman Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuriya" title="Kuriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kuriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Курия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Курия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAria_romana" title="Cúria romana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cúria romana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curia" title="Curia – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Curia" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurie_(R%C3%B6misches_Reich)" title="Kurie (Römisches Reich) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kurie (Römisches Reich)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuria" title="Kuuria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuuria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κουρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curia" title="Curia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Curia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuria" title="Kuria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kuria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="کوریا (روم باستان) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوریا (روم باستان)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curie_(Rome_antique)" title="Curie (Rome antique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Curie (Rome antique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BF%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="쿠리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쿠리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կուրիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կուրիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curia_(storia_romana)" title="Curia (storia romana) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Curia (storia romana)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="קוריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კურია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კურია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curia" title="Curia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Curia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curia_(bestuurlijke_indeling)" title="Curia (bestuurlijke indeling) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Curia (bestuurlijke indeling)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2_(%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E)" title="クリア (古代ローマ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリア (古代ローマ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curia" title="Curia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Curia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curia" title="Curia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Curia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAria" title="Cúria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cúria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curia_roman%C4%83" title="Curia romană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Curia romană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BC)" title="Курия (Древний Рим) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Курия (Древний Рим)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurija_(anti%C4%8Dni_Rim)" title="Kurija (antični Rim) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kurija (antični Rim)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurija" title="Kurija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kurija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuuria" title="Kuuria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuuria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurian" title="Kurian – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kurian" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curia" title="Curia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Curia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curia" title="Curia – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Curia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Курія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Курія" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Assembly where issues are discussed and decided</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Curia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Curia (disambiguation)">Curia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Curia</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: curiae) in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> referred to one of the original groupings of the citizenry, eventually numbering 30, and later every Roman citizen was presumed to belong to one. While they originally probably had wider powers,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they came to meet for only a few purposes by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a>: to confirm the election of <a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">magistrates</a> with imperium, to witness the installation of <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome#Public_priesthoods_and_religious_law" title="Religion in ancient Rome">priests</a>, the making of <a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">wills</a>, and to carry out certain <a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">adoptions</a>. </p><p>The term is more broadly used to designate an <a href="/wiki/Popular_assembly" title="Popular assembly">assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council" title="Council">council</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Court_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Court (disambiguation)">court</a>, in which public, official, or religious issues are discussed and decided. Lesser curiae existed for other purposes. The word <i>curia</i> also came to denote the places of assembly, especially of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senate</a>. Similar institutions existed in other towns and cities of Italy. </p><p>In medieval times, a king's council was often referred to as a curia. Today, the most famous curia is the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Curia</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, which assists the Roman Pontiff in the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchical government</a> of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Code_of_Canon_Law,_can._360_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Code_of_Canon_Law,_can._360-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>curia</i> is thought to derive from <a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a> <i>coviria</i>, meaning 'a gathering of men' (<i>co-</i>, 'together' = <i>vir</i>, 'man').<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this sense, any assembly, public or private, could be called a <i>curia</i>. In addition to the Roman curiae, voting assemblies known as curiae existed in other towns of <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a>, and similar institutions existed in other parts of Italy. During the republic, local curiae were established in Italian and provincial <i><a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">municipia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">coloniae</a></i>. In <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">imperial times</a>, local magistrates were often elected by municipal senates, which also came to be known as curiae. By extension, the word <i>curia</i> came to mean not just a gathering, but also the place where an assembly would gather, such as a meeting house.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_curiae">Roman curiae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roman curiae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Roman times, <i>curia</i> had two principal meanings. Originally it applied to the wards of the <i><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">comitia curiata</a></i>. However, over time the name became applied to the senate house, which in its various incarnations housed meetings of the Roman senate from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">kings</a> until the beginning of the seventh century AD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comitia_curiata"><i>Comitia curiata</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Comitia curiata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate Assembly</a></div> <p>The most important curiae at Rome were the 30 that together made up the comitia curiata. Traditionally ascribed to the kings, each of the three <a href="/wiki/Roman_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman tribes">tribes</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus</a>, the <i>Ramnes, Tities</i>, and <i>Luceres</i>, was divided into ten curiae. In theory, each <i><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">gens</a></i> (family, clan) belonged to a particular curia, although whether this was strictly observed throughout Roman history is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harper's_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each curia had a distinct name, said to have been derived from the names of some of the <a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_the_Sabine_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rape of the Sabine Women">Sabine women</a> abducted by the Romans in the time of Romulus. However, some of the curiae evidently derived their names from particular districts or eponymous heroes.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The curiae were probably established geographically, representing specific neighborhoods in Rome, for which reason <i>curia</i> is sometimes translated as '<a href="/wiki/Ward_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (country subdivision)">ward</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a few of the names of the 30 curiae have been preserved, including <i>Acculeia, Calabra, Faucia, Foriensis, Rapta, Veliensis, Tifata</i>, and <i>Titia.</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harper's_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The assertion that the <a href="/wiki/Plebs" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebs">plebeians</a> were not members of the curiae, or that only the dependents (<i><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">clientes</a></i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patricians</a> were admitted, and not entitled to vote, is expressly contradicted by <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This argument is also refuted by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each curia had its own <i><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#sacra" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">sacra</a></i>, in which its members, known as <i>curiales,</i> worshipped the gods of the state and other deities specific to the curia, with their own rites and ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each curia had a meeting site and place of worship, named after the curia.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, this may have been a simple altar, then a <i><a href="/wiki/Sacellum" title="Sacellum">sacellum</a></i>, and finally a meeting house.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The curia was presided over by a <i>curio</i> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <i>curiones</i>), who was always at least 50 years old, and was elected for life.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>curio</i> undertook the religious affairs of the curia. He was assisted by another priest, known as the <i>flamen curialis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the 30 curiae gathered to make up the <i>comitia curiata</i>, they were presided over by a <i><a href="/wiki/Curio_maximus" title="Curio maximus">curio maximus</a></i>, who until 209 BC was always a patrician.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD2_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harper's_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, the <i>curio maximus</i> was probably elected by the <i>curiones</i>, but in later times by the people themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each curia was attended by one <a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">lictor</a>; an assembly of the <i>comitia curiata</i> was attended by thirty lictors.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper's_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper's-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>comitia curiata</i> voted to confirm the election of magistrates by passing a law called the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_curiata_de_imperio" title="Lex curiata de imperio">lex curiata de imperio</a></i>. It also witnessed the installation of priests, and adoptions, and the making of wills. The <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifex Maximus">Pontifex Maximus</a> may have presided over these ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD2_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assembly probably possessed much greater authority before the establishment of the <i><a href="/wiki/Comitia_Centuriata" class="mw-redirect" title="Comitia Centuriata">comitia centuriata</a></i>, which gradually assumed many of the curiate assembly's original functions.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD2_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senate_House">Senate House</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Senate House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Roman Kingdom</a>, the meeting-house of the Roman senate was known as the curia. The original meeting place was said to have been a <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">temple</a> built on the spot where the Romans and Sabines laid down their arms during the reign of Romulus (traditionally reigned 753–717 BC). The institution of the senate was always ascribed to Romulus; although the first senate was said to comprise 100 members, the earliest number which can be called certain is 300, probably connected with the three tribes and 30 curiae also attributed to Romulus.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD2_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Curia_Hostilia"><i>Curia Hostilia</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Curia Hostilia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Curia_Hostilia" title="Curia Hostilia">Curia Hostilia</a></div> <p>After the original temple was destroyed by fire, it was replaced by a new meeting house by <a href="/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius" title="Tullus Hostilius">Tullus Hostilius</a>, the third <a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">King of Rome</a> (traditionally reigned 673–642 BC). The <i>Curia Hostilia</i> stood on the north end of the <a href="/wiki/Comitium" title="Comitium">Comitium</a>, where the <i>comitia curiata</i> and other Roman assemblies met, and was oriented along the four <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">cardinal points</a>. After more than 500 years of service, the building was restored and enlarged by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictator</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Lucius Cornelius Sulla</a> in 80 BC. Sulla had doubled the senate's membership from 300 to 600, necessitating a larger building, which retained the original orientation of the <i>Curia Hostilia</i>, but extended further south into the comitium. In 52 BC, following the murder of <a href="/wiki/Publius_Clodius_Pulcher" title="Publius Clodius Pulcher">Publius Clodius Pulcher</a>, his <i>clientes</i> set fire to the senate house, which was rebuilt by <a href="/wiki/Faustus_Cornelius_Sulla_(quaestor_54_BC)" title="Faustus Cornelius Sulla (quaestor 54 BC)">Faustus Cornelius Sulla</a>, son of the dictator. Following this reconstruction, the building came to be called the <i><a href="/wiki/Curia_Cornelia" title="Curia Cornelia">Curia Cornelia</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-OCD2_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Curia_Julia"><i>Curia Julia</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Curia Julia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curia_Iulia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Curia_Iulia.JPG/220px-Curia_Iulia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Curia_Iulia.JPG/330px-Curia_Iulia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Curia_Iulia.JPG/440px-Curia_Iulia.JPG 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></i>, as restored from 1935 to 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>A generation after Sulla enlarged the senate from 300 members to 600, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> increased its membership to 900, necessitating the construction of a larger meeting house. Shortly before his death in 44 BC, Caesar began the construction of a new building, which became known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></i>. This structure covered most of the <i>comitium</i>, and abandoned the original orientation of the previous curiae, pointing slightly northwest. The building featured a large central hall with a daïs for magistrates, and marble benches on one side. There was also a record office on one side. The building was completed by Caesar's grandnephew, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a>, the future emperor Augustus, in 29 BC, although he reduced the senate itself to its former number of 600. The <i>Curia Cornelia</i> was demolished, but the precise date is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD2_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In AD 94, the <i>Curia Julia</i> was rebuilt along Caesar's original plan by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>, who also restored the former orientation of the <i>Curia Hostilia</i>. The building was damaged by fire during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a> in 283, and again restored under his successor, <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD2_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman Senate is last mentioned in AD 600. In 630, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_I" title="Pope Honorius I">Pope Honorius I</a> transformed the senate house into the church of <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Adriano_al_Foro" title="Sant'Adriano al Foro">Sant'Adriano al Foro</a>, preserving the structure at its full height. In 1923, the church and an adjacent convent were bought by the Italian government. The building was further restored from 1935 to 1937, removing various medieval additions, to reveal the original Roman architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-OCD2_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OCD2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Curiae_Veteres"><i>Curiae Veteres</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Curiae Veteres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Curiae Veteres</i> was the earliest sanctuary of the thirty curiae. It is discussed by both <a href="/wiki/Varro" class="mw-redirect" title="Varro">Varro</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, who mentions it as one point of the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine</a> <a href="/wiki/Pomerium" title="Pomerium">pomerium</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Roma_quadrata" title="Roma quadrata">Roma quadrata</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is probable that this shrine was located at the northeast corner of the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a>. Its remains have likely been identified in excavations carried out by <a href="/wiki/Clementina_Panella" title="Clementina Panella">Clementina Panella</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Republic continued, the curiae grew too large to meet conveniently at the <i>Curiae Veteres</i>, and a new meeting place, the <i>Curiae Novae</i>, was constructed. A few of the curiae continued to meet at the <i>Curiae Veteres</i> due to specific religious obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_curiae">Municipal curiae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Municipal curiae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_(ancient_Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government (ancient Roman)">Local government (ancient Roman)</a></div> <p>In the Roman Empire a town council was known as a curia, or sometimes an <i>ordo</i>, or <i>boule</i>. The existence of such a governing body was the mark of an independent city. Municipal curiae were co-optive, and their members, the <a href="/wiki/Decurion_(administrative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decurion (administrative)">decurions</a>, sat for life. Their numbers varied greatly according to the size of the city. In the Western Empire, one hundred seems to have been a common number, but in the East five hundred was customary, on the model of the Athenian Boule. However, by the fourth century, curial duties had become onerous, and it was difficult to fill all the posts; often candidates had to be nominated. The emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> exempted Christians from serving in the curiae, which led to many rich pagans claiming to be priests in order to escape these duties.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_curiae">Other curiae</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other curiae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of the curia as a governing body, or the court where such a body met, carried on into medieval times, both as a secular institution, and in the church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_curiae">Medieval curiae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Medieval curiae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">Curia regis</a></div> <p>In medieval times, a king's court was frequently known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">curia regis</a></i>, consisting of the king's chief magnates and councilors. In England, the <i>curia regis</i> gradually developed into <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a>. In France, the <i>curia regis</i> or <a href="/wiki/Conseil_du_Roi" title="Conseil du Roi">Conseil du Roi</a> developed in the twelfth century, with the term gradually becoming applied to a judicial body, and falling out of use by the fourteenth century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Catholic_Church">Roman Catholic Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Roman Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_chancery" title="Diocesan chancery">Diocesan chancery</a></div> <p>In the Roman Catholic Church, the administrative body of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a></i>. It is through this Curia that the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Pontiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Pontiff">Roman Pontiff</a> conducts the business of the Church as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-Code_of_Canon_Law,_can._360_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Code_of_Canon_Law,_can._360-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among older <a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">religious orders</a>, the governing council of the <a href="/wiki/Superior_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Superior General">Superior General</a> or Regional Superior and his or her assistants is referred to their Curia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Emblem_of_the_Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union_(type_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Official_Emblem_of_the_Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union_%28type_2%29.svg/100px-Official_Emblem_of_the_Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union_%28type_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Official_Emblem_of_the_Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union_%28type_2%29.svg/150px-Official_Emblem_of_the_Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union_%28type_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Official_Emblem_of_the_Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union_%28type_2%29.svg/200px-Official_Emblem_of_the_Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union_%28type_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>Emblem of the Court of Justice of the European Union</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_European_Union" title="Court of Justice of the European Union">Court of Justice of the European Union</a> uses "CURIA" (in roman script) in its official emblem. </p><p>The term <i>curia</i> may refer to separate electoral colleges in a system of <a href="/wiki/Reserved_political_positions" title="Reserved political positions">reserved political positions</a> (reserved seats), e.g. during the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British mandate of Palestine</a> at the third election (1931) of the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Representatives_(Mandate_Palestine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of Representatives (Mandate Palestine)">Asefat HaNivharim</a> there were three curiae, for the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> and for the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Jews">Yemeni Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States Supreme Court an interested third party to a case may file a brief as an <a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amicus curiae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Fundamental Law</a> adopted in 2011, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>'s supreme court is called the <a href="/wiki/Curia_of_Hungary" title="Curia of Hungary">Curia</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Palace_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Palace of Switzerland">Federal Palace of Switzerland</a>, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Confederation">Swiss Confederation</a>, bears the inscription <i>Curia Confœderationis Helveticæ</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Constitution of the Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouleuterion" title="Bouleuterion">Bouleuterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_of_Victory" title="Altar of Victory">Altar of Victory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1970" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Robert E. A. (1970). <i>The Archaic community of the Romans</i>. Cambridge: University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaic+community+of+the+Romans&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuria" class="Z3988"></span> for an ambitious reconstruction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Code_of_Canon_Law,_can._360-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Code_of_Canon_Law,_can._360_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Code_of_Canon_Law,_can._360_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a>, can. 360</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1966).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OCD2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OCD2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD2_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD2_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD2_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD2_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD2_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD2_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD2_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD2_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OCD2_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i>, 2nd Ed. (1970).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper's-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper's_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Dictionary_of_Classical_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper's Dictionary of Classical Antiquities">Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities</a></i>, Second Edition, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Thurston_Peck" title="Harry Thurston Peck">Harry Thurston Peck</a>, Editor (1897)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Marcus Terentius Varro</a>, <i>De Lingua Latina libri XXV</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>, <i>Romaike Archaiologia</i> iv. 12, 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen</a>, <i>Römische Forschungen</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a>, epitome of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Verrius_Flaccus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Verrius Flaccus">Marcus Verrius Flaccus</a>, <i>De Verborum Significatu</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Marcus Tullius Cicero</a>, <i>De Lege Agraria contra Rullum</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tac. <i>Annales</i> 12.24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Panella. "Curiae Veteres. Nuovi dati sulla frequentazione del santuario in età tardo-repubblicana." Scienze dell'antichità. Storia, archeologia, antropologia 25 Fasc.1, p. 41-71 (2019)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a></i> VI.975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.F. Ferrandes, 2013. "Il ripristino delle Curiae Veteres." In <i>Scavare nel centro di Roma. Storia, uomini, paesaggi</i>, edited by C. Panella, 118-23. Rome.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. H. M. Jones, <i>The Later Roman Empire</i>, p. 724.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fannie Fern Andrews, <i>The Holy Land under mandate</i>, Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin Company – The Riverside Press Cambridge, 1931, 2 vol. (ch. XIV – Building a Jewish corporate life, vol. II, 1–32)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moshe Burstein, <i>Self-government of the Jews in Palestine since 1900</i>, Tel Aviv, Hapoel Hatzair, 1934</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ESCO Foundation for Palestine, Inc., <i>Palestine. A study of Jewish, Arab and British policies</i>, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1947, 2 vol. (The growth and organization of the Jewish community, vol.II, 404–414)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_C._Hurewitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob C. Hurewitz">Jacob C. Hurewitz</a>, <i>The struggle for Palestine</i>, New York, Norton and Company, 1950 (ch. 3 – The political structure of the Yishuv, 38–50)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/amicus_curiae">"Amicus Curiae"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amicus+Curiae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Famicus_curiae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bond, Sarah E. 2014. "Curial Communiqué: Memory, Propaganda, and the Roman Senate House". <i>Aspects of Ancient Institutions and Geography: Studies in Honor of Richard J.A. Talbert</i>. Impact of Empire, 19. Edited by Lee L. Brice and Daniëlle Slootjes. Leiden: Brill, 84-102.</li> <li>Crofton-Sleigh, Lissa. 2018. "The Curia in Aeneid 7". <i>Illinois Classical Studies</i>, 43.1.</li> <li>Gorski, Gilbert J. and James E. Packer. 2015. <i>The Roman Forum: A Reconstruction and Architectural Guide</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Heinzelmann, Michael. 2011. "The Imperial Building Complex of S. Maria Antiqua in Rome: An Incomplete Senate Building of Domitian?". <i>Anales de Arqueología Cordobesa</i>, 21-22: 57–80.</li> <li>Millar, Fergus. 1989. "Political Power in Mid-Republican Rome. Curia or Comitium?". <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i> LXXIX, 138–150.</li> <li>Santangeli Valenzani, Riccardo. 2006. "The Seat and Memory of Power: Caesar's Curia and Forum". <i>Julius Caesar in Western Culture</i>. Edited by Maria Wyke. Oxford: Blackwell, 85–94.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Curia</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Curia&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Curia">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Curia&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Curia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Curia">"Curia" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Curia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACuria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_Forum" title="Template talk:Roman Forum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_Forum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman Forum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_Forum185" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Forum" title="Roman Forum">Roman Forum</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Antoninus_and_Faustina" title="Temple of Antoninus and Faustina">Temple of Antoninus and Faustina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Divus_Augustus" title="Temple of Divus Augustus">Temple of Divus Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Concord" title="Temple of Concord">Temple of Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Castor_and_Pollux" title="Temple of Castor and Pollux">Temple of Castor and Pollux</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lacus_Juturnae" title="Lacus Juturnae">Lacus Juturnae</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Caesar" title="Temple of Caesar">Temple of Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Janus_(Roman_Forum)" title="Temple of Janus (Roman Forum)">Temple of Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter_Stator_(8th_century_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Jupiter Stator (8th century BC)">Temple of Jupiter Stator (8th century BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Romulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Romulus">Temple of Romulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Saturn" title="Temple of Saturn">Temple of Saturn</a> (<a href="/wiki/Altar_of_Saturn" title="Altar of Saturn">Altar of Saturn</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Venus_Cloacina" title="Shrine of Venus Cloacina">Shrine of Venus Cloacina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Venus_and_Roma" title="Temple of Venus and Roma">Temple of Venus and Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vespasian_and_Titus" title="Temple of Vespasian and Titus">Temple of Vespasian and Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Vesta" title="Temple of Vesta">Temple of Vesta</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Vestals" title="House of the Vestals">House of the Vestals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portico_Dii_Consentes" title="Portico Dii Consentes">Portico Dii Consentes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Basilicas" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilicas">Basilicas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Aemilia" title="Basilica Aemilia">Basilica Aemilia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basilica_Fulvia" title="Basilica Fulvia">Basilica Fulvia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Julia" title="Basilica Julia">Basilica Julia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basilica_Sempronia" title="Basilica Sempronia">Basilica Sempronia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Maxentius" title="Basilica of Maxentius">Basilica of Maxentius</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Constantine" title="Colossus of Constantine">Colossus of Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Opimia" title="Basilica Opimia">Basilica Opimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_Porcia" title="Basilica Porcia">Basilica Porcia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Augustus,_Rome" title="Arch of Augustus, Rome">Arch of Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Tiberius" title="Arch of Tiberius">Arch of Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Titus" title="Arch of Titus">Arch of Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus" title="Arch of Septimius Severus">Arch of Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Constantine" title="Arch of Constantine">Arch of Constantine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Columns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columna_Maenia" title="Columna Maenia">Columna Maenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_Phocas" title="Column of Phocas">Column of Phocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Columns_Monument" title="Five-Columns Monument">Five-Columns Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milliarium_Aureum" title="Milliarium Aureum">Milliarium Aureum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clivus_Capitolinus" title="Clivus Capitolinus">Clivus Capitolinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Via_Sacra" title="Via Sacra">Via Sacra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicus_Jugarius" title="Vicus Jugarius">Vicus Jugarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicus_Tuscus" title="Vicus Tuscus">Vicus Tuscus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloaca_Maxima" title="Cloaca Maxima">Cloaca Maxima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comitium" title="Comitium">Comitium</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ficus_Ruminalis" title="Ficus Ruminalis">Ficus Ruminalis</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Cornelia" title="Curia Cornelia">Curia Cornelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Hostilia" title="Curia Hostilia">Curia Hostilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Curia Julia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemonian_stairs" title="Gemonian stairs">Gemonian stairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graecostasis" title="Graecostasis">Graecostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacus_Curtius" title="Lacus Curtius">Lacus Curtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_Niger" title="Lapis Niger">Lapis Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamertine_Prison" title="Mamertine Prison">Mamertine Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutei_of_Trajan" title="Plutei of Trajan">Plutei of Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puteal_Scribonianum" title="Puteal Scribonianum">Puteal Scribonianum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regia" title="Regia">Regia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostra" title="Rostra">Rostra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabularium" title="Tabularium">Tabularium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbilicus_urbis_Romae" title="Umbilicus urbis Romae">Umbilicus urbis Romae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velian_Hill" title="Velian Hill">Velian Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanal" title="Vulcanal">Vulcanal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_of_the_Roman_Forum" title="List of monuments of the Roman Forum">List of monuments of the Roman Forum</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Rome_topics565" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Rome_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Rome topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Rome_topics565" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Rome" title="Outline of ancient Rome">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Roman_history" title="Timeline of Roman history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rome" title="History of Rome">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_the_Roman_monarchy" title="Overthrow of the Roman monarchy">overthrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Roman Empire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Historiography of the fall of the Western Roman Empire">historiography of the fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Decline of the Byzantine Empire">decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Later_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Later Roman Empire">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Constitution" title="Roman Constitution">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Roman_Constitution" title="History of the Roman Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Republic" title="Constitution of the Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Constitution of the Roman Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Late_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Late Roman Empire">Late Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Legislative assemblies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiate Assembly">Curiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centuriate_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuriate Assembly">Centuriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Tribal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeian_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebeian Council">Plebeian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Executive magistrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPQR" title="SPQR">SPQR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tables" title="Twelve Tables">Twelve Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_maiorum" title="Mos maiorum">Mos maiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">Imperium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_in_Roman_legal_system" title="Status in Roman legal system">Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_litigation" title="Roman litigation">Litigation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Curia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">Cursus honorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiality#In_the_Roman_Republic" title="Collegiality">Collegiality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">Legatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">Dux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Officium (ancient Rome)">Officium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praefectus" title="Praefectus">Praefectus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">Vicarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">Vigintisexviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lictor" title="Lictor">Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">Magister militum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">Pontifex maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimates_and_populares" title="Optimates and populares">Optimates and populares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_magistrate" title="Roman magistrate">Magistrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_censor" title="Roman censor">Censor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">Praetor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">Tribune of the plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">Military tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">Quaestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">Aedile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promagistrate" title="Promagistrate">Promagistrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">Governor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Rome" title="King of Rome">Rex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrex" title="Interrex">Interrex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">Magister equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decemviri" title="Decemviri">Decemviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuni militum consulari potestate">Consular tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Triumvirate (ancient Rome)">Triumvir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military of ancient Rome">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome" title="Military history of ancient Rome">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_establishment_of_the_Roman_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military establishment of the Roman Republic">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Structural history of the Roman military">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Political history of the Roman military">Political control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_the_Roman_military" title="Strategy of the Roman military">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_engineering" title="Roman military engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Frontiers and fortifications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castra" title="Castra">castra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Technological history of the Roman military">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_infantry_tactics" title="Roman infantry tactics">Infantry tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_personal_equipment" title="Roman military personal equipment">Personal equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_siege_engines" title="Roman siege engines">Siege engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Roman_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege (Roman history)">Siege in Ancient Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">Auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_decorations_and_punishments" title="Roman military decorations and punishments">Decorations and punishments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippika_gymnasia" title="Hippika gymnasia">Hippika gymnasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_during_the_Roman_period" title="Deforestation during the Roman period">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce" title="Roman commerce">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_finance" title="Roman finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_currency" title="Roman Republican currency">Republican currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Imperial currency">Imperial currency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_ancient_Rome" title="Culture of ancient Rome">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_bathing" title="Ancient Roman bathing">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Rome" title="Clothing in ancient Rome">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_in_ancient_Rome" title="Cosmetics in ancient Rome">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Rome" title="Education in ancient Rome">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_folklore" title="Roman folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_hairstyles" title="Roman hairstyles">Hairstyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Rome" title="Music of ancient Rome">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">Deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacles_in_ancient_Rome" title="Spectacles in ancient Rome">Spectacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys_and_games_in_ancient_Rome" title="Toys and games in ancient Rome">Toys and games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine" title="Ancient Rome and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_ancient_Rome" title="Social class in ancient Rome">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">Patricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebeians" title="Plebeians">Plebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_the_Orders" title="Conflict of the Orders">Conflict of the Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secessio_plebis" title="Secessio plebis">Secessio plebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">Equites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gens" title="Gens">Gens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">Tribes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribal Assembly">Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Patronage in ancient Rome">Patronage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Demography of the Roman Empire">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_Rome" title="Women in ancient Rome">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_in_ancient_Rome" title="Adoption in ancient Rome">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagaudae" title="Bagaudae">Bagaudae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_technology" title="Ancient Roman technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_amphitheatre" title="Roman amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Aqueducts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_circus" title="Roman circus">Circuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_engineering" title="Ancient Roman engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_concrete" title="Roman concrete">Concrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">Domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_metallurgy" title="Roman metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_roads" title="Roman roads">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sanitation in ancient Rome">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_theatre_(structure)" title="Roman theatre (structure)">Theatres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Thermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latin" title="History of Latin">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li>Versions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Latin" title="Contemporary Latin">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Latin" title="Ecclesiastical Latin">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Aelius Donatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Appuleius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Asconius_Pedianus" title="Quintus Asconius Pedianus">Asconius Pedianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Victor" title="Aurelius Victor">Aurelius Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonius" title="Ausonius">Ausonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boëthius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catullus" title="Catullus">Catullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiodorus" title="Cassiodorus">Cassiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorinus" title="Censorinus">Censorinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudian" title="Claudian">Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columella" title="Columella">Columella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Nepos" title="Cornelius Nepos">Cornelius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennius" title="Ennius">Ennius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutropius_(historian)" title="Eutropius (historian)">Eutropius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Pictor" title="Quintus Fabius Pictor">Fabius Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Pompeius_Festus" title="Sextus Pompeius Festus">Sextus Pompeius Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Rufus Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_attributed_to_Florus" class="mw-redirect" title="Works attributed to Florus">Florus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontinus" title="Frontinus">Frontinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cornelius_Fronto" title="Marcus Cornelius Fronto">Fronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabius_Planciades_Fulgentius" title="Fabius Planciades Fulgentius">Fulgentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Gellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydatius" title="Hydatius">Hydatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Paulus" title="Julius Paulus">Julius Paulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucan" title="Lucan">Lucan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobius" title="Macrobius">Macrobius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Empiricus" title="Marcellus Empiricus">Marcellus Empiricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Manilius" title="Marcus Manilius">Manilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial" title="Martial">Martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus" title="Nicolaus of Damascus">Nicolaus Damascenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Obsequens" title="Julius Obsequens">Obsequens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius" title="Petronius">Petronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaedrus_(fabulist)" title="Phaedrus (fabulist)">Phaedrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomponius_Mela" title="Pomponius Mela">Pomponius Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Claudius_Quadrigarius" title="Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius">Quadrigarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Curtius_Rufus" title="Quintus Curtius Rufus">Quintus Curtius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Elder" title="Seneca the Elder">Seneca the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurus_Servius_Honoratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurus Servius Honoratus">Servius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidonius_Apollinaris" title="Sidonius Apollinaris">Sidonius Apollinaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silius_Italicus" title="Silius Italicus">Silius Italicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statius" title="Statius">Statius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aurelius_Symmachus" title="Quintus Aurelius Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terence" title="Terence">Terence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibullus" title="Tibullus">Tibullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Antias" title="Valerius Antias">Valerius Antias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrius_Flaccus" title="Verrius Flaccus">Verrius Flaccus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Vergil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitruvius" title="Vitruvius">Vitruvius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Greek</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus" title="Diodorus Siculus">Diodorus Siculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius of Caesaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libanius" title="Libanius">Libanius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philostratus" title="Philostratus">Philostratus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegon_of_Tralles" title="Phlegon of Tralles">Phlegon of Tralles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyaenus" title="Polyaenus">Polyaenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)" title="Porphyry (philosopher)">Porphyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus" title="Priscus">Priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplicius_of_Cilicia" title="Simplicius of Cilicia">Simplicius of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus Byzantinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themistius" title="Themistius">Themistius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes_Zonaras" title="Joannes Zonaras">Zonaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bononia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists <span class="nobold">and other<br />topics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_founded_by_the_Romans" title="List of cities founded by the Romans">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_ancient_Rome" title="Climate of ancient Rome">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Consuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Dictators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_women" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman women">Distinguished women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dynasties" title="List of Roman dynasties">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiction_set_in_ancient_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiction set in ancient Rome">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_in_ancient_Rome" title="List of films set in ancient Rome">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_generals" title="List of Roman generals">Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes" title="List of Roman gentes">Gentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_institutions_of_ancient_Rome" title="Political institutions of ancient Rome">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_laws" title="List of Roman laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Legacy of the Roman Empire">Legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_legions" title="List of Roman legions">Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_dictators" title="List of Roman dictators">Magistri equitum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_nomina" title="List of Roman nomina">Nomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pontifices_maximi" title="List of pontifices maximi">Pontifices maximi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_praetors" title="List of Roman praetors">Praetors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_quaestors" title="List of Roman quaestors">Quaestors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_tribunes" title="List of Roman tribunes">Tribunes</a></li> <li><a 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