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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Regnal_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regnal_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Regnal periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regnal_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>End of reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-End_of_reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle End of reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-End_of_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abdication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Abdication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abolition_of_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abolition_of_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Abolition of monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abolition_of_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Reign_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Reign (disambiguation)">Reign (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>reign</b> is the period of a person's or <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasty</a>'s occupation of the office of <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> of a nation (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_monarchs" title="List of Belgian monarchs">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Co-prince_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-prince of Andorra">Andorra</a>), of a people (e.g., <a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">the Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Zulu_kings" title="List of Zulu kings">the Zulus</a>) or of a spiritual community (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Nizari Ismailism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most hereditary monarchies and some elective monarchies (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>) there have been no limits on the duration of a sovereign's reign or <a href="/wiki/Incumbent" title="Incumbent">incumbency</a>, nor is there a <a href="/wiki/Term_limit" title="Term limit">term of office</a>. Thus, a reign usually lasts until the monarch dies, unless the monarchy itself is abolished or the monarch abdicates or is deposed. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">elective monarchies</a>, there may be a fixed period of time for the duration of the monarch's tenure in office (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a>). </p><p>The term of a reign can be indicated with the abbreviation "r." (for <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">rexit</i></span></i>) after a sovereign's name,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the following: </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI, King of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions, Emperor of India</a> (r. 1936–1952)</dd></dl> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regnal_periods">Regnal periods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Regnal periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> reigns have included the following. </p> <ul><li>Queen <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India</a> reigned from 1837 to 1901.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III of Italy</a> reigned from 1900 to 1946.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a> of Thailand reigned from 1946 to 2016.</li> <li>Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> of the Commonwealth realms reigned from 1952 to 2022.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> reigned from 1958 to 1963.</li> <li>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akihito" title="Akihito">Akihito</a> of Japan reigned from 1989 to 2019.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_reign">End of reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: End of reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A reign can be ended in several ways: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition (politics)">Deposition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abdication">Abdication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Abdication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Ferdinand I of Austria</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Lombardy-Venetia</a> (r. 1835–1848) was abdicated due to his disabilities (<a href="/wiki/Feeble-minded" title="Feeble-minded">feeble-mindedness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>). His successor, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Josef</a> (r. 1848–1916) reigned for 68 years.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> of England reigned from January to December 1936 before he abdicated the throne. After his abdication he became known as the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Windsor" title="Duke of Windsor">Duke of Windsor</a>. No other monarch of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> (1707–1800), the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a>, or any <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a> has ever abdicated, though forced abdications did occur on rare occasions in the <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">Kingdom of England</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a> prior to their merger in 1707.</li> <li>Queen <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_of_the_Netherlands" title="Wilhelmina of the Netherlands">Wilhelmina of the Netherlands</a> reigned from 1890 to 1948, before abdicating in favor of her daughter, Queen <a href="/wiki/Juliana_of_the_Netherlands" title="Juliana of the Netherlands">Juliana</a> who then reigned until 1980 when she abdicated in favor of her daughter, Queen <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Beatrix of the Netherlands</a>. Beatrix followed suit and abdicated in 2013 in favor of her son and heir apparent, King <a href="/wiki/Willem-Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands">Willem-Alexander</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abolition_of_monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Abolition of monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI of France</a> reigned from the 1770s until the overthrow of the monarchy in 1792 and his execution the following year.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Xuantong Emperor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">China</a> abdicated in 1912 following the <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a>, marking the end of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">Chinese monarchy</a>.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Humbert_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Humbert II of Italy">Humbert II of Italy</a> reigned for only a few weeks in 1946 before the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> Monarchy.</li> <li>King <a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Greece" title="Constantine II of Greece">Constantine II of Greece</a> reigned from 1964 until the abolition of the Greek monarchy in 1973.</li> <li>Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a> reigned from 1894 until 1917 when he was forced to abdicate and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> was overthrown during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution</a>.</li> <li>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Haile Selassie I">Haile Selassie I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a> reigned for over 40 years (1930-1974) until the <a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> forced him to abdicate and abolished the 3,000 year old monarchy, making him not only the 225th Emperor of Ethiopia but the final as well.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> reigned for more than 37 years (1941–1979) until the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, which superseded the 2,500 years of monarchy with an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic republic</a> system of government. The Shah died the following year and is buried in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_(title)" title="Rex (title)">Rex (title)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160925222719/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/reign">"reign - definition of reign in English | Oxford Dictionaries"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries | English</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/reign">the original</a> on September 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+%7C+English&rft.atitle=reign+-+definition+of+reign+in+English+%7C+Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Freign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2015" class="citation book cs1">Robbins, John Fonseca (2015-08-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ym12CgAAQBAJ&q=%22r.%22+abbreviation+monarch+%22reigned%22&pg=PA238"><i>Fonseca Robbins´Lexicon</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Joinville" title="Joinville">Joinville</a>: <a href="/wiki/Clube_de_Autores" title="Clube de Autores">Clube de Autores</a>. p. 238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fonseca+Robbins%C2%B4Lexicon&rft.place=Joinville&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Clube+de+Autores&rft.date=2015-08-31&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=John+Fonseca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dym12CgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522r.%2522%2Babbreviation%2Bmonarch%2B%2522reigned%2522%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reign&oldid=1171029097">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reign&oldid=1171029097</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reigns" title="Category:Reigns">Reigns</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2021">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 August 2023, at 16:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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