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<li id="toc-Formation_and_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation_and_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Formation and growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation_and_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Mengistu's_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Mengistu's_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Under Mengistu's leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Mengistu's_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethiopian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethiopian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Ethiopian Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethiopian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1983–85_famine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1983–85_famine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>1983–85 famine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1983–85_famine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aid_and_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aid_and_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Aid and controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aid_and_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution_and_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_and_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Dissolution and trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_and_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chairmen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chairmen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Chairmen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chairmen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PMAC_Standing_Committee_(January_1985)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PMAC_Standing_Committee_(January_1985)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>PMAC Standing Committee (January 1985)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PMAC_Standing_Committee_(January_1985)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Derg</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%8D" title="ደርግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደርግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="ديرغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديرغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Часовы ваенна-адміністрацыйны савет – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Часовы ваенна-адміністрацыйны савет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Временен военно-административен съвет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Временен военно-административен съвет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Administrativo_Militar_Provisional" title="Consejo Administrativo Militar Provisional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Consejo Administrativo Militar Provisional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg_re%C4%9Dimo" title="Derg reĝimo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Derg reĝimo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF_(%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%82)" title="درگ (کشور سابق) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگ (کشور سابق)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement_militaire_provisoire_de_l%27%C3%89thiopie_socialiste" title="Gouvernement militaire provisoire de l'Éthiopie socialiste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouvernement militaire provisoire de l'Éthiopie socialiste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B0%EB%A5%B4%EA%B7%B8" title="데르그 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데르그" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA" title="החונטה הצבאית האתיופית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="החונטה הצבאית האתיופית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dergas_(Etiopija)" title="Dergas (Etiopija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dergas (Etiopija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dergue" title="Dergue – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dergue" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%81%E3%82%AA%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2" title="社会主義エチオピア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会主義エチオピア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargii" title="Dargii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Dargii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Временный военно-административный совет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Временный военно-административный совет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Дерг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дерг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="เดร์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เดร์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derg" title="Derg – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Derg" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Дерг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дерг" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1974–1987 ruling military junta of Ethiopia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Derg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Derg (disambiguation)">Derg (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Derg" title="Special:EditPage/Derg">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Derg%22">"Derg"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Derg%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Derg%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Derg%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Derg%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Derg%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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#a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Amharic-language text"><span lang="am" style="font-style: normal;">የኅብረተሰብአዊት ኢትዮጵያ ጊዜያዊ ወታደራዊ መንግሥት</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>)</span><br /><i>Ye-Hebratasabʼāwit Ītyōṗṗyā Gizéyāwi Watādarāwi Mangeśt</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1974–1987</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ethiopia_(1975%E2%80%931987).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ethiopia"><img alt="Flag of Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281975%E2%80%931987%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ethiopia" title="Flag of Ethiopia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Provisional_Military_Government_of_Socialist_Ethiopia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Ethiopia"><img alt="Emblem of Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Emblem_of_the_Provisional_Military_Government_of_Socialist_Ethiopia.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Provisional_Military_Government_of_Socialist_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Emblem_of_the_Provisional_Military_Government_of_Socialist_Ethiopia.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Provisional_Military_Government_of_Socialist_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Emblem_of_the_Provisional_Military_Government_of_Socialist_Ethiopia.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Provisional_Military_Government_of_Socialist_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="636" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Ethiopia" title="Emblem of Ethiopia"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="Amharic-language text"><span lang="am">ኢትዮጵያ, ኢትዮጵያ, ኢትዮጵያ ቅደሚ</span></span><br />Ītyoṗya, Ītyoṗya, Ītyoṗya, qidä mī<br />(English: <span lang="en">"<a href="/wiki/Ethiopia,_Ethiopia,_Ethiopia_be_first" title="Ethiopia, Ethiopia, Ethiopia be first">Ethiopia, Ethiopia, Ethiopia be first</a>"</span>)<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="66" data-mwtitle="Ethiopia,_Ethiopia,_Ethiopia_be_first_(instrumental).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f3/Ethiopia%2C_Ethiopia%2C_Ethiopia_be_first_%28instrumental%29.ogg/Ethiopia%2C_Ethiopia%2C_Ethiopia_be_first_%28instrumental%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Ethiopia%2C_Ethiopia%2C_Ethiopia_be_first_%28instrumental%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pdr_ethiopia.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Ethiopia"><img alt="Location of Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pdr_ethiopia.png/250px-Pdr_ethiopia.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pdr_ethiopia.png/375px-Pdr_ethiopia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pdr_ethiopia.png/500px-Pdr_ethiopia.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian people">Ethiopian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ethiopia" title="Politics of Ethiopia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxist-Leninist</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional government</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Ethiopia" title="List of presidents of Ethiopia">Head of state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1974 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aman_Andom" title="Aman Andom">Aman Andom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1974–1974 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1974–1977 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tafari_Benti" title="Tafari Benti">Tafari Benti</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1977–1987 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Mengistu Haile Mariam</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data">None (<a href="/wiki/Rule_by_decree" title="Rule by decree">rule by decree</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">Coup d'état</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 September 1974</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire#Fall_of_monarchy" title="Ethiopian Empire">Monarchy abolished</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 March 1975<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1987_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1987 Constitution of Ethiopia">Constitution adopted</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 February 1987</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ethiopia" title="Geography of Ethiopia">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1987<sup id="cite_ref-CIA1987_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA1987-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data">1,221,900 km<sup>2</sup> (471,800 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia" title="Demographics of Ethiopia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1987<sup id="cite_ref-CIA1987_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA1987-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">46,706,229</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr" title="Ethiopian birr">Ethiopian birr</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ETB</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Ethiopia" title="Telephone numbers in Ethiopia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">251</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:ET" title="ISO 3166-2:ET">ET</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281897%E2%80%931974%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ethiopia_%281987%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Ethiopia" title="Category:History of Ethiopia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">History of <span class="fn org label">Ethiopia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lion of Judah"><img alt="Lion of Judah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg/75px-Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg/113px-Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg/150px-Lion_of_Judah_emblem_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ethiopia" title="Prehistoric Ethiopia">Prehistory</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">  </td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Dʿmt</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 980 – 400 BC</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Ethiopia in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 100 – 940 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 900–1270</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Early Solomonic period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1270–1529</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Amda_Seyon_I%27s_Expansions" class="mw-redirect" title="Amda Seyon I's Expansions">Amda Seyon's Expansions</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1314–1344</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Ethiopian–Adal War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1527–1543</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Oromo_migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Oromo migrations">Oromo migrations</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">1543 – 17th cent. </span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Habesh" title="Ottoman conquest of Habesh">Habesh Eyalet</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <span style="font-size:85%;">1557 – 17th cent. </span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Gondarine_period" title="Gondarine period">Gondarine period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1632–1769</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1769–1855</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Ottoman_border_conflict" title="Ethiopian–Ottoman border conflict">Ottoman border conflict</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1832–1848</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia#1855–1936" title="History of Ethiopia">Unification</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1855–1913</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Menelik%27s_Invasions" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelik's Invasions">Menelik's Invasions</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1878–1904</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/First_Italo%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Italo–Ethiopian War">First Italo–Ethiopian War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1895–1896</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Modernization_under_Haile_Selassie" title="Modernization under Haile Selassie">Modernization</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1913–1974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_in_World_War_I" title="Ethiopia in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Italo–Ethiopian War">Second Italo–Ethiopian War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1935–1936</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1936–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">World War II</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">Italian guerrilla war</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1941–1943</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Ethiopia_and_Eritrea" title="Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea">Federation with Eritrea</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1952–1962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean Independence War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1961–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1974–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1977–1978</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="History of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Recent history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Eritrean border conflict</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1998–2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/2005_Ethiopian_general_election_violence" title="2005 Ethiopian general election violence">Police massacre</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2005</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%9309)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Somalia (2006–09)">War in Somalia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2006–2009</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/2011_East_Africa_drought" title="2011 East Africa drought">East Africa drought</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2011–2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932016_Oromo_protests" title="2014–2016 Oromo protests">Oromo protests</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2014–2016</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Ethiopian civil conflict</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2018–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ethiopia" title="Economic history of Ethiopia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_aristocratic_and_court_titles" title="Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Ethiopia" title="Military history of Ethiopia">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Army of the Ethiopian Empire">Army of the Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Ethiopia" title="Territorial evolution of Ethiopia">Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr#History" title="Ethiopian birr">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksumite_currency" title="Aksumite currency">Aksumite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famines_in_Ethiopia" title="Famines in Ethiopia">Famines</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Ethiopia" title="Template:History of Ethiopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Ethiopia" title="Template talk:History of Ethiopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Ethiopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Ethiopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Derg</b> (or <b>Dergue</b>; <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>: <span lang="am">ደርግ</span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">committee</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>  or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">council</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), officially the <b>Provisional Military Administrative Council</b> (<b>PMAC</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> that ruled <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, then including present-day <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, from 1974 to 1987, when the <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> formally "<a href="/wiki/Civil_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil government">civilianized</a>" the administration but stayed in power until 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Derg was established on 21 June 1974<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the <b>Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and Territorial Army</b>, by junior and mid level officers of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Army of the Ethiopian Empire">Imperial Ethiopian Army</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ethiopia" title="Law enforcement in Ethiopia">police</a>. The officers decided everything collectively at first, and selected <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a> to chair the proceedings. On 12 September 1974, the Derg <a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">overthrew</a> the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Government of the Ethiopian Empire">government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> during nationwide mass protests, and three days later formally renamed itself the Provisional Military Administrative Council. In March 1975 the Derg abolished the monarchy and established Ethiopia as a <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> state under a military-led <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional government</a>. The abolition of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, increased <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a>, and sweeping <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_and_villagization_in_Ethiopia" title="Resettlement and villagization in Ethiopia">resettlement and villagization</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a> became priorities. Mengistu became chairman in 1977, launching the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Ethiopia)" title="Red Terror (Ethiopia)">Red Terror</a> (<i>Qey Shibir</i>) political repression campaign to eliminate political opponents, with tens of thousands imprisoned and executed without trial.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid-1980s, Ethiopia was plagued by multiple issues, such as <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a>, economic decline and increasing reliance on <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign aid">foreign aid</a>, recovering from the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia" title="1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia">1983–1985 famine</a> from which the Derg itself estimated more than a million deaths during its time in power.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethiopia_Since_Live_Aid_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethiopia_Since_Live_Aid-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conflicts between the Derg and various ethnic militias saw a gradual resurgence, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a>. Mengistu formally abolished the Derg in 1987 and formed a <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist-Leninist</a> one party state, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Ethiopia" title="Workers' Party of Ethiopia">Workers' Party of Ethiopia</a>, with a new government containing civilians but still dominated by members of the Derg.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1991, <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Derg_regime" title="Fall of the Derg regime">the Derg regime fell</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front">Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front</a>, ending the civil war that had been ongoing since 1974 following the toppling of the Ethiopian Empire. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Derg" title="Timeline of the Derg">Timeline of the Derg</a></div> <p>Before the revolution, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Student_Movement" title="Ethiopian Student Movement">Ethiopian Student Movement</a> presented a threat to the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of their ideals were similar to those of the Derg. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_and_growth">Formation and growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation and growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Derg.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Derg.gif/220px-Derg.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Derg.gif/330px-Derg.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Derg.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>High ranking Derg members: <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tafari_Benti" title="Tafari Benti">Tafari Benti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atnafu_Abate" title="Atnafu Abate">Atnafu Abate</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Revolution" title="Ethiopian Revolution">Ethiopian Revolution</a> in February 1974, the first signal of any mass uprisings was the actions of the soldiers of the 4th Brigade of the 4th Army Division in <a href="/wiki/Nagelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagelle">Nagelle</a> in southern Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were mainly unhappy about the lack of food and water and then arrested their brigade commander and other officers and kept them incarcerated. When the government sent the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Ground_Forces" title="Ethiopian Ground Forces">Ethiopian Ground Forces</a>, General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deresse_Dubala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deresse Dubala (page does not exist)">Deresse Dubala</a>, to negotiate with the rebels, they held him and forced him to eat their food and drink their water. Similar mutinies took place at the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force" title="Ethiopian Air Force">Ethiopian Air Force</a> base at <a href="/wiki/Bishoftu" title="Bishoftu">Bishoftu</a> on 12 February, and at Second Division at Asmara on 25 February. It was these protests that gave rise to the general uprising among the civilian segments such as students and trade unions. </p><p>The Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and Territorial Army, known as the Derg, was officially announced on 28 June 1974 by a group of military officers. This was done under the pretext of maintaining law and order, due to the powerlessness of the civilian government following widespread <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutiny</a> in the armed forces of Ethiopia earlier that year. Its members were not directly involved in those mutinies nor was this the first military committee organized to support the administration of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Endelkachew_Makonnen" title="Endelkachew Makonnen">Endelkachew Makonnen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alem_Zewde_Tessema" title="Alem Zewde Tessema">Alem Zewde Tessema</a> had established the armed forces coordinated committee on 23 March. Over the following months, radicals in the Ethiopian military came to believe Makonnen was acting on behalf of the hated feudal aristocracy. When a group of notables petitioned for the release of a number of government ministers and officials who were under arrest for corruption and other crimes, three days later the Derg was announced.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopia_IMG_4846_Addis_Abeba_(38824861344).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ethiopia_IMG_4846_Addis_Abeba_%2838824861344%29.jpg/220px-Ethiopia_IMG_4846_Addis_Abeba_%2838824861344%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ethiopia_IMG_4846_Addis_Abeba_%2838824861344%29.jpg/330px-Ethiopia_IMG_4846_Addis_Abeba_%2838824861344%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ethiopia_IMG_4846_Addis_Abeba_%2838824861344%29.jpg/440px-Ethiopia_IMG_4846_Addis_Abeba_%2838824861344%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3486" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Advocacy manifesto of the Derg, published in June 1978</figcaption></figure> <p>The Derg, which originally consisted of soldiers at the capital, broadened its membership by including representatives from the 40 units of the Army, Air Force, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Navy" title="Ethiopian Navy">Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebur_Zabagna" title="Kebur Zabagna">Kebur Zabagna</a> (Imperial Guard), <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Army_(Ethiopia)" title="Territorial Army (Ethiopia)">Territorial Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ethiopia" title="Law enforcement in Ethiopia">police</a>: each unit was expected to send three representatives, who were supposed to be privates, NCOs and junior officers up to the rank of major. According to Bahru Zewde, "Senior officers were deemed too compromised by close association to the regime."<sup id="cite_ref-Bahru-234_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahru-234-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Derg was reported to have consisted of 120 soldiers,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a statement which has gained wide acceptance due to the habitual secretiveness of the Derg in its early years. But, Bahru Zewde notes that "in actual fact, their number was less than 110",<sup id="cite_ref-Bahru-234_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahru-234-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Aregawi Berhe mentions two different sources which record 109 persons as being members of the Derg.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No new members were ever admitted, and the number decreased, especially in the first few years, as some members were expelled or killed. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethiopia_IMG_4836_Addis_Abeba_(39504135432).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ethiopia_IMG_4836_Addis_Abeba_%2839504135432%29.jpg/220px-Ethiopia_IMG_4836_Addis_Abeba_%2839504135432%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ethiopia_IMG_4836_Addis_Abeba_%2839504135432%29.jpg/330px-Ethiopia_IMG_4836_Addis_Abeba_%2839504135432%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ethiopia_IMG_4836_Addis_Abeba_%2839504135432%29.jpg/440px-Ethiopia_IMG_4836_Addis_Abeba_%2839504135432%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2733" data-file-height="2195" /></a><figcaption>One sketch in the Red Terror Martyrs' Museum showing military convoys of the Derg driving into the gorge</figcaption></figure> <p>The Derg first assembled at the Fourth Division headquarters,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and elected Major <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a> as its chairman and Major <a href="/wiki/Atnafu_Abate" title="Atnafu Abate">Atnafu Abate</a> as vice-chairman. Their stated mission was to study and address the grievances of various military units, investigate abuses by senior officers and staff and root out corruption in the military. In July, the Derg obtained key concessions from emperor, <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>, which included the power to arrest not only military officers but government officials at every level. Soon both former Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/Aklilu_Habte-Wold" title="Aklilu Habte-Wold">Aklilu Habte-Wold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endelkachew_Makonnen" title="Endelkachew Makonnen">Endelkachew Makonnen</a>, along with most of their cabinets, most regional governors, many senior military officers and officials of the Imperial court were imprisoned. In August, after a proposed constitution creating a constitutional monarchy was presented to the emperor, the Derg began a program of dismantling the imperial government to forestall further developments in that direction. The Derg <a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">deposed</a> and imprisoned the emperor on 12 September 1974. </p><p>On 15 September, the committee renamed itself the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC) and took full control of the government and all facilities within the government. The Derg chose Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Aman_Andom" title="Aman Andom">Aman Andom</a>, a popular military leader and a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy_Sandhurst" title="Royal Military Academy Sandhurst">Sandhurst</a> graduate,<sup id="cite_ref-wrong-2005_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrong-2005-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be its chairman and acting head-of-state. This was pending the return of Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Amha_Selassie" title="Amha Selassie">Asfaw Wossen</a> from medical treatment in Europe when he would assume the throne as a constitutional monarch. However, General Aman Andom quarreled with the radical elements in the Derg over the issue of a new military offensive in <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and their proposal to execute the high officials of Selassie's former government. After eliminating units loyal to him—the Engineers, the Imperial Bodyguard and the Air Force—the Derg removed General Aman from power and executed him on 23 November 1974, along with some of his supporters and 60 officials of the previous Imperial government.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Tafari_Benti" title="Tafari Benti">Tafari Benti</a> became the new Chairman of the Derg and the head of state, with Mengistu and Atnafu Abate as his two vice-chairmen, both with promotions to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. The monarchy was formally abolished in March 1975, and socialism was proclaimed the new ideology of the state. Emperor Haile Selassie died under mysterious circumstances on 27 August 1975 while his personal physician was absent. It is commonly believed that Mengistu killed him, either by ordering it done or by his own hand although the former is considered more likely.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Derg and Haile Selassie government relocated numerous Amharas into southern Ethiopia, including present-day of the Oromia region, where they served in government administration, courts, church and school, where Oromo texts were eliminated and replaced by Amharic.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Mengistu's_leadership"><span id="Under_Mengistu.27s_leadership"></span>Under Mengistu's leadership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Under Mengistu's leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam#Leadership_of_Ethiopia" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam § Leadership of Ethiopia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Derg" title="Special:EditPage/Derg">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mengistu_Bundesarchiv_183-1986-0417-012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Mengistu_Bundesarchiv_183-1986-0417-012.JPG" decoding="async" width="137" height="236" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="137" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>Mengistu in 1986 at SED Party Congress in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After internal conflicts that resulted in the execution of General Tafari Benti and several of his supporters in February 1977, and the execution of Colonel Atnafu Abate in November 1977, Mengistu gained undisputed leadership of the Derg. In 1987, he formally dissolved the Derg and established the country as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia</a> (PDRE) under a <a href="/wiki/1987_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1987 Constitution of Ethiopia">new constitution</a>. </p><p>Many of the Derg members remained in key government posts and also served as the members of the Central Committee and the Politburo of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Ethiopia" title="Workers' Party of Ethiopia">Workers' Party of Ethiopia</a> (WPE). This became Ethiopia's civilian version of the Eastern bloc communist parties. Mengistu became Secretary-General of the WPE and President of the PDRE while remaining the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethiopian_Civil_War">Ethiopian Civil War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ethiopian Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Derg-badge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Derg-badge.png/220px-Derg-badge.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Derg-badge.png/330px-Derg-badge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Derg-badge.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>Derg party badge, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1979</span>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_-_Tiglachin_Monument_(1984)_(18085457261).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Statue_-_Tiglachin_Monument_%281984%29_%2818085457261%29.jpg/220px-Statue_-_Tiglachin_Monument_%281984%29_%2818085457261%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Statue_-_Tiglachin_Monument_%281984%29_%2818085457261%29.jpg/330px-Statue_-_Tiglachin_Monument_%281984%29_%2818085457261%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Statue_-_Tiglachin_Monument_%281984%29_%2818085457261%29.jpg/440px-Statue_-_Tiglachin_Monument_%281984%29_%2818085457261%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3439" data-file-height="5311" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tiglachin_Monument" title="Tiglachin Monument">Tiglachin Monument</a> commemorating the victory of the Derg over <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Opposition to the reign of the Derg was the main cause of the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a>. This conflict began as extralegal violence between 1975 and 1977, known as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Ethiopia)" title="Red Terror (Ethiopia)">Red Terror</a>, when the Derg struggled for authority, first with various opposition groups within the country, then with a variety of groups jockeying for the role of <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a>. Though human rights violations were committed by all sides, the great majority of abuses against civilians as well as actions leading to devastating <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> were committed by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>, which represents the Christian <a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">state church</a> of Ethiopia for centuries, was disestablished in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-Desta2020_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desta2020-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Derg declared a policy of <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>, a tenet of <a href="/wiki/Marxist-Leninist_atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist-Leninist atheist">Marxist-Leninist</a> ideology; this was opposed by the vast majority of the Ethiopian population.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonacci2000_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonacci2000-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stremlau2018_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stremlau2018-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daniel_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daniel-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 March 1975, the Derg announced a program of <a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Ethiopia" title="Land reform in Ethiopia">land reform</a>, according to its main slogan of "Land to the Tiller", which was unequivocally radical, even in Soviet and Chinese terms. It nationalized all rural land, abolished tenancy and put peasants in charge of enforcing the whole scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many students embraced Mengistu as a 'the hero of the reform'.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Derg in 1975 nationalized most industries and private and somewhat secured urban real-estate holdings. Mismanagement, corruption and general opposition to the Derg's dictatorial and violent communist rule, coupled with the draining effects of constant warfare with the separatist guerrilla movements in Eritrea and Tigray, led to a drastic fall in general productivity of food and cash crops.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eritreans came under increased oppression and economic disruption at the hands of the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1976, civilian opposition to the regime was ruthlessly cracked down on following an attempt on Mengistu's life. In some cases entire families were executed based on the accusation of being 'reactionary'.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These grouped ranged from the conservative and pro-monarchy <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Democratic_Union" title="Ethiopian Democratic Union">Ethiopian Democratic Union</a> to the far-leftist <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party">Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Eritrean People's Liberation Front">Eritrean People's Liberation Front</a> (EPLF) <a href="/wiki/Guerrillas" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrillas">guerrillas</a> fighting for <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrean</a> independence, rebels based in <a href="/wiki/Tigray_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray province">Tigray</a> (which included the nascent <a href="/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Tigray People's Liberation Front">Tigray People's Liberation Front</a>) and other groups. For some time, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Somali_Liberation_Front" title="Western Somali Liberation Front">Western Somali Liberation Front</a> (WSLF), had been conducting guerilla operations in the Ogaden. By June 1977, it had succeeded in forcing the Ethiopian army out of much of the region and into fortified urban centers. During the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a> that soon followed, Somalia launched a full scale invasion to assist the WSLF.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Derg, Ethiopia became the Soviet bloc's closest ally in Africa and became one of the best-armed nations in the region as a result of massive military aid, chiefly from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. </p><p>In October 1978, the Derg announced the National Revolutionary Development Campaign to mobilize human and material resources to transform the economy, which led to a ten-year plan (1984/85 - 1993/94) to expand agricultural and industrial output, forecasting a 6.5% growth in GDP and a 3.6% rise in per capita income. Instead, per capita income declined considerably to 0.8% over this period.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Ethiopians viewed the revolution as a mask to perpetuate <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> colonization that began during Emperor <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a>. By 1978 the proportion of Amhara officials running the Ethiopian government was higher than it has ever been - even under Menelik and <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Selassie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1980, the original 120 members of the Derg had been whittled down to only 38. All members but three were ethnic <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> and were predominantly from settler colonialist <i><a href="/wiki/Neftenya" title="Neftenya">neftenya</a></i> origins. Many member of the ruling elite were deeply opposed to the idea of loosening control on the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II%27s_conquests" title="Menelik II's conquests">southern regions conquered under Menelik II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1983–85_famine"><span id="1983.E2.80.9385_famine"></span>1983–85 famine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1983–85 famine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%9385_famine_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="1983–85 famine in Ethiopia">1983–85 famine in Ethiopia</a></div> <p>Famine scholar <a href="/wiki/Alex_de_Waal" title="Alex de Waal">Alex de Waal</a> observed that while the <a href="/wiki/1984%E2%80%931985_famine_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="1984–1985 famine in Ethiopia">famine</a> that struck the country in the mid-1980s is usually ascribed to drought, closer investigation shows that widespread drought occurred only some months after the famine was already underway.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of thousands fled economic misery, conscription and political repression and went to live in neighbouring countries and all over the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, creating, for the first time, an Ethiopian <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aid_and_controversy">Aid and controversy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aid and controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1983%E2%80%9385_famine_in_Ethiopia#Effect_on_aid_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="1983–85 famine in Ethiopia">1983–85 famine in Ethiopia § Effect on aid policy</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MASTER_SGT._Edward_Barnes,_loadmaster_from_the_6th_Military_Airlift_Squadron,_directs_the_loading_of_one_of_11_pallets_of_supplies_onto_a_waiting_truck_during_Ethiopian_relief_opera_-_DPLA_-_bc5b8b02657a68af0c663e43cc117927.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/MASTER_SGT._Edward_Barnes%2C_loadmaster_from_the_6th_Military_Airlift_Squadron%2C_directs_the_loading_of_one_of_11_pallets_of_supplies_onto_a_waiting_truck_during_Ethiopian_relief_opera_-_DPLA_-_bc5b8b02657a68af0c663e43cc117927.jpeg/180px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/MASTER_SGT._Edward_Barnes%2C_loadmaster_from_the_6th_Military_Airlift_Squadron%2C_directs_the_loading_of_one_of_11_pallets_of_supplies_onto_a_waiting_truck_during_Ethiopian_relief_opera_-_DPLA_-_bc5b8b02657a68af0c663e43cc117927.jpeg/270px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/MASTER_SGT._Edward_Barnes%2C_loadmaster_from_the_6th_Military_Airlift_Squadron%2C_directs_the_loading_of_one_of_11_pallets_of_supplies_onto_a_waiting_truck_during_Ethiopian_relief_opera_-_DPLA_-_bc5b8b02657a68af0c663e43cc117927.jpeg/360px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>An airlift supplying water truck during the famine in 1985</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1984–1985 <a href="/wiki/Tigray_Province" title="Tigray Province">Tigray</a> famine brought the political situation in Ethiopia to the attention of the world and inspired charitable drives in <a href="/wiki/Western_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Western nations">Western nations</a>, notably by <a href="/wiki/Oxfam" title="Oxfam">Oxfam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Live_Aid" title="Live Aid">Live Aid</a> concerts of July 1985. The money they raised was distributed among <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a> working in Ethiopia. A controversy arose when it was found that some of these NGOs were under Derg control or influence and that some Oxfam and Live Aid money had been used to fund Derg's <a href="/wiki/Resettlement_and_villagization_in_Ethiopia" title="Resettlement and villagization in Ethiopia">enforced resettlement programmes</a>, under which they displaced millions of people and killed between 50,000 and 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_24.06.2005_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_24.06.2005-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> investigation reported that <a href="/wiki/Tigray_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Tigray People's Liberation Front">Tigray People's Liberation Front</a> rebels had used millions of dollars of aid money to buy arms; these accusations were later fully retracted by the corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_17.11.2010_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_17.11.2010-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dissolution_and_trials">Dissolution and trials</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dissolution and trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Derg" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of the Derg">Fall of the Derg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Derg_members" title="Trials of the Derg members">Trials of the Derg members</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T-55_Ethiopian_Civil_War_1991.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/T-55_Ethiopian_Civil_War_1991.JPEG/220px-T-55_Ethiopian_Civil_War_1991.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/T-55_Ethiopian_Civil_War_1991.JPEG/330px-T-55_Ethiopian_Civil_War_1991.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/T-55_Ethiopian_Civil_War_1991.JPEG/440px-T-55_Ethiopian_Civil_War_1991.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/T-55" class="mw-redirect" title="T-55">T-55</a> tanks in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a> after rebels seized the capital</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Derg_members_in_court_in_Addis_Ababa,_1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Derg_members_in_court_in_Addis_Ababa%2C_1994.jpg/220px-Derg_members_in_court_in_Addis_Ababa%2C_1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Derg_members_in_court_in_Addis_Ababa%2C_1994.jpg/330px-Derg_members_in_court_in_Addis_Ababa%2C_1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Derg_members_in_court_in_Addis_Ababa%2C_1994.jpg/440px-Derg_members_in_court_in_Addis_Ababa%2C_1994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Derg members in court in Addis Ababa, 1994</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the Derg government came to an end on 22 February 1987, three weeks after a <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_constitutional_referendum,_1987" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian constitutional referendum, 1987">referendum approved</a> the <a href="/wiki/1987_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1987 Constitution of Ethiopia">constitution for the PDRE</a>, it was not until September that the new government was fully in place and the Derg formally abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving members of the Derg, including Mengistu, remained in power as the leaders of the new civilian regime. </p><p>The geopolitical situation became unfavourable for the communist government in the late 1980s, with the Soviet Union retreating from the expansion of Communism under <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a>.</i> Socialist bloc countries drastically reduced their aid to Ethiopia and were struggling to keep their own economies going. This resulted in even more economic hardship, and the military gave way in the face of determined onslaughts by guerrilla forces in the north. The Soviet Union stopped aiding the PDRE altogether in December 1990. Together with the fall of Communism in the Eastern Bloc in the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>, this itself dealt a serious blow to the PDRE. </p><p>Towards the end of January 1991, a coalition of rebel forces, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_People%27s_Revolutionary_Democratic_Front" title="Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front">Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front</a> (EPRDF) captured <a href="/wiki/Gondar" title="Gondar">Gondar</a> (the ancient capital city), <a href="/wiki/Bahir_Dar" title="Bahir Dar">Bahir Dar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dessie" title="Dessie">Dessie</a>. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_People%27s_Liberation_Front" title="Eritrean People's Liberation Front">Eritrean People's Liberation Front</a> had gained control of all of Eritrea except for <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assab" title="Assab">Assab</a> in the south. The Soviet Union, mired in its internal turmoil, could no longer prop up the Derg.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of the former US diplomat Paul B. Henze, "As his doom became imminent, Mengistu alternated between vowing resistance to the end and hinting that he might follow Emperor <a href="/wiki/Tewodros_II" title="Tewodros II">Tewodros II</a>'s example and commit suicide."<sup id="cite_ref-Henze_2000,_327f_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henze_2000,_327f-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His actions were frantic: he convened the <a href="/wiki/National_Shengo" title="National Shengo">Shengo</a>, for an emergency session and reorganized his cabinet, but as Henze concludes, "these shifts came too late to be effective."<sup id="cite_ref-Henze_2000,_327f_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henze_2000,_327f-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 May, claiming that he was going to inspect troops at a base in southern Ethiopia, Mengistu slipped out of the country into <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>. From there, he flew along with his immediate family to <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, where he was granted asylum and where he still resides.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mengistu was sentenced to death in 2008 <i>in absentia</i>, charged with genocide, homicide, illegal imprisonment and property seizures.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Zimbabwe's late former Information Minister, <a href="/wiki/Tichaona_Jokonya" title="Tichaona Jokonya">Tichaona Jokonya</a>, in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> said Harare was not going to extradite Mengistu.<sup id="cite_ref-Zulu_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zulu-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2018, Ethiopian former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Hailemariam_Desalegn" title="Hailemariam Desalegn">Hailemariam Desalegn</a> while heading an <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> election observer mission in Harare met with Mengistu, and shared their photo on <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, which was quickly deleted as it proved so controversial and generally unpopular. It is thought that Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a>, who had at that time released thousands of political prisoners, had approved the visit possibly because some opposition groups had used Mengistu's image to voice their disapproval of Abiy's policies.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2022, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>'s Foreign Affairs Minister Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Shava" title="Frederick Shava">Frederick Shava</a> gave a clear sign that Harare would be prepared to extradite Mengistu in a reversal of Jokonya's policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Zulu_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zulu-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the turmoil in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Tigray_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigray War">Tigray</a> conflict, there have been no further apparent developments. </p><p>Upon entering Addis Ababa, the EPRDF immediately disbanded the WPE and arrested almost all of the prominent Derg officials shortly after. In December 2006, seventy-three officials of the Derg were found guilty of genocide. Thirty-four people were in court, fourteen others had died during the lengthy process, and twenty-five, including Mengistu, were tried <i>in absentia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trial ended 26 May 2008, and many of the officials were sentenced to death. In December 2010, the Ethiopian government commuted the death sentence of 23 Derg officials. On 4 October 2011, 16 former Derg officials were freed after twenty years of incarceration. The Ethiopian government paroled almost all of the Derg officials who had been imprisoned for 20 years. Other Derg ex-officials managed to escape and organized rebel groups to overthrow Ethiopia's new government. One of these groups is the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Unity_Patriots_Front" title="Ethiopian Unity Patriots Front">Ethiopian Unity Patriots Front</a> which waged an insurgency in the <a href="/wiki/Gambela_Region" title="Gambela Region">Gambela Region</a> from 1993 to 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGagnonCloughRoss20058–9_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGagnonCloughRoss20058–9-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the conclusion of a trial lasting from 1994 to 2006, Mengistu was convicted of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> and sentenced <i>in absentia</i> to death by an Ethiopian court for his role in Ethiopia's <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Ethiopia)" title="Red Terror (Ethiopia)">Red Terror</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ethiopian legal definition is distinct from the legal definition as outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Genocide Convention</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and other definitions in that it defines genocide as intent to wipe out political and not just ethnic groups. In this respect, it closely resembles the definition of <a href="/wiki/Politicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicide">politicide</a> outlined by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Harff" title="Barbara Harff">Barbara Harff</a>, who wrote in 1992 that no Communist country or governing body had been convicted of genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coordinating_Committee_of_the_Armed_Forces_(Derg)_in_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coordinating_Committee_of_the_Armed_Forces_%28Derg%29_in_1974.jpg/220px-Coordinating_Committee_of_the_Armed_Forces_%28Derg%29_in_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coordinating_Committee_of_the_Armed_Forces_%28Derg%29_in_1974.jpg/330px-Coordinating_Committee_of_the_Armed_Forces_%28Derg%29_in_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coordinating_Committee_of_the_Armed_Forces_%28Derg%29_in_1974.jpg/440px-Coordinating_Committee_of_the_Armed_Forces_%28Derg%29_in_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Derg as Coordinated Committee of the Armed Forces during the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Revolution" title="Ethiopian Revolution">Ethiopian Revolution</a> in 1974</figcaption></figure> <p>The Derg army had significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Derg" title="Government of the Derg">government</a> and enforcing law since the establishment. By 1976, the Soviet and Derg relations strengthened with the Soviet aided the Derg military with arms. Together with the Cuban soldiers, the military gained support against <a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somali Democratic Republic</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United States State Department">United States State Department</a> report in May 1977, 50 Cuban advisors trained Ethiopian troops to combat, while another report in July stated that 3,000 Cubans were in Ethiopia with one <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Liberation_Front" title="Eritrean Liberation Front">Eritrean Liberation Front</a> officer there.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Derg, the Ethiopian military was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Amhara_people" title="Amhara people">Amhara</a> ethnic group. Similar to the period of the Ethiopian Empire under <a href="/wiki/Menelik_II" title="Menelik II">Menelik II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a>, over 80% of <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">generals</a> and over 65% of <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">colonels</a> in the armed forces were Amhara's.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2009123_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2009123-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Amhara constituted the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer corps</a>, the army was still ethnically heterogeneous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2009162_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2009162-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1980, the Derg was estimated to have an excess of 250,000 troops. This was estimated to have cost between 50 and 70 percent of the Ethiopian national budget since 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the regimes fall in 1991, the army of the Derg were only 45,000 troops which disintegrated shortly afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chairmen">Chairmen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chairmen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aman_Andom" title="Aman Andom">Aman Mikael Andom</a> (15 September 1974 – 17 November 1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a> (17 November 1974 – 28 November 1974) (1st term)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafari_Benti" title="Tafari Benti">Tafari Benti</a> (28 November 1974 – 3 February 1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a> (3 February 1977 – 10 September 1987) (2nd term, acting to 11 February 1977)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PMAC_Standing_Committee_(January_1985)"><span id="PMAC_Standing_Committee_.28January_1985.29"></span>PMAC Standing Committee (January 1985)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: PMAC Standing Committee (January 1985)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Chairman</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></dd> <dt>Secretary-General</dt> <dd>Lt.-Col. <a href="/wiki/Fikre_Selassie_Wogderess" title="Fikre Selassie Wogderess">Fikre Selassie Wogderess</a></dd> <dt>Deputy Secretary-General</dt> <dd>Col <a href="/wiki/Fisseha_Desta" title="Fisseha Desta">Fisseha Desta</a></dd> <dt>Military Affairs</dt> <dd>Lt.-Gen. <a href="/wiki/Tesfaye_Gebre_Kidan" title="Tesfaye Gebre Kidan">Tesfaye Gebre Kidan</a></dd> <dt>Security</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekla_Tulu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekla Tulu (page does not exist)">Tekla Tulu</a></dd> <dt>Development and Planning</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Addis_Tedla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Addis Tedla (page does not exist)">Addis Tedla</a></dd> <dt>Party Organization</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legesse_Asfaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legesse Asfaw (page does not exist)">Legesse Asfaw</a></dd> <dt>Administrative and Legal Affairs</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wubshet_Dessie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wubshet Dessie (page does not exist)">Wubshet Dessie</a></dd> <dt>Other members</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genesse_Wolde-Kidan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genesse Wolde-Kidan (page does not exist)">Genesse Wolde-Kidan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Endale_Tessema&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Endale Tessema (page does not exist)">Endale Tessema</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kassahun_Tafesse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kassahun Tafesse (page does not exist)">Kassahun Tafesse</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Birhanu_Bayeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Birhanu Bayeh">Birhanu Bayeh</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geographic.org/wfb1982/worldfactbook82natiilli.pdf"><i>The World Factbook</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>. 1982. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=CIA&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographic.org%2Fwfb1982%2Fworldfactbook82natiilli.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ethiopia Ends 3,000 Year Monarchy", <i>Milwaukee Sentinel</i>, 22 March 1975, p. 3.; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1915&dat=19750322&id=S-sgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=7XEFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2528,3614199">"Ethiopia ends old monarchy", <i>The Day</i>, March 22, 1975, p. 7.</a>; Henc Van Maarseveen and Ger van der Tang, <i>Written Constitutions: A Computerized Comparative Study</i> (BRILL, 1978) p. 47.; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/worldfactbook87nati#page/74/mode/2up">The World Factbook 1987</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldstatesmen.org/Ethiopia.html">Worldstatesmen.org – Ethiopia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA1987-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA1987_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/worldfactbook87nati#page/74/mode/2up">The World Factbook 1987</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geographic.org/wfb1982/worldfactbook82natiilli.pdf"><i>The World Factbook</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>. 1982. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=CIA&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographic.org%2Fwfb1982%2Fworldfactbook82natiilli.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemesgen_Gebreyehu2010" class="citation journal cs1">Temesgen Gebreyehu (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40864628">"The Genesis and Evolution of the Ethiopian Revolution and the Derg: A Note on Publications by Participants in Events"</a>. <i>History in Africa</i>. <b>37</b>: 321–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhia.2010.0035">10.1353/hia.2010.0035</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40864628">40864628</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144500147">144500147</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=The+Genesis+and+Evolution+of+the+Ethiopian+Revolution+and+the+Derg%3A+A+Note+on+Publications+by+Participants+in+Events&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=321-327&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144500147%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40864628%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhia.2010.0035&rft.au=Temesgen+Gebreyehu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40864628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGebeyehu2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gebeyehu, Temesgen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40864628">"The Genesis and Evolution of the Ethiopian Revolution and the Derg: A Note on Publications by Participant in Events"</a>. <i>History in Africa</i>. <b>37</b>: 321–327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhia.2010.0035">10.1353/hia.2010.0035</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40864628">40864628</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144500147">144500147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=The+Genesis+and+Evolution+of+the+Ethiopian+Revolution+and+the+Derg%3A+A+Note+on+Publications+by+Participant+in+Events&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=321-327&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144500147%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40864628%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhia.2010.0035&rft.aulast=Gebeyehu&rft.aufirst=Temesgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40864628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saheed A. Adejumobi, <i>The History of Ethiopia</i> (Greenwood Press, 2006) p.119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGebeyehu2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gebeyehu, Temesgen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40864628">"The Genesis and Evolution of the Ethiopian Revolution and the Derg: A Note on Publications by Participant in Events"</a>. <i>History in Africa</i>. <b>37</b>: 321–327. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0361-5413">0361-5413</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40864628">40864628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=The+Genesis+and+Evolution+of+the+Ethiopian+Revolution+and+the+Derg%3A+A+Note+on+Publications+by+Participant+in+Events&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=321-327&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40864628%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0361-5413&rft.aulast=Gebeyehu&rft.aufirst=Temesgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40864628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Waal 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethiopia_Since_Live_Aid-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ethiopia_Since_Live_Aid_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2010" class="citation book cs1">Gill, Peter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516155623/http://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/peter_gill_famine_and_foreigners_ethiopia_sincebook4you.pdf"><i>Famine and Foreigners: Ethiopia Since Live Aid</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford University Press. pp. 43–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956984-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956984-7"><bdi>978-0-19-956984-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/sites/default/files/file%20uploads%20/peter_gill_famine_and_foreigners_ethiopia_sincebook4you.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2019</span> – via South African History Online. <q>The most eloquent summary of the famine's impact endorsed de Waal's conclusion. It came from the very top of Ethiopia's official relief commission. Dawit Wolde-Giorgis, the commissioner, was an army officer and a member of the politburo. Within two years of witnessing these events, he resigned from his post during an official visit to the United States and wrote an account of his experiences from exile. He revealed that at the end of 1985 the commission had secretly compiled its own famine figures—1.2 million dead, 400,000 refugees outside the country, 2.5 million people internally displaced, and almost 200,000 orphans. 'But the biggest toll of the famine was psychological,' Dawit wrote. 'None of the survivors would ever be the same. The famine left behind a population terrorized by the uncertainties of nature and the ruthlessness of their government.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famine+and+Foreigners%3A+Ethiopia+Since+Live+Aid&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956984-7&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2520uploads%2520%2Fpeter_gill_famine_and_foreigners_ethiopia_sincebook4you.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorn1986" class="citation book cs1">Korn, David A (1986). <i>Ethiopia, the United States and the Soviet Union</i>. Croom Helm. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-3116-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-3116-4"><bdi>978-0-7099-3116-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1045940956">1045940956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%2C+the+United+States+and+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1045940956&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-3116-4&rft.aulast=Korn&rft.aufirst=David+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemma1979" class="citation journal cs1">Lemma, Legesse (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43660011">"The Ethiopian Student Movement 1960-1974: A Challenge to the Monarchy and Imperialism in Ethiopia"</a>. <i>Northeast African Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 31–46. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0740-9133">0740-9133</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43660011">43660011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northeast+African+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Ethiopian+Student+Movement+1960-1974%3A+A+Challenge+to+the+Monarchy+and+Imperialism+in+Ethiopia&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=31-46&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43660011%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0740-9133&rft.aulast=Lemma&rft.aufirst=Legesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43660011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahru Zewde, 'The Military and Militarism in Africa: The Case of Ethiopia,' 269-70, citing Hall 1977, 115-119, in Hutchful and Bathily, 'The Military and Militarism in Africa,' CODESRIA, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86978-069-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-86978-069-9">2-86978-069-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOttawayOttaway1978" class="citation book cs1">Ottaway, Marina; Ottaway, David (1978). <i>Ethiopia: Empire in Revolution</i>. Africana. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-0362-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8419-0362-3"><bdi>978-0-8419-0362-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/464563913">464563913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopia%3A+Empire+in+Revolution&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Africana&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F464563913&rft.isbn=978-0-8419-0362-3&rft.aulast=Ottaway&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft.au=Ottaway%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bahru-234-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bahru-234_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bahru-234_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahru Zewde, 2000, p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Pankhurst (academic)">Richard Pankhurst</a>, <i>The Ethiopians: A History</i> (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001), p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aregawi Berhe, <i>A Political History of the Tigray People's Liberation Front</i> (Los Angeles: Tsehai, 2009), p. 127 and note. The sources he cites are both in Amharic: Zenebe Feleke, <i>Neber</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">E.C. 1996</a>), and Genet Ayele Anbesie, <i>YeLetena Colonel Mengistu Hailemariam Tizitawoch</i> (E.C. 1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zewde 1998, 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wrong-2005-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wrong-2005_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrong2005" class="citation book cs1">Wrong, Michela (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ididntdoitforyou00wron/page/244"><i>I didn't do it for you</i></a></span>. Harper Collins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ididntdoitforyou00wron/page/244">244</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-078092-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-078092-4"><bdi>0-06-078092-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+didn%27t+do+it+for+you&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-06-078092-4&rft.aulast=Wrong&rft.aufirst=Michela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fididntdoitforyou00wron%2Fpage%2F244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahru Zewde 2001, 237f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, Paul Henze, 2000, p. 332n</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/country-information-report-ethiopia.docx">"Country Information Report Ethiopia"</a> (docx). Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 12 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+Information+Report+Ethiopia&rft.pub=Australian+Government+Department+of+Foreign+Affairs+and+Trade&rft.date=2020-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfat.gov.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcountry-information-report-ethiopia.docx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Waal 1991, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RcVFXUwraxsC">iv.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desta2020-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Desta2020_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesta2020" class="citation web cs1">Desta, Alemayehu (25 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://providencemag.com/2020/02/ethiopian-christians-endure-persecution/">"Ethiopian Christians Endure Persecution"</a>. <i>Providence Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Providence+Magazine&rft.atitle=Ethiopian+Christians+Endure+Persecution&rft.date=2020-02-25&rft.aulast=Desta&rft.aufirst=Alemayehu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprovidencemag.com%2F2020%2F02%2Fethiopian-christians-endure-persecution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonacci2000-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bonacci2000_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonacci2000" class="citation book cs1">Bonacci, Giulia (2000). <i>The Ethiopian Orthodox Church and the State 1974-1991: Analysis of an Ambigious Religious Policy</i>. Centre of Ethiopian Studies. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45740708">45740708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+Orthodox+Church+and+the+State+1974-1991%3A+Analysis+of+an+Ambigious+Religious+Policy&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Centre+of+Ethiopian+Studies&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45740708&rft.aulast=Bonacci&rft.aufirst=Giulia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stremlau2018-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stremlau2018_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStremlau2018" class="citation book cs1">Stremlau, Nicole (9 August 2018). <i>Media, Conflict, and the State in Africa</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42685-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-42685-5"><bdi>978-1-108-42685-5</bdi></a>. <q>... atheistic Derg also sought to undermine the Church did not sit well with the devoutly Christian population in the north.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Media%2C+Conflict%2C+and+the+State+in+Africa&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft.isbn=978-1-108-42685-5&rft.aulast=Stremlau&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daniel-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daniel_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel2019" class="citation book cs1">Daniel, Seblewengel (14 October 2019). <i>Perception and Identity: A Study of the Relationship between the Ethiopian Orthodox Church and Evangelical Churches in Ethiopia</i>. Langham Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78368-635-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78368-635-3"><bdi>978-1-78368-635-3</bdi></a>. <q>In 1978 the atheist philosophy of the Derg, copied from China, was openly declared but before that time Christianity was systematically condemned through the state-owned media, bringing the initial alleged honeymoon between Christianity and Socialism to a close.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perception+and+Identity%3A+A+Study+of+the+Relationship+between+the+Ethiopian+Orthodox+Church+and+Evangelical+Churches+in+Ethiopia&rft.pub=Langham+Publishing&rft.date=2019-10-14&rft.isbn=978-1-78368-635-3&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Seblewengel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ottaway 1978, 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ottaway 1978, 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahru Zewde 2001, 262f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Ethiopia: Conquest and Terror". <i>Horn of Africa</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 8–19. 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horn+of+Africa&rft.atitle=Ethiopia%3A+Conquest+and+Terror&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-19&rft.date=1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban1983" class="citation journal cs1">Urban, Mark (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03071848308523524">"Soviet intervention and the Ogaden counter-offensive of 1978"</a>. <i>The RUSI Journal</i>. <b>128</b> (2): 42–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03071848308523524">10.1080/03071848308523524</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1847">0307-1847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+RUSI+Journal&rft.atitle=Soviet+intervention+and+the+Ogaden+counter-offensive+of+1978&rft.volume=128&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=42-46&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03071848308523524&rft.issn=0307-1847&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F03071848308523524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenfieldHassan1980" class="citation journal cs1">Greenfield, Richard; Hassan, Mohammed (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=P00022029">"Interpretation of Oromo Nationality"</a>. <i>Horn of Africa: An Independent Journal</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 3–14. <q>However, revolution seems to many to mask the perpetuation of colonization. In 1978 the proportion of Amhara officials mainly Shewans in the government of Ethiopia is higher than it has ever been.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Horn+of+Africa%3A+An+Independent+Journal&rft.atitle=Interpretation+of+Oromo+Nationality&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3-14&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Greenfield&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Hassan%2C+Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.africabib.org%2Frec.php%3FRID%3DP00022029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Waal 1991, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RcVFXUwraxsC/page/n270">4.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian_24.06.2005-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_24.06.2005_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieff2005" class="citation news cs1">Rieff, David (24 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.guardian.co.uk/live8/story/0,16066,1513359,00.html">"Cruel to be kind?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cruel+to+be+kind%3F&rft.date=2005-06-24&rft.aulast=Rieff&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farts.guardian.co.uk%2Flive8%2Fstory%2F0%2C16066%2C1513359%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_17.11.2010-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_17.11.2010_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_Complaints2010" class="citation web cs1">BBC Complaints (17 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/complaints/content/ecu/ecu_bandaidmoneydonatedethiopia">"ECU Ruling: Claims that aid intended for famine relief in Ethiopia had been diverted to buy arms"</a>. 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Retrieved 17 November 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tadesse, Tsegaye (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redorbit.com/news/international/512182/verdict_due_for_ethiopias_exdictator_mengistu/">"Verdict due for Ethiopia's ex-dictator Mengistu"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved 17 November 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6171429.stm">"Mengistu found guilty of genocide"</a>. BBC News. 12 December 2006. Retrieved 17 November 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7420212.stm">"Court Sentences Mengistu to Death"</a>. BBC News. 26 May 2008. Retrieved 17 November 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarff1992" class="citation book cs1">Harff, Barbara (1992). "Recognizing Genocides and Politicides". In Fein, Helen (ed.). <i>Genocide Watch</i>. Vol. 27. Yale University Press. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2FJ.CTT1XP3T17.6">10.2307/J.CTT1XP3T17.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04801-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04801-8"><bdi>978-0-300-04801-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150924767">150924767</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recognizing+Genocides+and+Politicides&rft.btitle=Genocide+Watch&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150924767%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2FJ.CTT1XP3T17.6&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04801-8&rft.aulast=Harff&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapp1979" class="citation journal cs1">Papp, Daniel S. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45314670">"The Soviet Union and Cuba in Ethiopia"</a>. <i>Current History</i>. <b>76</b> (445): 110–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcurh.1979.76.445.110">10.1525/curh.1979.76.445.110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3530">0011-3530</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45314670">45314670</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140898914">140898914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+History&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Union+and+Cuba+in+Ethiopia&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=445&rft.pages=110-130&rft.date=1979&rft.issn=0011-3530&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140898914%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45314670%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcurh.1979.76.445.110&rft.aulast=Papp&rft.aufirst=Daniel+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45314670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2009123-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2009123_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTareke2009">Tareke 2009</a>, p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETareke2009162-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETareke2009162_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTareke2009">Tareke 2009</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/d5hausie.pdf">"Armed Decision: the North, 1988-91"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. 29 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230601123958/https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/e/ethiopia/ethiopia.919/d5hausie.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Armed+Decision%3A+the+North%2C+1988-91&rft.date=2022-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2Fpdfs%2Fe%2Fethiopia%2Fethiopia.919%2Fd5hausie.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derg&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bahru Zewde. 2001. <i>A History of Modern Ethiopia</i> (second edition). London: James Currey.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTareke2009" class="citation book cs1">Tareke, Gebru (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dRIfYPTZxJsC"><i>The Ethiopian Revolution: War in the Horn of Africa</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300156157" title="Special:BookSources/9780300156157"><bdi>9780300156157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethiopian+Revolution%3A+War+in+the+Horn+of+Africa&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780300156157&rft.aulast=Tareke&rft.aufirst=Gebru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdRIfYPTZxJsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Henze, Paul. 2000. <i>Layers of Time: A History of Ethiopia</i>. New York: Palgrave. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22719-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-22719-1">0-312-22719-1</a></li> <li>Ottway, Marina & David. 1978. <i>Ethiopia: Empire in Revolution</i>. New York: Africana</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Waal1991" class="citation book cs1">de Waal, Alex (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_RcVFXUwraxsC"><i>Evil Days: Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia</i></a>. New York & London: Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56432-038-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56432-038-3"><bdi>1-56432-038-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evil+Days%3A+Thirty+Years+of+War+and+Famine+in+Ethiopia&rft.place=New+York+%26+London&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-56432-038-3&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_RcVFXUwraxsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Waal2002" class="citation book cs1">de Waal, Alex (2002) [1997]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IwZ1Xb-w45oC"><i>Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa</i></a>. Oxford: James Currey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85255-810-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85255-810-4"><bdi>0-85255-810-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Famine+Crimes%3A+Politics+%26+the+Disaster+Relief+Industry+in+Africa&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=James+Currey&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-85255-810-4&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIwZ1Xb-w45oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGagnonCloughRoss2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gagnon, Georgette; Clough, Michael; Ross, James, eds. (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/381E3B78857A8B5949256FCF000B0715-hrw-est-24mar.pdf">"Targeting the Anuak: Human Rights Violations and Crimes Against Humanity in Ethiopia's Gambella Region"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i>. <b>17</b> (3 (A)).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Targeting+the+Anuak%3A+Human+Rights+Violations+and+Crimes+Against+Humanity+in+Ethiopia%27s+Gambella+Region&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3+%28A%29&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Fsites%2Freliefweb.int%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2F381E3B78857A8B5949256FCF000B0715-hrw-est-24mar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADerg" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Derg&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ettoc.html">ETHIOPIA – A Country Study</a> <i>(at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050827070958/http://www.ethiopiantreasures.toucansurf.com/pages/dergue.htm">The Ethiopian Revolution, The Dergue, Civil War and Famine</a>, Ethiopian Treasures</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6171429.stm">"Mengistu found guilty of genocide", BBC News</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethiopia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethiopia_topics" title="Template:Ethiopia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethiopia_topics" title="Template talk:Ethiopia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethiopia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethiopia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethiopia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ethiopia-related_articles" title="Index of Ethiopia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ethiopia" title="History of Ethiopia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ethiopia" title="Prehistoric Ethiopia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%CA%BFmt" title="Dʿmt">Kingdom of Dʿmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wolaita" title="Kingdom of Wolaita">Kingdom of Wolaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Ethiopia" title="Emperor of Ethiopia">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_Ethiopia" title="List of emperors of Ethiopia">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_lists_of_Ethiopia" title="Regnal lists of Ethiopia">regnal lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty" title="Solomonic dynasty">Solomonic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagwe_dynasty" title="Zagwe dynasty">Zagwe dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kingdom of Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian%E2%80%93Adal_War" title="Ethiopian–Adal War">Ethiopian–Adal War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondarine_period" title="Gondarine period">Gondarine period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemene_Mesafint" title="Zemene Mesafint">Zemene Mesafint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menelik%27s_Expansions" class="mw-redirect" title="Menelik's Expansions">Menelik's Expansions</a></li> <li>Italo-Ethiopian wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Ethiopian_War_of_1887%E2%80%931889" title="Italo-Ethiopian War of 1887–1889">1887–89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="First Italo-Ethiopian War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_in_World_War_I" title="Ethiopia in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Revolution" title="Ethiopian Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Ethiopian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1974 Ethiopian coup d'état">1974 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Derg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Federal_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="History of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Federal Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_border_conflict" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict">Border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Eritrea%E2%80%93Ethiopia_summit" title="2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit">2018 peace summit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Somalia_(2006%E2%80%932009)" title="War in Somalia (2006–2009)">War in Somalia (2006–09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_civil_conflict_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present)">Civil conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tigray_war" title="Tigray war">Tigray war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_historiography" title="Ethiopian historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Ethiopia" title="Territorial evolution of Ethiopia">Territorial evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ethiopia" title="Geography of Ethiopia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Ethiopia" title="Geology of Ethiopia">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Ethiopia" title="List of mountains in Ethiopia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ethiopia" title="List of rivers of Ethiopia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Ethiopia" title="List of lakes of Ethiopia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Ethiopia" title="List of volcanoes in Ethiopia">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Ethiopia" title="List of earthquakes in Ethiopia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Ethiopia" title="Category:Flora of Ethiopia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Ethiopia" title="Wildlife of Ethiopia">Fauna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Ethiopia" title="Subdivisions of Ethiopia">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Ethiopia" title="Regions of Ethiopia">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Regions_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of governors of the Regions of Ethiopia">Governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zones_of_Ethiopia" title="List of zones of Ethiopia">Zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Ethiopia" title="Districts of Ethiopia">Woredas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Ethiopia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wards_of_Ethiopia" title="Wards of Ethiopia">Kebele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ethiopia" title="Politics of Ethiopia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_Constitution_of_Ethiopia" title="1995 Constitution of Ethiopia">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_Ethiopia" title="Constitutions of Ethiopia">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ethiopia" title="Government of Ethiopia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ethiopia" title="President of Ethiopia">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Ethiopia" title="List of presidents of Ethiopia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ethiopia" title="Prime Minister of Ethiopia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Ethiopia" title="List of heads of government of Ethiopia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Ethiopia)" title="Council of Ministers (Ethiopia)">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Federal Parliamentary Assembly">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Ethiopia" title="List of political parties in Ethiopia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Ethiopia" title="Elections in Ethiopia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ethiopia" title="Foreign relations of Ethiopia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Ethiopia" title="Foreign aid to Ethiopia">Foreign aid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Ethiopia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_National_Defense_Force" title="Ethiopian National Defense Force">National Defense Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Ground_Forces" title="Ethiopian Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Air_Force" title="Ethiopian Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Ethiopia" title="Military history of Ethiopia">Military history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Army of the Ethiopian Empire">Army of the Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Navy" title="Ethiopian Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ethiopia" title="Economy of Ethiopia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Ethiopia" title="Agriculture in Ethiopia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Ethiopia" title="List of banks in Ethiopia">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_birr" title="Ethiopian birr">Birr <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Ethiopia" title="List of companies of Ethiopia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ethiopia" title="Energy in Ethiopia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Ethiopia" title="Foreign aid to Ethiopia">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_development_policy_of_Ethiopia" title="Industrial development policy of Ethiopia">Industrial development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform_in_Ethiopia" title="Land reform in Ethiopia">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Ethiopia" title="Manufacturing in Ethiopia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Ethiopia" title="Taxation in Ethiopia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ethiopia" title="Telecommunications in Ethiopia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Ethiopia" title="Tourism in Ethiopia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Ethiopia" title="Trade unions in Ethiopia">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ethiopia" title="Transport in Ethiopia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Ethiopia" title="Category:Society of Ethiopia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ethiopia" title="Architecture of Ethiopia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Ethiopia" title="Child marriage in Ethiopia">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ethiopia" title="Demographics of Ethiopia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ethiopia" title="Education in Ethiopia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Ethiopia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famines_in_Ethiopia" title="Famines in Ethiopia">Famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ethiopia" title="Flag of Ethiopia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Ethiopia" title="Health in Ethiopia">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Ethiopia" title="Healthcare in Ethiopia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_health_in_Ethiopia" title="Maternal health in Ethiopia">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health_in_Ethiopia" title="Women's health in Ethiopia">Women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Ethiopia" title="Human rights in Ethiopia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Ethiopia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Ethiopia" title="Human trafficking in Ethiopia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ethiopia" title="Languages of Ethiopia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Ethiopia" title="Law enforcement in Ethiopia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians" title="Ethiopians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Ethiopia" title="Polygamy in Ethiopia">Polygamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Ethiopia" title="Public holidays in Ethiopia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Ethiopia" title="Water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ethiopia" title="Women in Ethiopia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ethiopia" title="Culture of Ethiopia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_wine" title="Ethiopian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_literature" title="Ethiopian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Ethiopia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ethiopia" title="Music of Ethiopia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ethiopia" title="Sport in Ethiopia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Ethiopia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Ethiopia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ethiopia" title="Outline of Ethiopia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ethiopia-related_articles" title="Index of Ethiopia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethiopia" title="Category:Ethiopia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_Ethiopia_(1855–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_Ethiopia" title="Template:Years in Ethiopia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_Ethiopia" title="Template talk:Years in Ethiopia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_Ethiopia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in Ethiopia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_Ethiopia_(1855–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Years in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (1855–present)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_Ethiopia" title="Category:19th century in Ethiopia">Pre-1850s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1850s_in_Ethiopia" title="Category:1850s in Ethiopia">1850s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1860s_in_Ethiopia" title="Category:1860s in Ethiopia">1860s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1870s_in_Ethiopia" title="Category:1870s in Ethiopia">1870s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1880s_in_Ethiopia" title="Category:1880s in Ethiopia">1880s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1890s_in_Ethiopia" title="Category:1890s in Ethiopia">1890s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1900s_in_Ethiopia" title="Category:1900s in Ethiopia">1900s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1910s_in_Ethiopia" title="Category:1910s in Ethiopia">1910s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920s_in_Ethiopia" title="Category:1920s in Ethiopia">1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1930_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1930 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1931_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1931 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1932_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1932 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1933_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1933 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1934_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1934 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1935_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1935 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1936_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1936 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1937_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1937 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1938_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1938 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1939_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1939 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1940_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1940 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1941_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1941 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1942_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1942 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1943_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1943 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1944_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1944 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1945_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1945 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1946_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1946 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1947_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1947 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1948_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1948 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1949_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1949 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1950_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1950 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1951_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1951 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1952_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1952 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1953_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1953 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1954_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1954 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1956_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1956 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1957_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1957 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1958_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1958 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1959_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1959 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_in_Ethiopia" title="1960 in Ethiopia">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1961_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1961 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1962_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1962 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1963_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1963 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1964_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1964 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1965_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1965 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1966_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1966 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1967_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1967 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1968_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1968 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1969_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1969 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1970_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1970 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1971_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1971 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1972_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1972 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1973_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1973 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_in_Ethiopia" title="1974 in Ethiopia">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1975_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1975 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1976_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1976 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1977_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1977 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1978 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1981_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1981 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1982_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1982 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1983_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1983 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1984_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1984 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1986_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1986 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1987_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1987 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1988_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1988 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1989_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1989 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1991_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1991 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1992_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1992 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1993_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1993 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1994_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1994 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1996_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1996 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1997_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1997 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1998_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1998 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1999_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1999 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_in_Ethiopia" title="2001 in Ethiopia">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2002_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2002 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_in_Ethiopia" title="2003 in Ethiopia">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_in_Ethiopia" title="2005 in Ethiopia">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_in_Ethiopia" title="2006 in Ethiopia">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_in_Ethiopia" title="2007 in Ethiopia">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_in_Ethiopia" title="2009 in Ethiopia">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_in_Ethiopia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 in Ethiopia (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_in_Ethiopia" title="2012 in Ethiopia">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_in_Ethiopia" title="2013 in Ethiopia">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_in_Ethiopia" title="2014 in Ethiopia">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_in_Ethiopia" title="2015 in Ethiopia">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_in_Ethiopia" title="2016 in Ethiopia">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_Ethiopia" title="2017 in Ethiopia">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_in_Ethiopia" title="2018 in Ethiopia">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_in_Ethiopia" title="2019 in Ethiopia">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_Ethiopia" title="2020 in Ethiopia">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_Ethiopia" title="2021 in Ethiopia">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_Ethiopia" title="2022 in Ethiopia">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Ethiopia" title="2023 in Ethiopia">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_Ethiopia" title="2024 in Ethiopia">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_by_state" title="Template talk:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Argentina" title="Socialism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Australia" title="New Australia">New Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh" title="Socialism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Brazil" title="Socialism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">since 1978</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Socialism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Estonia" title="Socialism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Finland" title="Socialism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran" title="Socialism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Socialism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Tunisia" title="Socialism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_left" title="British left">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam" title="Socialism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism" title="Burmese Way to Socialism">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_ideology" title="Sandinista ideology">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current and historical<br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso#Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Egypt</a></li> <li>Ethiopia <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1974–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">1987–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea#Sékou_Touré's_rule_(1958–1984)" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Chile" title="Socialist Republic of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_of_National_Reconstruction" title="Junta of National Reconstruction">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">1982–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Inner Mongolian People's Republic">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Kurdish Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1946–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1947–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary (1949–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_insurgency_in_Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 insurgency in Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Baranya%E2%80%93Baja_Republic" title="Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic">Baranya–Baja</a></li> <li>Bavaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Byelorussia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Republic" title="Bihać Republic">Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic">Crimea (1919)</a></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">1939–1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia" title="Commune of the Working People of Estonia">Estonia (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungary (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_soviets" title="Irish soviets">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naissaar#History" title="Naissaar">Naissaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_in_the_German_Revolution_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Saxony in the German Revolution (1918–1919)">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovakia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Soldiers%27_Council" title="Brussels Soldiers' Council">Brussels Soldiers' Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Current_and_former_ruling_parties_of_communist_states" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ruling_communist_parties" title="Template:Ruling communist parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ruling_communist_parties" title="Template talk:Ruling communist parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ruling_communist_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ruling communist parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Current_and_former_ruling_parties_of_communist_states" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Current and former ruling parties of communist states</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Party_of_Afghanistan" title="People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan">People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola</a></i>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Party_of_Benin" title="People's Revolutionary Party of Benin">People's Revolutionary Party of Benin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party" title="Bulgarian Communist Party">Bulgarian Communist Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/African_Independence_Party_(Burkina_Faso)" title="African Independence Party (Burkina Faso)">African Independence Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">DK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">PRK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_People%27s_Party" title="Cambodian People's Party">Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/African_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Cape_Verde" title="African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde">African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde</a></span>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Party_of_Labour" title="Congolese Party of Labour">Congolese Party of Labour</a></i>*</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party of Cuba</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Derg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Organizing_the_Party_of_the_Working_People_of_Ethiopia" title="Commission for Organizing the Party of the Working People of Ethiopia">COPWE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Ethiopia" title="Workers' Party of Ethiopia">Workers' Party of Ethiopia</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/African_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Guinea_and_Cape_Verde" title="African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde">African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde</a></span>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">Hungarian Working People's Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Lao People's Revolutionary Party</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Revolutionary_Party" title="Malagasy Revolutionary Party">Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Party" title="Mongolian People's Party">Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/FRELIMO" title="FRELIMO">FRELIMO</a></i>*</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:33%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe/Social_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe/Social Democratic Party">Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe</a></span>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/United_Seychelles" title="United Seychelles">Seychelles People's Progressive Front</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Revolutionary_Council_(Somalia)" title="Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)">Supreme Revolutionary Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_Revolutionary_Socialist_Party" title="Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party">Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(South_Yemen)" title="National Liberation Front (South Yemen)">National Liberation Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Socialist_Party" title="Yemeni Socialist Party">Yemeni Socialist Party</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party">Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>,<br /><i><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist Party of Vietnam</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">List of communist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Italics indicates a current ruling party or communist state</li> <li>An asterisk indicates a party no longer espousing communism</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derg&oldid=1258621619">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derg&oldid=1258621619</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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