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<li id="toc-Ashcan_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ashcan_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Ashcan school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ashcan_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Art movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In the United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" 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id="toc-WPA_and_Treasury_art_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World-War_II_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World-War_II_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>World-War II to present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World-War_II_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Russia and the Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In film</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_film-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In film subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_British_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_British_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>In British cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_British_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_British_New_Wave_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_British_New_Wave_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>List of British New Wave films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_British_New_Wave_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Indian_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Indian_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>In Indian cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Indian_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_neorealist/social_realist_films_in_American_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_neorealist/social_realist_films_in_American_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>List of neorealist/social realist films in American cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_neorealist/social_realist_films_in_American_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filmmakers_associated_with_American_neorealism/social_realism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmmakers_associated_with_American_neorealism/social_realism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4.1</span> <span>Filmmakers associated with American neorealism/social realism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmmakers_associated_with_American_neorealism/social_realism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>List of artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Social realism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="واقعية اجتماعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="واقعية اجتماعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosial_realizm" title="Sosial realizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosial realizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сацыяльны рэалізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сацыяльны рэалізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Сацыяльны рэалізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сацыяльны рэалізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Социален реализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социален реализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realisme_social" title="Realisme social – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Realisme social" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialrealisme" title="Socialrealisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Socialrealisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozialer_Realismus" title="Sozialer Realismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sozialer Realismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismo_social" title="Realismo social – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Realismo social" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socia_realismo" title="Socia realismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socia realismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errealismo_sozial" title="Errealismo sozial – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errealismo sozial" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B9%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="واقع‌گرایی اجتماعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واقع‌گرایی اجتماعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9alachas_s%C3%B3isialta" title="Réalachas sóisialta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réalachas sóisialta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismo_social" title="Realismo social – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Realismo social" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A0%81_%EC%82%AC%EC%8B%A4%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="사회적 사실주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회적 사실주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realisme_sosial" title="Realisme sosial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Realisme sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociaal_realisme" title="Sociaal realisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sociaal realisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialrealisme" title="Sosialrealisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sosialrealisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialrealisme" title="Sosialrealisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sosialrealisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsial_realizm" title="Sotsial realizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sotsial realizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਯਥਾਰਥਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਮਾਜਿਕ ਯਥਾਰਥਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%84_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%85" title="سوشل ریئلزم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سوشل ریئلزم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Social realism" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realismo_social" title="Realismo social – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Realismo social" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Социальный реализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социальный реализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Social realism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%AA_%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="سماجي حقيقت نگاري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سماجي حقيقت نگاري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialni_realizem" title="Socialni realizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Socialni realizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhteiskunnallinen_realismi" title="Yhteiskunnallinen realismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhteiskunnallinen realismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialrealism" title="Socialrealism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Socialrealism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toplumsal_ger%C3%A7ek%C3%A7ilik" title="Toplumsal gerçekçilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toplumsal gerçekçilik" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Art showing conditions of the working class</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Real_socialism" title="Real socialism">real socialism</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grant_Wood_-_American_Gothic_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Grant_Wood_-_American_Gothic_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Grant_Wood_-_American_Gothic_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Grant_Wood_-_American_Gothic_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Grant_Wood_-_American_Gothic_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Grant_Wood_-_American_Gothic_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Grant_Wood_-_American_Gothic_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4973" data-file-height="6001" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Grant Wood</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnum opus">magnum opus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/American_Gothic" title="American Gothic">American Gothic</a>,</i> 1930, has become a widely known (and often parodied) icon of social realism.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Social realism</b> is the term used for work produced by painters, printmakers, photographers, writers and filmmakers that aims to draw attention to the real socio-political conditions of the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> as a means to critique the power structures behind these conditions. While the movement's characteristics vary from nation to nation, it almost always uses a form of descriptive or critical realism.<sup id="cite_ref-gao_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gao-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term is sometimes more narrowly used for an <a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">art movement</a> that flourished in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> as a reaction to the hardships and problems suffered by common people after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Crash" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Crash">Great Crash</a>. In order to make their art more accessible to a wider audience, artists turned to realist portrayals of anonymous workers as well as celebrities as heroic symbols of strength in the face of adversity. The goal of the artists in doing so was political as they wished to expose the deteriorating conditions of the poor and working classes and hold the existing governmental and social systems accountable.<sup id="cite_ref-moma_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moma-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social realism should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realism</a>, the official Soviet art form that was institutionalized by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> in 1934 and was later adopted by allied Communist parties worldwide. It is also different from <a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">realism</a> as it not only presents conditions of the poor, but does so by conveying the tensions between two opposing forces, such as between farmers and their feudal lord.<sup id="cite_ref-gao_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gao-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, sometimes the terms social realism and socialist realism are used interchangeably.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_de_Groux_-_The_blessing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Charles_de_Groux_-_The_blessing.jpg/220px-Charles_de_Groux_-_The_blessing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Charles_de_Groux_-_The_blessing.jpg/330px-Charles_de_Groux_-_The_blessing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Charles_de_Groux_-_The_blessing.jpg/440px-Charles_de_Groux_-_The_blessing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Groux" title="Charles de Groux">Charles de Groux</a>, <i>The Blessing</i>, 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>Social realism, as an art movement that became prominent in the US between the two world wars, as a reaction to the increasing hardship for ordinary people, was influenced by the social realist tradition in France which had existed for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social realism traces back to 19th-century European <a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a>, including the art of <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier" title="Honoré Daumier">Honoré Daumier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet" title="Jean-François Millet">Jean-François Millet</a>. Britain's <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> aroused concern for the poor, and in the 1870s the work of artists such as <a href="/wiki/Luke_Fildes" title="Luke Fildes">Luke Fildes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_von_Herkomer" title="Hubert von Herkomer">Hubert von Herkomer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Holl" title="Frank Holl">Frank Holl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Small" title="William Small">William Small</a> were widely reproduced in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Graphic" title="The Graphic">The Graphic</a></i>. </p><p>In Russia, <a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a> or "Social Realism" was critical of the <a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">social environment</a> that caused the conditions pictured, and denounced the <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarist period">Tsarist period</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Repin" title="Ilya Repin">Ilya Repin</a> said that his art work aimed "to criticize all the monstrosities of our vile society" of the Tsarist period. Similar concerns were addressed in 20th-century Britain by the <a href="/wiki/Artists%27_International_Association" title="Artists' International Association">Artists' International Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_Observation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass Observation">Mass Observation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink school</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gao_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gao-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social realist photography draws from the documentary traditions of the late 19th century, such as the work of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_A._Riis" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob A. Riis">Jacob A. Riis</a>, and Maksim Dmitriyev.<sup id="cite_ref-gao_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gao-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ashcan_school">Ashcan school</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ashcan school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandits_Roost,_59_and_a_half_Mulberry_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bandits_Roost%2C_59_and_a_half_Mulberry_Street.jpg/220px-Bandits_Roost%2C_59_and_a_half_Mulberry_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bandits_Roost%2C_59_and_a_half_Mulberry_Street.jpg/330px-Bandits_Roost%2C_59_and_a_half_Mulberry_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bandits_Roost%2C_59_and_a_half_Mulberry_Street.jpg/440px-Bandits_Roost%2C_59_and_a_half_Mulberry_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5587" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Riis" title="Jacob Riis">Jacob Riis</a>, <i>Bandit's Roost</i>, 1888, from <i><a href="/wiki/How_the_Other_Half_Lives" title="How the Other Half Lives">How the Other Half Lives</a></i>. Bandit's Roost at 59½ <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Mulberry Street (Manhattan)">Mulberry Street</a> was considered the most crime-ridden part of New York City.</figcaption></figure> <p>In about 1900, a group of <a href="/wiki/American_realism" title="American realism">Realist artists</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Henri" title="Robert Henri">Robert Henri</a> challenged the American <a href="/wiki/Impressionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Impressionists">Impressionism</a> and academics, in what would become known as the <a href="/wiki/Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a>. The term was suggested by a drawing by <a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">George Bellows</a>, captioned <i>Disappointments of the Ash Can</i>, which appeared in the <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Record">Philadelphia Record</a></i> in April 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-met_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In paintings, illustrations, etchings, and lithographs, Ashcan artists concentrated on portraying <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>'s vitality, with a keen eye on current events and the era's social and political rhetoric. H. Barbara Weinberg of <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a> has described the artists as documenting "an unsettling, transitional time that was marked by confidence and doubt, excitement and trepidation. Ignoring or registering only gently harsh new realities such as the problems of immigration and urban poverty, they shone a positive light on their era."<sup id="cite_ref-met_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-met-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable Ashcan works include <a href="/wiki/George_Luks" title="George Luks">George Luks</a>' <i>Breaker Boy</i> and <a href="/wiki/John_Sloan" title="John Sloan">John Sloan</a>'s <i>Sixth Avenue Elevated at Third Street</i>. The Ashcan school influenced the art of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Depression era</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(painter)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (painter)">Thomas Hart Benton</a>'s mural <i>City Activity with Subway</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-gao_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gao-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_movement">Art movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Art movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_Courbet_-_A_Burial_at_Ornans_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gustave_Courbet_-_A_Burial_at_Ornans_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/220px-Gustave_Courbet_-_A_Burial_at_Ornans_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gustave_Courbet_-_A_Burial_at_Ornans_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/330px-Gustave_Courbet_-_A_Burial_at_Ornans_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gustave_Courbet_-_A_Burial_at_Ornans_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/440px-Gustave_Courbet_-_A_Burial_at_Ornans_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6042" data-file-height="2777" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Burial_At_Ornans" class="mw-redirect" title="A Burial At Ornans">A Burial At Ornans</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The term dates on a broader scale to the <a href="/wiki/Realism_(visual_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Realism (visual art)">Realist movement</a> in French art during the mid-19th century. Social realism in the 20th century refers to the works of the French artist <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a> and in particular to the implications of his 19th-century paintings <i><a href="/wiki/A_Burial_At_Ornans" class="mw-redirect" title="A Burial At Ornans">A Burial At Ornans</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Breakers" title="The Stone Breakers">The Stone Breakers</a></i>, which scandalized French <a href="/wiki/Salon_(Paris)" title="Salon (Paris)">Salon</a>–goers of 1850,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is seen as an international phenomenon also traced back to European realism and the works of <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier" title="Honoré Daumier">Honoré Daumier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Millet" title="Jean-François Millet">Jean-François Millet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gao_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gao-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The social realist style fell out of fashion in the 1960s but is still influential in thinking and the art of today. </p><p>In the more limited meaning of the term, Social Realism with roots in European <a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a> became an important <a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">art movement</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in the United States in the 1930s. As an American artistic movement it is closely related to <a href="/wiki/American_scene_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="American scene painting">American scene painting</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a>. American Social Realism includes the works of such artists as those from the <a href="/wiki/Ashcan_School" title="Ashcan School">Ashcan School</a> including <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Edward Hopper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(painter)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (painter)">Thomas Hart Benton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Will_Barnet" title="Will Barnet">Will Barnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Shahn" title="Ben Shahn">Ben Shahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence" title="Jacob Lawrence">Jacob Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Meltsner" title="Paul Meltsner">Paul Meltsner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romare_Bearden" title="Romare Bearden">Romare Bearden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Soyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafael Soyer">Rafael Soyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Soyer" title="Isaac Soyer">Isaac Soyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_Soyer" title="Moses Soyer">Moses Soyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Marsh_(artist)" title="Reginald Marsh (artist)">Reginald Marsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Steuart_Curry" title="John Steuart Curry">John Steuart Curry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Blanch" title="Arnold Blanch">Arnold Blanch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Douglas_(artist)" title="Aaron Douglas (artist)">Aaron Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Grant Wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Pippin" title="Horace Pippin">Horace Pippin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Kuhn" title="Walt Kuhn">Walt Kuhn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Bishop" title="Isabel Bishop">Isabel Bishop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cadmus" title="Paul Cadmus">Paul Cadmus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lee" title="Doris Lee">Doris Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Evergood" title="Philip Evergood">Philip Evergood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Siporin" title="Mitchell Siporin">Mitchell Siporin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gwathmey" title="Robert Gwathmey">Robert Gwathmey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Dehn" title="Adolf Dehn">Adolf Dehn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Sternberg" title="Harry Sternberg">Harry Sternberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Prestopino" title="Gregorio Prestopino">Gregorio Prestopino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lozowick" title="Louis Lozowick">Louis Lozowick</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Gropper" title="William Gropper">William Gropper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Guston" title="Philip Guston">Philip Guston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Levine" title="Jack Levine">Jack Levine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ward_Stackpole" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Ward Stackpole">Ralph Ward Stackpole</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Augustus_Walker" title="John Augustus Walker">John Augustus Walker</a> and others. It also extends to the art of photography as exemplified by the works of <a href="/wiki/Walker_Evans" title="Walker Evans">Walker Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hine" title="Lewis Hine">Lewis Hine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Edward Steichen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Gordon Parks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rothstein" title="Arthur Rothstein">Arthur Rothstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marion_Post_Wolcott" title="Marion Post Wolcott">Marion Post Wolcott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doris_Ulmann" title="Doris Ulmann">Doris Ulmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berenice_Abbott" title="Berenice Abbott">Berenice Abbott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Siskind" title="Aaron Siskind">Aaron Siskind</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russell_Lee_(photographer)" title="Russell Lee (photographer)">Russell Lee</a> among several others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Mexico, the painter <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a> is associated with the social realism movement. Also in Mexico was the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralist movement</a> that took place primarily in the 1920s and 1930s; and was an inspiration to many artists north of the border and an important component of the social realism movement. The Mexican muralist movement is characterized by its political undertones, the majority of which are of a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> nature, and the social and political situation of post-revolutionary Mexico. <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco" title="José Clemente Orozco">José Clemente Orozco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rufino_Tamayo" title="Rufino Tamayo">Rufino Tamayo</a> are the best known proponents of the movement. <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Mart%C3%ADnez_Delgado" title="Santiago Martínez Delgado">Santiago Martínez Delgado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Camarena" title="Jorge González Camarena">Jorge González Camarena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Montenegro" title="Roberto Montenegro">Roberto Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federico_Cant%C3%BA_Garza" title="Federico Cantú Garza">Federico Cantú Garza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charlot" title="Jean Charlot">Jean Charlot</a>, as well as several other artists participated in the movement. </p><p>Many artists who subscribed to social realism were <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painters</a> with <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> (but not necessarily <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a>) political views. The movement therefore has some commonalities with the socialist realism used in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, but the two are not identical – social realism is not an <i>official art,</i> and allows space for <a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">subjectivity</a>. In certain contexts, socialist realism has been described as a specific branch of social realism. </p><p>Social realism has been summarized as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Social Realism developed as a reaction against idealism and the exaggerated ego encouraged by Romanticism. Consequences of the Industrial Revolution became apparent; urban centers grew, slums proliferated on a new scale contrasting with the display of wealth of the upper classes. With a new sense of social consciousness, the Social Realists pledged to "fight the beautiful art", any style which appealed to the eye or emotions. They focused on the ugly realities of contemporary life and sympathized with working-class people, particularly the poor. They recorded what they saw ("as it existed") in a dispassionate manner. The public was outraged by Social Realism, in part, because they didn't know how to look at it or what to do with it.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/220px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/330px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg/440px-Lange-MigrantMother02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6205" data-file-height="8066" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a>, <i>Migrant Mother</i>, 1936. A portrait of <a href="/wiki/Florence_Owens_Thompson" title="Florence Owens Thompson">Florence Owens Thompson</a> (1903–1983). An iconic photo of <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Depression" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Depression">The Great Depression</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Social realism in the United States was inspired by the muralists active in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> of 1910. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farm_Security_Administration_project">Farm Security Administration project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Farm Security Administration project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social realist photography reached a culmination in the work of <a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walker_Evans" title="Walker Evans">Walker Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Shahn" title="Ben Shahn">Ben Shahn</a>, and others for the <a href="/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration" title="Farm Security Administration">Farm Security Administration</a> (FSA) project, from 1935 to 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-gao_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gao-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the booming U.S. farm economy collapsed from <a href="/wiki/Overproduction" title="Overproduction">overproduction</a>, falling prices, unfavorable weather, and increased <a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">mechanization</a>. Many farm laborers were out of work and many small farming operations were forced into debt. Debt-ridden farms were foreclosed by the thousands, and <a href="/wiki/Sharecroppers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharecroppers">sharecroppers</a> and tenant farmers were turned from the land. When <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> entered office in 1932, almost two million farm families lived in poverty, and millions of acres of farm land had been ruined from soil erosion and poor farming practices.<sup id="cite_ref-okstate_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okstate-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FSA was a <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> agency designed to combat rural poverty during this period. The agency hired <a href="/wiki/Farm_Security_Administration#Photographers" title="Farm Security Administration">photographers</a> to provide visual evidence that there was a need, and that FSA programs were meeting that need. Ultimately this mission accounted for over 80,000 <a href="/wiki/Black_and_white" class="mw-redirect" title="Black and white">black and white</a> images, and is now considered one of the most famous documentary photography projects ever.<sup id="cite_ref-oberlin_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oberlin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WPA_and_Treasury_art_projects">WPA and Treasury art projects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: WPA and Treasury art projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Art_Project" title="Federal Art Project">Federal Art Project</a>, <a href="/wiki/Section_of_Painting_and_Sculpture" title="Section of Painting and Sculpture">Section of Painting and Sculpture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_post_office_murals" title="United States post office murals">United States post office murals</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Public_Works_of_Art_Project" title="Public Works of Art Project">Public Works of Art Project</a> was a program to employ artists during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. It was the first such program, running from December 1933 to June 1934. It was headed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bruce_(New_Deal)" title="Edward Bruce (New Deal)">Edward Bruce</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Treasury_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Treasury Department">United States Treasury Department</a> and funded by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Created in 1935, the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> was the largest and most ambitious <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="New Deal agency">New Deal agency</a>, employing millions of unemployed people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> projects,<sup id="cite_ref-arnesen_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arnesen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the construction of public buildings and roads. In much smaller but more famous projects the WPA employed musicians, artists, writers, actors and directors in large arts, drama, media, and literacy projects.<sup id="cite_ref-arnesen_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arnesen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the artists employed under the WPA are associated with social realism. Social realism became an important <a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">art movement</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> in the United States in the 1930s. As an American artistic movement encouraged by <a href="/wiki/New_Deal#Works_of_art_and_music" title="New Deal">New Deal art</a>, social realism is closely related to <a href="/wiki/American_scene_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="American scene painting">American scene painting</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Mexico, the painter <a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Frida Kahlo</a> is associated with the social realism movement. The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralist movement</a> that took place primarily in the 1920s and 1930s was an inspiration to many artists north of the border and an important component of the social realism movement. The Mexican muralist movement is characterized by its political undertones, the majority of which are of a <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> nature, and the social and political situation of post-revolutionary Mexico. <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco" title="José Clemente Orozco">José Clemente Orozco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rufino_Tamayo" title="Rufino Tamayo">Rufino Tamayo</a> are the best known proponents of the movement. <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Mart%C3%ADnez_Delgado" title="Santiago Martínez Delgado">Santiago Martínez Delgado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Camarena" title="Jorge González Camarena">Jorge González Camarena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Montenegro" title="Roberto Montenegro">Roberto Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federico_Cant%C3%BA_Garza" title="Federico Cantú Garza">Federico Cantú Garza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charlot" title="Jean Charlot">Jean Charlot</a>, as well as several other artists participated in the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-the-artifice.com_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the-artifice.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beating_the_Chinese_20872v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Beating_the_Chinese_20872v.jpg/220px-Beating_the_Chinese_20872v.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Beating_the_Chinese_20872v.jpg/330px-Beating_the_Chinese_20872v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Beating_the_Chinese_20872v.jpg/440px-Beating_the_Chinese_20872v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anton_Refregier" title="Anton Refregier">Anton Refregier</a>'s <a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Francisco_(Refregier_murals)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of San Francisco (Refregier murals)"><i>Beating the Chinese</i> mural</a> in San Francisco's <a href="/wiki/Rincon_Center" title="Rincon Center">Rincon Center</a> depicts the ethnic violence in the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_riot_of_1877" title="San Francisco riot of 1877">San Francisco riot of 1877</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many artists who subscribed to social realism were <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painters</a> with <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> (but not necessarily <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a>) political views. The movement therefore has some commonalities with the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Realism">Socialist Realism</a> used in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, but the two are not identical – Social Realism is not an <i>official art,</i> and allows space for <a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">subjectivity</a>. In certain contexts, socialist realism has been described as a specific branch of social realism.<sup id="cite_ref-the-artifice.com_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-the-artifice.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World-War_II_to_present">World-War II to present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World-War II to present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the onset of <a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">abstract expressionism</a> in the 1940s, social realism had gone out of fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">WPA</a> artists found work with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Office_of_War_Information" title="United States Office of War Information">United States Office of War Information</a> during WWII, making posters and other visual materials for the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, although lacking attention in the art market, many social realist artists continued their careers into the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and into the 2000s; throughout which, artists such as <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence" title="Jacob Lawrence">Jacob Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Shahn" title="Ben Shahn">Ben Shahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernarda_Bryson_Shahn" title="Bernarda Bryson Shahn">Bernarda Bryson Shahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Soyer" title="Raphael Soyer">Raphael Soyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gwathmey" title="Robert Gwathmey">Robert Gwathmey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Frasconi" title="Antonio Frasconi">Antonio Frasconi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Evergood" title="Philip Evergood">Philip Evergood</a>, Sidney Goodman, and <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Berkman" title="Aaron Berkman">Aaron Berkman</a> continued to work with social realist modalities and themes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whether in and out of fashion, social realism and socially conscious art-making continues today within the <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a> world, including artists <a href="/wiki/Sue_Coe" title="Sue Coe">Sue Coe</a>, Mike Alewitz, <a href="/wiki/Kara_Walker" title="Kara Walker">Kara Walker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celeste_Dupuy-Spencer" title="Celeste Dupuy-Spencer">Celeste Dupuy Spencer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_Sekula" title="Allan Sekula">Allan Sekula</a>, Fred Lonidier, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 732px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:People-of-Chilmark-Benton-1920-lrg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Hart Benton, People of Chilmark, 1920, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C."><img alt="Thomas Hart Benton, People of Chilmark, 1920, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/People-of-Chilmark-Benton-1920-lrg.jpg/140px-People-of-Chilmark-Benton-1920-lrg.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/People-of-Chilmark-Benton-1920-lrg.jpg/210px-People-of-Chilmark-Benton-1920-lrg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/People-of-Chilmark-Benton-1920-lrg.jpg/280px-People-of-Chilmark-Benton-1920-lrg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1014" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(painter)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (painter)">Thomas Hart Benton</a>, <i>People of Chilmark,</i> 1920, <a href="/wiki/Hirshhorn_Museum_and_Sculpture_Garden" title="Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden">Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coit_Mural_Agriculture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maxine Albro, California (mural), 1934, Coit Tower, San Francisco"><img alt="Maxine Albro, California (mural), 1934, Coit Tower, San Francisco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Coit_Mural_Agriculture.jpg/140px-Coit_Mural_Agriculture.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Coit_Mural_Agriculture.jpg/210px-Coit_Mural_Agriculture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Coit_Mural_Agriculture.jpg/280px-Coit_Mural_Agriculture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Albro" title="Maxine Albro">Maxine Albro</a>, <i>California</i> (mural), 1934, <a href="/wiki/Coit_Tower" title="Coit Tower">Coit Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Floyd_Burroughs,_cotton_sharecropper._Hale_County,_Alabama_LOC_3549662506.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walker Evans, Floyd Burroughs, Alabama cotton Sharecropper, Hale County, Alabama, c. 1935–1936, photograph"><img alt="Walker Evans, Floyd Burroughs, Alabama cotton Sharecropper, Hale County, Alabama, c. 1935–1936, photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Floyd_Burroughs%2C_cotton_sharecropper._Hale_County%2C_Alabama_LOC_3549662506.jpg/110px-Floyd_Burroughs%2C_cotton_sharecropper._Hale_County%2C_Alabama_LOC_3549662506.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Floyd_Burroughs%2C_cotton_sharecropper._Hale_County%2C_Alabama_LOC_3549662506.jpg/165px-Floyd_Burroughs%2C_cotton_sharecropper._Hale_County%2C_Alabama_LOC_3549662506.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Floyd_Burroughs%2C_cotton_sharecropper._Hale_County%2C_Alabama_LOC_3549662506.jpg/221px-Floyd_Burroughs%2C_cotton_sharecropper._Hale_County%2C_Alabama_LOC_3549662506.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8816" data-file-height="11184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Walker_Evans" title="Walker Evans">Walker Evans</a>, <i>Floyd Burroughs, Alabama cotton Sharecropper, <a href="/wiki/Hale_County,_Alabama" title="Hale County, Alabama">Hale County, Alabama</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1935–1936, photograph</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacco-Vanzetti-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ben Shahn, detail of The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti (1967, mosaic), Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY"><img alt="Ben Shahn, detail of The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti (1967, mosaic), Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sacco-Vanzetti-01.jpg/140px-Sacco-Vanzetti-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sacco-Vanzetti-01.jpg/210px-Sacco-Vanzetti-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sacco-Vanzetti-01.jpg/280px-Sacco-Vanzetti-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2852" data-file-height="1058" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shahn" title="Ben Shahn">Ben Shahn</a>, detail of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti">The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti</a></i> (1967, mosaic), <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a>, Syracuse, NY</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allie_Mae_Burroughs_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Walker Evans, Allie Mae Burroughs, Wife of a Cotton Sharecropper, Hale County, Alabama, c. 1935–1936, photograph"><img alt="Walker Evans, Allie Mae Burroughs, Wife of a Cotton Sharecropper, Hale County, Alabama, c. 1935–1936, photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Allie_Mae_Burroughs_print.jpg/108px-Allie_Mae_Burroughs_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Allie_Mae_Burroughs_print.jpg/161px-Allie_Mae_Burroughs_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Allie_Mae_Burroughs_print.jpg/215px-Allie_Mae_Burroughs_print.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="3367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Walker_Evans" title="Walker Evans">Walker Evans</a>, <i>Allie Mae Burroughs, Wife of a Cotton Sharecropper, <a href="/wiki/Hale_County,_Alabama" title="Hale County, Alabama">Hale County, Alabama</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1935–1936, photograph</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Farmer_walking_in_dust_storm_Cimarron_County_Oklahoma2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arthur Rothstein, A Farmer and His Two Sons During a Dust Storm, Cimarron County, Oklahoma, 1936, photograph considered as an icon of the Dust Bowl"><img alt="Arthur Rothstein, A Farmer and His Two Sons During a Dust Storm, Cimarron County, Oklahoma, 1936, photograph considered as an icon of the Dust Bowl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Farmer_walking_in_dust_storm_Cimarron_County_Oklahoma2.jpg/140px-Farmer_walking_in_dust_storm_Cimarron_County_Oklahoma2.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Farmer_walking_in_dust_storm_Cimarron_County_Oklahoma2.jpg/210px-Farmer_walking_in_dust_storm_Cimarron_County_Oklahoma2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Farmer_walking_in_dust_storm_Cimarron_County_Oklahoma2.jpg/280px-Farmer_walking_in_dust_storm_Cimarron_County_Oklahoma2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7284" data-file-height="7120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rothstein" title="Arthur Rothstein">Arthur Rothstein</a>,<i> A Farmer and His Two Sons During a Dust Storm</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cimarron_County,_Oklahoma" title="Cimarron County, Oklahoma">Cimarron County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, 1936, photograph considered as an icon of the <a href="/wiki/Dust_Bowl" title="Dust Bowl">Dust Bowl</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural_Feria_Chicago_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Santiago Martinez Delgado, mural for the 1933 Chicago International Fair"><img alt="Santiago Martinez Delgado, mural for the 1933 Chicago International Fair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mural_Feria_Chicago_1933.jpg/140px-Mural_Feria_Chicago_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mural_Feria_Chicago_1933.jpg/210px-Mural_Feria_Chicago_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Mural_Feria_Chicago_1933.jpg/280px-Mural_Feria_Chicago_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1144" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Martinez_Delgado" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago Martinez Delgado">Santiago Martinez Delgado</a>, mural for the 1933 Chicago International Fair</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orozco_Mural_Omniciencia_1925_Azulejos.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="José Orozco, detail of mural Omnisciencia, 1925"><img alt="José Orozco, detail of mural Omnisciencia, 1925" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Orozco_Mural_Omniciencia_1925_Azulejos.jpg/140px-Orozco_Mural_Omniciencia_1925_Azulejos.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Orozco_Mural_Omniciencia_1925_Azulejos.jpg/210px-Orozco_Mural_Omniciencia_1925_Azulejos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Orozco_Mural_Omniciencia_1925_Azulejos.jpg/280px-Orozco_Mural_Omniciencia_1925_Azulejos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Orozco" class="mw-redirect" title="José Orozco">José Orozco</a>, detail of mural <i>Omnisciencia</i>, 1925</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes_-_Mural_El_Hombre_in_cruce_de_caminos_Rivera_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diego Rivera, recreation of Man at the Crossroads (renamed Man, Controller of the Universe), originally created in 1934"><img alt="Diego Rivera, recreation of Man at the Crossroads (renamed Man, Controller of the Universe), originally created in 1934" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes_-_Mural_El_Hombre_in_cruce_de_caminos_Rivera_3.jpg/140px-Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes_-_Mural_El_Hombre_in_cruce_de_caminos_Rivera_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes_-_Mural_El_Hombre_in_cruce_de_caminos_Rivera_3.jpg/210px-Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes_-_Mural_El_Hombre_in_cruce_de_caminos_Rivera_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes_-_Mural_El_Hombre_in_cruce_de_caminos_Rivera_3.jpg/280px-Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes_-_Mural_El_Hombre_in_cruce_de_caminos_Rivera_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a>, recreation of <i><a href="/wiki/Man_at_the_Crossroads" title="Man at the Crossroads">Man at the Crossroads</a></i> (renamed <a href="/wiki/Man,_Controller_of_the_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Man, Controller of the Universe">Man, Controller of the Universe</a>), originally created in 1934</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miner_at_the_Exit_of_the_Shaft.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Constantin Meunier, Miner at the Exit of the Shaft, 1880s, Meunier Museum, Brussels"><img alt="Constantin Meunier, Miner at the Exit of the Shaft, 1880s, Meunier Museum, Brussels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Miner_at_the_Exit_of_the_Shaft.jpg/140px-Miner_at_the_Exit_of_the_Shaft.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Miner_at_the_Exit_of_the_Shaft.jpg/210px-Miner_at_the_Exit_of_the_Shaft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Miner_at_the_Exit_of_the_Shaft.jpg/280px-Miner_at_the_Exit_of_the_Shaft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2311" data-file-height="1882" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Meunier" title="Constantin Meunier">Constantin Meunier</a>, <i>Miner at the Exit of the Shaft</i>, 1880s, Meunier Museum, Brussels</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Laermans_-_Landverhuizers_(KMSKA)_(center_panel_-_Laatste_blik).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eugène Laermans, Emigrants, central panel, 1896, Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp"><img alt="Eugène Laermans, Emigrants, central panel, 1896, Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Eug%C3%A8ne_Laermans_-_Landverhuizers_%28KMSKA%29_%28center_panel_-_Laatste_blik%29.jpg/140px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Laermans_-_Landverhuizers_%28KMSKA%29_%28center_panel_-_Laatste_blik%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Eug%C3%A8ne_Laermans_-_Landverhuizers_%28KMSKA%29_%28center_panel_-_Laatste_blik%29.jpg/210px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Laermans_-_Landverhuizers_%28KMSKA%29_%28center_panel_-_Laatste_blik%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Eug%C3%A8ne_Laermans_-_Landverhuizers_%28KMSKA%29_%28center_panel_-_Laatste_blik%29.jpg/280px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Laermans_-_Landverhuizers_%28KMSKA%29_%28center_panel_-_Laatste_blik%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5202" data-file-height="3637" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Laermans" title="Eugène Laermans">Eugène Laermans</a>, <i>Emigrants</i>, central panel, 1896, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_Antwerp" title="Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp">Royal Museum of Fine Arts Antwerp</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 175px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Van-willem-vincent-gogh-die-kartoffelesser-03850.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vincent van Gogh, The Potato Eaters"><img alt="Vincent van Gogh, The Potato Eaters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Van-willem-vincent-gogh-die-kartoffelesser-03850.jpg/140px-Van-willem-vincent-gogh-die-kartoffelesser-03850.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Van-willem-vincent-gogh-die-kartoffelesser-03850.jpg/210px-Van-willem-vincent-gogh-die-kartoffelesser-03850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Van-willem-vincent-gogh-die-kartoffelesser-03850.jpg/280px-Van-willem-vincent-gogh-die-kartoffelesser-03850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2517" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Potato_Eaters" title="The Potato Eaters">The Potato Eaters</a></i></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Latin_America">In Latin America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></div> <p>Muralists active in Mexico after the Mexican Revolution of 1910 created largely propagandizing murals which emphasized a revolutionary spirit and a pride in the traditions of the indigenous peoples of Mexico, and included <a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Diego Rivera</a>'s <i>History of Mexico from the Conquest to the Future</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco" title="José Clemente Orozco">José Clemente Orozco</a>'s <i>Catharsis</i>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">David Alfaro Siqueiros</a>'s <i>The Strike</i>. These murals also encouraged social realism in other <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> countries, from <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_Guayasam%C3%ADn" title="Oswaldo Guayasamín">Oswaldo Guayasamín</a>'s <i>The Strike</i>) to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2ndido_Portinari" class="mw-redirect" title="Cândido Portinari">Cândido Portinari</a>'s <i>Coffee</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-gao_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gao-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Europe">In Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruno_Caruso_-_Giornalaio_-_1952.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bruno_Caruso_-_Giornalaio_-_1952.jpg/220px-Bruno_Caruso_-_Giornalaio_-_1952.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bruno_Caruso_-_Giornalaio_-_1952.jpg/330px-Bruno_Caruso_-_Giornalaio_-_1952.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Bruno_Caruso_-_Giornalaio_-_1952.jpg/440px-Bruno_Caruso_-_Giornalaio_-_1952.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2865" data-file-height="5058" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Caruso" title="Bruno Caruso">Bruno Caruso</a>, <i>News Stand</i>, ink (1952)</figcaption></figure> <p>In Belgium, early representatives of social realism are found in the work of 19th century artists such as <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Meunier" title="Constantin Meunier">Constantin Meunier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Groux" title="Charles de Groux">Charles de Groux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stark1979_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stark1979-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain, artists such as the American <a href="/wiki/James_Abbott_McNeill_Whistler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Abbott McNeill Whistler">James Abbott McNeill Whistler</a>, as well as English artists <a href="/wiki/Hubert_von_Herkomer" title="Hubert von Herkomer">Hubert von Herkomer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luke_Fildes" title="Luke Fildes">Luke Fildes</a> had great success with realist paintings dealing with social issues and depictions of the "real" world. Artists in Western Europe also embraced social realism in the early 20th century, including Italian painter and illustrator <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Caruso" title="Bruno Caruso">Bruno Caruso</a>, German artists <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Kollwitz" title="Käthe Kollwitz">Käthe Kollwitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">George Grosz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Otto Dix</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Max_Beckmann" title="Max Beckmann">Max Beckmann</a>; Swedish artist <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Billman" title="Torsten Billman">Torsten Billman</a>; Dutch artists <a href="/wiki/Charley_Toorop" title="Charley Toorop">Charley Toorop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyke_Koch" title="Pyke Koch">Pyke Koch</a>; French artists <a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Vlaminck" title="Maurice de Vlaminck">Maurice de Vlaminck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_de_La_Fresnaye" title="Roger de La Fresnaye">Roger de La Fresnaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fautrier" title="Jean Fautrier">Jean Fautrier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Gruber" title="Francis Gruber">Francis Gruber</a> and Belgian artists <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Laermans" title="Eugène Laermans">Eugène Laermans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constant_Permeke" title="Constant Permeke">Constant Permeke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gao_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gao-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adams2008_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FitzsimmonsFitzsimmons1971_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FitzsimmonsFitzsimmons1971-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The political polarization of the period resulted in social realism's distinction from <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realism</a> becoming less obvious in public opinion, and by the mid-20th century <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">abstract art</a> had replaced it as the dominant movement in both Western Europe and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-gao_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gao-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a>, a style of painting that depicts the actuality of what the eyes can see, was a very popular art form in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> around the mid- to late-19th century. It came about with the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> – a new visual source that created a desire for people to produce things that look "objectively real". Realism was heavily against <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a>, a genre dominating French literature and artwork in the mid-19th century. Undistorted by personal bias, Realism believed in the ideology of external reality and revolted against exaggerated <a href="/wiki/Appearance_emotionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Appearance emotionalism">emotionalism</a>. Truth and accuracy became the goals of many realists as <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union">Russia and the Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Russia and the Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Realism">Socialist Realism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilia_Efimovich_Repin_(1844-1930)_-_Volga_Boatmen_(1870-1873).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ilia_Efimovich_Repin_%281844-1930%29_-_Volga_Boatmen_%281870-1873%29.jpg/220px-Ilia_Efimovich_Repin_%281844-1930%29_-_Volga_Boatmen_%281870-1873%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ilia_Efimovich_Repin_%281844-1930%29_-_Volga_Boatmen_%281870-1873%29.jpg/330px-Ilia_Efimovich_Repin_%281844-1930%29_-_Volga_Boatmen_%281870-1873%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ilia_Efimovich_Repin_%281844-1930%29_-_Volga_Boatmen_%281870-1873%29.jpg/440px-Ilia_Efimovich_Repin_%281844-1930%29_-_Volga_Boatmen_%281870-1873%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4586" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ilya_Repin" title="Ilya Repin">Ilya Repin</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Barge_Haulers_on_the_Volga" title="Barge Haulers on the Volga">Barge Haulers on the Volga</a></i> 1870–1873</figcaption></figure> <p>The French <a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realist movement</a> had equivalents in all other Western countries, developing somewhat later. In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a> or <i>Wanderers</i> group in Russia who formed in the 1860s and organized exhibitions from 1871 included many realists such as <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Repin" title="Ilya Repin">Ilya Repin</a> and had a great influence on Russian art. </p><p>From that important trend came the development of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist realism</a>, which was to dominate <a href="/wiki/Soviet_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet culture">Soviet culture</a> and artistic expression for over 60 years. Socialist realism, representing <a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist ideologies">socialist ideologies</a>, was an art movement that represented social and political contemporary life in the 1930s, from a left-wing standpoint. It depicted subjects of social concern; the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> struggle – hardships of everyday life that the working class had to put up with, and heroically emphasized the values of the loyal communist workers. </p><p>The ideology behind social realism, communicated by depicting the heroism of the working class, was to promote and spark revolutionary actions and to spread the image of optimism and the importance of productiveness. Keeping people optimistic meant creating a sense of <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a>, which would prove very important in the struggle to produce a successful socialist nation. The Unions Newspaper, the <i><a href="/wiki/Literaturnaya_Gazeta" title="Literaturnaya Gazeta">Literaturnaya Gazeta</a></i>, described social realism as "the representation of the proletarian revolution". During Joseph Stalin's reign, it was considered most important to use socialist realism as a form of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> in posters, as it kept people optimistic and encouraged greater productive effort, a necessity in his aim of developing <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> into an industrialized nation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brodski_lenin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Brodski_lenin.jpg/220px-Brodski_lenin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Brodski_lenin.jpg/330px-Brodski_lenin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Brodski_lenin.jpg/440px-Brodski_lenin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption><i>Lenin in Smolny</i>, <a href="/wiki/Isaak_Brodsky" title="Isaak Brodsky">Isaak Brodsky</a>, 1930</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> believed that art should belong to the people and should stand on the side of the proletariat. "Art should be based on their feelings, thoughts, and demands, and should grow along with them",<sup id="cite_ref-google.com_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.com-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> said Lenin. He also believed that literature must be part of the proletariat's common cause.<sup id="cite_ref-google.com_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.com-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the revolution of 1917, leaders of the newly formed communist party were encouraging experimentation of different art types. Lenin believed that the style of art the USSR should endorse would have to be easy to understand (ruling out abstract art such as <a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">suprematism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">constructivism</a>) for the masses of <a href="/wiki/Illiterate" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiterate">illiterate</a> people in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A wide-ranging debate on art took place;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the main disagreement was between those who believed in "Proletarian Art" which should have no connections with past art coming out of bourgeois society, and those (most vociferously <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>) who believed that art in a society dominated by working-class values had to absorb all the lessons of bourgeois art before it could move forward at all. </p><p>The taking of power by Joseph Stalin's faction had its corollary in the establishment of an official art: on 23 April 1932, headed by Stalin, an organization formed by the central committee of the Communist Party developed the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Writers" title="Union of Soviet Writers">Union of Soviet Writers</a>. This organization endorsed the newly designated ideology of social realism. </p><p>By 1934, all other independent art groups were abolished, making it nearly impossible for someone not involved in the Union of Soviet Writers to get work published. Any literary piece or painting that did not endorse the ideology of social realism was censored or banned. This new art movement, introduced under Joseph Stalin, was one of the most practical and durable artistic approaches of the 20th century. With the communist revolution came also a cultural revolution. It also gave Stalin and his Communist Party greater control over Soviet culture and restricted people from expressing alternative geopolitical ideologies that differed to those represented in socialist realism. The decline of social realism came with the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_film">In film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social realism in cinema found its roots in <a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a>, especially the films of <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Roberto Rossellini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luchino_Visconti" title="Luchino Visconti">Luchino Visconti</a> and to some extent <a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hallam_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hallam-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_British_cinema">In British cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In British cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> cinema used the common social interaction found in the literary works of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bfi_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first British films to emphasize realism's value as a social protest was <a href="/wiki/James_Williamson_(film_pioneer)" title="James Williamson (film pioneer)">James Williamson's</a> <i>A Reservist Before the War, and After the War</i> in 1902. The film memorialized <a href="/wiki/Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer War">Boer War</a> serviceman coming back home to unemployment. Repressive censorship during 1945–54 prevented British films from displaying more radical social positions.<sup id="cite_ref-bfi_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the British middle-class generally responded to realism and restraint in cinema, while the working-class generally favored Hollywood genre movies. Thus realism carried connotations of education and high seriousness. These social and aesthetic distinctions would soon become running themes as social realism is now associated with the arthouse auteur, while mainstream Hollywood films are shown at the multiplex.<sup id="cite_ref-bfi_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Producer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Balcon" title="Michael Balcon">Michael Balcon</a> revived this distinction in the 1940s, referring to the British industry's rivalry with Hollywood in terms of "realism and tinsel". Balcon, the head of <a href="/wiki/Ealing_Studios" title="Ealing Studios">Ealing Studios</a>, became a key figure in the emergence of a national cinema characterized by stoicism and verisimilitude. Critic Richard Armstrong said: "Combining the objective temper and aesthetics of the documentary movement with the stars and resources of studio filmmaking, 1940s British cinema made a stirring appeal to a mass audience."<sup id="cite_ref-bfi_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social realism in cinema was reflecting Britain's transforming wartime society. Women were working alongside men in the military and its munitions factories, challenging pre-assigned gender roles. Rationing, air raids and unprecedented state intervention in the life of the individual encouraged a more social philosophy and worldview. Social realist films of the era include <i><a href="/wiki/Target_for_Tonight" title="Target for Tonight">Target for Tonight</a></i> (1941), <i><a href="/wiki/In_Which_We_Serve" title="In Which We Serve">In Which We Serve</a></i> (1942), <i><a href="/wiki/Millions_Like_Us" title="Millions Like Us">Millions Like Us</a></i> (1943), and <i><a href="/wiki/This_Happy_Breed_(film)" title="This Happy Breed (film)">This Happy Breed</a></i> (1944). Historian <a href="/wiki/Roger_Manvell" title="Roger Manvell">Roger Manvell</a> wrote, "As the cinemas [closed initially because of the fear of air raids] reopened, the public flooded in, searching for relief from hard work, companionship, release from tension, emotional indulgence and, where they could find them, some reaffirmation of the values of humanity."<sup id="cite_ref-bfi_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the postwar period, films like <i><a href="/wiki/Passport_to_Pimlico" title="Passport to Pimlico">Passport to Pimlico</a></i> (1949), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Lamp" title="The Blue Lamp">The Blue Lamp</a></i> (1949), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Titfield_Thunderbolt" title="The Titfield Thunderbolt">The Titfield Thunderbolt</a></i> (1952) reiterated gentle patrician values, creating a tension between the camaraderie of the war years and the burgeoning consumer society.<sup id="cite_ref-bfi_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Box" title="Sydney Box">Sydney Box</a>'s arrival as head of <a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_pictures" class="mw-redirect" title="Gainsborough pictures">Gainsborough pictures</a> in 1946 saw a transition from the <a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_melodramas" title="Gainsborough melodramas">Gainsborough melodramas</a>, which had been successful during the war years, to social realism. Issues such as short-term sexual relationships, adultery, and illegitimate births flourished during the Second World War<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Box, who favoured realism over what he termed as "flamboyance fantasy",<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> brought these and other social issues, such as <a href="/wiki/Child_adoption" class="mw-redirect" title="Child adoption">child adoption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">juvenile delinquency</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Displaced_persons" class="mw-redirect" title="Displaced persons">displaced persons</a> to the fore with films such as <i><a href="/wiki/When_the_Bough_Breaks_(1947_film)" title="When the Bough Breaks (1947 film)">When the Bough Breaks</a></i> (1947), <i><a href="/wiki/Good-Time_Girl" title="Good-Time Girl">Good-Time Girl</a></i> (1948), <i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_from_Life" title="Portrait from Life">Portrait from Life</a></i> (1948), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_People" title="The Lost People">The Lost People</a></i> (1949), and <i><a href="/wiki/Boys_in_Brown" title="Boys in Brown">Boys in Brown</a></i> (1949). Films of new rapidly expanding forms of leisure by <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> families in postwar Britain were also represented by Box in <i><a href="/wiki/Holiday_Camp_(film)" title="Holiday Camp (film)">Holiday Camp</a></i> (1947), <i><a href="/wiki/Easy_Money_(1948_film)" title="Easy Money (1948 film)">Easy Money</a></i> (1948), and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Boy,_a_Girl_and_a_Bike" title="A Boy, a Girl and a Bike">A Boy, a Girl and a Bike</a></i> (1949).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Box remained determined on making social realism films, even after Gainsborough closed in 1951, when he said in 1952 "No film has yet been made of the <a href="/wiki/Tolpuddle_Martyrs" title="Tolpuddle Martyrs">Tolpuddle Martyrs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">the Suffragette Movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> as it is today, or the scandals of the patent medicines, oil control in the World, or armaments manufactured for profit."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he would not go on to make these types of stories into films, instead focusing on issues related to abortion, teenage prostitution, <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">child neglect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoplifting" title="Shoplifting">shoplifting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a> in films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Street_Corner_(1953_film)" title="Street Corner (1953 film)">Street Corner</a></i> (1953), <i><a href="/wiki/Too_Young_to_Love_(film)" title="Too Young to Love (film)">Too Young to Love</a></i> (1959), and <i><a href="/wiki/Subway_in_the_Sky" title="Subway in the Sky">Subway in the Sky</a></i> (1959).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> movement emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. British auteurs like <a href="/wiki/Karel_Reisz" title="Karel Reisz">Karel Reisz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Tony Richardson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Schlesinger" title="John Schlesinger">John Schlesinger</a> brought wide shots and plain speaking to stories of ordinary Britons negotiating postwar social structures. Relaxation of censorship enabled film makers to portray issues such as prostitution, abortion, homosexuality, and alienation. Characters included factory workers, office underlings, dissatisfied wives, pregnant girlfriends, runaways, the marginalized, the poor, and the depressed. The New Wave protagonist was usually a working-class male without bearings in a society in which traditional industries and the cultures that went with them were in decline.<sup id="cite_ref-bfi_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfi-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leigh" title="Mike Leigh">Mike Leigh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Loach" title="Ken Loach">Ken Loach</a> also make contemporary social realist films.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_British_New_Wave_films">List of British New Wave films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: List of British New Wave films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Room_at_the_Top_(1959_film)" title="Room at the Top (1959 film)">Room at the Top</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_and_Sunday_Morning" title="Saturday Night and Sunday Morning">Saturday Night and Sunday Morning</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Loneliness_of_the_Long_Distance_Runner_(film)" title="The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (film)">The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Kind_of_Loving_(film)" title="A Kind of Loving (film)">A Kind of Loving</a></i> (1962)</li></ul> <p><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Indian_cinema">In Indian cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In Indian cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social realism was also adopted by <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Hindi films</a> of the 1940s and 1950s, including <a href="/wiki/Chetan_Anand_(director)" title="Chetan Anand (director)">Chetan Anand</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Neecha_Nagar" title="Neecha Nagar">Neecha Nagar</a></i> (1946), which won the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1946_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1946 Cannes Film Festival">first Cannes Film Festival</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bimal_Roy" title="Bimal Roy">Bimal Roy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Acres_of_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Acres of Land">Two Acres of Land</a></i> (1953), which won the International Prize at the <a href="/wiki/1954_Cannes_Film_Festival" title="1954 Cannes Film Festival">1954 Cannes Film Festival</a>. The success of these films gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel Cinema">Indian New Wave</a>, with early <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_West_Bengal" title="Cinema of West Bengal">Bengali art films</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nagarik" title="Nagarik">Nagarik</a></i> (1952) and <a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Apu_Trilogy" title="The Apu Trilogy">The Apu Trilogy</a></i> (1955–59). Realism in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_India" title="Cinema of India">Indian cinema</a> dates back to the 1920s and 1930s, with early examples including <a href="/wiki/V._Shantaram" title="V. Shantaram">V. Shantaram</a>'s films <i>Indian Shylock</i> (1925) and <i>The Unaccpected</i> (1937).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_neorealist/social_realist_films_in_American_cinema"><span id="List_of_neorealist.2Fsocial_realist_films_in_American_cinema"></span>List of neorealist/social realist films in American cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: List of neorealist/social realist films in American cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Body_and_Soul_(1947_film)" title="Body and Soul (1947 film)">Body and Soul</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_Highway" title="Thieves' Highway">Thieves' Highway</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Lovers_(1949_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Young Lovers (1949 film)">The Young Lovers</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Outrage_(1950_film)" title="Outrage (1950 film)">Outrage</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hard,_Fast_and_Beautiful" title="Hard, Fast and Beautiful">Hard, Fast and Beautiful</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bigamist_(1953_film)" title="The Bigamist (1953 film)">The Bigamist</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hitch-Hiker" title="The Hitch-Hiker">The Hitch-Hiker</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Fugitive_(1953_film)" title="Little Fugitive (1953 film)">Little Fugitive</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salt_of_the_Earth_(1954_film)" title="Salt of the Earth (1954 film)">Salt of the Earth</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Bowery" title="On the Bowery">On the Bowery</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadows_(1959_film)" title="Shadows (1959 film)">Shadows</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Exiles_(1961_film)" title="The Exiles (1961 film)">The Exiles</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cool_World_(film)" title="The Cool World (film)">The Cool World</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nothing_But_a_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothing But a Man">Nothing But a Man</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wanda_(film)" title="Wanda (film)">Wanda</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dusty_and_Sweets_McGee" title="Dusty and Sweets McGee">Dusty and Sweets McGee</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Killer_of_Sheep" title="Killer of Sheep">Killer of Sheep</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Lights_(1978_film)" title="Northern Lights (1978 film)">Northern Lights</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_Mama" title="Bush Mama">Bush Mama</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Norte_(film)" title="El Norte (film)">El Norte</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Brother%27s_Wedding" title="My Brother's Wedding">My Brother's Wedding</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bless_Their_Little_Hearts" title="Bless Their Little Hearts">Bless Their Little Hearts</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stranger_Than_Paradise" title="Stranger Than Paradise">Stranger Than Paradise</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Down_By_Law_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Down By Law (film)">Down By Law</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Border_Radio" title="Border Radio">Border Radio</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Me" title="American Me">American Me</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clerks_(film)" title="Clerks (film)">Clerks</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friday_(1995_film)" title="Friday (1995 film)">Friday</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/8_Mile_(film)" title="8 Mile (film)">8 Mile</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Half_Nelson_(film)" title="Half Nelson (film)">Half Nelson</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chop_Shop_(film)" title="Chop Shop (film)">Chop Shop</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frownland_(film)" title="Frownland (film)">Frownland</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visitor_(2007_drama_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Visitor (2007 drama film)">The Visitor</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frozen_River" title="Frozen River">Frozen River</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sugar_(2008_film)" title="Sugar (2008 film)">Sugar</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wendy_and_Lucy" title="Wendy and Lucy">Wendy and Lucy</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meek%27s_Cutoff_(film)" title="Meek's Cutoff (film)">Meek's Cutoff</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winter%27s_Bone" title="Winter's Bone">Winter's Bone</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_(film)" title="Nebraska (film)">Nebraska</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tangerine_(film)" title="Tangerine (film)">Tangerine</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Honey_(film)" title="American Honey (film)">American Honey</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moonlight_(2016_film)" title="Moonlight (2016 film)">Moonlight</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rider_(film)" title="The Rider (film)">The Rider</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patti_Cake$" title="Patti Cake$">Patti Cake$</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Florida_Project" title="The Florida Project">The Florida Project</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Black_Man_in_San_Francisco" title="The Last Black Man in San Francisco">The Last Black Man in San Francisco</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leave_No_Trace_(film)" title="Leave No Trace (film)">Leave No Trace</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roma_(2018_film)" title="Roma (2018 film)">Roma</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Never_Rarely_Sometimes_Always" title="Never Rarely Sometimes Always">Never Rarely Sometimes Always</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Rocket_(film)" title="Red Rocket (film)">Red Rocket</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Filmmakers_associated_with_American_neorealism/social_realism"><span id="Filmmakers_associated_with_American_neorealism.2Fsocial_realism"></span>Filmmakers associated with American neorealism/social realism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Filmmakers associated with American neorealism/social realism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloe_Zhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloe Zhao">Chloe Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramin_Bahrani" title="Ramin Bahrani">Ramin Bahrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Baker_(filmmaker)" title="Sean Baker (filmmaker)">Sean Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Burnett_(director)" title="Charles Burnett (director)">Charles Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Jenkins" title="Barry Jenkins">Barry Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassavetes" title="John Cassavetes">John Cassavetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Clarke" title="Shirley Clarke">Shirley Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Lupino" title="Ida Lupino">Ida Lupino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleman_Francis" title="Coleman Francis">Coleman Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jarmusch" title="Jim Jarmusch">Jim Jarmusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Loden" title="Barbara Loden">Barbara Loden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent_Mackenzie" title="Kent Mackenzie">Kent Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Reichardt" title="Kelly Reichardt">Kelly Reichardt</a></li></ul> <p>Sources:<sup id="cite_ref-filmschoolrejects.com_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmschoolrejects.com-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cinema.ucla.edu_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cinema.ucla.edu-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2024lineup_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2024lineup-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_artists">List of artists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: List of artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following incomplete list of artists have been associated with social realism: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Artist</th> <th>Nationality</th> <th>Field(s)</th> <th>Years active </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Abbott" title="Berenice Abbott">Abbot, Berenice</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>photography</td> <td>1923–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chetan_Anand_(director)" title="Chetan Anand (director)">Anand, Chetan</a></td> <td>Indian</td> <td>film</td> <td>1944–1997 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Will_Barnet" title="Will Barnet">Barnet, Will</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting, illustration, printmaking</td> <td>1930–2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Romare_Bearden" title="Romare Bearden">Bearden, Romare</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1936–1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Max_Beckmann" title="Max Beckmann">Beckmann, Max</a></td> <td>German</td> <td>painting, printmaking, sculpture</td> <td>unknown–1950 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Bellows" title="George Bellows">Bellows, George</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting, illustration</td> <td>1906–1925 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(painter)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (painter)">Benton, Thomas Hart</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1907–1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Torsten_Billman" title="Torsten Billman">Billman, Torsten</a></td> <td>Swedish</td> <td>printmaking, illustration, painting</td> <td>1930–1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Bishop" title="Isabel Bishop">Bishop, Isabel</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting, graphic design</td> <td>1918–1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Blanch" title="Arnold Blanch">Blanch, Arnold</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting, etching, illustration, printmaking</td> <td>1923–1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogen" title="Alexander Bogen">Bogen, Alexander</a></td> <td>Polish/ Israeli</td> <td>painting, etching, illustration, printmaking</td> <td>1916–2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Bourke-White, Margaret</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>photography</td> <td>1920s–1971 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lino_Brocka" title="Lino Brocka">Brocka, Lino</a></td> <td>Filipino</td> <td>Film</td> <td>1970–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cadmus" title="Paul Cadmus">Cadmus, Paul</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting, illustration</td> <td>1934–1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Camarena" title="Jorge González Camarena">Camarena, Jorge González</a></td> <td>Mexican</td> <td>painting, sculpture</td> <td>1929–1980 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Caruso" title="Bruno Caruso">Caruso, Bruno</a></td> <td>Italian</td> <td>painting, illustration, printmaking</td> <td>1943–2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joan_Castej%C3%B3n" title="Joan Castejón">Castejón, Joan</a></td> <td>Spanish</td> <td>painting, sculpture, illustration</td> <td>1945–present </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Charlot" title="Jean Charlot">Charlot, Jean</a></td> <td>French</td> <td>painting, illustration</td> <td>1921–1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chua_Mia_Tee" title="Chua Mia Tee">Chua Mia Tee</a></td> <td>Singaporean</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1956-1976 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Noel_Counihan" title="Noel Counihan">Counihan, Noel</a></td> <td>Australian</td> <td>painting, printmaking</td> <td>1930s–1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Steuart_Curry" title="John Steuart Curry">Curry, John Steuart</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1921–1946 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Dehn" title="Adolf Dehn">Dehn, Adolf</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>lithography, painting, printmaking</td> <td>1920s–1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Mart%C3%ADnez_Delgado" title="Santiago Martínez Delgado">Delgado, Santiago Martínez</a></td> <td>Colombian</td> <td>painting, sculpture, illustration</td> <td>1925–1954 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roger_de_La_Fresnaye" title="Roger de La Fresnaye">de la Fresnaye, Roger</a></td> <td>French</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1912–1925 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Vlaminck" title="Maurice de Vlaminck">de Vlaminck, Maurice</a></td> <td>French</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1893–1958 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dix" title="Otto Dix">Dix, Otto</a></td> <td>German</td> <td>painting, printmaking</td> <td>1910–1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Douglas_(artist)" title="Aaron Douglas (artist)">Douglas, Aaron</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1925–1979 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Walker_Evans" title="Walker Evans">Evans, Walker</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>photography</td> <td>1928–1975 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_Evergood" title="Philip Evergood">Evergood, Philip</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting, sculpture, printmaking</td> <td>1926–1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fautrier" title="Jean Fautrier">Fautrier, Jean</a></td> <td>French</td> <td>painting, sculpture</td> <td>1922–1964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Federico_Cant%C3%BA_Garza" title="Federico Cantú Garza">Garza, Federico Cantú</a></td> <td>Mexican</td> <td>painting, engraving, sculpture</td> <td>1929–1989 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ghatak, Ritwik</a></td> <td>Indian</td> <td>film, theatre</td> <td>1948–1976 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Gropper" title="William Gropper">Gropper, William</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>lithography, painting, illustration</td> <td>1915–1977 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">Grosz, George</a></td> <td>German</td> <td>painting, illustration</td> <td>1909–1959 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_Gruber" title="Francis Gruber">Gruber, Francis</a></td> <td>French</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1930–1948 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_Guayasam%C3%ADn" title="Oswaldo Guayasamín">Guayasamín, Oswaldo</a></td> <td>Ecuadorian</td> <td>painting, sculpture</td> <td>1942–1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Philip_Guston" title="Philip Guston">Guston, Philip</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting, printmaking</td> <td>1927–1980 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gwathmey" title="Robert Gwathmey">Gwathmey, Robert</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting</td> <td>unknown–1988 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henri" title="Robert Henri">Henri, Robert</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1883–1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hine" title="Lewis Hine">Hine, Lewis</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>photography</td> <td>1904–1940 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hirsch" title="Joseph Hirsch">Hirsch, Joseph</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting, illustration, printmaking</td> <td>1933-1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hopper" title="Edward Hopper">Hopper, Edward</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting, printmaking</td> <td>1895–1967 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frida_Kahlo" title="Frida Kahlo">Kahlo, Frida</a></td> <td>Mexican</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1925–1954 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyke_Koch" title="Pyke Koch">Koch, Pyke</a></td> <td>Dutch</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1927–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Kollwitz" title="Käthe Kollwitz">Kollwitz, Käthe</a></td> <td>German</td> <td>painting, sculpture, printmaking</td> <td>1890–1945 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Walt_Kuhn" title="Walt Kuhn">Kuhn, Walt</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting, illustration</td> <td>1892–1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joel_Lamangan" title="Joel Lamangan">Lamangan, Joel</a></td> <td>Filipino</td> <td>Film, Television, Theater</td> <td>1991–present </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Lange, Dorothea</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>photography</td> <td>1918–1965 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence" title="Jacob Lawrence">Lawrence, Jacob</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1931–2000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Doris_Lee" title="Doris Lee">Lee, Doris</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting, printmaking</td> <td>1935–1983 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russell_Lee_(photographer)" title="Russell Lee (photographer)">Lee, Russell</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>photography</td> <td>1936–1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jack_Levine" title="Jack Levine">Levine, Jack</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting, printmaking</td> <td>1932–2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_Lozowick" title="Louis Lozowick">Lozowick, Louis</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting, printmaking</td> <td>1926–1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Luks" title="George Luks">Luks, George</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting, illustration</td> <td>1893–1933 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Marsh_(artist)" title="Reginald Marsh (artist)">Marsh, Reginald</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1922–1954 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Meltsner" title="Paul Meltsner">Meltsner, Paul</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1913–1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Montenegro" title="Roberto Montenegro">Montenegro, Roberto</a></td> <td>Mexican</td> <td>painting, illustration</td> <td>1906–1968 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Myers" title="Jerome Myers">Myers, Jerome</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting, drawing, etching, illustration</td> <td>1867–1940 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Clemente_Orozco" title="José Clemente Orozco">Orozco, José Clemente</a></td> <td>Mexican</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1922–1949 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mario_O%27Hara" title="Mario O'Hara">O'Hara Mario</a></td> <td>Filipino</td> <td>Film</td> <td>1976–2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Parks" title="Gordon Parks">Parks, Gordon</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>photography, film</td> <td>1937–2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Horace_Pippin" title="Horace Pippin">Pippin, Horace</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1930–1946 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Candido_Portinari" title="Candido Portinari">Portinari, Candido</a></td> <td>Brazilian</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1928–1962 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Prestopino" title="Gregorio Prestopino">Prestopino, Gregorio</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1930s–1984 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Ray, Satyajit</a></td> <td>Indian</td> <td>film</td> <td>1947–1992 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karel_Reisz" title="Karel Reisz">Reisz, Karel</a></td> <td>British</td> <td>film</td> <td>1955–1990 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Richardson, Tony</a></td> <td>British</td> <td>film</td> <td>1955–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diego_Rivera" title="Diego Rivera">Rivera, Diego</a></td> <td>Mexican</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1922–1957 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rothstein" title="Arthur Rothstein">Rothstein, Arthur</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>photography</td> <td>1934–1985 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bimal_Roy" title="Bimal Roy">Roy, Bimal</a></td> <td>Indian</td> <td>film</td> <td>1935–1966 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Schlesinger" title="John Schlesinger">Schlesinger, John</a></td> <td>British</td> <td>film</td> <td>1956–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shahn" title="Ben Shahn">Shahn, Ben</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting, illustration, graphic art, photography</td> <td>1932–1969 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Siporin" title="Mitchell Siporin">Siporin, Mitchell</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting</td> <td>unknown–1976 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Alfaro_Siqueiros" title="David Alfaro Siqueiros">Siqueiros, David Alfaro</a></td> <td>Mexican</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1932–1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Siskind" title="Aaron Siskind">Siskind, Aaron</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>photography</td> <td>1930s–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_French_Sloan" class="mw-redirect" title="John French Sloan">Sloan, John French</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1890–1951 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Soyer" title="Isaac Soyer">Soyer, Isaac</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1930s–1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moses_Soyer" title="Moses Soyer">Soyer, Moses</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1926–1974 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Soyer" title="Raphael Soyer">Soyer, Raphael</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting, illustration, printmaking</td> <td>1930–1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Stackpole" title="Ralph Stackpole">Stackpole, Ralph</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>sculpture, painting</td> <td>1910–1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_Steichen" title="Edward Steichen">Steichen, Edward</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>photography, painting</td> <td>1894–1973 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harry_Sternberg" title="Harry Sternberg">Sternberg, Harry</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting, printmaking</td> <td>1926–2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rufino_Tamayo" title="Rufino Tamayo">Tamayo, Rufino</a></td> <td>Mexican</td> <td>painting, illustration</td> <td>1917–1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charley_Toorop" title="Charley Toorop">Toorop, Charley</a></td> <td>Dutch</td> <td>painting, lithography</td> <td>1916–1955 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Doris_Ulmann" title="Doris Ulmann">Ulmann, Doris</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>photography</td> <td>1918–1934 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Augustus_Walker" title="John Augustus Walker">Walker, John Augustus</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1926–1967 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Williamson_(film_pioneer)" title="James Williamson (film pioneer)">Williamson, James</a></td> <td>British</td> <td>film</td> <td>1901–1933 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Woodrow_Wilson" title="John Woodrow Wilson">Wilson, John Woodrow</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>lithography, sculpture</td> <td>1945-2001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Marion_Post_Wolcott" title="Marion Post Wolcott">Wolcott, Marion Post</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>photography</td> <td>1930s–1944 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Wong" title="Martin Wong">Wong, Martin</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1946–1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grant_Wood" title="Grant Wood">Wood, Grant</a></td> <td>American</td> <td>painting</td> <td>1913–1942 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Attil%C3%A2_%C4%B0lhan" title="Attilâ İlhan">İlhan, Attilâ</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Turkish</td> <td>poetry</td> <td>1942-2005 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_realism" title="American realism">American realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bracho" title="Gabriel Bracho">Gabriel Bracho</a>, exponent of the social realism artistic movement in Venezuela</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalism (art)">Naturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(visual_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Realism (visual art)">Realism</a></li> <li>Film <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_realism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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Fitzsimmons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+International&rft.pub=J.+Fitzsimmons&rft.date=1971&rft.au=James+Fitzsimmons&rft.au=Jim+Fitzsimmons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjEjrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/TOAH/HD/rlsm/hd_rlsm.htm">Nineteenth-Century French Realism|The Metropolitan Museum of Art|Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google.com-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google.com_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google.com_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PNKwBgAAQBAJ&dq=Art+should+be+based+on+their+feelings,+thoughts,+and+demands,+and+should+grow+along+with+them+lenin&pg=PA337">New Essentials of Unification Thought - Google Books (pg.337)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qEsdM8hmu58C&dq=lenin+abstract+art&pg=PA23">John Gordon Garrard, Carol Garrard, <i>Inside the Soviet Writers' Union</i>, I.B.Tauris, 1990, p. 23</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1850432600" title="Special:BookSources/1850432600">1850432600</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=069rL6vA1BAC&dq=lenin+suprematism&pg=PA161">Karl Ruhrberg, Klaus Honnef, Manfred Schneckenburger, Christiane Fricke, <i>Art of the 20th Century, Part 1</i>, Taschen, 2000, p. 161</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3822859079" title="Special:BookSources/3822859079">3822859079</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magicalchorushis00volk/page/67">Solomon Volkov, <i>The Magical Chorus</i>, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 2008, p. 68</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0307268772" title="Special:BookSources/0307268772">0307268772</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hallam-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hallam_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hallam, Julia, and Marshment, Margaret. <i>Realism and Popular Cinema. Inside popular film</i>. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickeringmyth.com/2009/07/world-cinema-rise-and-fall-of-italian/">World Cinema: The rise and fall of Italian Neo-realism - Flickering Myth</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bfi-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bfi_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfi_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfi_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfi_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfi_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfi_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bfi_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong" class="citation web cs1">Armstrong, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/1037898/index.html">"Social Realism"</a>. BFI Screen Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Social+Realism&rft.pub=BFI+Screen+Online&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screenonline.org.uk%2Ffilm%2Fid%2F1037898%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barrow, Sarah & White, John. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r7I7CCd-A9cC&dq=sydney+box+social+realism&pg=PA63">Fifty Key British Films</a>. Routledge. p.63. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781283547352" title="Special:BookSources/9781283547352">9781283547352</a> Retrieved 27 April 2020 via Google Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harper, Sue. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q0fqDAAAQBAJ&dq=flamboyance+fantasy+sydney+box&pg=PA104">From Holiday Camp to High Camp: Women in British Feature Films</a>. in Andrew Higson. (2016) Dissolving Views: Key Writings on British Cinema. Bloomsbury Academic p.105. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474290654" title="Special:BookSources/9781474290654">9781474290654</a> Retrieved 27 April 2020 via Google Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spicer, Andrew. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sY1LGFNtCOEC&dq=box+post+war+concerns+child+adoption+when+the+bough+breaks+the+delinquent&pg=PA109">Sydney Box</a>. Manchester University Press. p.109. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719060007" title="Special:BookSources/9780719060007">9780719060007</a>. Retrieved 27 April 2020 via Google Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harper, Sue. & Porter, Vincent. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UyYTDAAAQBAJ&dq=sydney+box+social+realism&pg=PA159">British Cinema of the 1950s: The Decline of Deference</a>. Oxford University Press p.159. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198159353" title="Special:BookSources/9780198159353">9780198159353</a> Retrieved 27 April 2020 via Google Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harper, Sue. & Porter, Vincent. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UyYTDAAAQBAJ&dq=sydney+box+social+realism&pg=PA159">British Cinema of the 1950s: The Decline of Deference</a>. Oxford University Press pp.159-162. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198159353" title="Special:BookSources/9780198159353">9780198159353</a> Retrieved 27 April 2020 via Google Books</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criterion.com/shop/collection/144-british-realism">"British Realism"</a>. <i>The Criterion Collection</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Criterion+Collection&rft.atitle=British+Realism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.criterion.com%2Fshop%2Fcollection%2F144-british-realism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mubi.com/lists/free-cinema-british-social-realism">"FREE CINEMA (BRITISH SOCIAL REALISM) – Movie List"</a>. <i>MUBI</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MUBI&rft.atitle=FREE+CINEMA+%28BRITISH+SOCIAL+REALISM%29+%E2%80%93+Movie+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmubi.com%2Flists%2Ffree-cinema-british-social-realism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/1037898/index.html">"BFI Screenonline: Social Realism"</a>. <i>www.screenonline.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.screenonline.org.uk&rft.atitle=BFI+Screenonline%3A+Social+Realism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.screenonline.org.uk%2Ffilm%2Fid%2F1037898%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee" class="citation journal cs1">Banerjee, Santanu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5530156">"Neo Realism in Indian Cinema"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Neo+Realism+in+Indian+Cinema&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Santanu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F5530156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+realism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-filmschoolrejects.com-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-filmschoolrejects.com_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filmschoolrejects.com/new-social-realism-american-cinema/">"The New Social Realism of American Cinema"</a>. <i>Film School Rejects</i>. 17 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Film+School+Rejects&rft.atitle=The+New+Social+Realism+of+American+Cinema&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffilmschoolrejects.com%2Fnew-social-realism-american-cinema%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cinema.ucla.edu-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cinema.ucla.edu_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/events/2020/american-neorealism">"American Neorealism, Part One: 1948-1984 | UCLA Film & Television Archive"</a>. <i>www.cinema.ucla.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cinema.ucla.edu&rft.atitle=American+Neorealism%2C+Part+One%3A+1948-1984+%26%23124%3B+UCLA+Film+%26+Television+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinema.ucla.edu%2Fevents%2F2020%2Famerican-neorealism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/4202-jarmusch-in-tucson">"Jarmusch in Tucson"</a>. <i>The Criterion Collection</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Criterion+Collection&rft.atitle=Jarmusch+in+Tucson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.criterion.com%2Fcurrent%2Fposts%2F4202-jarmusch-in-tucson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+realism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebaffler.com/latest/why-clerks-still-works-hanson">"Why Clerks Still Works"</a>. <i>The Baffler</i>. 6 December 2019.</cite><span 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_art_movements" title="Template talk:Western art movements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_art_movements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western art movements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premodern,_Modern_and_Contemporary_art_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Premodern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a> art movements</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">List of art movements</a>/<a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">periods</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Premodern<br />(Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_art" title="Ancient art">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_treasure" title="Thracian treasure">Thracian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_art" title="Dacian art">Dacian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization#Culture" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_art" title="Aegean art">Aegean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_art" title="Cycladic art">Cycladic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_art" title="Minoan art">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minyan_ware" title="Minyan ware">Minyan ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece#Art_and_pottery" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Mycenaean_pottery" title="Sub-Mycenaean pottery">Sub-Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protogeometric_style" title="Protogeometric style">Protogeometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometric_art" title="Geometric art">Geometric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalizing_period" title="Orientalizing period">Orientalizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic Greek art">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-figure_pottery" title="Black-figure pottery">Black-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Red-figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_style" title="Severe style">Severe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art#Classical" title="Ancient Greek art">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_style" title="Kerch style">Kerch style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art#"Baroque"" title="Hellenistic art">"Baroque"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_art" title="Indo-Greek art">Indo-Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Attic" title="Neo-Attic">Neo-Attic</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_art" title="Etruscan art">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian art">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_sculpture" title="Iberian sculpture">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls#Art" title="Gauls">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republican_art" title="Roman Republican art">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman art">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustan_and_Julio-Claudian_art" title="Augustan and Julio-Claudian art">Julio-Claudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeian Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajanic_art" title="Trajanic art">Trajanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severan_art" title="Severan art">Severan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antique_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique art">Late antique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_art" title="Coptic art">Coptic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_art" title="Ethiopian art">Ethiopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Migration Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_art" title="Anglo-Saxon art">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunnic_art" title="Hunnic art">Hunnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards#Art" title="Lombards">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_art_and_architecture" title="Visigothic art and architecture">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">Donor portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picts#Art" title="Picts">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_art_and_architecture" title="Mozarabic art and architecture">Mozarabic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Repoblaci%C3%B3n_art_and_architecture" title="Repoblación art and architecture">Repoblación</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_art" title="Viking art">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_art" title="Byzantine art">Byzantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)" title="Macedonian art (Byzantine)">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeologan_Renaissance#Art_and_architecture" title="Palaeologan Renaissance">Palaeologan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Byzantine" title="Italo-Byzantine">Italo-Byzantine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks#Art_and_architecture" title="Franks">Frankish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_art_and_architecture" title="Merovingian art and architecture">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_art" title="Carolingian art">Carolingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Romanesque_art_and_architecture" title="Pre-Romanesque art and architecture">Pre-Romanesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottonian_art" title="Ottonian art">Ottonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosan_art" title="Mosan art">Mosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Romanesque" title="Spanish Romanesque">Spanish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans#Visual_arts" title="Normans">Norman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman%E2%80%93Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_culture" title="Norman–Arab–Byzantine culture">Norman-Sicilian</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opus_Anglicanum" title="Opus Anglicanum">Opus Anglicanum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_art_in_Milan" title="Gothic art in Milan">Gothic art in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic" title="International Gothic">International Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Gothic_art_in_Italy" title="International Gothic art in Italy">International Gothic art in Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucchese_school" title="Lucchese school">Lucchese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_school" title="Novgorod school">Novgorod school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sienese_school" title="Sienese school">Sienese school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud%C3%A9jar_art" title="Mudéjar art">Mudéjar</a></li> <li>Medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Medieval_Europe" title="History of cartography">cartography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography#Italian_cartography_and_the_birth_of_portolan_charts" title="History of cartography">Italian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorcan_cartographic_school" title="Majorcan cartographic school">Majorcan school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappa_mundi" title="Mappa mundi">Mappa mundi</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_painting" title="Italian Renaissance painting">Italian Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Renaissance">Proto-Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_painting" title="Florentine painting">Florentine school</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pittura_infamante" title="Pittura infamante">Pittura infamante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Ferrara" title="School of Ferrara">Ferrarese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forlivese_school_of_art" title="Forlivese school of art">Forlivese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_painting" title="Venetian painting">Venetian school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_school" title="Bolognese school">Bolognese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Maniera" title="Counter-Maniera">Counter-<i>Maniera</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Renaissance" title="Northern Renaissance">Northern Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_landscape" title="World landscape">World landscape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent%E2%80%93Bruges_school" title="Ghent–Bruges school">Ghent–Bruges school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mannerism" title="Northern Mannerism">Northern Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_school_of_painting" title="Cologne school of painting">Cologne school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_school" title="Danube school">Danube school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_Mannerism" title="Antwerp Mannerism">Antwerp Mannerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanism_(painting)" title="Romanism (painting)">Romanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance#Visual_arts" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artists_of_the_Tudor_court" title="Artists of the Tudor court">Tudor court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_school" title="Cretan school">Cretan school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquerie" title="Turquerie">Turquerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fontainebleau" title="School of Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_late_16th_century_in_Milan" title="Art of the late 16th century in Milan">Art of the late 16th century in Milan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Milan" title="Baroque in Milan">Baroque in Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravaggisti" title="Caravaggisti">Caravaggisti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utrecht_Caravaggism" title="Utrecht Caravaggism">in Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenebrism" title="Tenebrism">Tenebrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII_style" title="Louis XIII style">Louis XIII style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_baroque" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran baroque">Lutheran Baroque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroganov_school" title="Stroganov school">Stroganov school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_painter" title="Animal painter">Animal painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Romanists" title="Guild of Romanists">Guild of Romanists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delft_school_(painting)" title="Delft school (painting)">Delft school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capriccio_(art)" title="Capriccio (art)">Capriccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_school_(painting)" title="Ionian school (painting)">Heptanese school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism#In_the_fine_arts" title="Classicism">Classicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_style" title="Louis XIV style">Louis XIV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poussinists_and_Rubenists" title="Poussinists and Rubenists">Poussinists and Rubenists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocaille" title="Rocaille">Rocaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_style" title="Louis XV style">Louis XV style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederician_Rococo" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederician Rococo">Frederician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinoiserie" title="Chinoiserie">Chinoiserie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante" title="Fête galante">Fête galante</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Go%C3%BBt_grec" title="Goût grec">Goût grec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_style" title="Louis XVI style">Louis XVI style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_style" title="Adam style">Adam style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directoire_style" title="Directoire style">Directoire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture_in_Milan" title="Neoclassical architecture in Milan">Neoclassical architecture in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Colonial art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Art of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_art" title="African-American art">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_art" title="Caribbean art">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Haitian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Colonial Asian art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts in the Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letras_y_figuras" title="Letras y figuras">Letras y figuras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipos_del_Pa%C3%ADs" title="Tipos del País">Tipos del País</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Asia" title="Baroque">Colonial Asian Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_style" title="Company style">Company style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art" title="Latin American art">Latin American art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Casta painting">Casta painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_school_of_religious_imagery" title="Chilote school of religious imagery">Chilote school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuzco_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuzco school">Cuzco school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_school" title="Quito school">Quito school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque#Baroque_in_the_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Colonial_Americas" title="Baroque">Latin American Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">Art borrowing<br />Western elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus#Art_and_architecture" title="Al-Andalus">Moorish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_art" title="Manichaean art">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal art">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_art" title="Qajar art">Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_handicrafts" title="Qing handicrafts">Qing handicrafts</a></li> <li>Western influence in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akita_ranga" title="Akita ranga">Akita ranga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uki-e" title="Uki-e">Uki-e</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art#Western_art_after_1770" title="History of art">Transition<br />to modern</a><br />(c. 1770 – 1862)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour_style" title="Troubadour style">Troubadour style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Shoreham Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_school_of_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Düsseldorf school of painting">Düsseldorf school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(American_art_style)" title="Luminism (American art style)">American luminism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism#Orientalist_art" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_school_of_painters" title="Norwich school of painters">Norwich school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_style" title="Empire style">Empire style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revivalism_(architecture)" title="Revivalism (architecture)">Revivalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biedermeier" title="Biedermeier">Biedermeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(art_movement)" title="Realism (art movement)">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbizon school">Barbizon school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verismo_(painting)" title="Verismo (painting)">Verismo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_art" title="Academic art">Academic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_school" title="Munich school">Munich school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_academic_art_of_the_19th_century" title="Greek academic art of the 19th century">in Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Grec#Painting" title="Neo-Grec">Neo-Grec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etching_revival" title="Etching revival">Etching revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modern</a><br />(1863–1944)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1863–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo-romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism#Arts" title="Romantic nationalism">National romanticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dga" title="Yōga">Yōga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonga" title="Nihonga">Nihonga</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japonisme" title="Japonisme">Japonisme</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_style" title="Anglo-Japanese style">Anglo-Japanese style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beuron_school" title="Beuron school">Beuron school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague school">Hague school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peredvizhniki" title="Peredvizhniki">Peredvizhniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Impressionism" title="American Impressionism">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoosier_Group" title="Hoosier Group">Hoosier Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_school_(painting)" title="Boston school (painting)">Boston school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Impressionism" title="Amsterdam Impressionism">Amsterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Impressionism" title="Canadian Impressionism">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg school">Heidelberg school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_pottery" title="Art pottery">Art pottery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalism" title="Tonalism">Tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbolist_movement_in_Romania" title="Symbolist movement in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism#Visual_arts" title="Russian symbolism">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_school" title="Volcano school">Volcano school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luminism_(Impressionism)" title="Luminism (Impressionism)">Luminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointillism" title="Pointillism">Pointillism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont-Aven_School" title="Pont-Aven School">Pont-Aven School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloisonnism" title="Cloisonnism">Cloisonnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetism" title="Synthetism">Synthetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Nabis" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Nabis">Les Nabis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Barbizon_school" class="mw-redirect" title="American Barbizon school">American Barbizon school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_tonalism" class="mw-redirect" title="California tonalism">California tonalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumbrismo#Visual_costumbrismo_in_the_Americas" title="Costumbrismo">Costumbrismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1900–1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau_in_Milan" title="Art Nouveau in Milan">Art Nouveau in Milan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Impressionism" title="California Impressionism">California Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_(art)" title="Secession (art)">Secessionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Secession" title="Munich Secession">Munich Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Secession" title="Vienna Secession">Vienna Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Secession" title="Berlin Secession">Berlin Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonderbund_westdeutscher_Kunstfreunde_und_K%C3%BCnstler" title="Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler">Sonderbund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Impressionism" title="Pennsylvania Impressionism">Pennsylvania Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_American_Painters" title="Ten American Painters">Ten American Painters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Br%C3%BCcke" title="Die Brücke">Die Brücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Blaue_Reiter" title="Der Blaue Reiter">Der Blaue Reiter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Werkbund" title="Deutscher Werkbund">Deutscher Werkbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="American Realism">American Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashcan school">Ashcan school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_(painters)" title="The Eight (painters)">A Nyolcak</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_K%C3%BCnstlervereinigung_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Neue Künstlervereinigung München">Neue Künstlervereinigung München</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_painting" title="Metaphysical painting">Metaphysical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivism_(art)" title="Productivism (art)">Productivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchromism" title="Synchromism">Synchromism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1915–1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosaku-hanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sosaku-hanga">Sosaku-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Cubism" title="Crystal Cubism">Crystal Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Constructivist_movement" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Constructivism" title="Universal Constructivism">Universal Constructivism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin-hanga" title="Shin-hanga">Shin-hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_to_order" title="Return to order">Return to order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novecento_Italiano" title="Novecento Italiano">Novecento Italiano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurative_Constructivism" title="Figurative Constructivism">Figurative Constructivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stupid_(art_movement)" title="Stupid (art movement)">Stupid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Progressives" title="Cologne Progressives">Cologne Progressives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsrat_f%C3%BCr_Kunst" title="Arbeitsrat für Kunst">Arbeitsrat für Kunst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_Group_(German)" title="November Group (German)">November Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_tonalism" title="Australian tonalism">Australian tonalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Secession" title="Dresden Secession">Dresden Secession</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Antrop%C3%B3fago" title="Manifesto Antropófago">Anthropophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingei" title="Mingei">Mingei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven_(artists)" title="Group of Seven (artists)">Group of Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School_of_Modern_Art" title="Grosvenor School of Modern Art">Grosvenor school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Surrealism_in_Iran" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_art#Surrealism" title="Latin American art">Latin American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_muralism" title="Mexican muralism">Mexican muralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Fauvism" title="Neo-Fauvism">Neo-Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precisionism" title="Precisionism">Precisionism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeropittura" title="Aeropittura">Aeropittura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Revolutionary_Visual_Artists" title="Association of Revolutionary Visual Artists">Asso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuola_Romana" title="Scuola Romana">Scuola Romana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercle_et_Carr%C3%A9" title="Cercle et Carré">Cercle et Carré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapists" title="Kapists">Kapists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(art)" title="Regionalism (art)">Regionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Scene_Painting" title="California Scene Painting">California Scene Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Nazi art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamline_Moderne" title="Streamline Moderne">Streamline Moderne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_art" title="Concrete art">Concrete art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction-Cr%C3%A9ation" title="Abstraction-Création">Abstraction-Création</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_(Expressionists)" title="The Ten (Expressionists)">The Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_dimension_in_art#Dimensionist_manifesto" title="Fourth dimension in art">Dimensionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Expressionism" title="Boston Expressionism">Boston Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_School_of_Painting" title="Leningrad School of Painting">Leningrad school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">Contemporary</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_art" title="Postmodern art">Postmodern</a><br />(1945–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1945–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Typographic_Style" title="International Typographic Style">International Typographic Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Color_School" title="Washington Color School">Washington Color School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visionary_art" title="Visionary art">Visionary art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_School_of_Fantastic_Realism" title="Vienna School of Fantastic Realism">Vienna School of Fantastic Realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatialism" title="Spatialism">Spatialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_field" title="Color field">Color field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical abstraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tachisme" title="Tachisme">Tachisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Informale" title="Arte Informale">Arte Informale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBRA_(art_movement)" title="COBRA (art movement)">COBRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuagisme" title="Nuagisme">Nuagisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generaci%C3%B3n_de_la_Ruptura" title="Generación de la Ruptura">Generación de la Ruptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jikken_K%C5%8Db%C5%8D" title="Jikken Kōbō">Jikken Kōbō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metcalf_Chateau" title="Metcalf Chateau">Metcalf Chateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono-ha" title="Mono-ha">Mono-ha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanyang_Style" title="Nanyang Style">Nanyang Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_painting" title="Action painting">Action painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Figurative_Expressionism" title="American Figurative Expressionism">American Figurative Expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Figurative_Expressionism" title="New York Figurative Expressionism">in New York</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_School_(art)#Visual_arts" title="New York School (art)">New York school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard-edge_painting" title="Hard-edge painting">Hard-edge painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Figurative_Movement" title="Bay Area Figurative Movement">Bay Area Figurative Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Plasticiens" title="Les Plasticiens">Les Plasticiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutai_Art_Association" title="Gutai Art Association">Gutai Art Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai_Bijutsu_Kondankai" title="Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai">Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Soviet Nonconformist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_underground" title="Ukrainian underground">Ukrainian underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letterist_International" title="Letterist International">Letterist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Lettrist" title="Ultra-Lettrist">Ultra-Lettrist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Highwaymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Highwaymen">Florida Highwaymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetic_art" title="Cybernetic art">Cybernetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodeans" title="Antipodeans">Antipodeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1960–1969</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otra_Figuraci%C3%B3n" title="Otra Figuración">Otra Figuración</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Presencia" title="Nueva Presencia">Nueva Presencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_(art)" title="Zero (art)">ZERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happening" title="Happening">Happening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada_Organizers" title="Neo-Dada Organizers">Neo-Dada Organizers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_tendance" title="Nouvelle tendance">Nouvelle tendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arte_Povera" title="Arte Povera">Arte Povera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arts_Movement" title="Black Arts Movement">Black Arts Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caribbean_Artists_Movement" title="The Caribbean Artists Movement">The Caribbean Artists Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_art" title="Land art">Land art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_art" title="Systems art">Systems art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_art" title="Video art">Video art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_art" title="Generative art">Generative art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-painterly_abstraction" title="Post-painterly abstraction">Post-painterly abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermedia" title="Intermedia">Intermedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_art" title="Psychedelic art">Psychedelic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_Art" title="Nut Art">Nut Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorealism" title="Photorealism">Photorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_art" title="Environmental art">Environmental art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_critique" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutional critique">Institutional critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_and_Space" title="Light and Space">Light and Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">Street art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Feminist art movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Feminist art movement in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art#Saqqakhaneh_movement" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Saqqakhaneh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stars_Art_Group" title="The Stars Art Group">The Stars Art Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoru_no_Kai" title="Yoru no Kai">Yoru no Kai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">Artificial intelligence art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">1970–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-conceptual_art" title="Post-conceptual art">Post-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artscene" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscene">Artscene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_art" title="Endurance art">Endurance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sots_Art" title="Sots Art">Sots Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conceptualists" title="Moscow Conceptualists">Moscow Conceptualists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_and_Decoration" title="Pattern and Decoration">Pattern and Decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliontanism" title="Pliontanism">Pliontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_visual_art" title="Punk visual art">Punk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-expressionism" title="Neo-expressionism">Neo-expressionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transavantgarde" title="Transavantgarde">Transavantgarde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art#Saint_Soleil_School" title="Haitian art">Saint Soleil school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_art" title="Guerrilla art">Guerrilla art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowbrow_(art_movement)" title="Lowbrow (art movement)">Lowbrow art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telematic_art" title="Telematic art">Telematic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-conceptual_art" title="Neo-conceptual art">Neo-conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_European_Painting" title="New European Painting">New European Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_collaborative_painting" title="Tunisian collaborative painting">Tunisian collaborative painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_Group" title="Memphis Group">Memphis Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberdelic" title="Cyberdelic">Cyberdelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_video" title="Scratch video">Scratch video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrofuturism" title="Retrofuturism">Retrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_British_Artists" title="Young British Artists">Young British Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfiction" title="Superfiction">Superfiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taring_Padi" title="Taring Padi">Taring Padi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Leipzig_School" title="New Leipzig School">New Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artivism" title="Artivism">Artivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Designers_Republic" title="The Designers Republic">The Designers Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge#Graphic_design" title="Grunge">Grunge design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdadism" title="Verdadism">Verdadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAE0C8;width:1%">2000–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_pop_art" title="Amazonian pop art">Amazonian pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altermodern" title="Altermodern">Altermodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art" title="Art for art">Art for art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_intervention" title="Art intervention">Art intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandalism" title="Brandalism">Brandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Realism" title="Classical Realism">Classical Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_African_art" title="Contemporary African art">Contemporary African art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Contemporary Indigenous Australian art">Contemporary Indigenous Australian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fungible_token#Digital_art" title="Non-fungible token">Crypto art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg_art" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessivism" title="Excessivism">Excessivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictive_art" title="Fictive art">Fictive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_design" title="Flat design">Flat design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Memphis" title="Corporate Memphis">Corporate Memphis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypermodernism_(art)" title="Hypermodernism (art)">Hypermodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperrealism_(visual_arts)" title="Hyperrealism (visual arts)">Hyperrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea_art" title="Idea art">Idea art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_art" title="Internet art">Internet art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Internet" title="Post-Internet">Post-Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone_art" title="IPhone art">iPhone art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch_movement" title="Kitsch movement">Kitsch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightpainting" title="Lightpainting">Lightpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massurrealism" title="Massurrealism">Massurrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_European_ink_painting" title="Modern European ink painting">Modern European ink painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-futurism" title="Neo-futurism">Neo-futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomodern#Artist_group" title="Neomodern">Neomodern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosymbolism" title="Neosymbolism">Neosymbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionism" title="Passionism">Passionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-YBAs" title="Post-YBAs">Post-YBAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_art" title="Relational art">Relational art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeuomorph#In_design" title="Skeuomorph">Skeuomorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_art" title="Software art">Software art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_art" title="Sound art">Sound art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuckism" title="Stuckism">Stuckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superflat" title="Superflat">Superflat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SoFlo_Superflat" title="SoFlo Superflat">SoFlo Superflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstroke" title="Superstroke">Superstroke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyism" title="Toyism">Toyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilalianism" title="Unilalianism">Unilalianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_Artists_Network" title="Walking Artists Network">Walking Artists Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#EAE0C8;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstract art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">Anti-art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballets_Russes" title="Ballets Russes">Ballets Russes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Catholic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Lutheran art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Fantastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_genres" title="Hierarchy of genres">Hierarchy of genres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">Genre painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_painting" title="History painting">History painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_art" title="Interactive art">Interactive art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Jewish art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_painting" title="Landscape painting">Landscape painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_sculpture" title="Modern sculpture">Modern sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_art" title="Naïve art">Naïve art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_art" title="Outsider art">Outsider art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art#Europe" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric European art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_art" title="Queer art">Queer art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_art" title="Shock art">Shock art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#EAE0C8;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Art_movements" title="Category:Art movements">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Avant-garde_movements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Avant-garde" title="Template:Avant-garde"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Avant-garde" title="Template talk:Avant-garde"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Avant-garde" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Avant-garde"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Avant-garde_movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a> movements</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visual art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">Abstract expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Language" title="Art & Language">Art & Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Cubism" title="Proto-Cubism">Proto-Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(architecture)" title="Functionalism (architecture)">Functionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Grosvenor School">Grosvenor School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev%C4%9Btsil" title="Devětsil">Devětsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisionism" title="Divisionism">Divisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauvism" title="Fauvism">Fauvism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Impressionism" title="Neo-Impressionism">Neo-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Impressionism" title="Post-Impressionism">Post-Impressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Color Field">Color Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoherents" title="Incoherents">Incoherents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_abstraction" title="Lyrical abstraction">Lyrical Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_art" title="Mail art">Mail art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism_(visual_arts)" title="Minimalism (visual arts)">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_iskusstva" title="Mir iskusstva">Mir iskusstva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_art" title="Multidimensional art">Multidimensional art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasticism" title="Neoplasticism">Neoplasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Slowenische_Kunst" title="Neue Slowenische Kunst">Neue Slowenische Kunst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Nonconformist_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Nonconformist Art">Nonconformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_r%C3%A9alisme" title="Nouveau réalisme">Nouveau réalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(art)" title="Orphism (art)">Orphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">Pop art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_art" title="Process art">Process art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purism" title="Purism">Purism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayonism" title="Rayonism">Rayonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprematism" title="Suprematism">Suprematism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporary art">Temporary art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorticism" title="Vorticism">Vorticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature<br />and poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acmeist_poetry" title="Acmeist poetry">Acmeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angry_Penguins" title="Angry Penguins">Angry Penguins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asemic_writing" title="Asemic writing">Asemic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_writing" title="Conceptual writing">Conceptual poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ego-Futurism" title="Ego-Futurism">Ego-Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_literature" title="Experimental literature">Experimental literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flarf_poetry" title="Flarf poetry">Flarf poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_generation" title="Hungry generation">Hungry generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginism" title="Imaginism">Imaginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagism" title="Imagism">Imagism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_poets" title="Language poets">Language poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoavanguardia" title="Neoavanguardia">Neoavanguardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoteric" title="Neoteric">Neoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouveau_roman" title="Nouveau roman">Nouveau roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberiu" title="Oberiu">Oberiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oulipo" title="Oulipo">Oulipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slam_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Slam poetry">Slam poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraist_movement" title="Ultraist movement">Ultraísmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_poetry" title="Visual poetry">Visual poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaum" title="Zaum">Zaum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-funk" title="Avant-funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_jazz" title="Avant-garde jazz">Jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_funk" title="Free funk">Free funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yass_(music)" title="Yass (music)">Yass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-pop" title="Avant-pop">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant-prog" title="Avant-prog">Prog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-punk" title="Avant-punk">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde_metal" title="Avant-garde metal">Metal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleatoric_music" title="Aleatoric music">Aleatoric music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_nova" title="Ars nova">Ars nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars_subtilior" title="Ars subtilior">Ars subtilior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">Atonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroacoustic_music" title="Electroacoustic music">Electroacoustic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_music" title="Industrial music">Industrial music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_pop" title="Experimental pop">Experimental pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">Free jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_improvisation" title="Free improvisation">Free improvisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(music)" title="Futurism (music)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtonal_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtonal music">Microtonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_music" title="Minimal music">Minimal music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drone_music" title="Drone music">Drone music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_theatre" title="Music theatre">Music theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Complexity" title="New Complexity">New Complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_wave" title="No wave">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_in_Opposition" title="Rock in Opposition">Rock in Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serialism" title="Serialism">Serialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_music" title="Spectral music">Spectral music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic#Music" title="Stochastic">Stochastic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_mass" title="Sound mass">Textural music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalism" title="Totalism">Totalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique" title="Twelve-tone technique">Twelve-tone technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinema<br />and theatre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_Art" title="Drop Art">Drop Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">Epic theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_theatre" title="Experimental theatre">Experimental theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postdramatic_theatre" title="Postdramatic theatre">Postdramatic theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Cruelty" title="Theatre of Cruelty">Theatre of Cruelty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluxus" title="Fluxus">Fluxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Futurism" title="Russian Futurism">Russian Futurism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cubo-Futurism" title="Cubo-Futurism">Cubo-Futurism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalism" title="Minimalism">Minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postminimalism" title="Postminimalism">Postminimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-minimalism" title="Neo-minimalism">Neo-minimalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Dada" title="Neo-Dada">Neo-Dada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoism" title="Neoism">Neoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_modernism" title="Late modernism">Late modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitivism" title="Primitivism">Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism" title="Russian symbolism">Russian symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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