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The results of stable isotope analyses of the human bone collagen are consistent with a heavy dependence on aquatic protein while radiocarbon dating of the samples reveals an offset of 300–500 years between the two sample types, indicating a freshwater reservoir effect in the human bone samples. Since protein consumption is by far the major source of nitrogen in the human diet we have assumed a linear relationship between δ15N and the level of aquatic protein in each individual\u0026amp;amp;amp;#39;s diet and derived a calibration for 14C age offset versus δ15N which has been applied to a series of results from the site at Lepenski Vir within the gorge. The corrected 14C ages (7310-6720 BP) are now consistent with the previous 14C age m...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Kathleen McSweeney"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-04-13","dateModified":"2022-11-28","datePublished":"2001-01-01","headline":"A Freshwater Diet-Derived 14C Reservoir Effect at the Stone Age Sites in the Iron Gates Gorge","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/84069342/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Archaeology","Geology","Geochemistry","Radiocarbon","Stable Isotope","Radiocarbon Dating","Nitrogen","Iron","Dietary Protein"],"publication":"Radiocarbon","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Cambridge University Press 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window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":76327858,"created_at":"2022-04-13T06:35:12.472-07:00","from_world_paper_id":201653298,"updated_at":"2022-04-13T07:26:12.213-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"Human bones from single inhumation burials and artifacts made from terrestrial mammal (ungulate) bone found in direct association with the skeletons were obtained from the Stone Age site of Schela Cladovei situated just below the Iron Gates Gorge of the River Danube. The results of stable isotope analyses of the human bone collagen are consistent with a heavy dependence on aquatic protein while radiocarbon dating of the samples reveals an offset of 300–500 years between the two sample types, indicating a freshwater reservoir effect in the human bone samples. Since protein consumption is by far the major source of nitrogen in the human diet we have assumed a linear relationship between δ15N and the level of aquatic protein in each individual\u0026#39;s diet and derived a calibration for 14C age offset versus δ15N which has been applied to a series of results from the site at Lepenski Vir within the gorge. The corrected 14C ages (7310-6720 BP) are now consistent with the previous 14C age m...","publisher":"Cambridge University Press (CUP)","publication_date":"2001,,","publication_name":"Radiocarbon"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"A Freshwater Diet-Derived 14C Reservoir Effect at the Stone Age Sites in the Iron Gates Gorge","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [5651160]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":84069342,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “A Freshwater Diet-Derived 14C Reservoir Effect at the Stone Age Sites in the Iron Gates Gorge”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/84069342/mini_magick20220413-10573-w45ell.png?1649856957" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">A Freshwater Diet-Derived 14C Reservoir Effect at the Stone Age Sites in the Iron Gates Gorge</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5651160" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/KathleenMcSweeney"><img alt="Profile image of Kathleen McSweeney" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/5651160/107172043/96389256/s65_kathleen.mcsweeney.jpeg" />Kathleen McSweeney</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2001, Radiocarbon</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Human bones from single inhumation burials and artifacts made from terrestrial mammal (ungulate) bone found in direct association with the skeletons were obtained from the Stone Age site of Schela Cladovei situated just below the Iron Gates Gorge of the River Danube. The results of stable isotope analyses of the human bone collagen are consistent with a heavy dependence on aquatic protein while radiocarbon dating of the samples reveals an offset of 300–500 years between the two sample types, indicating a freshwater reservoir effect in the human bone samples. Since protein consumption is by far the major source of nitrogen in the human diet we have assumed a linear relationship between δ15N and the level of aquatic protein in each individual&#39;s diet and derived a calibration for 14C age offset versus δ15N which has been applied to a series of results from the site at Lepenski Vir within the gorge. The corrected 14C ages (7310-6720 BP) are now consistent with the previous 14C age m...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":84069342,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/76327858/A_Freshwater_Diet_Derived_14C_Reservoir_Effect_at_the_Stone_Age_Sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_Gorge"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":84069342,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/76327858/A_Freshwater_Diet_Derived_14C_Reservoir_Effect_at_the_Stone_Age_Sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_Gorge"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="84069342" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/76327858/A_Freshwater_Diet_Derived_14C_Reservoir_Effect_at_the_Stone_Age_Sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_Gorge" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="1432694" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1432694/A_freshwater_diet_derived_14C_reservoir_effect_at_the_Stone_Age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_gorge_2001_">A freshwater diet-derived 14C reservoir effect at the Stone Age sites in the Iron Gates gorge [2001]</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="223141" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/CliveBonsall">Clive Bonsall</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Human bones from single inhumation burials and artifacts made from terrestrial mammal (ungulate) bone found in direct association with the skeletons were obtained from the Stone Age site of Schela Cladovei situated just below the Iron Gates Gorge of the River Danube. The results of stable isotope analyses of the human bone collagen are consistent with a heavy dependence on aquatic protein while radiocarbon dating of the samples reveals an offset of 300–500 years between the two sample types, indicating a freshwater reservoir effect in the human bone samples. Since protein consumption is by far the major source of nitrogen in the human diet we have assumed a linear relationship between δ15N and the level of aquatic protein in each individual’s diet and derived a calibration for 14C age offset versus δ15N which has been applied to a series of results from the site at Lepenski Vir within the gorge. The corrected 14C ages (7310–6720 BP) are now consistent with the previous 14C age measurements made on charcoal from related contexts (7360–6560 BP). In addition, the data indicate a change from a primarily aquatic to a mixed terrestrial/aquatic diet around 7100 BP and this may be argued as supporting a shift from Mesolithic to Neolithic. This study also has wider implications for the accurate dating of human bone samples when the possibility exists of an aquatic component in the dietary protein and strongly implies that δ15N analysis should be undertaken routinely when dating human bones.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A freshwater diet-derived 14C reservoir effect at the Stone Age sites in the Iron Gates gorge [2001]","attachmentId":10504098,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1432694/A_freshwater_diet_derived_14C_reservoir_effect_at_the_Stone_Age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_gorge_2001_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1432694/A_freshwater_diet_derived_14C_reservoir_effect_at_the_Stone_Age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_gorge_2001_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="52098046" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52098046/A_freshwater_diet_derived_C_14_reservoir_effect_at_the_Stone_Age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_gorge">A freshwater diet-derived C-14 reservoir effect at the Stone Age sites in the Iron Gates gorge</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4586501" href="https://durham.academia.edu/PaulPettitt">Paul Pettitt</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">…, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A freshwater diet-derived C-14 reservoir effect at the Stone Age sites in the Iron Gates gorge","attachmentId":69519411,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52098046/A_freshwater_diet_derived_C_14_reservoir_effect_at_the_Stone_Age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_gorge","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52098046/A_freshwater_diet_derived_C_14_reservoir_effect_at_the_Stone_Age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_gorge"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="19820342" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19820342/Dietary_Habits_and_Freshwater_Reservoir_Effects_in_Bones_from_a_Neolithic_NE_German_Cemetery">Dietary Habits and Freshwater Reservoir Effects in Bones from a Neolithic NE German Cemetery</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40349806" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FriedrichLueth">Friedrich Lueth</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26787615" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ThomasTerberger">Thomas Terberger</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14200537" href="https://leiza.academia.edu/HaraldL%C3%BCbke">Harald Lübke</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dietary Habits and Freshwater Reservoir Effects in Bones from a Neolithic NE German Cemetery","attachmentId":40862712,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/19820342/Dietary_Habits_and_Freshwater_Reservoir_Effects_in_Bones_from_a_Neolithic_NE_German_Cemetery","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/19820342/Dietary_Habits_and_Freshwater_Reservoir_Effects_in_Bones_from_a_Neolithic_NE_German_Cemetery"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="29208094" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29208094/Factors_Influencing_The_Radiocarbon_Dating_Of_Human_Skeletal_Remains_From_the_Dnieper_River_System_Archaeological_and_Stable_Isotope_Evidence_of_Diet_From_The_Epipaleolithic_to_Eneolithic_Periods">Factors Influencing The Radiocarbon Dating Of Human Skeletal Remains From the Dnieper River System: Archaeological and Stable Isotope Evidence of Diet From The Epipaleolithic to Eneolithic Periods</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6418928" href="https://umu.academia.edu/ChelseaBudd">Chelsea Budd</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Recent research has identified the existence of a freshwater reservoir effect influencing the radiocarbon dating of human skeletal remains from the Dnieper region of Ukraine (Lillie et al. 2009). The current study outlines the evidence for freshwater resource exploitation throughout the period ~10,200–3700 cal BC, and presents the available evidence for the existence of dietary offsets in the 14 C dates obtained. We have obtained human skeletal material from 54 Epipaleolithic to Mesolithic period individuals and 267 Neolithic to Eneolithic individuals, from 13 cemeteries, since our research in Ukraine began in 1992. Here, we present the initial results of stable isotope analysis of Eneolithic individuals from the Igren VIII cemetery alongside the Epipaleolithic to Eneolithic samples that have previously been analyzed. When contrasted against the evidence from the prehistoric fauna and fish remains studied, and modern fish species from the Dnieper region, we continue to see variability in diets at the population level, both internally and across cemeteries. We also observed temporal variability in human diets across these chronological periods. The fish samples (both archaeological and modern) show a wide range of isotope ratios for both δ 13 C and δ 15 N, which could prove significant when interpreting the dietary sources being exploited. This information directly informs the 14 C dating program as an inherent degree of complexity is introduced into the dating of individuals whose diets combine freshwater and terrestrial sources in differing quantities and at differing temporal and/or spatial scales (e.g. Bronk Ramsey et al. 2014).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Factors Influencing The Radiocarbon Dating Of Human Skeletal Remains From the Dnieper River System: Archaeological and Stable Isotope Evidence of Diet From The Epipaleolithic to Eneolithic Periods","attachmentId":49658578,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29208094/Factors_Influencing_The_Radiocarbon_Dating_Of_Human_Skeletal_Remains_From_the_Dnieper_River_System_Archaeological_and_Stable_Isotope_Evidence_of_Diet_From_The_Epipaleolithic_to_Eneolithic_Periods","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29208094/Factors_Influencing_The_Radiocarbon_Dating_Of_Human_Skeletal_Remains_From_the_Dnieper_River_System_Archaeological_and_Stable_Isotope_Evidence_of_Diet_From_The_Epipaleolithic_to_Eneolithic_Periods"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="47799999" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47799999/Radiocarbon_and_Stable_Isotope_Evidence_of_Dietary_Change_from_the_Mesolithic_to_the_Middle_Ages_in_the_Iron_Gates_New_Results_from_Lepenski_Vir">Radiocarbon and Stable Isotope Evidence of Dietary Change from the Mesolithic to the Middle Ages in the Iron Gates: New Results from Lepenski Vir</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26939" href="https://kansas.academia.edu/IvanaRadovanovic">Ivana Radovanović</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Radiocarbon</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A previous radiocarbon dating and stable isotope study of directly associated ungulate and human bone samples from Late Mesolithic burials at Schela Cladovei in Romania established that there is a freshwater reservoir effect of approximately 500 yr in the Iron Gates reach of the Danube River valley in southeast Europe. Using the δ15N values as an indicator of the percentage of freshwater protein in the human diet, the 14C data for 24 skeletons from the site of Lepenski Vir were corrected for this reservoir effect. The results of the paired 14C and stable isotope measurements provide evidence of substantial dietary change over the period from about 9000 BP to about 300 BP. The data from the Early Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic are consistent with a 2-component dietary system, where the linear plot of isotopic values reflects mixing between the 2 end-members to differing degrees. Typically, the individuals of Mesolithic age have much heavier δ15N signals and slightly heavier δ13C, whi...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Radiocarbon and Stable Isotope Evidence of Dietary Change from the Mesolithic to the Middle Ages in the Iron Gates: New Results from Lepenski Vir","attachmentId":66735851,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47799999/Radiocarbon_and_Stable_Isotope_Evidence_of_Dietary_Change_from_the_Mesolithic_to_the_Middle_Ages_in_the_Iron_Gates_New_Results_from_Lepenski_Vir","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47799999/Radiocarbon_and_Stable_Isotope_Evidence_of_Dietary_Change_from_the_Mesolithic_to_the_Middle_Ages_in_the_Iron_Gates_New_Results_from_Lepenski_Vir"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="297351" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/297351/The_Mesolithic_Neolithic_transition_in_the_Iron_Gates_Southeast_Europe_calibration_and_dietary_issues_2009_">The Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in the Iron Gates, Southeast Europe: calibration and dietary issues [2009]</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="223141" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/CliveBonsall">Clive Bonsall</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5651160" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/KathleenMcSweeney">Kathleen McSweeney</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper discusses an aquatic reservoir effect present in Mesolithic human bone samples from the Iron Gates section of the River Danube. Its magnitude has been calculated from a comparison of the 14C ages of human bones and terrestrial mammal bones from Schela Cladovei, equivalent to 545±70 years for a 100% aquatic diet. From this, using the δ15N value of human bone collagen to estimate the proportion of aquatic food in diet, a correction factor can be applied to the human bone 14C ages. Reservoir correction makes the resultant 14C age less precise but more accurate. The reservoir effect is derived from the inclusion of aquatic resources from the River Danube in the diets of the Mesolithic inhabitants. On the basis that the Black Sea became marine around 7400 cal BC, the possibility that part of the reservoir effect derives from anadromous fish species cannot be discounted. Human remains are abundant in the Iron Gates sites and therefore potentially important for construction of archaeological chronologies. Our ability to correct for the aquatic reservoir affect has important implications for establishing accurate chronologies, especially at the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition, which was marked by a significant change in diet and subsistence.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in the Iron Gates, Southeast Europe: calibration and dietary issues [2009]","attachmentId":1408898,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/297351/The_Mesolithic_Neolithic_transition_in_the_Iron_Gates_Southeast_Europe_calibration_and_dietary_issues_2009_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/297351/The_Mesolithic_Neolithic_transition_in_the_Iron_Gates_Southeast_Europe_calibration_and_dietary_issues_2009_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="299568" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/299568/Problems_of_dating_human_bones_from_the_Iron_Gates_2002_">Problems of dating human bones from the Iron Gates [2002]</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="223141" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/CliveBonsall">Clive Bonsall</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It is widely recognized that when marine resources form a significant proportion of the human diet, this results in radiocarbon ages for human remains that are significantly older than the contemporary atmosphere. While there has been widespread assessment of marine 14C reservoir ages, there has been little study of the freshwater equivalent. However, recent analyses of human bone from archaeological sites in the Danube Valley have confirmed the existence of a large freshwater 14C reservoir effect.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Problems of dating human bones from the Iron Gates [2002]","attachmentId":1423609,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/299568/Problems_of_dating_human_bones_from_the_Iron_Gates_2002_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/299568/Problems_of_dating_human_bones_from_the_Iron_Gates_2002_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="1576840" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1576840/THE_MESOLITHIC_NEOLITHIC_TRANSITION_IN_THE_IRON_GATES_SOUTHEAST_EUROPE_CALIBRATION_AND_DIETARY_ISSUES">THE MESOLITHIC–NEOLITHIC TRANSITION IN THE IRON GATES, SOUTHEAST EUROPE: CALIBRATION AND DIETARY ISSUES</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="325649" href="https://instarhparvan.academia.edu/AdinaBoroneant">Adina Boroneant</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE MESOLITHIC–NEOLITHIC TRANSITION IN THE IRON GATES, SOUTHEAST EUROPE: CALIBRATION AND DIETARY ISSUES","attachmentId":14347073,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1576840/THE_MESOLITHIC_NEOLITHIC_TRANSITION_IN_THE_IRON_GATES_SOUTHEAST_EUROPE_CALIBRATION_AND_DIETARY_ISSUES","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1576840/THE_MESOLITHIC_NEOLITHIC_TRANSITION_IN_THE_IRON_GATES_SOUTHEAST_EUROPE_CALIBRATION_AND_DIETARY_ISSUES"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="299555" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/299555/Radiocarbon_and_stable_isotope_evidence_of_dietary_change_from_the_Mesolithic_to_the_Middle_Ages_in_the_Iron_Gates_new_results_from_Lepenski_Vir_2004_">Radiocarbon and stable isotope evidence of dietary change from the Mesolithic to the Middle Ages in the Iron Gates: new results from Lepenski Vir [2004]</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35211122" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CookGordon">Gordon Cook</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="223141" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/CliveBonsall">Clive Bonsall</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A previous radiocarbon dating and stable isotope study of directly associated ungulate and human bone samples from Late Mesolithic burials at Schela Cladovei in Romania established that there is a freshwater reservoir effect of approximately 500 yr in the Iron Gates reach of the Danube River valley in southeast Europe. Using the δ15N values as an indicator of the percentage of freshwater protein in the human diet, the 14C data for 24 skeletons from the site of Lepenski Vir were corrected for this reservoir effect. The results of the paired 14C and stable isotope measurements provide evidence of substantial dietary change over the period from about 9000 BP to about 300 BP. The data from the Early Mesolithic to the Chalcolithic are consistent with a 2-component dietary system, where the linear plot of isotopic values reflects mixing between the 2 end-members to differing degrees. Typically, the individuals of Mesolithic age have much heavier δ15N signals and slightly heavier δ13C, while individuals of Early Neolithic and Chalcolithic age have lighter δ15N and δ13C values. Contrary to our earlier suggestion, there is no evidence of a substantial population that had a transitional diet midway between those that were characteristic of the Mesolithic and Neolithic. However, several individuals with “Final Mesolithic” 14C ages show δ15N and δ13C values that are similar to the Neolithic dietary pattern. Provisionally, these are interpreted either as incomers who originated in early farming communities outside the Iron Gates region or as indigenous individuals representing the earliest Neolithic of the Iron Gates. The results from Roman and Medieval age burials show a deviation from the linear function, suggesting the presence of a new major dietary component containing isotopically heavier carbon. This is interpreted as a consequence of the introduction of millet into the human food chain.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Radiocarbon and stable isotope evidence of dietary change from the Mesolithic to the Middle Ages in the Iron Gates: new results from Lepenski Vir [2004]","attachmentId":1423541,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/299555/Radiocarbon_and_stable_isotope_evidence_of_dietary_change_from_the_Mesolithic_to_the_Middle_Ages_in_the_Iron_Gates_new_results_from_Lepenski_Vir_2004_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/299555/Radiocarbon_and_stable_isotope_evidence_of_dietary_change_from_the_Mesolithic_to_the_Middle_Ages_in_the_Iron_Gates_new_results_from_Lepenski_Vir_2004_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="2478055" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2478055/Is_the_Mesolithic_Neolithic_Subsistence_Dichotomy_Real_New_Stable_Isotope_Evidence_from_the_Danube_Gorges">Is the Mesolithic-Neolithic Subsistence Dichotomy Real? New Stable Isotope Evidence from the Danube Gorges</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3229857" href="https://wwwuniroma1.academia.edu/DusanBoric">Dusan Boric</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">European Journal of …, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Is the Mesolithic-Neolithic Subsistence Dichotomy Real? New Stable Isotope Evidence from the Danube Gorges","attachmentId":30901198,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2478055/Is_the_Mesolithic_Neolithic_Subsistence_Dichotomy_Real_New_Stable_Isotope_Evidence_from_the_Danube_Gorges","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2478055/Is_the_Mesolithic_Neolithic_Subsistence_Dichotomy_Real_New_Stable_Isotope_Evidence_from_the_Danube_Gorges"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":84069342,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":84069342,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_84069342" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="11467275" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11467275/NEW_AMS_14C_DATES_FOR_HUMAN_REMAINS_FROM_STONE_AGE_SITES_IN_THE_IRON_GATES_REACH_OF_THE_DANUBE_SOUTHEAST_EUROPE">NEW AMS 14C DATES FOR HUMAN REMAINS FROM STONE AGE SITES IN THE IRON GATES REACH OF THE DANUBE, SOUTHEAST EUROPE</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1090754" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/AnnaEvatt">Anna Evatt</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="223249" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/CatrionaPickard">Catriona Pickard</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16470" href="https://antropologia.academia.edu/AndreiDorianSoficaru">Andrei Dorian Soficaru</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="368065" href="https://uwinnipeg.academia.edu/mirjanaRoksandic">Mirjana Roksandic</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Radiocarbon, Vol 57, Nr 1, 2015, p 33–46, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"NEW AMS 14C DATES FOR HUMAN REMAINS FROM STONE AGE SITES IN THE IRON GATES REACH OF THE DANUBE, SOUTHEAST EUROPE","attachmentId":36997575,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11467275/NEW_AMS_14C_DATES_FOR_HUMAN_REMAINS_FROM_STONE_AGE_SITES_IN_THE_IRON_GATES_REACH_OF_THE_DANUBE_SOUTHEAST_EUROPE","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11467275/NEW_AMS_14C_DATES_FOR_HUMAN_REMAINS_FROM_STONE_AGE_SITES_IN_THE_IRON_GATES_REACH_OF_THE_DANUBE_SOUTHEAST_EUROPE"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="11586017" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11586017/100_New_AMS_14C_dates_for_human_remains_from_stone_age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_reach_of_the_Danube_Southeast_Europe">100. 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New AMS 14C dates for human remains from stone age sites in the Iron Gates reach of the Danube, Southeast Europe","attachmentId":37070356,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11586017/100_New_AMS_14C_dates_for_human_remains_from_stone_age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_reach_of_the_Danube_Southeast_Europe","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11586017/100_New_AMS_14C_dates_for_human_remains_from_stone_age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_reach_of_the_Danube_Southeast_Europe"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="98263713" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98263713/Dietary_freshwater_reservoir_effects_and_the_radiocarbon_ages_of_prehistoric_human_bones_from_Zvejnieki_Latvia">Dietary freshwater reservoir effects and the radiocarbon ages of prehistoric human bones from Zvejnieki, Latvia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="31300772" href="https://independent.academia.edu/UteBrinker">Ute Brinker</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Dietary freshwater reservoir effects and the 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