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While there has been widespread" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/223141/50229/13968869/s200_clive.bonsall.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/299568/Problems_of_dating_human_bones_from_the_Iron_Gates_2002_" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Problems of dating human bones from the Iron Gates [2002]" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="It is widely recognized that when marine resources form a significant proportion of the human diet, this results in radiocarbon ages for human remains that are significantly older than the contemporary atmosphere. While there has been widespread" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/CliveBonsall" /> <meta name="description" content="It is widely recognized that when marine resources form a significant proportion of the human diet, this results in radiocarbon ages for human remains that are significantly older than the contemporary atmosphere. While there has been widespread" /> <title>(PDF) Freshwater 14C Reservoir Effect in Iron Gates Human Bones</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/299568/Problems_of_dating_human_bones_from_the_Iron_Gates_2002_" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '25f61f9be64f6972bc77c9624a642cb40afd50b7'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1734026508000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1734026508000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"It is widely recognized that when marine resources form a significant proportion of the human diet, this results in radiocarbon ages for human remains that are significantly older than the contemporary atmosphere. While there has been widespread assessment of marine 14C reservoir ages, there has been little study of the freshwater equivalent. However, recent analyses of human bone from archaeological sites in the Danube Valley have confirmed the existence of a large freshwater 14C reservoir effect.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Clive Bonsall"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2010-08-17","headline":"Problems of dating human bones from the Iron Gates [2002]","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/1423609/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":[],"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"edinburgh"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/1423609/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/299568/Problems_of_dating_human_bones_from_the_Iron_Gates_2002_"}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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that are significantly older than the contemporary atmosphere. While there has been widespread assessment of marine 14C reservoir ages, there has been little study of the freshwater equivalent. However, recent analyses of human bone from archaeological sites in the Danube Valley have confirmed the existence of a large freshwater 14C reservoir effect.","more_info":"Co-authored with: G.T. Cook, R.E.M. Hedges, K. McSweeney, V. Boroneanţ, L. Bartosiewicz and P. Pettitt. 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">It is widely recognized that when marine resources form a significant proportion of the human diet, this results in radiocarbon ages for human remains that are significantly older than the contemporary atmosphere. While there has been widespread assessment of marine 14C reservoir ages, there has been little study of the freshwater equivalent. However, recent analyses of human bone from archaeological sites in the Danube Valley have confirmed the existence of a large freshwater 14C reservoir effect.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":1423609,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/299568/Problems_of_dating_human_bones_from_the_Iron_Gates_2002_"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":1423609,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/299568/Problems_of_dating_human_bones_from_the_Iron_Gates_2002_"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="1423609" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/299568/Problems_of_dating_human_bones_from_the_Iron_Gates_2002_" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="16387440" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16387440/Problems_of_dating_human_bones_from_the_Iron_Gates">Problems of dating human bones from the Iron Gates</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5651160" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/KathleenMcSweeney">Kathleen McSweeney</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Antiquity, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">It is widely recognized that when marine resources form a significant proportion of the human diet, this results in radiocarbon ages for human remains that are significantly older than the contemporary atmosphere. While there has been widespread assessment of marine 14 C reservoir ages, there has been little study of the freshwater equivalent. However, recent analyses of human bone from archaeological sites in the Danube Valley have confirmed the existence of a large freshwater 14 C reservoir effect.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Problems of dating human bones from the Iron Gates","attachmentId":42504703,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16387440/Problems_of_dating_human_bones_from_the_Iron_Gates","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16387440/Problems_of_dating_human_bones_from_the_Iron_Gates"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="11586017" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11586017/100_New_AMS_14C_dates_for_human_remains_from_stone_age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_reach_of_the_Danube_Southeast_Europe">100. New AMS 14C dates for human remains from stone age sites in the Iron Gates reach of the Danube, Southeast Europe</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="223249" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/CatrionaPickard">Catriona Pickard</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1090754" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/AnnaEvatt">Anna Evatt</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="283917" href="https://f-bg.academia.edu/VesnaDimitrijevic">Vesna Dimitrijevic</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5651160" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/KathleenMcSweeney">Kathleen McSweeney</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16470" href="https://antropologia.academia.edu/AndreiDorianSoficaru">Andrei Dorian Soficaru</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Archaeological investigations in the Iron Gates reach of the Lower Danube Valley between 1964 and 1984 revealed an important concentration of Stone Age sites, which together provide the most detailed record of Mesolithic and Early Neolithic settlement from any area of southeastern Europe. Over 425 human burials were excavated from 15 sites. Of these, less than one-ifth have been directly dated. This article presents 37 new AMS dates on human bone from ive sites in the Iron Gates, together with the corresponding δ13C and δ15N values. They include the irst dates on human bone from two sites, Icoana and Velesnica. The results are important for the chronology of Stone Age mortuary practices in the Iron Gates and the timing of the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in the region.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"100. New AMS 14C dates for human remains from stone age sites in the Iron Gates reach of the Danube, Southeast Europe","attachmentId":37070356,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11586017/100_New_AMS_14C_dates_for_human_remains_from_stone_age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_reach_of_the_Danube_Southeast_Europe","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11586017/100_New_AMS_14C_dates_for_human_remains_from_stone_age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_reach_of_the_Danube_Southeast_Europe"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="11467275" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11467275/NEW_AMS_14C_DATES_FOR_HUMAN_REMAINS_FROM_STONE_AGE_SITES_IN_THE_IRON_GATES_REACH_OF_THE_DANUBE_SOUTHEAST_EUROPE">NEW AMS 14C DATES FOR HUMAN REMAINS FROM STONE AGE SITES IN THE IRON GATES REACH OF THE DANUBE, SOUTHEAST EUROPE</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1090754" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/AnnaEvatt">Anna Evatt</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="223249" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/CatrionaPickard">Catriona Pickard</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16470" href="https://antropologia.academia.edu/AndreiDorianSoficaru">Andrei Dorian Soficaru</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="368065" href="https://uwinnipeg.academia.edu/mirjanaRoksandic">Mirjana Roksandic</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Radiocarbon, Vol 57, Nr 1, 2015, p 33–46, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">ABSTRACT. Archaeological investigations in the Iron Gates reach of the Lower Danube Valley between 1964 and 1984 revealed an important concentration of Stone Age sites, which together provide the most detailed record of Mesolithic and Early Neolithic settlement from any area of southeastern Europe. Over 425 human burials were excavated from 15 sites. Of these, less than one-fifth have been directly dated. This article presents 37 new AMS dates on human bone from five sites in the Iron Gates, together with the corresponding δ13C and δ15N values. They include the first dates on human bone from two sites, Icoana and Velesnica. The results are important for the chronology of Stone Age mortuary practices in the Iron Gates and the timing of the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in the region.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"NEW AMS 14C DATES FOR HUMAN REMAINS FROM STONE AGE SITES IN THE IRON GATES REACH OF THE DANUBE, SOUTHEAST EUROPE","attachmentId":36997575,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11467275/NEW_AMS_14C_DATES_FOR_HUMAN_REMAINS_FROM_STONE_AGE_SITES_IN_THE_IRON_GATES_REACH_OF_THE_DANUBE_SOUTHEAST_EUROPE","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11467275/NEW_AMS_14C_DATES_FOR_HUMAN_REMAINS_FROM_STONE_AGE_SITES_IN_THE_IRON_GATES_REACH_OF_THE_DANUBE_SOUTHEAST_EUROPE"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="11465795" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11465795/New_AMS_dates_for_human_remains_from_Stone_Age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_reach_of_the_Danube_Southeast_Europe_2015_">New AMS dates for human remains from Stone Age sites in the Iron Gates reach of the Danube, Southeast Europe [2015]</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="223141" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/CliveBonsall">Clive Bonsall</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Archaeological investigations in the Iron Gates reach of the Lower Danube Valley between 1964 and 1984 revealed an important concentration of Stone Age sites, which together provide the most detailed record of Mesolithic and Early Neolithic settlement from any area of southeastern Europe. Over 425 human burials were excavated from 15 sites. Of these, less than one-fifth have been directly dated. This article presents 37 new AMS dates on human bone from five sites in the Iron Gates, together with the corresponding δ13C and δ15N values. They include the first dates on human bone from two sites, Icoana and Velesnica. The results are important for the chronology of Stone Age mortuary practices in the Iron Gates and the timing of the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in the region.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"New AMS dates for human remains from Stone Age sites in the Iron Gates reach of the Danube, Southeast Europe [2015]","attachmentId":36996888,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11465795/New_AMS_dates_for_human_remains_from_Stone_Age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_reach_of_the_Danube_Southeast_Europe_2015_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11465795/New_AMS_dates_for_human_remains_from_Stone_Age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_reach_of_the_Danube_Southeast_Europe_2015_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="1432694" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1432694/A_freshwater_diet_derived_14C_reservoir_effect_at_the_Stone_Age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_gorge_2001_">A freshwater diet-derived 14C reservoir effect at the Stone Age sites in the Iron Gates gorge [2001]</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="223141" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/CliveBonsall">Clive Bonsall</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Human bones from single inhumation burials and artifacts made from terrestrial mammal (ungulate) bone found in direct association with the skeletons were obtained from the Stone Age site of Schela Cladovei situated just below the Iron Gates Gorge of the River Danube. The results of stable isotope analyses of the human bone collagen are consistent with a heavy dependence on aquatic protein while radiocarbon dating of the samples reveals an offset of 300–500 years between the two sample types, indicating a freshwater reservoir effect in the human bone samples. Since protein consumption is by far the major source of nitrogen in the human diet we have assumed a linear relationship between δ15N and the level of aquatic protein in each individual’s diet and derived a calibration for 14C age offset versus δ15N which has been applied to a series of results from the site at Lepenski Vir within the gorge. The corrected 14C ages (7310–6720 BP) are now consistent with the previous 14C age measurements made on charcoal from related contexts (7360–6560 BP). In addition, the data indicate a change from a primarily aquatic to a mixed terrestrial/aquatic diet around 7100 BP and this may be argued as supporting a shift from Mesolithic to Neolithic. This study also has wider implications for the accurate dating of human bone samples when the possibility exists of an aquatic component in the dietary protein and strongly implies that δ15N analysis should be undertaken routinely when dating human bones.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A freshwater diet-derived 14C reservoir effect at the Stone Age sites in the Iron Gates gorge [2001]","attachmentId":10504098,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1432694/A_freshwater_diet_derived_14C_reservoir_effect_at_the_Stone_Age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_gorge_2001_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1432694/A_freshwater_diet_derived_14C_reservoir_effect_at_the_Stone_Age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_gorge_2001_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="3739782" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3739782/A_FRESHWATER_DIET_DERIVED_14C_RESERVOIR_EFFECT_AT_THE_STONE_AGE_SITES_IN_THE_IRON_GATES_GORGE">A FRESHWATER DIET-DERIVED 14C RESERVOIR EFFECT AT THE STONE AGE SITES IN THE IRON GATES GORGE</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35211122" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CookGordon">Gordon Cook</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4586501" href="https://durham.academia.edu/PaulPettitt">Paul Pettitt</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5651160" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/KathleenMcSweeney">Kathleen McSweeney</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Human bones from single inhumation burials and artifacts made from terrestrial mammal (ungulate) bone found in direct association with the skeletons were obtained from the Stone Age site of Schela Cladovei situated just below the Iron Gates Gorge of the River Danube. The results of stable isotope analyses of the human bone collagen are consistent with a heavy dependence on aquatic protein while radiocarbon dating of the samples reveals an offset of 300-500 years between the two sample types, indicating a freshwater reservoir effect in the human bone samples. Since protein consumption is by far the major source of nitrogen in the human diet we have assumed a linear relationship between d 15 N and the level of aquatic protein in each individual's diet and derived a calibration for 14 C age offset versus d 15 N which has been applied to a series of results from the site at Lepenski Vir within the gorge. The corrected 14 C ages (7310-6720 BP) are now consistent with the previous 14 C age measurements made on charcoal from related contexts (7360-6560 BP). In addition, the data indicate a change from a primarily aquatic to a mixed terrestrial/aquatic diet around 7100 BP and this may be argued as supporting a shift from Mesolithic to Neolithic. This study also has wider implications for the accurate dating of human bone samples when the possibility exists of an aquatic component in the dietary protein and strongly implies that d 15 N analysis should be undertaken routinely when dating human bones.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A FRESHWATER DIET-DERIVED 14C RESERVOIR EFFECT AT THE STONE AGE SITES IN THE IRON GATES GORGE","attachmentId":50152294,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3739782/A_FRESHWATER_DIET_DERIVED_14C_RESERVOIR_EFFECT_AT_THE_STONE_AGE_SITES_IN_THE_IRON_GATES_GORGE","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3739782/A_FRESHWATER_DIET_DERIVED_14C_RESERVOIR_EFFECT_AT_THE_STONE_AGE_SITES_IN_THE_IRON_GATES_GORGE"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="52098046" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/52098046/A_freshwater_diet_derived_C_14_reservoir_effect_at_the_Stone_Age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_gorge">A freshwater diet-derived C-14 reservoir effect at the Stone Age sites in the Iron Gates gorge</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4586501" href="https://durham.academia.edu/PaulPettitt">Paul Pettitt</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">…, 2001</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Human bones from single inhumation burials and artifacts made from terrestrial mammal (ungulate) bone found in direct association with the skeletons were obtained from the Stone Age site of Schela Cladovei situated just below the Iron Gates Gorge of the River Danube. The results of stable isotope analyses of the human bone collagen are consistent with a heavy dependence on aquatic protein while radiocarbon dating of the samples reveals an offset of 300-500 years between the two sample types, indicating a freshwater reservoir effect in the human bone samples. Since protein consumption is by far the major source of nitrogen in the human diet we have assumed a linear relationship between d 15 N and the level of aquatic protein in each individual's diet and derived a calibration for 14 C age offset versus d 15 N which has been applied to a series of results from the site at Lepenski Vir within the gorge. The corrected 14 C ages (7310-6720 BP) are now consistent with the previous 14 C age measurements made on charcoal from related contexts (7360-6560 BP). In addition, the data indicate a change from a primarily aquatic to a mixed terrestrial/aquatic diet around 7100 BP and this may be argued as supporting a shift from Mesolithic to Neolithic. This study also has wider implications for the accurate dating of human bone samples when the possibility exists of an aquatic component in the dietary protein and strongly implies that d 15 N analysis should be undertaken routinely when dating human bones.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A freshwater diet-derived C-14 reservoir effect at the Stone Age sites in the Iron Gates gorge","attachmentId":69519411,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/52098046/A_freshwater_diet_derived_C_14_reservoir_effect_at_the_Stone_Age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_gorge","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/52098046/A_freshwater_diet_derived_C_14_reservoir_effect_at_the_Stone_Age_sites_in_the_Iron_Gates_gorge"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="829699" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/829699/Stable_isotopes_radiocarbon_and_the_Mesolithic_Neolithic_transition_in_the_Iron_Gates">Stable isotopes, radiocarbon and the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the Iron Gates</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="19199" href="https://elte.academia.edu/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3Bartosiewicz">László Bartosiewicz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Documenta …, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Stable isotopes, radiocarbon and the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the Iron Gates","attachmentId":51222395,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/829699/Stable_isotopes_radiocarbon_and_the_Mesolithic_Neolithic_transition_in_the_Iron_Gates","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/829699/Stable_isotopes_radiocarbon_and_the_Mesolithic_Neolithic_transition_in_the_Iron_Gates"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="297351" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/297351/The_Mesolithic_Neolithic_transition_in_the_Iron_Gates_Southeast_Europe_calibration_and_dietary_issues_2009_">The Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in the Iron Gates, Southeast Europe: calibration and dietary issues [2009]</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="223141" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/CliveBonsall">Clive Bonsall</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5651160" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/KathleenMcSweeney">Kathleen McSweeney</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper discusses an aquatic reservoir effect present in Mesolithic human bone samples from the Iron Gates section of the River Danube. Its magnitude has been calculated from a comparison of the 14C ages of human bones and terrestrial mammal bones from Schela Cladovei, equivalent to 545±70 years for a 100% aquatic diet. From this, using the δ15N value of human bone collagen to estimate the proportion of aquatic food in diet, a correction factor can be applied to the human bone 14C ages. Reservoir correction makes the resultant 14C age less precise but more accurate. The reservoir effect is derived from the inclusion of aquatic resources from the River Danube in the diets of the Mesolithic inhabitants. On the basis that the Black Sea became marine around 7400 cal BC, the possibility that part of the reservoir effect derives from anadromous fish species cannot be discounted. Human remains are abundant in the Iron Gates sites and therefore potentially important for construction of archaeological chronologies. Our ability to correct for the aquatic reservoir affect has important implications for establishing accurate chronologies, especially at the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition, which was marked by a significant change in diet and subsistence.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in the Iron Gates, Southeast Europe: calibration and dietary issues [2009]","attachmentId":1408898,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/297351/The_Mesolithic_Neolithic_transition_in_the_Iron_Gates_Southeast_Europe_calibration_and_dietary_issues_2009_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/297351/The_Mesolithic_Neolithic_transition_in_the_Iron_Gates_Southeast_Europe_calibration_and_dietary_issues_2009_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="35110084" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35110084/Svyatko_S_V_Schulting_R_Poliakov_A_V_Ogle_N_Reimer_P_J_A_lack_of_freshwater_reservoir_effects_in_human_radiocarbon_dates_in_the_Eneolithic_to_Iron_Age_in_the_Minusinsk_Basin_Archaeological_and_Anthropological_Sciences_2017_Volume_9_P_1379_1388">Svyatko S.V., Schulting R., Poliakov A.V., Ogle N., Reimer P.J. A lack of freshwater reservoir effects in human radiocarbon dates in the Eneolithic to Iron Age in the Minusinsk Basin // Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2017. Volume 9. P. 1379-1388.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="326513" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/RSchulting">Rick Schulting</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39130755" href="https://archeo.academia.edu/AndreyPoliakov">Andrey Poliakov</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A number of recent studies have highlighted the importance of freshwater reservoir effects (FRE) when dating human remains across large parts of Eurasia, including the Eurasian steppes. Here, we address this question in the context of the Early Bronze Age (Okunevo), Late Bronze Age (Karasuk) and Late Iron Age (Tashtyk culture) of the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia. The issue is important given the large number of radio-carbon dates that have been published on human remains here, which have been used both to refine the cultural historical sequence (Svyatko et al. 2009), as well as to suggest a date of ca. 1400 BC for the appearance of millet agriculture (Svyatko et al. 2013). In these studies, it was argued that there was little or no freshwater reservoir effect to take into account, despite the likely consumption of freshwater fish. Subsequent work across the steppe raised a legitimate question concerning this assumption. Here, we present the first set of paired dates on late prehistoric humans and terrestrial fauna from the Minusinsk Basin, as well as data from modern fish for the region. The results, with one exception, show no clear evidence for a reservoir effect, with the human-fauna difference averaging −31 ± 95 14 C years. Yet, dating of modern fish from the Yenisei River and its tributary Karasuk River does show a variable but significant FRE. Either this effect has changed radically over time, or the contribution of fish to human diets in the Minusinsk Basin was less than previously thought. Keywords Freshwater reservoir effects. Eurasian Steppe. Minusinsk Basin. Okunevo. Karasuk. Tashtyk. Carbon. Nitrogen and sulphur isotope analysis</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Svyatko S.V., Schulting R., Poliakov A.V., Ogle N., Reimer P.J. A lack of freshwater reservoir effects in human radiocarbon dates in the Eneolithic to Iron Age in the Minusinsk Basin // Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 2017. Volume 9. P. 1379-1388.","attachmentId":54970994,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35110084/Svyatko_S_V_Schulting_R_Poliakov_A_V_Ogle_N_Reimer_P_J_A_lack_of_freshwater_reservoir_effects_in_human_radiocarbon_dates_in_the_Eneolithic_to_Iron_Age_in_the_Minusinsk_Basin_Archaeological_and_Anthropological_Sciences_2017_Volume_9_P_1379_1388","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35110084/Svyatko_S_V_Schulting_R_Poliakov_A_V_Ogle_N_Reimer_P_J_A_lack_of_freshwater_reservoir_effects_in_human_radiocarbon_dates_in_the_Eneolithic_to_Iron_Age_in_the_Minusinsk_Basin_Archaeological_and_Anthropological_Sciences_2017_Volume_9_P_1379_1388"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":1423609,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":1423609,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_1423609" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="29617942" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29617942/A_lack_of_freshwater_reservoir_effects_in_human_radiocarbon_dates_in_the_Eneolithic_to_Iron_Age_in_the_Minusinsk_Basin">A lack of freshwater reservoir effects in human radiocarbon dates in the Eneolithic to Iron Age in the Minusinsk Basin</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="326513" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/RSchulting">Rick Schulting</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A lack of freshwater reservoir effects in human radiocarbon dates in the Eneolithic to Iron Age in the Minusinsk Basin","attachmentId":50057953,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29617942/A_lack_of_freshwater_reservoir_effects_in_human_radiocarbon_dates_in_the_Eneolithic_to_Iron_Age_in_the_Minusinsk_Basin","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29617942/A_lack_of_freshwater_reservoir_effects_in_human_radiocarbon_dates_in_the_Eneolithic_to_Iron_Age_in_the_Minusinsk_Basin"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="453457" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/453457/The_Mesolithic_at_the_Danube_s_Iron_gates_new_radiocarbon_dates_and_old_stratigraphies">The Mesolithic at the Danube’s Iron gates: new radiocarbon dates and old stratigraphies</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16470" href="https://antropologia.academia.edu/AndreiDorianSoficaru">Andrei 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Chronometric studies on Eneolithic burials discovered in Mikulin 9 (Poland) and Urziceni-Vamă (Romania), Geochronometria. Conference Abstract Series 2(2019), pp. 39-40.","attachmentId":60397910,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40175836/Stratified_sampling_of_human_remains_for_accurate_14C_dating_Chronometric_studies_on_Eneolithic_burials_discovered_in_Mikulin_9_Poland_and_Urziceni_Vam%C4%83_Romania_Geochronometria_Conference_Abstract_Series_2_2019_pp_39_40","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40175836/Stratified_sampling_of_human_remains_for_accurate_14C_dating_Chronometric_studies_on_Eneolithic_burials_discovered_in_Mikulin_9_Poland_and_Urziceni_Vam%C4%83_Romania_Geochronometria_Conference_Abstract_Series_2_2019_pp_39_40"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="45425427" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45425427/Increase_in_14C_dating_accuracy_of_prehistoric_skeletal_remains_by_optimised_bone_sampling_chronometric_studies_on_eneolithic_burials_from_Mikulin_9_Poland_and_Urziceni_Vada_ret_Romania_">Increase in 14C dating accuracy of prehistoric skeletal remains by optimised bone sampling: chronometric studies on eneolithic burials from Mikulin 9 (Poland) and Urziceni-Vada ret (Romania)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3908058" href="https://wroc.academia.edu/agatahaluszko">Agata Haluszko</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2483775" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CristianVirag">Cristian Virag</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="506679" href="https://elte.academia.edu/Tam%C3%A1sHajdu">Tamás Hajdu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">GEOCHRONOMETRIA 47 (2021): 196–208, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Increase in 14C dating accuracy of prehistoric skeletal remains by optimised bone sampling: chronometric studies on eneolithic burials from Mikulin 9 (Poland) and Urziceni-Vada ret (Romania)","attachmentId":65938183,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45425427/Increase_in_14C_dating_accuracy_of_prehistoric_skeletal_remains_by_optimised_bone_sampling_chronometric_studies_on_eneolithic_burials_from_Mikulin_9_Poland_and_Urziceni_Vada_ret_Romania_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/45425427/Increase_in_14C_dating_accuracy_of_prehistoric_skeletal_remains_by_optimised_bone_sampling_chronometric_studies_on_eneolithic_burials_from_Mikulin_9_Poland_and_Urziceni_Vada_ret_Romania_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="footer--content"><ul class="footer--main-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; 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