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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Act V </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Act_V-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Date" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Date"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Date </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Analysis and criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis_and_criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Analysis and criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critical_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Critical history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dramatic_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dramatic_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Dramatic structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dramatic_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Length </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Context_and_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Context_and_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Context and interpretation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Context_and_interpretation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Context and interpretation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Context_and_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Religious </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Philosophical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychoanalytic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychoanalytic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Psychoanalytic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychoanalytic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sigmund_Freud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sigmund_Freud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Sigmund Freud </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sigmund_Freud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jacques_Lacan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jacques_Lacan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 Jacques Lacan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jacques_Lacan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feminist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feminist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Feminist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feminist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Performance history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Performance history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Performance_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shakespeare's_day_to_the_Interregnum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shakespeare's_day_to_the_Interregnum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Shakespeare's day to the Interregnum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shakespeare's_day_to_the_Interregnum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_and_18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_and_18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Restoration and 18th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_and_18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_TV_performances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_TV_performances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.6 Film and TV performances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_TV_performances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derivative_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derivative_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Derivative works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derivative_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes and references </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes and references subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Editions_of_Hamlet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions_of_Hamlet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Editions of Hamlet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions_of_Hamlet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Secondary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Texts_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Texts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texts_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hamlet</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" > 94 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amle%C3%B0_D%C4%93na_%C3%86%C3%BEeling" title="Amleð Dēna Æþeling – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Amleð Dēna Æþeling" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA" title="هاملت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هاملت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA" title="هاملت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هاملت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="হ্যামলেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হ্যামলেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Гамлет – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гамлет" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Гамлет – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гамлет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Гамлет – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гамлет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Хамлет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хамлет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BC%84%E0%BC%85%E0%BC%8D%E0%BC%8D_%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="༄༅།། ཧམ་ལེ་ཐྲི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="༄༅།། ཧམ་ལེ་ཐྲི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%84" title="Άμλετ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άμλετ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamleto" title="Hamleto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hamleto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA" title="هملت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هملت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E5%8B%92" title="咸勒 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="咸勒" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%9F" title="હેમ્લેટ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હેમ્લેટ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%96%84%EB%A6%BF" title="햄릿 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="햄릿" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BF" title="Համլետ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համլետ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="हैमलेट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हैमलेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amleto" title="Amleto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amleto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%98" title="המלט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಹ್ಯಾಮ್ಲೆಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹ್ಯಾಮ್ಲೆಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჰამლეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰამლეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Гамлет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гамлет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Гамлет – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гамлет" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Гьамлет – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Гьамлет" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlets" title="Hamlets – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hamlets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamletas" title="Hamletas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hamletas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet,_d%C3%A1n_kir%C3%A1lyfi" title="Hamlet, dán királyfi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hamlet, dán királyfi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Хамлет – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хамлет" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹാംലെറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാംലെറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="हॅम्लेट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हॅम्लेट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="هامليت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هامليت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA" title="هملت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هملت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Гамлет – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гамлет" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="ह्याम्लेट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ह्याम्लेट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="ハムレット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハムレット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9F" title="ਹੈਮਲਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੈਮਲਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Гамлет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гамлет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%80%8A%E5%93%88%E5%A7%86%E9%9B%B7%E7%89%B9%E3%80%8BHamuleyte%E2%80%99%EF%BC%88%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%EF%BC%9AHamlet%EF%BC%89" title="《哈姆雷特》Hamuleyte’（英語：Hamlet） – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="《哈姆雷特》Hamuleyte’（英語：Hamlet）" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamleti" title="Hamleti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hamleti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A" title="හැම්ලට් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හැම්ලට්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8E%D8%AA" title="ھاملێت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھاملێت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Хамлет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хамлет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hamlet" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95" title="แฮมเลต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แฮมเลต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet" 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For its protagonist, see <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hamlet" title="Prince Hamlet">Prince Hamlet</a>. For the type of settlement, see <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">Hamlet (place)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hamlet (disambiguation)">Hamlet (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic">Hamlet</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Edwin_Booth_Hamlet_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Edwin_Booth_Hamlet_1870.jpg/220px-Edwin_Booth_Hamlet_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Edwin_Booth_Hamlet_1870.jpg/330px-Edwin_Booth_Hamlet_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Edwin_Booth_Hamlet_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="468" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hamlet" title="Prince Hamlet">Hamlet</a> portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1870)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Written by</th><td class="infobox-data description"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Characters</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hamlet" title="Prince Hamlet">Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Claudius" title="King Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_(Hamlet)" title="Gertrude (Hamlet)">Gertrude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonius" title="Polonius">Polonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophelia" title="Ophelia">Ophelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laertes_(Hamlet)" title="Laertes (Hamlet)">Laertes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_(Hamlet)" title="Horatio (Hamlet)">Horatio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Original language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_tragedy" title="Shakespearean tragedy">Shakespearean tragedy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Setting</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, often shortened to Hamlet (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhæmlɪt/</a>), is a <a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_tragedy" title="Shakespearean tragedy">tragedy</a> written by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> sometime between 1599 and 1601. It is Shakespeare's longest play. Set in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">play</a> depicts <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hamlet" title="Prince Hamlet">Prince Hamlet</a> and his attempts to exact revenge against his uncle, <a href="/wiki/King_Claudius" title="King Claudius">Claudius</a>, who has murdered <a href="/wiki/Ghost_(Hamlet)" title="Ghost (Hamlet)">Hamlet's father</a> in order to seize his throne and marry <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_(Hamlet)" title="Gertrude (Hamlet)">Hamlet's mother</a>. Hamlet is considered among the "most powerful and influential tragedies in the English language", with a story capable of "seemingly endless retelling and adaptation by others".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a74-1">[1]</a> It is widely considered one of the greatest plays of all time.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Three different early versions of the play are extant: the <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_Q1" title="Hamlet Q1">First Quarto</a> (Q1, 1603); the Second <a href="/wiki/Quarto" title="Quarto">Quarto</a> (Q2, 1604); and the <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a> (F1, 1623). Each version includes lines and passages missing from the others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner19621–3-3">[3]</a> Many works have been pointed to as possible sources for Shakespeare's play, from ancient <a href="/wiki/Greek_tragedies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek tragedies">Greek tragedies</a> to <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan drama">Elizabethan dramas</a>. The editors of the Arden Shakespeare question the idea of "source hunting", pointing out that it presupposes that authors always require ideas from other works for their own, and suggests that no author can have an original idea or be an originator. When Shakespeare wrote, there were many stories about sons avenging the murder of their fathers, and many about clever avenging sons pretending to be foolish in order to outsmart their foes. This would include the story of the ancient Roman, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Lucius Junius Brutus</a>, which Shakespeare apparently knew, as well as the story of <a href="/wiki/Amleth" title="Amleth">Amleth</a>, which was preserved in Latin by 13th-century chronicler <a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a>, and printed in Paris in 1514. The Amleth story was subsequently adapted and then published in French in 1570 by the 16th-century scholar <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Belleforest" title="François de Belleforest">François de Belleforest</a>. It has a number of plot elements and major characters in common with Shakespeare's Hamlet, and lacks others that are found in Shakespeare. Belleforest's story was first published in English in 1608, after Hamlet had been written, though it is possible that Shakespeare had encountered it in the French-language version.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a59-69-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characters">Characters</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Characters_in_Hamlet" title="Characters in Hamlet">Characters in Hamlet</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hamlet" title="Prince Hamlet">Hamlet</a> – son of the late king and nephew of the present king, Claudius</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Claudius" title="King Claudius">Claudius</a> – King of Denmark, Hamlet's uncle and brother to the former king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_(Hamlet)" title="Gertrude (Hamlet)">Gertrude</a> – Queen of Denmark and Hamlet's mother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonius" title="Polonius">Polonius</a> – chief counsellor to the king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophelia" title="Ophelia">Ophelia</a> – Polonius's daughter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_(Hamlet)" title="Horatio (Hamlet)">Horatio</a> – friend of Hamlet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laertes_(Hamlet)" title="Laertes (Hamlet)">Laertes</a> – Polonius's son</li> <li>Voltemand and Cornelius – <a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">courtiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern" title="Rosencrantz and Guildenstern">Rosencrantz and Guildenstern</a> – courtiers, friends of Hamlet</li> <li>Osric – a courtier</li> <li>Marcellus – an officer</li> <li>Bernardo – an officer (spelled Barnardo or Barnard in <a href="/wiki/Early_texts_of_Shakespeare%27s_works" title="Early texts of Shakespeare's works">quarto versions</a>)</li> <li>Francisco – a soldier</li> <li>Reynaldo – Polonius's servant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_(Hamlet)" title="Ghost (Hamlet)">Ghost</a> – the ghost of Hamlet's father</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortinbras" title="Fortinbras">Fortinbras</a> – prince of Norway</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gravediggers" title="The Gravediggers">Gravediggers</a> – a pair of <a href="/wiki/Sexton_(office)" title="Sexton (office)">sextons</a></li> <li>Player King, Player Queen, Lucianus, etc. – players</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot">Plot</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KronborgCastleDenmarkOct152022_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/KronborgCastleDenmarkOct152022_06.jpg/220px-KronborgCastleDenmarkOct152022_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/KronborgCastleDenmarkOct152022_06.jpg/330px-KronborgCastleDenmarkOct152022_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/KronborgCastleDenmarkOct152022_06.jpg/440px-KronborgCastleDenmarkOct152022_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3998" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kronborg" title="Kronborg">Kronborg Castle</a> is immortalized as Elsinore in the play Hamlet</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_I">Act I</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hamlet" title="Prince Hamlet">Prince Hamlet</a> of Denmark is the son of the recently deceased <a href="/wiki/King_Hamlet" class="mw-redirect" title="King Hamlet">King Hamlet</a>, and nephew of <a href="/wiki/King_Claudius" title="King Claudius">King Claudius</a>, his father's brother and successor. Claudius hastily married King Hamlet's widow, Gertrude, Hamlet's mother, and took the throne for himself. Denmark has a long-standing feud with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, in which King Hamlet slew King Fortinbras of Norway in a battle some years ago. Although Denmark defeated Norway and the Norwegian throne fell to King Fortinbras's infirm brother, Denmark fears that an invasion led by the dead Norwegian king's son, Prince <a href="/wiki/Fortinbras" title="Fortinbras">Fortinbras</a>, is imminent. On a cold night on the ramparts of <a href="/wiki/Kronborg_Slot" class="mw-redirect" title="Kronborg Slot">Elsinore</a>, the Danish royal castle, the <a href="/wiki/Characters_in_Hamlet#Elsinore_sentries" title="Characters in Hamlet">sentries</a> Bernardo and Marcellus discuss a <a href="/wiki/Ghost_(Hamlet)" title="Ghost (Hamlet)">ghost</a> resembling the late King Hamlet which they have recently seen, and bring Prince Hamlet's friend <a href="/wiki/Horatio_(Hamlet)" title="Horatio (Hamlet)">Horatio</a> as a witness. After the ghost appears again, the three vow to tell Prince Hamlet what they have witnessed. The court gathers the next day, and King Claudius and Queen Gertrude discuss affairs of state with their elderly adviser <a href="/wiki/Polonius" title="Polonius">Polonius</a>. Claudius grants permission for Polonius's son Laertes to return to school in France, and he sends envoys to inform the King of Norway about Fortinbras. Claudius also questions Hamlet regarding his continuing to grieve for his father, and forbids him to return to his university in <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a>. After the court exits, Hamlet despairs of his father's death and his mother's hasty remarriage. Learning of the ghost from Horatio, Hamlet resolves to see it himself. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:File-Hamlet,_Prince_of_Denmark_Act_I_Scene_IV.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/File-Hamlet%2C_Prince_of_Denmark_Act_I_Scene_IV.png/220px-File-Hamlet%2C_Prince_of_Denmark_Act_I_Scene_IV.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/File-Hamlet%2C_Prince_of_Denmark_Act_I_Scene_IV.png/330px-File-Hamlet%2C_Prince_of_Denmark_Act_I_Scene_IV.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/File-Hamlet%2C_Prince_of_Denmark_Act_I_Scene_IV.png/440px-File-Hamlet%2C_Prince_of_Denmark_Act_I_Scene_IV.png 2x" data-file-width="3389" data-file-height="2732" /></a><figcaption>Horatio, Hamlet, and the ghost (Artist: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a>, 1789)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></figcaption></figure> As Polonius's son Laertes prepares to depart for France, Polonius offers him advice that culminates in the maxim "to thine own self be true."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrilling20098-6">[6]</a> Polonius's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Ophelia_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophelia (character)">Ophelia</a>, admits her interest in Hamlet, but Laertes warns her against seeking the prince's attention, and Polonius orders her to reject his advances. That night on the rampart, the ghost appears to Hamlet, tells the prince that he was murdered by Claudius (by pouring poison into his ear as he slept), and demands that Hamlet avenge the murder. Hamlet agrees, and the ghost vanishes. The prince confides to Horatio and the sentries that from now on he plans to "put an antic disposition on", or act as though he has gone mad. Hamlet forces them to swear to keep his plans for revenge secret; however, he remains uncertain of the ghost's reliability. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_II">Act II</h3></div> Ophelia rushes to her father, telling him that Hamlet arrived at her door the prior night half-undressed and behaving erratically. Polonius blames love for Hamlet's madness and resolves to inform Claudius and Gertrude. As he enters to do so, the king and queen are welcoming <a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern" title="Rosencrantz and Guildenstern">Rosencrantz and Guildenstern</a>, two student acquaintances of Hamlet, to Elsinore. The royal couple has requested that the two students investigate the cause of Hamlet's mood and behaviour. Additional news requires that Polonius wait to be heard: messengers from Norway inform Claudius that the king of Norway has rebuked Prince Fortinbras for attempting to re-fight his father's battles. The forces that Fortinbras had conscripted to march against Denmark will instead be sent against <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, though they will pass through Danish territory to get there. Polonius tells Claudius and Gertrude his theory regarding Hamlet's behaviour, and then speaks to Hamlet in a hall of the castle to try to learn more. Hamlet feigns madness and subtly insults Polonius all the while. When Rosencrantz and Guildenstern arrive, Hamlet greets his "friends" warmly but quickly discerns that they are there to spy on him for Claudius. Hamlet admits that he is upset at his situation but refuses to give the true reason, instead remarking "<a href="/wiki/What_a_piece_of_work_is_a_man" title="What a piece of work is a man">What a piece of work is a man</a>". Rosencrantz and Guildenstern tell Hamlet that they have brought along a troupe of actors that they met while travelling to Elsinore. Hamlet, after welcoming the actors and dismissing his friends-turned-spies, asks them to deliver a soliloquy about the death of <a href="/wiki/Priam" title="Priam">King Priam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hecuba" title="Hecuba">Queen Hecuba</a> at the climax of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>. Hamlet then asks the actors to stage The Murder of Gonzago, a play featuring a death in the style of his father's murder. Hamlet intends to study Claudius's reaction to the play, and thereby determine the truth of the ghost's story of Claudius's guilt. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_III">Act III</h3></div> Polonius forces Ophelia to return Hamlet's love letters to the prince while he and Claudius secretly watch in order to evaluate Hamlet's reaction. Hamlet is walking alone in the hall as the King and Polonius await Ophelia's entrance. Hamlet muses on thoughts of <a href="/wiki/To_be,_or_not_to_be" title="To be, or not to be">life versus death</a>. When Ophelia enters and tries to return Hamlet's things, Hamlet accuses her of immodesty and cries "get thee to a nunnery", though it is unclear whether this, too, is a show of madness or genuine distress. His reaction convinces Claudius that Hamlet is not mad for love. Shortly thereafter, the court assembles to watch the play Hamlet has commissioned. After seeing the <a href="/wiki/Characters_in_Hamlet#The_Players" title="Characters in Hamlet">Player King</a> murdered by his rival pouring poison in his ear, Claudius abruptly rises and runs from the room; for Hamlet, this is proof of his uncle's guilt. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamlet_stabs_Polonius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hamlet_stabs_Polonius.jpg/220px-Hamlet_stabs_Polonius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hamlet_stabs_Polonius.jpg/330px-Hamlet_stabs_Polonius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hamlet_stabs_Polonius.jpg/440px-Hamlet_stabs_Polonius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="1068" /></a><figcaption>Hamlet mistakenly stabs Polonius (Artist: Coke Smyth, 19th century).</figcaption></figure> Gertrude summons Hamlet to her chamber to demand an explanation. Meanwhile, Claudius talks to himself about the impossibility of repenting, since he still has possession of his ill-gotten goods: his brother's crown and wife. He sinks to his knees. Hamlet, on his way to visit his mother, sneaks up behind him but does not kill him, reasoning that killing Claudius while he is praying will send him straight to heaven while his father's ghost is stuck in purgatory. In the queen's bedchamber, Hamlet and Gertrude fight bitterly. Polonius, spying on the conversation from behind a <a href="/wiki/Tapestry" title="Tapestry">tapestry</a>, calls for help as Gertrude, believing Hamlet wants to kill her, calls out for help herself. Hamlet, believing it is Claudius, stabs wildly, killing Polonius, but he pulls aside the curtain and sees his mistake. In a rage, Hamlet brutally insults his mother for her apparent ignorance of Claudius's villainy, but the ghost enters and reprimands Hamlet for his inaction and harsh words. Unable to see or hear the ghost herself, Gertrude takes Hamlet's conversation with it as further evidence of madness. After begging the queen to stop sleeping with Claudius, Hamlet leaves, dragging Polonius's corpse away. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_IV">Act IV</h3></div> Hamlet jokes with Claudius about where he has hidden Polonius's body, and the king, fearing for his life, sends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to accompany Hamlet to England with a sealed letter to the English king requesting that Hamlet be executed immediately. Unhinged by grief at Polonius's death, Ophelia wanders Elsinore. Laertes arrives back from France, enraged by his father's death and his sister's madness. Claudius convinces Laertes that Hamlet is solely responsible, but a letter soon arrives indicating that Hamlet has returned to Denmark, foiling Claudius's plan. Claudius switches tactics, proposing a fencing match between Laertes and Hamlet to settle their differences. Laertes will be given a poison-tipped foil, and, if that fails, Claudius will offer Hamlet poisoned wine as a congratulation. Gertrude interrupts to report that Ophelia has drowned, though it is unclear whether it was suicide or an accident caused by her madness. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Act_V">Act V</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamlet_et_Horatio_au_cimeti%C3%A8re_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hamlet_et_Horatio_au_cimeti%C3%A8re_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_1942.jpg/220px-Hamlet_et_Horatio_au_cimeti%C3%A8re_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hamlet_et_Horatio_au_cimeti%C3%A8re_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_1942.jpg/330px-Hamlet_et_Horatio_au_cimeti%C3%A8re_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hamlet_et_Horatio_au_cimeti%C3%A8re_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_1942.jpg/440px-Hamlet_et_Horatio_au_cimeti%C3%A8re_-_Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_RF_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2491" data-file-height="3117" /></a><figcaption>The gravedigger scene.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> (Artist: <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a>, 1839)</figcaption></figure> Horatio has received a letter from Hamlet, explaining that the prince escaped by negotiating with pirates who attempted to attack his England-bound ship, and the friends reunite offstage. Two <a href="/wiki/Characters_in_Hamlet#Ophelia's_funeral" title="Characters in Hamlet">gravediggers</a> discuss Ophelia's apparent suicide while digging her grave. Hamlet arrives with Horatio and banters with one of the gravediggers, who unearths the skull of a <a href="/wiki/Jester" title="Jester">jester</a> from Hamlet's childhood, <a href="/wiki/Yorick" title="Yorick">Yorick</a>. Hamlet picks up the skull, saying "Alas, poor Yorick" as he contemplates mortality. Ophelia's <a href="/wiki/Funeral_procession" title="Funeral procession">funeral procession</a> approaches, led by Laertes. Hamlet and Horatio initially hide, but when Hamlet realizes that Ophelia is the one being buried, he reveals himself, proclaiming his love for her. Laertes and Hamlet fight by Ophelia's graveside, but the brawl is broken up. Back at Elsinore, Hamlet explains to Horatio that he had discovered Claudius's letter among Rosencrantz and Guildenstern's belongings and replaced it with a forged copy indicating that his former friends should be killed instead. A foppish courtier, <a href="/wiki/Characters_in_Hamlet#Osric" title="Characters in Hamlet">Osric</a>, interrupts the conversation to deliver the fencing challenge to Hamlet. Hamlet, despite Horatio's pleas, accepts it. Hamlet does well at first, leading the match by two hits to none, and Gertrude raises a toast to him using the poisoned glass of wine Claudius had set aside for Hamlet. Claudius tries to stop her but is too late: she drinks, and Laertes realizes the plot will be revealed. Laertes slashes Hamlet with his poisoned blade. In the ensuing scuffle, they switch weapons, and Hamlet wounds Laertes with his own poisoned sword. Gertrude collapses and, claiming she has been poisoned, dies. In his dying moments, Laertes reconciles with Hamlet and reveals Claudius's plan. Hamlet rushes at Claudius and kills him. As the poison takes effect, Hamlet, hearing that Fortinbras is marching through the area, names the Norwegian prince as his successor. Horatio, distraught at the thought of being the last survivor and living whilst Hamlet does not, says he will commit suicide by drinking the dregs of Gertrude's poisoned wine, but Hamlet begs him to live on and tell his story. Hamlet dies in Horatio's arms, proclaiming "the rest is silence". Fortinbras, who was ostensibly marching towards Poland with his army, arrives at the palace, along with an English ambassador bringing news of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern's deaths. Horatio promises to recount the full story of what happened, and Fortinbras, seeing the entire Danish royal family dead, takes the crown for himself and orders a military funeral to honour Hamlet. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sources_of_Hamlet" title="Sources of Hamlet"> Sources of Hamlet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saxo_original_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Saxo_original_001.jpg/170px-Saxo_original_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Saxo_original_001.jpg/255px-Saxo_original_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Saxo_original_001.jpg/340px-Saxo_original_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="917" /></a><figcaption>A facsimile of <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a>, which contains the legend of Amleth</figcaption></figure> Hamlet-like legends are so widely found (for example in Italy, Spain, Scandinavia, Byzantium, and Arabia) that the core "hero-as-fool" theme is possibly <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> in origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen198336–37-8">[8]</a> Several ancient written precursors to Hamlet can be identified. The first is the anonymous Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%B3lfs_saga_kraka" title="Hrólfs saga kraka">Saga of Hrolf Kraki</a>. In this, the murdered king has two sons—<a href="/wiki/Hro%C3%B0gar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hroðgar">Hroar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halga" title="Halga">Helgi</a>—who spend most of the story in disguise, under false names, rather than feigning madness, in a sequence of events that differs from Shakespeare's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen198316–25-9">[9]</a> The second is the Roman legend of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus#Biography" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Brutus</a>, recorded in two separate Latin works. Its hero, Lucius ("shining, light"), changes his name and persona to Brutus ("dull, stupid"), playing the role of a fool to avoid the fate of his father and brothers, and eventually slaying his family's killer, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tarquinius_Superbus" title="Lucius Tarquinius Superbus">King Tarquinius</a>. A 17th-century Nordic scholar, <a href="/wiki/Torfaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Torfaeus">Torfaeus</a>, compared the Icelandic hero <a href="/wiki/Aml%C3%B3%C3%B0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Amlóði">Amlóði</a> (Amlodi) and the hero Prince Ambales (from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambales_Saga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambales Saga (page does not exist)">Ambales Saga</a>) to Shakespeare's Hamlet. Similarities include the prince's feigned madness, his accidental killing of the king's counsellor in his mother's bedroom, and the eventual slaying of his uncle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen19835–15-10">[10]</a> Many of the earlier legendary elements are interwoven in the 13th-century "Life of Amleth" (Latin: Vita Amlethi) by <a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen19831–5-11">[11]</a> Written in Latin, it reflects classical Roman concepts of virtue and heroism, and was widely available in Shakespeare's day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen198325–37-12">[12]</a> Significant parallels include the prince feigning madness, his mother's hasty marriage to the usurper, the prince killing a hidden spy, and the prince substituting the execution of two retainers for his own. A reasonably faithful version of Saxo's story was translated into French in 1570 by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Belleforest" title="François de Belleforest">François de Belleforest</a>, in his Histoires tragiques.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards19851–2-13">[13]</a> Belleforest embellished Saxo's text substantially, almost doubling its length, and introduced the hero's <a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen198366–67-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Spanish_Tragedy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_Spanish_Tragedy.jpg/170px-The_Spanish_Tragedy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_Spanish_Tragedy.jpg/255px-The_Spanish_Tragedy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/The_Spanish_Tragedy.jpg/340px-The_Spanish_Tragedy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Title page of <a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Tragedy" title="The Spanish Tragedy">The Spanish Tragedy</a> by Thomas Kyd</figcaption></figure> According to one theory, Shakespeare's main source may be an earlier play—now lost—known today as the <a href="/wiki/Ur-Hamlet" title="Ur-Hamlet">Ur-Hamlet</a>. Possibly written by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kyd" title="Thomas Kyd">Thomas Kyd</a> or by Shakespeare, the Ur-Hamlet would have existed by 1589, and would have incorporated a ghost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198282–85-15">[15]</a> Shakespeare's company, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain%27s_Men" title="Lord Chamberlain's Men">the Chamberlain's Men</a>, may have purchased that play and performed a version for some time, which Shakespeare reworked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen198367-16">[16]</a> However, no copy of the Ur-Hamlet has survived, and it is impossible to compare its language and style with the known works of any of its putative authors. In 1936 <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cairncross" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Cairncross">Andrew Cairncross</a> suggested that, until more becomes known, it may be assumed that Shakespeare wrote the Ur-Hamlet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECairncross1975-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Sams" title="Eric Sams">Eric Sams</a> lists reasons for supporting Shakespeare's authorship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESams1995121–124-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Jenkins_(Shakespeare_scholar)" title="Harold Jenkins (Shakespeare scholar)">Harold Jenkins</a> considers that there are no grounds for thinking that the Ur-Hamlet is an early work by Shakespeare, which he then rewrote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198284_n4-19">[19]</a> Professor Terri Bourus in 2016, one of three general editors of the New Oxford Shakespeare,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> in her paper "Enter Shakespeare's Young Hamlet, 1589" suggests that Shakespeare was "interested in sixteenth-century French literature, from the very beginning of his career" and therefore "did not need Thomas Kyd to pre-digest Belleforest's histoire of Amleth and spoon-feed it to him". She considers that the hypothesized Ur-Hamlet is Shakespeare's Q1 text, and that this derived directly from Belleforest's French version.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The precise combination of Shakespeare's use of the Ur-Hamlet, Belleforest, Saxo, or Kyd's <a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Tragedy" title="The Spanish Tragedy">The Spanish Tragedy</a> as sources for Hamlet is not known. However, elements of Belleforest's version which are not in Saxo's story do appear in Shakespeare's play.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen198366–68-22">[22]</a> Most scholars reject the idea that Hamlet is in any way connected with Shakespeare's only son, <a href="/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespeare" title="Hamnet Shakespeare">Hamnet Shakespeare</a>, who died in 1596 at age eleven. Conventional wisdom holds that Hamlet is too obviously connected to legend, and the name Hamnet was quite popular at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen19836-23">[23]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Greenblatt" title="Stephen Greenblatt">Stephen Greenblatt</a> has argued that the <a href="/wiki/Coincidence" title="Coincidence">coincidence</a> of the names and Shakespeare's grief for the loss of his son may lie at the heart of the tragedy. He notes that the name of Hamnet Sadler, the Stratford neighbour after whom Hamnet was named, was often written as Hamlet Sadler and that, in the loose orthography of the time, the names were virtually interchangeable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenblatt2004a311-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenblatt2004b-25">[25]</a> Scholars have often speculated that Hamlet's <a href="/wiki/Polonius" title="Polonius">Polonius</a> might have been inspired by <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">William Cecil</a> (Lord Burghley)—Lord High Treasurer and chief counsellor to Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>. <a href="/wiki/E._K._Chambers" title="E. K. Chambers">E. K. Chambers</a> suggested Polonius's advice to Laertes may have echoed Burghley's to his son <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury">Robert Cecil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1930418-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Dover_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Dover Wilson">John Dover Wilson</a> thought it almost certain that the figure of Polonius caricatured Burghley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1932104-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/A._L._Rowse" title="A. L. Rowse">A. L. Rowse</a> speculated that Polonius's tedious verbosity might have resembled Burghley's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1963323-28">[28]</a> Lilian Winstanley thought the name Corambis (in the First Quarto) did suggest Cecil and Burghley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinstanley1977114-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Jenkins_(Shakespeare_scholar)" title="Harold Jenkins (Shakespeare scholar)">Harold Jenkins</a> considers the idea of Polonius as a caricature of Burghley to be conjecture, perhaps based on the similar role they each played at court, and perhaps also based on the similarity between Burghley addressing his Ten Precepts to his son, and Polonius offering "precepts" to his son, Laertes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECecil2012-30">[30]</a> Jenkins suggests that any personal satire may be found in the name "Polonius", which might point to a Polish or Polonian connection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198235-31">[31]</a> G. R. Hibbard hypothesised that differences in names (Corambis/Polonius:Montano/Raynoldo) between the First Quarto and other editions might reflect a desire not to offend scholars at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford University</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Pullen" title="Robert Pullen">Robert Pullen</a>, was the founder of Oxford University, and <a href="/wiki/John_Rainolds" title="John Rainolds">John Rainolds</a>, was the President of <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_College,_Oxford" title="Corpus Christi College, Oxford">Corpus Christi College</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbard198774–75-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date">Date</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Barrymore_Hamlet_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/John_Barrymore_Hamlet_1922.jpg/220px-John_Barrymore_Hamlet_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/John_Barrymore_Hamlet_1922.jpg/330px-John_Barrymore_Hamlet_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/John_Barrymore_Hamlet_1922.jpg/440px-John_Barrymore_Hamlet_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3537" data-file-height="4745" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Barrymore" title="John Barrymore">John Barrymore</a> as Hamlet (1922)</figcaption></figure> "Any dating of Hamlet must be tentative", states the New Cambridge editor, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Edwards_(academic)" title="Philip Edwards (academic)">Phillip Edwards</a>. MacCary suggests 1599 or 1600;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCary199813-33">[33]</a> James Shapiro offers late 1600 or early 1601;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShapiro2005341-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wells" title="Stanley Wells">Wells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gary_Taylor_(scholar)" title="Gary Taylor (scholar)">Taylor</a> suggest that the play was written in 1600 and revised later;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWellsTaylor1988653-35">[35]</a> the New Cambridge editor settles on mid-1601;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards19858-36">[36]</a> the New Swan Shakespeare Advanced Series editor agrees with 1601;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELott1970xlvi-37">[37]</a> Thompson and Taylor, tentatively ("according to whether one is the more persuaded by Jenkins or by Honigmann") suggest a <a href="/wiki/Terminus_post_quem" title="Terminus post quem">terminus ad quem</a> of either Spring 1601 or sometime in 1600.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a58–59-38">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Terminus_post_quem" title="Terminus post quem">earliest date estimate</a> relies on Hamlet's frequent allusions to Shakespeare's <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)" title="Julius Caesar (play)">Julius Caesar</a>, itself dated to mid-1599.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCary199812–13-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards19855–6-40">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Terminus_post_quem" title="Terminus post quem">latest date estimate</a> is based on an entry, of 26 July 1602, in the <a href="/wiki/Stationers%27_Register" title="Stationers' Register">Register</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Stationers_and_Newspaper_Makers" title="Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers">Stationers' Company</a>, indicating that Hamlet was "latelie Acted by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain%27s_Men" title="Lord Chamberlain's Men">Lo: Chamberleyne his servantes</a>". In 1598, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Meres" title="Francis Meres">Francis Meres</a> published his Palladis Tamia, a survey of English literature from Chaucer to its present day, within which twelve of Shakespeare's plays are named. Hamlet is not among them, suggesting that it had not yet been written. As Hamlet was very popular, Bernard Lott, the series editor of New Swan, believes it "unlikely that he [Meres] would have overlooked ... so significant a piece".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELott1970xlvi-37">[37]</a> The phrase "little eyases"<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a> (F1) may allude to the <a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Chapel" title="Children of the Chapel">Children of the Chapel</a>, whose popularity in London forced the Globe company into provincial touring.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> This became known as the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Theatres" title="War of the Theatres">War of the Theatres</a>, and supports a 1601 dating.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELott1970xlvi-37">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Duncan-Jones" title="Katherine Duncan-Jones">Katherine Duncan-Jones</a> accepts a 1600–01 attribution for the date Hamlet was written, but notes that the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain%27s_Men" title="Lord Chamberlain's Men">Lord Chamberlain's Men</a>, playing Hamlet in the 3000-capacity <a href="/wiki/Globe_Theatre" title="Globe Theatre">Globe</a>, were unlikely to be put to any disadvantage by an audience of "barely one hundred" for the Children of the chapel's equivalent play, <a href="/wiki/Antonio%27s_Revenge" title="Antonio's Revenge">Antonio's Revenge</a>; she believes that Shakespeare, confident in the superiority of his own work, was making a playful and charitable allusion to his friend <a href="/wiki/John_Marston_(playwright)" title="John Marston (playwright)">John Marston's</a> very similar piece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncan-Jones2001143–149-43">[43]</a> A contemporary of Shakespeare's, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Harvey" title="Gabriel Harvey">Gabriel Harvey</a>, wrote a marginal note in his copy of the 1598 edition of <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Chaucer's</a> works, which some scholars use as dating evidence. Harvey's note says that "the wiser sort" enjoy Hamlet, and implies that <a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex">the Earl of Essex</a>—executed in February 1601 for rebellion—was still alive. Other scholars consider this inconclusive. Edwards, for example, concludes that the "sense of time is so confused in Harvey's note that it is really of little use in trying to date Hamlet". This is because the same note also refers to <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Spenser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watson_(poet)" title="Thomas Watson (poet)">Watson</a> as if they were still alive ("our flourishing <a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">metricians</a>"), but also mentions "<a href="/wiki/John_Owen_(epigrammatist)" title="John Owen (epigrammatist)">Owen's</a> new epigrams", published in 1607.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards19855-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2></div> Three early editions of the text, each different, have survived, making attempts to establish a single "authentic" text problematic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattaway198713–20-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1923b486–487-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliday1964204–205-47">[47]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_Q1" title="Hamlet Q1">First Quarto</a> (Q1): In 1603 the booksellers <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Ling" title="Nicholas Ling">Nicholas Ling</a> and John Trundell published, and <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Simmes" title="Valentine Simmes">Valentine Simmes</a> printed, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Bad_quarto" title="Bad quarto">bad</a>" first quarto, under the name The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet Prince of Denmarke. Q1 contains just over half of the text of the later second quarto.</li> <li>Second Quarto (Q2): In 1604 Nicholas Ling published, and James Roberts printed, the second quarto, under the same name as the first. Some copies are dated 1605, which may indicate a second impression; consequently, Q2 is often dated "1604/5". Q2 is the longest early edition, although it omits about 77 lines found in F1<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a465-48">[48]</a> (most likely to avoid offending <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I's</a> queen, <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Anne of Denmark</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliday1964204-49">[49]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a> (F1): In 1623 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Blount" title="Edward Blount">Edward Blount</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Jaggard" title="William Jaggard">William and Isaac Jaggard</a> published The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke in the First Folio, the first edition of Shakespeare's Complete Works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a78-50">[50]</a></li></ul> This list does not include three additional early texts, <a href="/wiki/John_Smethwick" title="John Smethwick">John Smethwick</a>'s Q3, Q4, and Q5 (1611–37), which are regarded as reprints of Q2 with some alterations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a78-50">[50]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamlet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hamlet.jpg/170px-Hamlet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hamlet.jpg/255px-Hamlet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hamlet.jpg/340px-Hamlet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Title_page" title="Title page">Title page</a> of the 1605 printing (Q2) of Hamlet</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First-page-first-folio-Hamlet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/First-page-first-folio-Hamlet.jpg/220px-First-page-first-folio-Hamlet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/First-page-first-folio-Hamlet.jpg/330px-First-page-first-folio-Hamlet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/First-page-first-folio-Hamlet.jpg/440px-First-page-first-folio-Hamlet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1106" /></a><figcaption>The first page of the <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a> printing of Hamlet, 1623</figcaption></figure> Early <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_editors" title="Shakespeare's editors">editors of Shakespeare's works</a>, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Rowe_(writer)" title="Nicholas Rowe (writer)">Nicholas Rowe</a> (1709) and <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Theobald" title="Lewis Theobald">Lewis Theobald</a> (1733), combined material from the two earliest sources of Hamlet available at the time, Q2 and F1. Each text contains material that the other lacks, with many minor differences in wording: scarcely 200 lines are identical in the two. Editors have combined them in an effort to create one "inclusive" text that reflects an imagined "ideal" of Shakespeare's original. Theobald's version became standard for a long time,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbard198722–23-51">[51]</a> and his "full text" approach continues to influence editorial practice to the present day. Some contemporary scholarship, however, discounts this approach, instead considering "an authentic Hamlet an unrealisable ideal. ... there are texts of this play but no text".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattaway198716-52">[52]</a> The 2006 publication by Arden Shakespeare of different Hamlet texts in different volumes is perhaps evidence of this shifting focus and emphasis.<a href="#cite_note-57">[a]</a> Other editors have continued to argue the need for well-edited editions taking material from all versions of the play. Colin Burrow has argued that <blockquote>most of us should read a text that is made up by conflating all three versions ... it's about as likely that Shakespeare wrote: "To be or not to be, ay, there's the point" [in Q1], as that he wrote the works of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>. I suspect most people just won't want to read a three-text play ... [multi-text editions are] a version of the play that is out of touch with the needs of a wider public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurrow2002-58">[57]</a></blockquote> Traditionally, editors of Shakespeare's plays have divided them into five acts. None of the early texts of Hamlet, however, were arranged this way, and the play's division into acts and scenes derives from a 1676 quarto. Modern editors generally follow this traditional division but consider it unsatisfactory; for example, after Hamlet drags Polonius's body out of Gertrude's bedchamber, there is an act-break<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> after which the action appears to continue uninterrupted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a543–552-60">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bad_quarto,_good_quarto,_first_folio.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bad_quarto%2C_good_quarto%2C_first_folio.png/220px-Bad_quarto%2C_good_quarto%2C_first_folio.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bad_quarto%2C_good_quarto%2C_first_folio.png/330px-Bad_quarto%2C_good_quarto%2C_first_folio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Bad_quarto%2C_good_quarto%2C_first_folio.png/440px-Bad_quarto%2C_good_quarto%2C_first_folio.png 2x" data-file-width="4276" data-file-height="2850" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of the 'To be, or not to be' soliloquy in the first three editions of Hamlet, showing the varying quality of the text in the <a href="/wiki/Bad_Quarto" class="mw-redirect" title="Bad Quarto">Bad Quarto</a>, the Good Quarto and the <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a></figcaption></figure> Q1 was discovered in 1823. Only two copies are extant. According to Jenkins, "The unauthorized nature of this quarto is matched by the corruption of its text."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198214-61">[60]</a> Yet Q1 has value: it contains stage directions (such as Ophelia entering with a lute and her hair down) that reveal actual stage practices in a way that Q2 and F1 do not; it contains an entire scene (usually labelled 4.6)<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> that does not appear in either Q2 or F1; and it is useful for comparison with the later editions. The major deficiency of Q1 is in the language: particularly noticeable in the opening lines of the famous "<a href="/wiki/To_be,_or_not_to_be" title="To be, or not to be">To be, or not to be</a>" soliloquy: "To be, or not to be, aye there's the point. / To die, to sleep, is that all? Aye all: / No, to sleep, to dream, aye marry there it goes." However, the scene order is more coherent, without the problems of Q2 and F1 of Hamlet seeming to resolve something in one scene and enter the next drowning in indecision. New Cambridge editor Kathleen Irace has noted that "Q1's more linear plot design is certainly easier [...] to follow [...] but the simplicity of the Q1 plot arrangement eliminates the alternating plot elements that correspond to Hamlet's shifts in mood."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrace19981–34-63">[62]</a> Q1 is considerably shorter than Q2 or F1 and may be a <a href="/wiki/Memorial_reconstruction" title="Memorial reconstruction">memorial reconstruction</a> of the play as Shakespeare's company performed it, by an actor who played a minor role (most likely Marcellus).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1986171-64">[63]</a> Scholars disagree whether the reconstruction was pirated or authorised. It is suggested by Irace that Q1 is an abridged version intended especially for travelling productions, thus the question of length may be considered as separate from issues of poor textual quality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrace1998-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a85–86-65">[64]</a> Editing Q1 thus poses problems in whether or not to "correct" differences from Q2 and F. Irace, in her introduction to Q1, wrote that "I have avoided as many other alterations as possible, because the differences...are especially intriguing...I have recorded a selection of Q2/F readings in the collation." The idea that Q1 is not riddled with error but is instead eminently fit for the stage has led to at least 28 different Q1 productions since 1881.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006b36–39-66">[65]</a> Other productions have used the Q2 and Folio texts, but used Q1's running order, in particular moving the to be or not to be soliloquy earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a18–19-67">[66]</a> Developing this, some editors such as <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bate" title="Jonathan Bate">Jonathan Bate</a> have argued that Q2 may represent "a 'reading' text as opposed to a 'performance' one" of Hamlet: an edition containing all of Shakespeare's material for the play for the pleasure of readers, so not representing the play as it would have been staged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateRasmussen200811-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl20145–6-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis_and_criticism">Analysis and criticism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Critical_approaches_to_Hamlet" title="Critical approaches to Hamlet">Critical approaches to Hamlet</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_history">Critical history</h3></div> From the early 17th century, the play was famous for its ghost and vivid dramatisation of <a href="/wiki/Melancholia" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Insanity" title="Insanity">insanity</a>, leading to a procession of mad courtiers and ladies in <a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caroline_era" title="Caroline era">Caroline</a> drama.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWofford1994-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirsch1969-71">[70]</a> Though it remained popular with mass audiences, late 17th-century <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a> critics saw Hamlet as primitive and disapproved of its lack of <a href="/wiki/Classical_unities" title="Classical unities">unity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decorum" title="Decorum">decorum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers1995a447-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers1995b92-73">[72]</a> This view changed drastically in the 18th century, when critics regarded Hamlet as a hero—a pure, brilliant young man thrust into unfortunate circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWofford1994184–185-74">[73]</a> By the mid-18th century, however, the advent of <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic literature</a> brought <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> readings, returning madness and the ghost to the forefront.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVickers1995c5-75">[74]</a> Not until the late 18th century did critics and performers begin to view Hamlet as confusing and inconsistent. Before then, he was either mad, or not; either a hero, or not; with no in-betweens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWofford1994185-76">[75]</a> These developments represented a fundamental change in literary criticism, which came to focus more on character and less on plot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWofford1994186-77">[76]</a> In the 18th century, one negative French review of Hamlet would be widely discussed for centuries, in particular in publications throughout the 19th and 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> In 1768, <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> wrote a negative review of Hamlet, stating that "it is vulgar and barbarous drama, which would not be tolerated by the vilest populace of France or Italy... one would imagine this piece to be a work of a drunken savage".<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> By the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> critics valued Hamlet for its internal, individual conflict reflecting the strong contemporary emphasis on internal struggles and inner character in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenberg1992179-86">[85]</a> Then too, critics started to focus on Hamlet's delay as a character trait, rather than a plot device.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWofford1994186-77">[76]</a> This focus on character and internal struggle continued into the 20th century, when criticism branched in several directions, discussed in <a href="#Context_and_interpretation">context and interpretation</a> below. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dramatic_structure">Dramatic structure</h3></div> Modern editors have divided the play into five acts, and each act into scenes. The First Folio marks the first two acts only. The quartos do not have such divisions. The division into five acts follows <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>, who in his plays, regularized the way ancient Greek tragedies contain five episodes, which are separated by four choral odes. In Hamlet the development of the plot or the action are determined by the unfolding of Hamlet's character. The soliloquies do not interrupt the plot, instead they are highlights of each block of action. The plot is the developing revelation of Hamlet's view of what is "rotten in the state of Denmark." The action of the play is driven forward in dialogue; but in the soliloquies time and action stop, the meaning of action is questioned, fog of illusion is broached, and truths are exposed. The contrast between appearance and reality is a significant theme. Hamlet is presented with an image, and then interprets its deeper or darker meaning. Examples begin with Hamlet questioning the reality of the ghost. It continues with Hamlet's taking on an "antic disposition" in order to appear mad, though he is not. The contrast (appearance and reality) is also expressed in several "spying scenes": Act two begins with Polonius sending Reynaldo to spy on his son, Laertes. Claudius and Polonius spy on Ophelia as she meets with Hamlet. In act two, Claudius asks Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to spy on Hamlet. Similarly, the play-within-a-play is used by Hamlet to reveal his step-father's hidden nature. There is no subplot, but the play presents the affairs of the courtier Polonius, his daughter, Ophelia, and his son, Laertes—who variously deal with madness, love and the death of a father in ways that contrast with Hamlet's. The graveyard scene eases tension prior to the catastrophe, and, as Hamlet holds the skull, it is shown that Hamlet no longer fears damnation in the afterlife, and accepts that there is a "divinity that shapes our ends".<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Hamlet's enquiring mind has been open to all kinds of ideas, but in act five he has decided on a plan, and in a dialogue with Horatio he seems to answer his two earlier soliloquies on suicide: "We defy augury. There is special providence in the fall of a sparrow. If it be now, 'tis not to come; if it be not to come, it will be now; if it be not now, yet it will come. The readiness is all. Since no man, of aught he leaves, knows aught, what is't to leave betimes."<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCary199865–72,_84,_96-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Length">Length</h3></div> The First Quarto (1603) text of Hamlet contains 15,983 words, the Second Quarto (1604) contains 28,628 words, and the First Folio (1623) contains 27,602 words. Counting the number of lines varies between editions, partly because prose sections in the play may be formatted with varied lengths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a80–81-90">[89]</a> Editions of Hamlet that are created by conflating the texts of the Second Quarto and the Folio are said to have approximately 3,900 lines;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnet1998lxiv-91">[90]</a> the number of lines varies between those editions based on formatting the prose sections, counting methods, and how the editors have joined the texts together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a92–93-92">[91]</a> Hamlet is by far the longest play that Shakespeare wrote, and one of the longest plays in the <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a>. It might require more than four hours to stage;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans1974-93">[92]</a> a typical Elizabethan play would need two to three hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirrel2010-94">[93]</a> It is speculated that because of the considerable length of Q2 and F1, there was an expectation that those texts would be abridged for performance, or that Q2 and F1 may have been aimed at a reading audience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a84-95">[94]</a> That Q1 is so much shorter than Q2 has spurred speculation that Q1 is an early draft, or perhaps an adaptation, a bootleg copy, or a stage adaptation. On the title page of Q2, its text is described as "newly imprinted and enlarged to almost as much again as it was." That is probably a comparison to Q1.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a80–81-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delacroix-1834-I2-QueenConsolesHamlet.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Delacroix-1834-I2-QueenConsolesHamlet.JPG" decoding="async" width="173" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>Hamlet's statement that his dark clothes are the outer sign of his inner grief demonstrates strong rhetorical skill (artist: <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a> 1834).</figcaption></figure> Much of Hamlet's language is courtly: elaborate, witty discourse, as recommended by <a href="/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione">Baldassare Castiglione</a>'s 1528 etiquette guide, The Courtier. This work specifically advises royal retainers to amuse their masters with inventive language. Osric and Polonius, especially, seem to respect this injunction. Claudius's speech is rich with rhetorical figures—as is Hamlet's and, at times, Ophelia's—while the language of Horatio, the guards, and the gravediggers is simpler. Claudius's high status is reinforced by using the <a href="/wiki/Majestic_plural" class="mw-redirect" title="Majestic plural">royal first person plural</a> ("we" or "us"), and <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(rhetoric)" title="Anaphora (rhetoric)">anaphora</a> mixed with <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a> to resonate with Greek political speeches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCary199884–85-96">[95]</a> Of all the characters, Hamlet has the greatest rhetorical skill. He uses highly developed metaphors, <a href="/wiki/Stichomythia" title="Stichomythia">stichomythia</a>, and in nine memorable words deploys both anaphora and <a href="/wiki/Asyndeton" title="Asyndeton">asyndeton</a>: "to die: to sleep— / To sleep, perchance to dream".<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> In contrast, when occasion demands, he is precise and straightforward, as when he explains his inward emotion to his mother: "But I have that within which passes show, / These but the trappings and the suits of woe".<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> At times, he relies heavily on <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">puns</a> to express his true thoughts while simultaneously concealing them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCary199889–90-99">[98]</a> Pauline Kiernan argues that Shakespeare changed English drama forever in Hamlet because he "showed how a character's language can often be saying several things at once, and contradictory meanings at that, to reflect fragmented thoughts and disturbed feelings". She gives the example of Hamlet's advice to Ophelia, "get thee to a nunnery",<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> which, she claims, is simultaneously a reference to a place of chastity and a slang term for a brothel, reflecting Hamlet's confused feelings about female sexuality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiernan200734-101">[100]</a> However Harold Jenkins does not agree, having studied the few examples that are used to support that idea, and finds that there is no support for the assumption that "nunnery" was used that way in slang, or that Hamlet intended such a meaning. The context of the scene suggests that a nunnery would not be a brothel, but instead a place of renunciation and a "sanctuary from marriage and from the world's contamination".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins1982493–495-102">[101]</a> Thompson and Taylor consider the brothel idea incorrect considering that "Hamlet is trying to deter Ophelia from breeding".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a290-103">[102]</a> Hamlet's first words in the play are a pun; when Claudius addresses him as "my cousin Hamlet, and my son", Hamlet says as an aside: "A little more than kin, and less than kind."<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> An unusual rhetorical device, <a href="/wiki/Hendiadys" title="Hendiadys">hendiadys</a>, appears in several places in the play. Examples are found in Ophelia's speech at the end of the nunnery scene: "Th'expectancy and rose of the fair state"<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> and "And I, of ladies most deject and wretched".<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Many scholars have found it odd that Shakespeare would, seemingly arbitrarily, use this rhetorical form throughout the play. One explanation may be that Hamlet was written later in Shakespeare's life, when he was adept at matching rhetorical devices to characters and the plot. Linguist George T. Wright suggests that hendiadys had been used deliberately to heighten the play's sense of duality and dislocation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCary199887–88-107">[106]</a> Hamlet's <a href="/wiki/Soliloquy" title="Soliloquy">soliloquies</a> have captured the attention of scholars. Hamlet interrupts himself, vocalising either disgust or agreement with himself and embellishing his own words. He has difficulty expressing himself directly and instead blunts the thrust of his thought with wordplay. It is not until late in the play, after his experience with the pirates, that Hamlet is able to articulate his feelings freely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCary199891–93-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Context_and_interpretation">Context and interpretation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious">Religious</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Everett_Millais_-_Ophelia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/John_Everett_Millais_-_Ophelia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-John_Everett_Millais_-_Ophelia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/John_Everett_Millais_-_Ophelia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-John_Everett_Millais_-_Ophelia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/John_Everett_Millais_-_Ophelia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-John_Everett_Millais_-_Ophelia_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7087" data-file-height="4820" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>' <a href="/wiki/Ophelia_(painting)" title="Ophelia (painting)">Ophelia</a> (1852) depicts Lady Ophelia's mysterious death by drowning. In the play, the gravediggers discuss whether Ophelia's death was a suicide and whether she merits a Christian burial.</figcaption></figure> Written at a time of religious upheaval and in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, the play is alternately <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a> (or piously medieval) and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> (or consciously modern). The ghost describes himself as being in <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> and as dying without <a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">last rites</a>. This and Ophelia's burial ceremony, which is characteristically Catholic, make up most of the play's Catholic connections. Some scholars have observed that <a href="/wiki/Revenge_play" title="Revenge play">revenge tragedies</a> come from Catholic countries such as Italy and Spain, where the revenge tragedies present contradictions of motives, since according to Catholic doctrine the duty to God and family precedes civil justice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCary199837–38-109">[108]</a> Much of the play's Protestant tones derive from its setting in Denmark—both then and now a predominantly Protestant country,<a href="#cite_note-110">[b]</a> though it is unclear whether the fictional Denmark of the play is intended to portray this implicit fact. Dialogue refers explicitly to the German city of <a href="/wiki/Wittenberg" title="Wittenberg">Wittenberg</a> where Hamlet, Horatio, and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern attend university, implying where the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">reformer</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> nailed the <a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a> to the church door in 1517.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCary199838-111">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical">Philosophical</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michel_de_Montaigne_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Michel_de_Montaigne_1.jpg/220px-Michel_de_Montaigne_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Michel_de_Montaigne_1.jpg/330px-Michel_de_Montaigne_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Michel_de_Montaigne_1.jpg/440px-Michel_de_Montaigne_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>Philosophical ideas in Hamlet are similar to those of the French writer <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a>, a contemporary of Shakespeare's (artist: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Leu" title="Thomas de Leu">Thomas de Leu</a>, fl. 1560–1612).</figcaption></figure> Hamlet is often perceived as a philosophical character, expounding ideas that are now described as <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Scepticism">sceptical</a>. For example, he expresses a subjectivistic idea when he says to Rosencrantz: "there is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so".<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> The idea that nothing is real except in the mind of the individual finds its roots in the Greek <a href="/wiki/Sophism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophism">Sophists</a>, who argued that since nothing can be perceived except through the senses—and since all individuals sense, and therefore perceive things differently—there is no absolute truth, but rather only relative truth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCary199847–48-113">[111]</a> The clearest alleged instance of existentialism is in the "<a href="/wiki/To_be,_or_not_to_be" title="To be, or not to be">to be, or not to be</a>"<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> speech, where Hamlet is thought by some to use "being" to allude to life and action, and "not being" to death and inaction. Hamlet reflects the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_scepticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical scepticism">scepticism</a> promoted by the French <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance humanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Michel de Montaigne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCary199849-115">[113]</a> Prior to Montaigne's time, humanists such as <a href="/wiki/Pico_della_Mirandola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pico della Mirandola">Pico della Mirandola</a> had argued that man was God's greatest creation, made in God's image and able to choose his own nature, but this view was subsequently challenged in Montaigne's <a href="/wiki/Essays_(Montaigne)" title="Essays (Montaigne)">Essais</a> of 1580. Hamlet's "<a href="/wiki/What_a_piece_of_work_is_a_man" title="What a piece of work is a man">What a piece of work is a man</a>" seems to echo many of Montaigne's ideas, and many scholars have discussed whether Shakespeare drew directly from Montaigne or whether both men were simply reacting similarly to the spirit of the times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnowles19991049,_1052–1053-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a73–74-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCary199849-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychoanalytic">Psychoanalytic</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claudius_at_Prayer_Hamlet_3-3_Delacroix_1844.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Claudius_at_Prayer_Hamlet_3-3_Delacroix_1844.JPG/170px-Claudius_at_Prayer_Hamlet_3-3_Delacroix_1844.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Claudius_at_Prayer_Hamlet_3-3_Delacroix_1844.JPG/255px-Claudius_at_Prayer_Hamlet_3-3_Delacroix_1844.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Claudius_at_Prayer_Hamlet_3-3_Delacroix_1844.JPG/340px-Claudius_at_Prayer_Hamlet_3-3_Delacroix_1844.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="2036" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freud</a> suggested that an <a href="/wiki/Unconscious_mind" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious</a> <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipal conflict</a> caused Hamlet's hesitations (artist: <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Eugène Delacroix</a> 1844).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sigmund_Freud">Sigmund Freud</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>’s thoughts regarding Hamlet were first published in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Interpretation_of_Dreams" title="The Interpretation of Dreams">The Interpretation of Dreams</a> (1899), as a footnote to a discussion of <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>’ tragedy, <a href="/wiki/Oedipus_Rex" title="Oedipus Rex">Oedipus Rex</a>, all of which is part of his consideration of the causes of neurosis. Freud does not offer over-all interpretations of the plays, but uses the two tragedies to illustrate and corroborate his psychological theories, which are based on his treatments of his patients and on his studies. Productions of Hamlet have used Freud's ideas to support their own interpretations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom1994381-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreud1900367–368-119">[117]</a> In The Interpretation of Dreams, Freud says that according to his experience "parents play a leading part in the infantile psychology of all persons who subsequently become psychoneurotics," and that "falling in love with one parent and hating the other" is a common impulse in early childhood, and is important source material of "subsequent neurosis". He says that "in their amorous or hostile attitude toward their parents" neurotics reveal something that occurs with less intensity "in the minds of the majority of children". Freud considered that Sophocles’ tragedy, Oedipus Rex, with its story that involves crimes of parricide and incest, "has furnished us with legendary matter which corroborates" these ideas, and that the "profound and universal validity of the old legends" is understandable only by recognizing the validity of these theories of "infantile psychology".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreud1995274–279-120">[118]</a> Freud explores the reason "Oedipus Rex is capable of moving a modern reader or playgoer no less powerfully than it moved the contemporary Greeks". He suggests that "It may be that we were all destined to direct our first sexual impulses toward our mothers, and our first impulses of hatred and violence toward our fathers." Freud suggests that we "recoil from the person for whom this primitive wish of our childhood has been fulfilled with all the force of the repression which these wishes have undergone in our minds since childhood."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreud1995274–279-120">[118]</a> These ideas, which became a cornerstone of Freud's psychological theories, he named the "<a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a>", and, at one point, he considered calling it the "Hamlet complex".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudd2005112-121">[119]</a> Freud considered that Hamlet "is rooted in the same soil as Oedipus Rex." But the difference in the "psychic life" of the two civilizations that produced each play, and the progress made over time of "repression in the emotional life of humanity" can be seen in the way the same material is handled by the two playwrights: In Oedipus Rex incest and murder are brought into the light as might occur in a dream, but in Hamlet these impulses "remain repressed" and we learn of their existence through Hamlet's inhibitions to act out the revenge, while he is shown to be capable of acting decisively and boldly in other contexts. Freud asserts, "The play is based on Hamlet’s hesitation in accomplishing the task of revenge assigned to him; the text does not give the cause or the motive of this." The conflict is "deeply hidden".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreud1995274–79-122">[120]</a> Hamlet is able to perform any kind of action except taking revenge on the man who murdered his father and has taken his father's place with his mother—Claudius has led Hamlet to realize the repressed desires of his own childhood. The loathing which was supposed to drive him to revenge is replaced by "self-reproach, by conscientious scruples" which tell him "he himself is no better than the murderer whom he is required to punish".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreud1995278-123">[121]</a> Freud suggests that Hamlet's sexual aversion expressed in his "nunnery" conversation with Ophelia supports the idea that Hamlet is "an hysterical subject".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreud1995278-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Freud suggests that the character Hamlet goes through an experience that has three characteristics, which he numbered: 1) "the hero is not psychopathic, but becomes so" during the course of the play. 2) "the repressed desire is one of those that are similarly repressed in all of us." It is a repression that "belongs to an early stage of our individual development". The audience identifies with the character of Hamlet, because "we are victims of the same conflict." 3) It is the nature of theatre that "the struggle of the repressed impulse to become conscious" occurs in both the hero onstage and the spectator, when they are in the grip of their emotions, "in the manner seen in psychoanalytic treatment".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreudBunker1960147-125">[123]</a> Freud points out that Hamlet is an exception in that psychopathic characters are usually ineffective in stage plays; they "become as useless for the stage as they are for life itself", because they do not inspire insight or empathy, unless the audience is familiar with the character's inner conflict. Freud says, "It is thus the task of the dramatist to transport us into the same illness."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreudBunker1960147–148-126">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Barrymore" title="John Barrymore">John Barrymore</a>'s long-running 1922 performance in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, directed by Thomas Hopkins, "broke new ground in its Freudian approach to character", in keeping with the post-World War I rebellion against everything Victorian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison19974,_129–130-127">[125]</a> He had a "blunter intention" than presenting the genteel, sweet prince of 19th-century tradition, imbuing his character with virility and lust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECotsell2005191-128">[126]</a> Beginning in 1910, with the publication of "The Œdipus-Complex as an Explanation of Hamlet's Mystery: A Study in Motive"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1910-129">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Jones" title="Ernest Jones">Ernest Jones</a>—a psychoanalyst and Freud's biographer—developed Freud's ideas into a series of essays that culminated in his book <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_and_Oedipus" title="Hamlet and Oedipus">Hamlet and Oedipus</a> (1949). Influenced by Jones's psychoanalytic approach, several productions have portrayed the "closet scene", where Hamlet confronts his mother in her private quarters, in a sexual light.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> In this reading, Hamlet is disgusted by his mother's "incestuous" relationship with Claudius while simultaneously fearful of killing him, as this would clear Hamlet's path to his mother's bed. Ophelia's madness after her father's death may also be read through the Freudian lens: as a reaction to the death of her hoped-for lover, her father. Ophelia is overwhelmed by having her unfulfilled love for him so abruptly terminated and drifts into the oblivion of insanity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCary1998104–107,_113–116-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Grazia2007168–170-132">[130]</a> In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Guthrie" title="Tyrone Guthrie">Tyrone Guthrie</a> directed <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> in a Jones-inspired Hamlet at <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Vic" title="The Old Vic">The Old Vic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood2002102-133">[131]</a> Olivier later used some of these same ideas in his 1948 film version of the play. In the Bloom's Shakespeare Through the Ages volume on Hamlet, editors Bloom and Foster express a conviction that the intentions of Shakespeare in portraying the character of Hamlet in the play exceeded the capacity of the Freudian Oedipus complex to completely encompass the extent of characteristics depicted in Hamlet throughout the tragedy: "For once, Freud regressed in attempting to fasten the Oedipus Complex upon Hamlet: it will not stick, and merely showed that Freud did better than T.S. Eliot, who preferred Coriolanus to Hamlet, or so he said. Who can believe Eliot, when he exposes his own Hamlet Complex by declaring the play to be an aesthetic failure?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomFoster2008xii-134">[132]</a> The book also notes James Joyce's interpretation, stating that he "did far better in the Library Scene of Ulysses, where Stephen marvellously credits Shakespeare, in this play, with universal fatherhood while accurately implying that Hamlet is fatherless, thus opening a pragmatic gap between Shakespeare and Hamlet."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloomFoster2008xii-134">[132]</a> Joshua Rothman has written in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a> that "we tell the story wrong when we say that Freud used the idea of the Oedipus complex to understand Hamlet". Rothman suggests that "it was the other way around: Hamlet helped Freud understand, and perhaps even invent, psychoanalysis". He concludes, "The Oedipus complex is a misnomer. It should be called the 'Hamlet complex'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman2013-135">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jacques_Lacan">Jacques Lacan</h4></div> In the 1950s, the French psychoanalyst <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Jacques Lacan</a> analyzed Hamlet to illustrate some of his concepts. His <a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">structuralist</a> theories about Hamlet were first presented in a series of <a href="/wiki/The_Seminars_of_Jacques_Lacan" class="mw-redirect" title="The Seminars of Jacques Lacan">seminars</a> given in Paris and later published in "Desire and the Interpretation of Desire in Hamlet". Lacan postulated that the human <a href="/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)" title="Psyche (psychology)">psyche</a> is determined by structures of language and that the linguistic structures of Hamlet shed light on human desire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritton1995207–211-136">[134]</a> His point of departure is Freud's Oedipal theories, and the central theme of mourning that runs through Hamlet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritton1995207–11-137">[135]</a> In Lacan's analysis, Hamlet unconsciously assumes the role of <a href="/wiki/Phallus#Psychoanalysis" title="Phallus">phallus</a>—the cause of his inaction—and is increasingly distanced from reality "by mourning, <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_(psychology)" title="Fantasy (psychology)">fantasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>", which create holes (or <a href="/wiki/Lack_(manque)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lack (manque)">lack</a>) in the real, imaginary, and symbolic aspects of his psyche.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritton1995207–211-136">[134]</a> Lacan's theories influenced some subsequent literary criticism of Hamlet because of his alternative vision of the play and his use of <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> to explore the play's psychological landscape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritton1995207–211-136">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feminist">Feminist</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ophelia_-_Henrietta_Rae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ophelia_-_Henrietta_Rae.jpg/220px-Ophelia_-_Henrietta_Rae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ophelia_-_Henrietta_Rae.jpg/330px-Ophelia_-_Henrietta_Rae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ophelia_-_Henrietta_Rae.jpg/440px-Ophelia_-_Henrietta_Rae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ophelia_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophelia (character)">Ophelia</a> is distracted by grief.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Feminist critics have explored her descent into madness (artist: Henrietta Rae 1890).</figcaption></figure> In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">feminist critics</a> opened up new approaches to Gertrude and Ophelia. <a href="/wiki/New_historicism" title="New historicism">New historicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_materialism_(cultural_studies)" title="Cultural materialism (cultural studies)">cultural materialist</a> critics examined the play in its historical context, attempting to piece together its original cultural environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWofford1994199–202-139">[137]</a> They focused on the <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">gender system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern</a> England, pointing to the common trinity of maid, wife, or widow, with whores outside of that stereotype. In this analysis, the essence of Hamlet is the central character's changed perception of his mother as a whore because of her failure to remain faithful to Old Hamlet. In consequence, Hamlet loses his faith in all women, treating Ophelia as if she too were a whore and dishonest with Hamlet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoward2003411–415-140">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolai_Abildgaard_-_Hamlet_hos_sin_moder_-_KMS1019_-_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nicolai_Abildgaard_-_Hamlet_hos_sin_moder_-_KMS1019_-_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg/220px-Nicolai_Abildgaard_-_Hamlet_hos_sin_moder_-_KMS1019_-_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nicolai_Abildgaard_-_Hamlet_hos_sin_moder_-_KMS1019_-_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg/330px-Nicolai_Abildgaard_-_Hamlet_hos_sin_moder_-_KMS1019_-_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nicolai_Abildgaard_-_Hamlet_hos_sin_moder_-_KMS1019_-_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg/440px-Nicolai_Abildgaard_-_Hamlet_hos_sin_moder_-_KMS1019_-_Statens_Museum_for_Kunst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3448" data-file-height="2650" /></a><figcaption>Hamlet tries to show his mother Gertrude his father's ghost (artist: <a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Abraham_Abildgaard" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolai Abraham Abildgaard">Nicolai A. Abildgaard</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1778).</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Heilbrun" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolyn Heilbrun">Carolyn Heilbrun</a>'s 1957 essay "The Character of Hamlet's Mother" defends Gertrude, arguing that the text never hints that Gertrude knew of Claudius poisoning King Hamlet. This analysis has been praised by many feminist critics, combating what is, by Heilbrun's argument, centuries' worth of misinterpretation. By this account, Gertrude's worst crime is of pragmatically marrying her brother-in-law in order to avoid a power vacuum. This is borne out by the fact that King Hamlet's ghost tells Hamlet to leave Gertrude out of Hamlet's revenge, to leave her to heaven, an arbitrary mercy to grant to a conspirator to murder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeilbrun1957-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom200358–59-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson20014-143">[141]</a> Ophelia has also been defended by feminist critics, most notably <a href="/wiki/Elaine_Showalter" title="Elaine Showalter">Elaine Showalter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShowalter1985-144">[142]</a> Ophelia is surrounded by powerful men: her father, brother, and Hamlet. All three disappear: Laertes leaves, Hamlet abandons her, and Polonius dies. Conventional theories had argued that without these three powerful men making decisions for her, Ophelia is driven into madness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom200357-145">[143]</a> Feminist theorists argue that she goes mad with guilt because, when Hamlet kills her father, he has fulfilled her sexual desire to have Hamlet kill her father so they can be together. Showalter points out that Ophelia has become the symbol of the distraught and hysterical woman in modern culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacCary1998111–113-146">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Literary_influence_of_Hamlet" title="Literary influence of Hamlet">Literary influence of Hamlet</a></div> Hamlet is one of the <a href="/wiki/Phrases_from_Hamlet_in_common_English" title="Phrases from Hamlet in common English">most quoted</a> works in the English language, and is often included on lists of the world's greatest literature.<a href="#cite_note-148">[c]</a> As such, it reverberates through the writing of later centuries. Academic Laurie Osborne identifies the direct influence of Hamlet in numerous modern narratives, and divides them into four main categories: fictional accounts of the play's composition, simplifications of the story for young readers, stories expanding the role of one or more characters, and narratives featuring performances of the play.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne2007114–133-149">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Czach%C3%B3rski_Actors_before_Hamlet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Czach%C3%B3rski_Actors_before_Hamlet.jpg/220px-Czach%C3%B3rski_Actors_before_Hamlet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Czach%C3%B3rski_Actors_before_Hamlet.jpg/330px-Czach%C3%B3rski_Actors_before_Hamlet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Czach%C3%B3rski_Actors_before_Hamlet.jpg/440px-Czach%C3%B3rski_Actors_before_Hamlet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Actors before Hamlet by <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Czach%C3%B3rski" title="Władysław Czachórski">Władysław Czachórski</a> (1875), <a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Warsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum, Warsaw">National Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></figcaption></figure> English poet <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> was an early admirer of Shakespeare and took evident inspiration from his work. As John Kerrigan discusses, Milton originally considered writing his epic poem <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> (1667) as a tragedy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerrigan1996122-150">[147]</a> While Milton did not ultimately go that route, the poem still shows distinct echoes of Shakespearean revenge tragedy, and of Hamlet in particular. As scholar Christopher N. Warren argues, Paradise Lost's Satan "undergoes a transformation in the poem from a Hamlet-like avenger into a Claudius-like usurper," a plot device that supports Milton's larger <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a> internationalist project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren2016367-151">[148]</a> The poem also reworks theatrical language from Hamlet, especially around the idea of "putting on" certain dispositions, as when Hamlet puts on "an antic disposition," similarly to the Son in Paradise Lost who "can put on / [God's] terrors."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarren2016379-152">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fielding" title="Henry Fielding">Henry Fielding</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Tom_Jones,_a_Foundling" title="The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling">Tom Jones</a>, published about 1749, describes a visit to Hamlet by Tom Jones and Mr Partridge, with similarities to the "play within a play".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a123–126-153">[150]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe's</a> <a href="/wiki/Bildungsroman" title="Bildungsroman">Bildungsroman</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Meister%27s_Apprenticeship" title="Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship">Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship</a>, written between 1776 and 1796, not only has a production of Hamlet at its core but also creates parallels between the ghost and Wilhelm Meister's dead father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a123–126-153">[150]</a> In the early 1850s, in <a href="/wiki/Pierre;_or,_The_Ambiguities" title="Pierre; or, The Ambiguities">Pierre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a> focuses on a Hamlet-like character's long development as a writer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a123–126-153">[150]</a> Ten years later, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Dickens's</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Expectations" title="Great Expectations">Great Expectations</a> contains many Hamlet-like plot elements: it is driven by revenge-motivated actions, contains ghost-like characters (Abel Magwitch and <a href="/wiki/Miss_Havisham" title="Miss Havisham">Miss Havisham</a>), and focuses on the hero's guilt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a123–126-153">[150]</a> Academic Alexander Welsh notes that Great Expectations is an "autobiographical novel" and "anticipates psychoanalytic readings of Hamlet itself".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelsh2001131-154">[151]</a> About the same time, <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Mill_on_the_Floss" title="The Mill on the Floss">The Mill on the Floss</a> was published, introducing Maggie Tulliver "who is explicitly compared with Hamlet"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a126–131-155">[152]</a> though "with a reputation for sanity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovy199462,_77–78-156">[153]</a> In the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> managed "a more upbeat version" of Hamlet—stripped of obsession and revenge—in <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a>, though its main parallels are with <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a123–126-153">[150]</a> In the 1990s, two novelists were explicitly influenced by Hamlet. In <a href="/wiki/Angela_Carter" title="Angela Carter">Angela Carter</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wise_Children" title="Wise Children">Wise Children</a>, To be or not to be is reworked as a song and dance routine, and <a href="/wiki/Iris_Murdoch" title="Iris Murdoch">Iris Murdoch</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Prince_(novel)" title="The Black Prince (novel)">The Black Prince</a> has Oedipal themes and murder intertwined with a love affair between a Hamlet-obsessed writer, Bradley Pearson, and the daughter of his rival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a126–131-155">[152]</a> In the late 20th century, <a href="/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace" title="David Foster Wallace">David Foster Wallace</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Infinite_Jest" title="Infinite Jest">Infinite Jest</a> draws heavily from Hamlet and takes its title from the play's text. <blockquote>There is the story of the woman who read Hamlet for the first time and said, "I don't see why people admire that play so. It is nothing but a bunch of quotations strung together."      — <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asimov%27s_Guide_to_Shakespeare" title="Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare">Asimov's Guide to Shakespeare</a>, p. vii, Avenal Books, 1970 </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_history">Performance history</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_in_performance" title="Hamlet in performance">Hamlet in performance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_performance" title="Shakespeare in performance">Shakespeare in performance</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:15em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The day we see <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hamlet" title="Prince Hamlet">Hamlet</a> die in the theatre, something of him dies for us. He is dethroned by the spectre of an actor, and we shall never be able to keep the usurper out of our dreams. </blockquote> <cite class="center-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a> in <a href="/wiki/La_Jeune_Belgique" title="La Jeune Belgique">La Jeune Belgique</a> (1890).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraun198240-157">[154]</a></cite> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shakespeare's_day_to_the_Interregnum">Shakespeare's day to the Interregnum</h3></div> Shakespeare almost certainly wrote the role of Hamlet for <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burbage" title="Richard Burbage">Richard Burbage</a>. He was the chief tragedian of the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain%27s_Men" title="Lord Chamberlain's Men">Lord Chamberlain's Men</a>, with a capacious memory for lines and a wide emotional range.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor20024-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanham1998141-159">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[d]</a> Judging by the number of reprints, Hamlet appears to have been Shakespeare's fourth most popular play during his lifetime—only <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_1" title="Henry IV, Part 1">Henry IV Part 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pericles,_Prince_of_Tyre" title="Pericles, Prince of Tyre">Pericles</a> eclipsed it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200218-164">[160]</a> Shakespeare provides no clear indication of when his play is set; however, as Elizabethan actors performed at the <a href="/wiki/Globe_Theatre" title="Globe Theatre">Globe</a> in contemporary dress on minimal sets, this would not have affected the staging.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor200213-165">[161]</a> Firm evidence for specific early performances of the play is scant. It is sometimes argued that the crew of the ship <a href="/wiki/Red_Dragon_(1595)" title="Red Dragon (1595)">Red Dragon</a>, anchored off <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>, performed Hamlet in September 1607;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a53–55-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers1930334-167">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson2002176-168">[164]</a> however, this claim is based on a 19th-century insert of a 'lost' passage into a period document, and is today widely regarded as a hoax, likely to have been perpetrated by <a href="/wiki/John_Payne_Collier" title="John Payne Collier">John Payne Collier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKliman2011-169">[165]</a> More credible is that the play toured in Germany within five years of Shakespeare's death,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson2002176-168">[164]</a> and that it was performed before <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a> in 1619 and <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> in 1637.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitcherWoudhuysen1969204-170">[166]</a> Oxford editor George Hibbard argues that, since the contemporary literature contains many allusions and references to Hamlet (only <a href="/wiki/Falstaff" class="mw-redirect" title="Falstaff">Falstaff</a> is mentioned more, from Shakespeare), the play was surely performed with a frequency that the historical record misses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbard198717-171">[167]</a> All theatres were closed down by the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> government during the <a href="/wiki/English_Interregnum" class="mw-redirect" title="English Interregnum">Interregnum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsden200221-172">[168]</a> Even during this time, however, playlets known as <a href="/wiki/Droll" title="Droll">drolls</a> were often performed illegally, including one called The Grave-Makers based on act 5, scene 1 of Hamlet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland200734-173">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration_and_18th_century">Restoration and 18th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamlet,_Drury_Lane_Edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hamlet%2C_Drury_Lane_Edition.jpg/220px-Hamlet%2C_Drury_Lane_Edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hamlet%2C_Drury_Lane_Edition.jpg/330px-Hamlet%2C_Drury_Lane_Edition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hamlet%2C_Drury_Lane_Edition.jpg/440px-Hamlet%2C_Drury_Lane_Edition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption>Title page and frontispiece for Hamlet, Prince of Denmark: A Tragedy. As it is now acted at the Theatres-Royal in Drury-Lane and Covent-Garden. London, 1776</figcaption></figure> The play was revived early in the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a>. When the existing stock of pre-<a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">civil war</a> plays was divided between the two newly created <a href="/wiki/Patent_theatre" title="Patent theatre">patent theatre companies</a>, Hamlet was the only Shakespearean favourite that <a href="/wiki/William_Davenant" title="William Davenant">Sir William Davenant's</a> <a href="/wiki/Duke%27s_Company" title="Duke's Company">Duke's Company</a> secured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsden200221–22-174">[170]</a> It became the first of Shakespeare's plays to be presented with movable <a href="/wiki/Flats_(theatre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flats (theatre)">flats</a> painted with generic scenery behind the <a href="/wiki/Proscenium" title="Proscenium">proscenium arch</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields" title="Lincoln's Inn Fields">Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[e]</a> This new stage convention highlighted the frequency with which Shakespeare shifts dramatic location, encouraging the recurrent criticism of his failure to maintain <a href="/wiki/Classical_unities" title="Classical unities">unity of place</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor198916-177">[172]</a> In the title role, Davenant cast <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Betterton" title="Thomas Betterton">Thomas Betterton</a>, who continued to play the Dane until he was 74.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a98–99-178">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Garrick" title="David Garrick">David Garrick</a> at <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane" title="Theatre Royal, Drury Lane">Drury Lane</a> produced a version that adapted Shakespeare heavily; he declared: "I had sworn I would not leave the stage till I had rescued that noble play from all the rubbish of the fifth act. I have brought it forth without the grave-digger's trick, Osrick, & the fencing match".<a href="#cite_note-180">[f]</a> The first actor known to have played Hamlet in North America is Lewis Hallam Jr., in the <a href="/wiki/American_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="American Company">American Company</a>'s production in Philadelphia in 1759.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison2002231-181">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garrick_as_Hamlet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Garrick_as_Hamlet.jpg/220px-Garrick_as_Hamlet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Garrick_as_Hamlet.jpg/330px-Garrick_as_Hamlet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Garrick_as_Hamlet.jpg/440px-Garrick_as_Hamlet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Garrick" title="David Garrick">David Garrick</a> expresses Hamlet's shock at his first sighting of the ghost (artist: unknown).</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Kemble" title="John Philip Kemble">John Philip Kemble</a> made his Drury Lane debut as Hamlet in 1783.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoody200241-182">[176]</a> His performance was said to be 20 minutes longer than anyone else's, and his lengthy pauses provoked the suggestion by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan" title="Richard Brinsley Sheridan">Richard Brinsley Sheridan</a> that "music should be played between the words".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoody200244-183">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Siddons" title="Sarah Siddons">Sarah Siddons</a> was the first actress known to play Hamlet; many women have since played him as a <a href="/wiki/Breeches_role" title="Breeches role">breeches role</a>, to great acclaim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGay2002159-184">[178]</a> In 1748, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sumarokov" title="Alexander Sumarokov">Alexander Sumarokov</a> wrote a Russian adaptation that focused on Prince Hamlet as the embodiment of an opposition to Claudius's tyranny—a treatment that would recur in Eastern European versions into the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson2002185–187-185">[179]</a> In the years following America's independence, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Abthorpe_Cooper" title="Thomas Abthorpe Cooper">Thomas Abthorpe Cooper</a>, the young nation's leading tragedian, performed Hamlet among other plays at the Chestnut Street Theatre in Philadelphia, and at the <a href="/wiki/Park_Theatre_(Manhattan)" title="Park Theatre (Manhattan)">Park Theatre</a> in New York. Although chided for "acknowledging acquaintances in the audience" and "inadequate memorisation of his lines", he became a national celebrity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison2002232–233-186">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thos._W._Keene_in_Hamlet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Thos._W._Keene_in_Hamlet.png/170px-Thos._W._Keene_in_Hamlet.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Thos._W._Keene_in_Hamlet.png/255px-Thos._W._Keene_in_Hamlet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Thos._W._Keene_in_Hamlet.png/340px-Thos._W._Keene_in_Hamlet.png 2x" data-file-width="1756" data-file-height="2670" /></a><figcaption>A poster, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1884, for an American production of Hamlet (starring <a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Keene" title="Thomas W. Keene">Thomas W. Keene</a>), showing several of the key scenes</figcaption></figure> From around 1810 to 1840, the best-known Shakespearean performances in the United States were tours by leading London actors—including <a href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Cooke" title="George Frederick Cooke">George Frederick Cooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junius_Brutus_Booth" title="Junius Brutus Booth">Junius Brutus Booth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kean" title="Edmund Kean">Edmund Kean</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Charles_Macready" class="mw-redirect" title="William Charles Macready">William Charles Macready</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kemble" title="Charles Kemble">Charles Kemble</a>. Of these, Booth remained to make his career in the States, fathering the nation's most notorious actor, <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a> (who later assassinated <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>), and its most famous Hamlet, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison2002235–237-187">[181]</a> Edwin Booth's Hamlet at the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_Theatre" title="Fifth Avenue Theatre">Fifth Avenue Theatre</a> in 1875 was described as "... the dark, sad, dreamy, mysterious hero of a poem. [... acted] in an ideal manner, as far removed as possible from the plane of actual life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter1875-188">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison2002241-189">[183]</a> Booth played Hamlet for 100 nights in the 1864/5 season at the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Garden_Theatre_(1850)" title="Winter Garden Theatre (1850)">Winter Garden Theatre</a>, inaugurating the era of long-run Shakespeare in America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison2002241-189">[183]</a> In the United Kingdom, the actor-managers of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> (including Kean, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Phelps" title="Samuel Phelps">Samuel Phelps</a>, Macready, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Irving" title="Henry Irving">Henry Irving</a>) staged Shakespeare in a grand manner, with elaborate scenery and costumes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchoch200258–75-190">[184]</a> The tendency of actor-managers to emphasise the importance of their own central character did not always meet with the critics' approval. <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>'s praise for <a href="/wiki/Johnston_Forbes-Robertson" title="Johnston Forbes-Robertson">Johnston Forbes-Robertson</a>'s performance contains a sideswipe at Irving: "The story of the play was perfectly intelligible, and quite took the attention of the audience off the principal actor at moments. What is the <a href="/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_London" title="Lyceum Theatre, London">Lyceum</a> coming to?"<a href="#cite_note-192">[g]</a> In London, Edmund Kean was the first Hamlet to abandon the regal finery usually associated with the role in favour of a plain costume, and he is said to have surprised his audience by playing Hamlet as serious and introspective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoody200254-193">[186]</a> In stark contrast to earlier opulence, <a href="/wiki/William_Poel" title="William Poel">William Poel</a>'s 1881 production of the Q1 text was an early attempt at reconstructing the Elizabethan theatre's austerity; his only backdrop was a set of red curtains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalliday1964204-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor200277-194">[187]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt" title="Sarah Bernhardt">Sarah Bernhardt</a> played the prince in her popular 1899 London production. In contrast to the "effeminate" view of the central character that usually accompanied a female casting, she described her character as "manly and resolute, but nonetheless thoughtful ... [he] thinks before he acts, a trait indicative of great strength and great spiritual power".<a href="#cite_note-196">[h]</a> In France, Charles Kemble initiated an enthusiasm for Shakespeare; and leading members of the Romantic movement such as <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a> saw his 1827 Paris performance of Hamlet, particularly admiring the madness of <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Smithson" title="Harriet Smithson">Harriet Smithson</a>'s Ophelia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2002203–205-197">[189]</a> In Germany, Hamlet had become so assimilated by the mid-19th century that <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Freiligrath" title="Ferdinand Freiligrath">Ferdinand Freiligrath</a> declared that "Germany is Hamlet".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson2002184-198">[190]</a> From the 1850s, the <a href="/wiki/Parsi_theatre" title="Parsi theatre">Parsi theatre</a> tradition in India transformed Hamlet into folk performances, with dozens of songs added.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson2002188-199">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> Apart from some western troupes' 19th-century visits, the first professional performance of Hamlet in Japan was <a href="/wiki/Otojir%C5%8D_Kawakami" class="mw-redirect" title="Otojirō Kawakami">Otojirō Kawakami</a>'s 1903 <a href="/wiki/Shimpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimpa">Shinpa</a> ("new school theatre") adaptation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliesMinamiLiTrivedi2002259–262-200">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tsubouchi_Sh%C5%8Dy%C5%8D" title="Tsubouchi Shōyō">Tsubouchi Shōyō</a> translated Hamlet and produced a performance in 1911 that blended Shingeki ("new drama") and <a href="/wiki/Kabuki" title="Kabuki">Kabuki</a> styles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliesMinamiLiTrivedi2002259–262-200">[192]</a> This hybrid-genre reached its peak in <a href="/wiki/Tsuneari_Fukuda" title="Tsuneari Fukuda">Tsuneari Fukuda</a>'s 1955 Hamlet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliesMinamiLiTrivedi2002259–262-200">[192]</a> In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Yukio_Ninagawa" title="Yukio Ninagawa">Yukio Ninagawa</a> produced an acclaimed version of Hamlet in the style of <a href="/wiki/Noh" title="Noh">Nō</a> theatre, which he took to London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson2002180-201">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Stanislavski" title="Konstantin Stanislavski">Konstantin Stanislavski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gordon_Craig" title="Edward Gordon Craig">Edward Gordon Craig</a>—two of the 20th century's most influential <a href="/wiki/Theatre_practitioner" title="Theatre practitioner">theatre practitioners</a>—collaborated on the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theatre" title="Moscow Art Theatre">Moscow Art Theatre</a>'s seminal <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theatre_production_of_Hamlet" title="Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet">production of 1911–12</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[i]</a> While Craig favoured stylised abstraction, Stanislavski, armed with his <a href="/wiki/Stanislavski%27s_%27system%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislavski's 'system'">'system,'</a> explored psychological motivation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedetti1999189,_195-204">[195]</a> Craig conceived of the play as a <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">symbolist</a> <a href="/wiki/Monodrama" title="Monodrama">monodrama</a>, offering a dream-like vision as seen through Hamlet's eyes alone.<a href="#cite_note-208">[j]</a> This was most evident in the staging of the first court scene.<a href="#cite_note-209">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[k]</a> The most famous aspect of the production is Craig's use of large, abstract screens that altered the size and shape of the acting area for each scene, representing the character's state of mind spatially or visualising a <a href="/wiki/Dramaturgy" title="Dramaturgy">dramaturgical</a> progression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInnes1983165–167-212">[201]</a> The production attracted enthusiastic and unprecedented worldwide attention for the theatre and placed it "on the cultural map for Western Europe".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInnes1983172-213">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInnes1983140–175-214">[203]</a> The first modern dress stagings of Hamlet happened in 1925 in London and then New York.  Barry Jackson's <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Repertory_Theatre" title="Birmingham Repertory Theatre">Birmingham Repertory Theatre</a> opened their production, directed by H.K. Ayliff at the Kingsway Theatre on August 25, 1925.<a href="#cite_note-:0-215">[204]</a> Ivor Brown reported, "Many of the first night audience came to scoff and remained to hold its breath, to marvel and enjoy. . . .Shakespeare's victory over time and tailoring was swift and sweeping."<a href="#cite_note-216">[205]</a> Horace Brisbin Liveright's modern dress production opened at the Booth Theater in New York on November 9, 1925, the same night that the London production moved to Birmingham. It was known "more dryly, and perhaps with a touch of something more sinister, as 'the plain-clothes Hamlet'" and did not reach the same level of success.<a href="#cite_note-:0-215">[204]</a> Hamlet is often played with contemporary political overtones. <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Jessner" title="Leopold Jessner">Leopold Jessner</a>'s 1926 production at the Berlin Staatstheater portrayed Claudius's court as a parody of the corrupt and fawning court of <a href="/wiki/William_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="William II, German Emperor">Kaiser Wilhelm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHortmann2002214-217">[206]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, the number of productions of Hamlet has tended to increase at times of political unrest, since its political themes (suspected crimes, coups, surveillance) can be used to comment on a contemporary situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHortmann2002223-218">[207]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech</a> directors have used the play at times of occupation: a 1941 <a href="/wiki/Vinohrady" title="Vinohrady">Vinohrady Theatre</a> production "emphasised, with due caution, the helpless situation of an intellectual attempting to endure in a ruthless environment".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurian2004-219">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHortmann2002224–225-220">[209]</a> In China, performances of Hamlet often have political significance: Gu Wuwei's 1916 The Usurper of State Power, an amalgam of Hamlet and Macbeth, was an attack on <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>'s attempt to overthrow the republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliesMinamiLiTrivedi2002267–269-221">[210]</a> In 1942, <a href="/wiki/Jiao_Juyin" title="Jiao Juyin">Jiao Juyin</a> directed the play in a <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan Province</a>, to which the government had retreated from the advancing Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliesMinamiLiTrivedi2002267–269-221">[210]</a> In the immediate aftermath of the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square_protests_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiananmen Square protests of 1989">protests</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tiananmen_Square" title="Tiananmen Square">Tiananmen Square</a>, Lin Zhaohua staged a 1990 Hamlet in which the prince was an ordinary individual tortured by a loss of meaning. In this production, the actors playing Hamlet, Claudius and Polonius exchanged roles at crucial moments in the performance, including the moment of Claudius's death, at which point the actor mainly associated with Hamlet fell to the ground.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliesMinamiLiTrivedi2002267–69-222">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mignon_Nevada_Ophelia2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mignon_Nevada_Ophelia2.jpg/170px-Mignon_Nevada_Ophelia2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mignon_Nevada_Ophelia2.jpg/255px-Mignon_Nevada_Ophelia2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mignon_Nevada_Ophelia2.jpg/340px-Mignon_Nevada_Ophelia2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3213" data-file-height="5050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mignon_Nevada" title="Mignon Nevada">Mignon Nevada</a> as Ophelia, 1910</figcaption></figure> Notable stagings in London and New York include Barrymore's 1925 production at the <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Haymarket Theatre">Haymarket</a>; it influenced subsequent performances by <a href="/wiki/John_Gielgud" title="John Gielgud">John Gielgud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison2002247–248-223">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a109-224">[213]</a> Gielgud played the central role many times: his 1936 New York production ran for 132 performances, leading to the accolade that he was "the finest interpreter of the role since Barrymore".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison2002249-225">[214]</a> Although "posterity has treated <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Evans_(actor)" title="Maurice Evans (actor)">Maurice Evans</a> less kindly", throughout the 1930s and 1940s he was regarded by many as the leading interpreter of Shakespeare in the United States and in the 1938/39 season he presented <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a>'s first uncut Hamlet, running four and a half hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison2002249–250-226">[215]</a> Evans later performed a highly truncated version of the play that he played for South Pacific war zones during World War II which made the prince a more decisive character. The staging, known as the "G.I. Hamlet", was produced on Broadway for 131 performances in 1945/46.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum1981307-227">[216]</a> Olivier's 1937 performance at The Old Vic was popular with audiences but not with critics, with <a href="/wiki/James_Agate" title="James Agate">James Agate</a> writing in a famous review in <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a>, "Mr. Olivier does not speak poetry badly. He does not speak it at all."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanitch1985-228">[217]</a> In 1937 <a href="/wiki/Tyrone_Guthrie" title="Tyrone Guthrie">Tyrone Guthrie</a> directed the play at Elsinore, Denmark, with Laurence Olivier as Hamlet and Vivien Leigh as Ophelia. In 1963, Olivier directed <a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole" title="Peter O'Toole">Peter O'Toole</a> as Hamlet in the inaugural performance of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">National Theatre</a>; critics found resonance between O'Toole's Hamlet and <a href="/wiki/John_Osborne" title="John Osborne">John Osborne</a>'s hero, Jimmy Porter, from <a href="/wiki/Look_Back_in_Anger" title="Look Back in Anger">Look Back in Anger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood2002108-229">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Theatren.d.-230">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> received his third Tony Award nomination when he played his second Hamlet, his first under John Gielgud's direction, in 1964 in a production that holds the record for the longest run of the play in Broadway history (137 performances). In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Papp" title="Joseph Papp">Joseph Papp</a> staged at <a href="/wiki/The_Public_Theater" title="The Public Theater">The Public Theater</a> what became known as "Naked" Hamlet because the text was stripped down. It starred <a href="/wiki/Martin_Sheen" title="Martin Sheen">Martin Sheen</a> as Hamlet, and Sheen delivered the monologues either in Spanish or with a Spanish accent, as Hamlet's alter-ego, a Puerto Rican janitor named Ramon.<a href="#cite_note-231">[220]</a> Other New York portrayals of Hamlet of note include that of <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Fiennes" title="Ralph Fiennes">Ralph Fiennes</a>'s in 1995 (for which he won the <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Tony Award</a> for Best Actor)—which ran, from first preview to closing night, a total of one hundred performances. About the Fiennes Hamlet <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Canby" title="Vincent Canby">Vincent Canby</a> wrote in The New York Times that it was "... not one for literary sleuths and Shakespeare scholars. It respects the play, but it doesn't provide any new material for arcane debates on what it all means. Instead it's an intelligent, beautifully read ..."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanby1995-232">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stacy_Keach" title="Stacy Keach">Stacy Keach</a> played the role with an all-star cast at <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Papp" title="Joseph Papp">Joseph Papp</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Delacorte_Theater" title="Delacorte Theater">Delacorte Theater</a> in the early 1970s, with <a href="/wiki/Colleen_Dewhurst" title="Colleen Dewhurst">Colleen Dewhurst</a>'s Gertrude, <a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a>'s King, <a href="/wiki/Barnard_Hughes" title="Barnard Hughes">Barnard Hughes</a>'s Polonius, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Waterston" title="Sam Waterston">Sam Waterston</a>'s Laertes and <a href="/wiki/Raul_Julia" title="Raul Julia">Raul Julia</a>'s Osric. Sam Waterston later played the role himself at the Delacorte for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Shakespeare_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Shakespeare Festival">New York Shakespeare Festival</a>, and the show transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Vivian_Beaumont_Theater" title="Vivian Beaumont Theater">Vivian Beaumont Theater</a> in 1975 (<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lang" title="Stephen Lang">Stephen Lang</a> played Bernardo and other roles). Stephen Lang's Hamlet for the <a href="/wiki/Roundabout_Theatre_Company" title="Roundabout Theatre Company">Roundabout Theatre Company</a> in 1992 received mixed reviews<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussow1992a-233">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuernseySweet200043-234">[223]</a> and ran for sixty-one performances. <a href="/wiki/David_Warner_(actor)" title="David Warner (actor)">David Warner</a> played the role with the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in 1965. <a href="/wiki/William_Hurt" title="William Hurt">William Hurt</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Circle_Repertory_Company" title="Circle Repertory Company">Circle Repertory Company</a> <a href="/wiki/Off-Broadway" title="Off-Broadway">off-Broadway</a>, memorably performing "<a href="/wiki/To_be,_or_not_to_be" title="To be, or not to be">To be, or not to be</a>" while lying on the floor), <a href="/wiki/Jon_Voight" title="Jon Voight">Jon Voight</a> at Rutgers,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Walken" title="Christopher Walken">Christopher Walken</a> (fiercely) at Stratford, Connecticut, have all played the role, as has <a href="/wiki/Diane_Venora" title="Diane Venora">Diane Venora</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Public_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="The Public Theatre">The Public Theatre</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a> lists sixty-six productions of Hamlet.<a href="#cite_note-235">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Charleson" title="Ian Charleson">Ian Charleson</a> performed Hamlet from 9 October to 13 November 1989, in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Eyre" title="Richard Eyre">Richard Eyre</a>'s production at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">Olivier Theatre</a>, replacing <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Day-Lewis" title="Daniel Day-Lewis">Daniel Day-Lewis</a>, who had abandoned the production. Seriously ill from <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> at the time, Charleson died eight weeks after his last performance. Fellow actor and friend, <a href="/wiki/Ian_McKellen" title="Ian McKellen">Sir Ian McKellen</a>, said that Charleson played Hamlet so well it was as if he had rehearsed the role all his life; McKellen called it "the perfect Hamlet".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKellenPuttnamWaxRedgrave1990124-236">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarratt200563-237">[226]</a> The performance garnered other major accolades as well, some critics echoing McKellen in calling it the definitive Hamlet performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1999170–182-238">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Keanu_Reeves" title="Keanu Reeves">Keanu Reeves</a> performed Hamlet from 12 January to 4 February 1995 at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Manitoba_Theatre_Centre" title="Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre">Royal Manitoba Theatre Centre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, Manitoba). The production garnered positive reviews from worldwide media outlets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall2019-239">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> Hamlet continues to be staged regularly. Actors performing the lead role have included: <a href="/wiki/Simon_Russell_Beale" title="Simon Russell Beale">Simon Russell Beale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Whishaw" title="Ben Whishaw">Ben Whishaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Tennant" title="David Tennant">David Tennant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hiddleston" title="Tom Hiddleston">Tom Hiddleston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Winkler" title="Angela Winkler">Angela Winkler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_West" title="Samuel West">Samuel West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Eccleston" title="Christopher Eccleston">Christopher Eccleston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxine_Peake" title="Maxine Peake">Maxine Peake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rory_Kinnear" title="Rory Kinnear">Rory Kinnear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Isaac" title="Oscar Isaac">Oscar Isaac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sheen" title="Michael Sheen">Michael Sheen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Camargo" title="Christian Camargo">Christian Camargo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paapa_Essiedu" title="Paapa Essiedu">Paapa Essiedu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Urie" title="Michael Urie">Michael Urie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2001-240">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner2002-241">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2008-242">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2016-243">[232]</a> In May 2009, Hamlet opened with <a href="/wiki/Jude_Law" title="Jude Law">Jude Law</a> in the title role at the <a href="/wiki/Donmar_Warehouse" title="Donmar Warehouse">Donmar Warehouse</a> West End season at <a href="/wiki/Wyndham%27s_Theatre" title="Wyndham's Theatre">Wyndham's Theatre</a>. The production officially opened on 3 June and ran through 22 August 2009.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShenton2007-244">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadwayworld2009-245">[234]</a> A further production with Jude Law ran at <a href="/wiki/Elsinore_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsinore Castle">Elsinore Castle</a> in Denmark from 25 to 30 August 2009,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaily_Mirror2009-246">[235]</a> and then moved to Broadway, and ran for 12 weeks at the <a href="/wiki/Broadhurst_Theatre" title="Broadhurst Theatre">Broadhurst Theatre</a> in New York.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw200953:55-247">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEItzkoff2009-248">[237]</a> In October 2011, a production starring <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sheen" title="Michael Sheen">Michael Sheen</a> opened at the <a href="/wiki/Young_Vic" title="Young Vic">Young Vic</a>, in which the play was set inside a psychiatric hospital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer2011-249">[238]</a> In 2013, American actor <a href="/wiki/Paul_Giamatti" title="Paul Giamatti">Paul Giamatti</a> played the title role of Hamlet in <a href="/wiki/Modern_dress" title="Modern dress">modern dress</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Repertory_Theatre" title="Yale Repertory Theatre">Yale Repertory Theatre</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, Connecticut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2013-250">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsherwood1995-251">[240]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Globe Theatre</a> of London initiated a project in 2014 to perform Hamlet in every country in the world in the space of two years. Titled Globe to Globe Hamlet, it began its tour on 23 April 2014, the 450th anniversary of Shakespeare's birth, and performed in 197 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlobe_to_Globe_Hamletn.d.-252">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch" title="Benedict Cumberbatch">Benedict Cumberbatch</a> played the role for a 12-week run in a production at the <a href="/wiki/Barbican_Centre" title="Barbican Centre">Barbican Theatre</a>, opening on 25 August 2015. It was called the "most in-demand theatre production of all time" and sold out in seven hours after tickets went on sale 11 August 2014, more than a year before the play opened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2014-253">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalia2014-254">[243]</a> A 2017 <a href="/wiki/Almeida_Theatre" title="Almeida Theatre">Almeida Theatre</a> production, directed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Icke" title="Robert Icke">Robert Icke</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Scott_(actor)" title="Andrew Scott (actor)">Andrew Scott</a>, was transferred that same year to the West End's <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter_Theatre" title="Harold Pinter Theatre">Harold Pinter Theatre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellaway2017-255">[244]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hiddleston" title="Tom Hiddleston">Tom Hiddleston</a> played the role for a three-week run at <a href="/wiki/Vanbrugh_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanbrugh Theatre">Vanbrugh Theatre</a> that opened on 1 September 2017 and was directed by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESulcas2017-256">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhuk2017-257">[246]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">The Globe Theatre</a>'s newly instated artistic director <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Terry" title="Michelle Terry">Michelle Terry</a> played the role in a production notable for its <a href="/wiki/Color-blind_casting" title="Color-blind casting">gender-blind casting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2018-258">[247]</a> A production by <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Old_Vic" title="Bristol Old Vic">Bristol Old Vic</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Billy_Howle" title="Billy Howle">Billy Howle</a> in title role, <a href="/wiki/Niamh_Cusack" title="Niamh Cusack">Niamh Cusack</a> as Gertrude, <a href="/wiki/Mirren_Mack" title="Mirren Mack">Mirren Mack</a> as Ophelia opened on 13 October 2022.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWild2022-259">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_TV_performances">Film and TV performances</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_on_screen" title="Hamlet on screen">Hamlet on screen</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_references_to_Hamlet" title="Cultural references to Hamlet">Cultural references to Hamlet</a></div> An early film version of Hamlet is <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt" title="Sarah Bernhardt">Sarah Bernhardt</a>'s five-minute film of the fencing scene,<a href="#cite_note-260">[249]</a> which was produced in 1900. The film was an early attempt at combining <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound and film</a>; music and words were recorded on phonograph records, to be played along with the film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrode2001117–118-261">[250]</a> Silent versions were released in 1907, 1908, 1910, 1913, 1917, and 1920.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrode2001117–18-262">[251]</a> In the 1921 film <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1921_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamlet (1921 film)">Hamlet</a>, Danish actress <a href="/wiki/Asta_Nielsen" title="Asta Nielsen">Asta Nielsen</a> played the role of Hamlet as a woman who spends her life disguised as a man.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrode2001117–118-261">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a>'s 1948 moody black-and-white <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1948_film)" title="Hamlet (1948 film)">Hamlet</a> won <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Best Picture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor" title="Academy Award for Best Actor">Best Actor</a> <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> and is as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamlet&action=edit">[update]</a>, the only Shakespeare film to have done so. His interpretation stressed the Oedipal overtones of the play and cast 28-year-old <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Herlie" title="Eileen Herlie">Eileen Herlie</a> as Hamlet's mother opposite himself at 41 as Hamlet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000171-263">[252]</a> In 1953, actor <a href="/wiki/Jack_Manning_(actor)" title="Jack Manning (actor)">Jack Manning</a> performed the play in 15-minute segments over two weeks in the short-lived late night <a href="/wiki/DuMont_Television_Network" title="DuMont Television Network">DuMont</a> series <a href="/wiki/Monodrama_Theater" title="Monodrama Theater">Monodrama Theater</a>. New York Times TV critic Jack Gould praised Manning's performance as Hamlet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2009-264">[253]</a> The 1964 Soviet film <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1964_film)" title="Hamlet (1964 film)">Hamlet</a> (Russian: Гамлет) is based on a translation by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a> and directed by <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Kozintsev" title="Grigori Kozintsev">Grigori Kozintsev</a>, with a score by <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntner2000120–121-265">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Innokenty_Smoktunovsky" title="Innokenty Smoktunovsky">Innokenty Smoktunovsky</a> was cast in the role of Hamlet. John Gielgud directed <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton%27s_Hamlet" title="Richard Burton's Hamlet">Broadway production</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Lunt-Fontanne_Theatre" title="Lunt-Fontanne Theatre">Lunt-Fontanne Theatre</a> in 1964–65, the longest-running Hamlet in the U.S. to date. A live film of the production was produced using "Electronovision", a method of recording a live performance with multiple video cameras and converting the image to film.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrode2001125–27-266">[255]</a> Eileen Herlie repeated her role from Olivier's film version as the Queen, and the voice of Gielgud was heard as the ghost. The Gielgud/Burton production was also recorded complete and released on LP by <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Masterworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Masterworks">Columbia Masterworks</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernhardt_Hamlet2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bernhardt_Hamlet2.jpg/170px-Bernhardt_Hamlet2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bernhardt_Hamlet2.jpg/255px-Bernhardt_Hamlet2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Bernhardt_Hamlet2.jpg/340px-Bernhardt_Hamlet2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2471" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt" title="Sarah Bernhardt">Sarah Bernhardt</a> as Hamlet, with <a href="/wiki/Yorick" title="Yorick">Yorick</a>'s skull (photographer: <a href="/wiki/James_Lafayette" title="James Lafayette">James Lafayette</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1885–1900)</figcaption></figure> The first Hamlet in color was a <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1969_film)" title="Hamlet (1969 film)">1969 film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Richardson" title="Tony Richardson">Tony Richardson</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nicol_Williamson" title="Nicol Williamson">Nicol Williamson</a> as Hamlet and <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Faithfull" title="Marianne Faithfull">Marianne Faithfull</a> as Ophelia. In 1990 <a href="/wiki/Franco_Zeffirelli" title="Franco Zeffirelli">Franco Zeffirelli</a>, whose Shakespeare films have been described as "sensual rather than cerebral",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECartmell2000212-267">[256]</a> cast <a href="/wiki/Mel_Gibson" title="Mel Gibson">Mel Gibson</a>—then famous for the <a href="/wiki/Mad_Max" title="Mad Max">Mad Max</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lethal_Weapon" title="Lethal Weapon">Lethal Weapon</a> movies—in the title role of his <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1990_film)" title="Hamlet (1990 film)">1990 version</a>; <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Close" title="Glenn Close">Glenn Close</a>—then famous as the psychotic "other woman" in <a href="/wiki/Fatal_Attraction" title="Fatal Attraction">Fatal Attraction</a>—played Gertrude, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Scofield" title="Paul Scofield">Paul Scofield</a> played Hamlet's father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntner2000121–122-268">[257]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</a> adapted, directed, and starred in a 1996 film version of Hamlet that contained material from the First Folio and the Second Quarto. Branagh's <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1996_film)" title="Hamlet (1996 film)">Hamlet</a> runs for just over four hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl2000232-269">[258]</a> Branagh set the film with late 19th-century costuming and furnishings, a production in many ways reminiscent of a Russian novel of the time,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarks1999272-270">[259]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a>, built in the early 18th century, became Elsinore Castle in the external scenes. The film is structured as an <a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">epic</a> and makes frequent use of <a href="/wiki/Flashback_(narrative)" title="Flashback (narrative)">flashbacks</a> to highlight elements not made explicit in the play: Hamlet's sexual relationship with <a href="/wiki/Kate_Winslet" title="Kate Winslet">Kate Winslet</a>'s Ophelia, for example, or his childhood affection for Yorick (played by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Dodd" title="Ken Dodd">Ken Dodd</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeyishian200078–79-271">[260]</a> This version was also the first unabridged theatrical film adaptation of the play, and runs four hours long. In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Almereyda" title="Michael Almereyda">Michael Almereyda</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(2000_film)" title="Hamlet (2000 film)">Hamlet</a> set the story in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Hawke" title="Ethan Hawke">Ethan Hawke</a> playing Hamlet as a film student. Claudius (played by <a href="/wiki/Kyle_MacLachlan" title="Kyle MacLachlan">Kyle MacLachlan</a>) became the CEO of "Denmark Corporation", having taken over the company by killing his brother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett2003-272">[261]</a> The 2014 <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> film <a href="/wiki/Haider_(film)" title="Haider (film)">Haider</a> is an adaptation set in modern <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta2014-273">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derivative_works">Derivative works</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ralph_Cleaver_-_1904_amateur_performance_of_W.S._Gilbert%27s_Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_at_the_Garrick_Theatre,_London_-_Image_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ralph_Cleaver_-_1904_amateur_performance_of_W.S._Gilbert%27s_Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_at_the_Garrick_Theatre%2C_London_-_Image_1.jpg/220px-Ralph_Cleaver_-_1904_amateur_performance_of_W.S._Gilbert%27s_Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_at_the_Garrick_Theatre%2C_London_-_Image_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ralph_Cleaver_-_1904_amateur_performance_of_W.S._Gilbert%27s_Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_at_the_Garrick_Theatre%2C_London_-_Image_1.jpg/330px-Ralph_Cleaver_-_1904_amateur_performance_of_W.S._Gilbert%27s_Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_at_the_Garrick_Theatre%2C_London_-_Image_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ralph_Cleaver_-_1904_amateur_performance_of_W.S._Gilbert%27s_Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_at_the_Garrick_Theatre%2C_London_-_Image_1.jpg/440px-Ralph_Cleaver_-_1904_amateur_performance_of_W.S._Gilbert%27s_Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_at_the_Garrick_Theatre%2C_London_-_Image_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4282" data-file-height="5850" /></a><figcaption>Scenes from a 1904 benefit performance of <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_(play)" title="Rosencrantz and Guildenstern (play)">Rosencrantz and Guildenstern</a>, with Gilbert as Claudius</figcaption></figure> This section is limited to derivative works written for the stage. Tom Stoppard's 1966 play <a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Dead" title="Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead">Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead</a> retells many of the events of the story from the point of view of the characters Rosencrantz and Guildenstern and gives them a backstory of their own. Several times since 1995, the <a href="/wiki/American_Shakespeare_Center" title="American Shakespeare Center">American Shakespeare Center</a> has mounted repertories that included both Hamlet and Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, with the same actors performing the same roles in each.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarrenn.d.-274">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/W._S._Gilbert" title="W. S. Gilbert">W. S. Gilbert</a> wrote a short comic play titled <a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_(play)" title="Rosencrantz and Guildenstern (play)">Rosencrantz and Guildenstern</a>, in which Hamlet's play is presented as a tragedy written by Claudius in his youth of which he is greatly embarrassed. Through the chaos triggered by Hamlet's staging of it, Guildenstern helps Rosencrantz vie with Hamlet to make Ophelia his bride.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1892349–366-275">[264]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Blessing" title="Lee Blessing">Lee Blessing</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fortinbras_(play)" title="Fortinbras (play)">Fortinbras</a> is a comical sequel to Hamlet in which all the deceased characters come back as ghosts. The New York Times said it is "scarcely more than an extended comedy sketch, lacking the portent and linguistic complexity of Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. Fortinbras operates on a far less ambitious plane, but it is a ripping yarn and offers Keith Reddin a role in which he can commit comic mayhem".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussow1992b-276">[265]</a> <a href="/wiki/Caridad_Svich" title="Caridad Svich">Caridad Svich</a>'s 12 Ophelias (a play with broken songs) includes elements of the story of Hamlet but focuses on Ophelia. In Svich's play, Ophelia is resurrected and rises from a pool of water, after her death in Hamlet. The play is a series of scenes and songs, and was first staged at a public swimming pool in Brooklyn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultz2008-277">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Davalos" title="David Davalos">David Davalos</a>'s Wittenberg is a "tragical-comical-historical" prequel to Hamlet that depicts the Danish prince as a student at Wittenberg University (now known as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Halle-Wittenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Halle-Wittenberg">University of Halle-Wittenberg</a>), where he is torn between the conflicting teachings of his mentors <a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">John Faustus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>. The New York Times reviewed the play, saying, "Mr. Davalos has molded a daft campus comedy out of this unlikely convergence",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrode2011-278">[267]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nytheatre.com" title="Nytheatre.com">Nytheatre.com</a>'s review said the playwright "has imagined a fascinating alternate reality, and quite possibly, given the fictional Hamlet a back story that will inform the role for the future."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodoroff2011-279">[268]</a> Mad Boy Chronicle by Canadian playwright Michael O'Brien is a dark comedy loosely based on Hamlet, set in <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking</a> Denmark in 999 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandes2001-280">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arden_Shakespeare" title="Arden Shakespeare">Arden Shakespeare</a> third series published Q2, with appendices, in their first volume,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a-53">[53]</a> and the F1 and Q1 texts in their second volume.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006b-54">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/RSC_Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="RSC Shakespeare">RSC Shakespeare</a> is the F1 text with additional Q2 passages in an appendix.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBateRasmussen20071923-55">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Cambridge_Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="New Cambridge Shakespeare">New Cambridge Shakespeare</a> series has begun to publish separate volumes for the separate quarto versions that exist of Shakespeare's plays.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrace1998-56">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> See the articles on the <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein" title="Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein">Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Denmark" title="Church of Denmark">Church of Denmark</a> for details. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Hamlet has 208 quotations in <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Dictionary_of_Quotations" title="The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations">The Oxford Dictionary of Quotations</a>; it takes up 10 of 85 pages dedicated to Shakespeare in the 1986 <a href="/wiki/Bartlett%27s_Familiar_Quotations" title="Bartlett's Familiar Quotations">Bartlett's Familiar Quotations (14th ed. 1968)</a>. For examples of lists of the greatest books, see <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Classics" title="Harvard Classics">Harvard Classics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Books">Great Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_Western_World" title="Great Books of the Western World">Great Books of the Western World</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a>'s The Western Canon, <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_College_(Annapolis/Santa_Fe)" title="St. John's College (Annapolis/Santa Fe)">St. John's College</a> "Great Books" reading list,<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Core_Curriculum_(Columbia_College)" title="Core Curriculum (Columbia College)">Columbia College Core Curriculum</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Hattaway asserts that "Richard Burbage ... played Hieronimo and also Richard III but then was the first Hamlet, Lear, and Othello"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattaway198291-160">[157]</a> and Thomson argues that the identity of Hamlet as Burbage is built into the <a href="/wiki/Dramaturgy" title="Dramaturgy">dramaturgy</a> of several moments of the play: "we will profoundly misjudge the position if we do not recognise that, whilst this is Hamlet talking about the groundlings, it is also Burbage talking to the groundlings".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson198324-161">[158]</a> See also Thomson on the first player's beard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson1983110-162">[159]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> records his delight at the novelty of Hamlet "done with scenes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor199657-175">[171]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Letter to Sir William Young, 10 January 1773, quoted by Uglow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUglow1977473-179">[174]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Review_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturday Review (London)">The Saturday Review</a> on 2 October 1897.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw196181-191">[185]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bernhardt" title="Sarah Bernhardt">Sarah Bernhardt</a>, in a letter to the London <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGay2002164-195">[188]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> For more on this production, see the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theatre_production_of_Hamlet" title="Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet">MAT production of Hamlet</a> article. Craig and <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Stanislavski" title="Konstantin Stanislavski">Stanislavski</a> began planning the production in 1908 but, due to a serious illness of Stanislavski's, it was delayed until December 1911.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedetti1999188–211-202">[194]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> On Craig's relationship to <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Symbolism">Russian symbolism</a>, and its principles of <a href="/wiki/Monodrama" title="Monodrama">monodrama</a> in particular, see Taxidou;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaxidou199838–41-205">[196]</a> on Craig's staging proposals, see Innes;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInnes1983153-206">[197]</a> on the centrality of the protagonist and his mirroring of the 'authorial self', see Taxidou<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaxidou1998181,_188-207">[198]</a> and Innes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInnes1983153-206">[197]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> A brightly lit, golden pyramid descended from Claudius's throne, representing the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal hierarchy</a>, giving the illusion of a single, unified mass of bodies. In the dark, shadowy foreground, separated by a <a href="/wiki/Scrim_(material)" title="Scrim (material)">gauze</a>, Hamlet lay, as if dreaming. On Claudius's exit-line the figures remained but the gauze was loosened, so that they appeared to melt away as if Hamlet's thoughts had turned elsewhere. For this effect, the scene received an <a href="/wiki/Standing_ovation" title="Standing ovation">ovation</a>, which was unheard of at the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theatre" title="Moscow Art Theatre">MAT</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInnes1983152-210">[200]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> All references to Hamlet, unless otherwise specified, are taken from the <a href="/wiki/Arden_Shakespeare" title="Arden Shakespeare">Arden Shakespeare</a> Q2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a-53">[53]</a> Under their referencing system, 3.1.55 means act 3, scene 1, line 55. References to the First Quarto and <a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a> are marked Hamlet Q1 and Hamlet F1, respectively, and are taken from the Arden Shakespeare Hamlet: the texts of 1603 and 1623.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006b-54">[54]</a> Their referencing system for Q1 has no act breaks, so 7.115 means scene 7, line 115. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a74-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a74_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompsonTaylor2006a">Thompson & Taylor 2006a</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPropst2022" class="citation web cs1">Propst, Andy (28 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeout.com/newyork/theater/best-plays-of-all-time">"50 Best Plays of All Time: Comedies, Tragedies and Dramas Ranked"</a>. Time Out New York. Retrieved 6 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time+Out+New+York&rft.atitle=50+Best+Plays+of+All+Time%3A+Comedies%2C+Tragedies+and+Dramas+Ranked&rft.date=2022-11-28&rft.aulast=Propst&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeout.com%2Fnewyork%2Ftheater%2Fbest-plays-of-all-time&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner19621–3-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner19621–3_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner1962">Weiner 1962</a>, pp. 1–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a59-69-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a59-69_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompsonTaylor2006a">Thompson & Taylor 2006a</a>, p. 59-69. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Hamlet 1.4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrilling20098-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrilling20098_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrilling2009">Trilling 2009</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Hamlet 5.1.1–205 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen198336–37-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen198336–37_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaxoHansen1983">Saxo & Hansen 1983</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen198316–25-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen198316–25_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaxoHansen1983">Saxo & Hansen 1983</a>, pp. 16–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen19835–15-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen19835–15_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaxoHansen1983">Saxo & Hansen 1983</a>, pp. 5–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen19831–5-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen19831–5_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaxoHansen1983">Saxo & Hansen 1983</a>, pp. 1–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen198325–37-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen198325–37_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaxoHansen1983">Saxo & Hansen 1983</a>, pp. 25–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards19851–2-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards19851–2_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards1985">Edwards 1985</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen198366–67-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen198366–67_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaxoHansen1983">Saxo & Hansen 1983</a>, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198282–85-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins198282–85_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins1982">Jenkins 1982</a>, pp. 82–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen198367-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxoHansen198367_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaxoHansen1983">Saxo & Hansen 1983</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECairncross1975-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECairncross1975_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCairncross1975">Cairncross 1975</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESams1995121–124-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESams1995121–124_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSams1995">Sams 1995</a>, p. 121–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJenkins198284_n4-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJenkins198284_n4_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJenkins1982">Jenkins 1982</a>, p. 84 n4. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.fsu.edu/faculty/terri-bourus">"Terri Bourus (Theresa Mategrano) | the English Department"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terri+Bourus+%28Theresa+Mategrano%29+%26%23124%3B+the+English+Department&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.fsu.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fterri-bourus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Terri Bourus in Actes des Congrès de la Société française Shakespeare 34 (2016): 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGay2002164_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGay2002">Gay 2002</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolland2002203–205-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolland2002203–205_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolland2002">Holland 2002</a>, pp. 203–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson2002184-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson2002184_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDawson2002">Dawson 2002</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson2002188-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson2002188_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDawson2002">Dawson 2002</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliesMinamiLiTrivedi2002259–262-200">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliesMinamiLiTrivedi2002259–262_200-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliesMinamiLiTrivedi2002259–262_200-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliesMinamiLiTrivedi2002259–262_200-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilliesMinamiLiTrivedi2002">Gillies et al. 2002</a>, pp. 259–262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawson2002180-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDawson2002180_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDawson2002">Dawson 2002</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedetti1999188–211-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedetti1999188–211_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenedetti1999">Benedetti 1999</a>, pp. 188–211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenedetti1999189,_195-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenedetti1999189,_195_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBenedetti1999">Benedetti 1999</a>, pp. 189, 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaxidou199838–41-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaxidou199838–41_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaxidou1998">Taxidou 1998</a>, pp. 38–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInnes1983153-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInnes1983153_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInnes1983153_206-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFInnes1983">Innes 1983</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaxidou1998181,_188-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaxidou1998181,_188_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaxidou1998">Taxidou 1998</a>, pp. 181, 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Hamlet 1.2.1–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInnes1983152-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInnes1983152_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInnes1983">Innes 1983</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInnes1983165–167-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInnes1983165–167_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInnes1983">Innes 1983</a>, pp. 165–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInnes1983172-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInnes1983172_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInnes1983">Innes 1983</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInnes1983140–175-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInnes1983140–175_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInnes1983">Innes 1983</a>, pp. 140–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_215-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStyan1977" class="citation book cs1">Styan, J.L. (1977). The Shakespeare Revolution. Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shakespeare+Revolution&rft.pages=143-149&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Styan&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1925" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Ivor (29 August 1925). "To Breech or Not to Breech". The Saturday Review: 232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Saturday+Review&rft.atitle=To+Breech+or+Not+to+Breech&rft.pages=232&rft.date=1925-08-29&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Ivor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHortmann2002214-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHortmann2002214_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHortmann2002">Hortmann 2002</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHortmann2002223-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHortmann2002223_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHortmann2002">Hortmann 2002</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurian2004-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurian2004_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurian2004">Burian 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHortmann2002224–225-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHortmann2002224–225_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHortmann2002">Hortmann 2002</a>, pp. 224–225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliesMinamiLiTrivedi2002267–269-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliesMinamiLiTrivedi2002267–269_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliesMinamiLiTrivedi2002267–269_221-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilliesMinamiLiTrivedi2002">Gillies et al. 2002</a>, pp. 267–269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliesMinamiLiTrivedi2002267–69-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliesMinamiLiTrivedi2002267–69_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilliesMinamiLiTrivedi2002">Gillies et al. 2002</a>, pp. 267–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison2002247–248-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison2002247–248_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorrison2002">Morrison 2002</a>, pp. 247–248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a109-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThompsonTaylor2006a109_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThompsonTaylor2006a">Thompson & Taylor 2006a</a>, p. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison2002249-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison2002249_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorrison2002">Morrison 2002</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison2002249–250-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrison2002249–250_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorrison2002">Morrison 2002</a>, pp. 249–250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum1981307-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlum1981307_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlum1981">Blum 1981</a>, p. 307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETanitch1985-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETanitch1985_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTanitch1985">Tanitch 1985</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallwood2002108-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmallwood2002108_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmallwood2002">Smallwood 2002</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Theatren.d.-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Theatren.d._230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Theatren.d.">National Theatre n.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDella_Gatta2023" class="citation book cs1">Della Gatta, Carla (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.umich.edu/Books/L/Latinx-Shakespeares2">Latinx Shakespeares: Staging US Intracultural Theater</a>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472903740" title="Special:BookSources/9780472903740"><bdi>9780472903740</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latinx+Shakespeares%3A+Staging+US+Intracultural+Theater&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9780472903740&rft.aulast=Della+Gatta&rft.aufirst=Carla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.umich.edu%2FBooks%2FL%2FLatinx-Shakespeares2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanby1995-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanby1995_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCanby1995">Canby 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussow1992a-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussow1992a_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGussow1992a">Gussow 1992a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuernseySweet200043-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuernseySweet200043_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuernseySweet2000">Guernsey & Sweet 2000</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-show/4172">Hamlet</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKellenPuttnamWaxRedgrave1990124-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKellenPuttnamWaxRedgrave1990124_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKellenPuttnamWaxRedgrave1990">McKellen et al. 1990</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarratt200563-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarratt200563_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarratt2005">Barratt 2005</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1999170–182-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison1999170–182_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavison1999">Davison 1999</a>, pp. 170–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall2019-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall2019_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmall2019">Small 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2001-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2001_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBillington2001">Billington 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner2002-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGardner2002_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardner2002">Gardner 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBillington2008-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBillington2008_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBillington2008">Billington 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2016-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2016_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown2016">Brown 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShenton2007-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShenton2007_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShenton2007">Shenton 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroadwayworld2009-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroadwayworld2009_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroadwayworld2009">Broadwayworld 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaily_Mirror2009-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaily_Mirror2009_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaily_Mirror2009">Daily Mirror 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaw200953:55-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaw200953:55_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaw2009">Law 2009</a>, 53:55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEItzkoff2009-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEItzkoff2009_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFItzkoff2009">Itzkoff 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpencer2011-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpencer2011_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpencer2011">Spencer 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine2013-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine2013_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine2013">Fine 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsherwood1995-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsherwood1995_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsherwood1995">Isherwood 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlobe_to_Globe_Hamletn.d.-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobe_to_Globe_Hamletn.d._252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlobe_to_Globe_Hamletn.d.">Globe to Globe Hamlet n.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2014-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2014_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStewart2014">Stewart 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalia2014-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalia2014_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalia2014">Calia 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKellaway2017-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKellaway2017_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKellaway2017">Kellaway 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESulcas2017-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESulcas2017_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSulcas2017">Sulcas 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhuk2017-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZhuk2017_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhuk2017">Zhuk 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2018-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2018_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown2018">Brown 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWild2022-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWild2022_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWild2022">Wild 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Hamlet 5.2.203–387. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrode2001117–118-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrode2001117–118_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrode2001117–118_261-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrode2001">Brode 2001</a>, pp. 117–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrode2001117–18-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrode2001117–18_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrode2001">Brode 2001</a>, pp. 117–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2000171-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2000171_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavies2000">Davies 2000</a>, p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFox2009-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFox2009_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFox2009">Fox 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntner2000120–121-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntner2000120–121_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuntner2000">Guntner 2000</a>, pp. 120–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrode2001125–27-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrode2001125–27_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrode2001">Brode 2001</a>, pp. 125–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECartmell2000212-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECartmell2000212_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartmell2000">Cartmell 2000</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuntner2000121–122-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuntner2000121–122_268-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuntner2000">Guntner 2000</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowl2000232-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowl2000232_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrowl2000">Crowl 2000</a>, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarks1999272-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarks1999272_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStarks1999">Starks 1999</a>, p. 272. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeyishian200078–79-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeyishian200078–79_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeyishian2000">Keyishian 2000</a>, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett2003-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnett2003_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurnett2003">Burnett 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta2014-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta2014_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta2014">Gupta 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarrenn.d.-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarrenn.d._274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarrenn.d.">Warren n.d</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert1892349–366-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert1892349–366_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert1892">Gilbert 1892</a>, pp. 349–366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGussow1992b-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGussow1992b_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGussow1992b">Gussow 1992b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultz2008-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultz2008_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchultz2008">Schultz 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrode2011-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrode2011_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrode2011">Grode 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodoroff2011-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodoroff2011_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTodoroff2011">Todoroff 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrandes2001-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrandes2001_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrandes2001">Brandes 2001</a>. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_2">Sources</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editions_of_Hamlet">Editions of Hamlet</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnet1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sylvan_Barnet" title="Sylvan Barnet">Barnet, Sylvan</a>, ed. (1998). Hamlet. Signet Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0451526922" title="Special:BookSources/978-0451526922"><bdi>978-0451526922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamlet&rft.series=Signet+Classics&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0451526922&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBateRasmussen2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bate" title="Jonathan Bate">Bate, Jonathan</a>; Rasmussen, Eric, eds. (2007). Complete Works. The RSC Shakespeare. New York: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company" title="Royal Shakespeare Company">Royal Shakespeare Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64295-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64295-4"><bdi>978-0-679-64295-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Works&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+RSC+Shakespeare&rft.pub=Royal+Shakespeare+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-679-64295-4&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBateRasmussen2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bate" title="Jonathan Bate">Bate, Jonathan</a>; Rasmussen, Eric, eds. (2008). Hamlet. The RSC Shakespeare. <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Shakespeare_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Shakespeare Company">The Royal Shakespeare Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-21786-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-21786-7"><bdi>978-0-230-21786-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamlet&rft.series=The+RSC+Shakespeare&rft.pub=The+Royal+Shakespeare+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-21786-7&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Edwards_(academic)" title="Philip Edwards (academic)">Edwards, Phillip</a>, ed. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hamletprinceofde0000shak">Hamlet, Prince of Denmark</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Cambridge_Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="New Cambridge Shakespeare">New Cambridge Shakespeare</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29366-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29366-2"><bdi>978-0-521-29366-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamlet%2C+Prince+of+Denmark&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=New+Cambridge+Shakespeare&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29366-2&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhamletprinceofde0000shak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._Blakemore_Evans" title="G. Blakemore Evans">Evans, G. Blakemore</a>, ed. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riversideshakesp00shak">The Riverside Shakespeare</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Riverside_Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="The Riverside Shakespeare">The Riverside Shakespeare</a>. <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a> for <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Shakespeare_Company" title="Riverside Shakespeare Company">Riverside Shakespeare Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-04402-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-04402-5"><bdi>978-0-395-04402-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Riverside+Shakespeare&rft.series=The+Riverside+Shakespeare&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+for+Riverside+Shakespeare+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-395-04402-5&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Friversideshakesp00shak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbard1987" class="citation book cs1">Hibbard, G. R., ed. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hamletsh00shak">Hamlet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_World%27s_Classics" title="Oxford World's Classics">Oxford World's Classics</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283416-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-283416-9"><bdi>0-19-283416-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamlet&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+World%27s+Classics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-19-283416-9&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhamletsh00shak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrace1998" class="citation book cs1">Irace, Kathleen O., ed. (1998). The First Quarto of Hamlet. <a href="/wiki/New_Cambridge_Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="New Cambridge Shakespeare">New Cambridge Shakespeare</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65390-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65390-8"><bdi>0-521-65390-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Quarto+of+Hamlet&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=New+Cambridge+Shakespeare&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-65390-8&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Jenkins_(Shakespeare_scholar)" title="Harold Jenkins (Shakespeare scholar)">Jenkins, Harold</a>, ed. (1982). Hamlet. <a href="/wiki/Arden_Shakespeare" title="Arden Shakespeare">Arden Shakespeare</a>, second series. London: <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903436-67-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-903436-67-2"><bdi>1-903436-67-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamlet&rft.place=London&rft.series=Arden+Shakespeare%2C+second+series&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=1-903436-67-2&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLott1970" class="citation book cs1">Lott, Bernard, ed. (1970). Hamlet. <a href="/wiki/New_Swan_Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="New Swan Shakespeare">New Swan Shakespeare</a>, Advanced series (New ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-52742-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-52742-2"><bdi>0-582-52742-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamlet&rft.place=London&rft.series=New+Swan+Shakespeare%2C+Advanced+series&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-582-52742-2&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonTaylor2006a" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Ann; Taylor, Neil, eds. (2006). Hamlet. <a href="/wiki/Arden_Shakespeare" title="Arden Shakespeare">Arden Shakespeare</a>, third series. Vol. 1. London: <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904271-33-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-904271-33-2"><bdi>1-904271-33-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamlet&rft.place=London&rft.series=Arden+Shakespeare%2C+third+series&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-904271-33-2&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonTaylor2006b" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Ann; Taylor, Neil, eds. (2006). Hamlet: The Texts of 1603 and 1623. <a href="/wiki/Arden_Shakespeare" title="Arden Shakespeare">Arden Shakespeare</a>, third series. Vol. 2. London: <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904271-80-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-904271-80-4"><bdi>1-904271-80-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamlet%3A+The+Texts+of+1603+and+1623&rft.place=London&rft.series=Arden+Shakespeare%2C+third+series&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-904271-80-4&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellsTaylor1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wells" title="Stanley Wells">Wells, Stanley</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gary_Taylor_(scholar)" title="Gary Taylor (scholar)">Taylor, Gary</a>, eds. (1988). The Complete Works. <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Shakespeare" title="The Oxford Shakespeare">The Oxford Shakespeare</a> (Compact ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-871190-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-871190-5"><bdi>0-19-871190-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Works&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=The+Oxford+Shakespeare&rft.edition=Compact&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-19-871190-5&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner1962" class="citation book cs1">Weiner, Albert B., ed. (1962). William Shakespeare, Hamlet; The First Quarto 1603. Barrons Educational Series.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Shakespeare%2C+Hamlet%3B+The+First+Quarto+1603&rft.series=Barrons+Educational+Series&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanham1998" class="citation book cs1">Banham, Martin, ed. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgeguideto0000banh">The Cambridge Guide to Theatre</a>. Cambridge Guides. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43437-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43437-8"><bdi>0-521-43437-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Guide+to+Theatre&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Guides&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-43437-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgeguideto0000banh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarratt2005" class="citation book cs1">Barratt, Mark (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ianmckellenunaut0000barr">Ian Mckellen: An Unofficial Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Books" title="Virgin Books">Virgin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85227-251-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85227-251-7"><bdi>978-1-85227-251-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ian+Mckellen%3A+An+Unofficial+Biography&rft.pub=Virgin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85227-251-7&rft.aulast=Barratt&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fianmckellenunaut0000barr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedetti1999" class="citation book cs1">Benedetti, Jean (1999) [1988]. Stanislavski: His Life and Art (Revised ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-52520-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-52520-1"><bdi>0-413-52520-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanislavski%3A+His+Life+and+Art&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-413-52520-1&rft.aulast=Benedetti&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillington2001" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Billington_(critic)" title="Michael Billington (critic)">Billington, Michael</a> (4 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2001/may/04/theatre.artsfeatures1">"Hamlet – Royal Shakespeare Theatre, Stratford Upon Avon"</a>. Theatre. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hamlet+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BRoyal+Shakespeare+Theatre%2C+Stratford+Upon+Avon&rft.date=2001-05-04&rft.aulast=Billington&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fstage%2F2001%2Fmay%2F04%2Ftheatre.artsfeatures1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillington2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Billington_(critic)" title="Michael Billington (critic)">Billington, Michael</a> (6 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2008/aug/06/theatre.rsc">"Hamlet – Courtyard, Stratford-upon-Avon"</a>. Theatre. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hamlet+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BCourtyard%2C+Stratford-upon-Avon&rft.date=2008-08-06&rft.aulast=Billington&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fstage%2F2008%2Faug%2F06%2Ftheatre.rsc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom, Harold</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westerncanonbook00bloo">The Western Canon</a>. New York: Harcourt Brace. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57322-514-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57322-514-4"><bdi>978-1-57322-514-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Canon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-57322-514-4&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesterncanonbook00bloo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom, Harold</a> (2003). Hamlet: Poem Unlimited. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Canongate_Books" title="Canongate Books">Canongate</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84195-461-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84195-461-6"><bdi>1-84195-461-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamlet%3A+Poem+Unlimited&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Canongate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84195-461-6&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomFoster2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom, Harold</a>; Foster, Brett, eds. (2008). Hamlet. Bloom's Shakespeare through the ages. Bloom's Literary Criticism. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-9592-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7910-9592-8"><bdi>978-0-7910-9592-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamlet&rft.series=Bloom%27s+Shakespeare+through+the+ages&rft.pub=Bloom%27s+Literary+Criticism&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7910-9592-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum1981" class="citation book cs1">Blum, Daniel C. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pictorialhistory00blum">A Pictorial History of the American Theatre, 1860–1980</a> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Publishers">Crown Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-54262-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-54262-0"><bdi>978-0-517-54262-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pictorial+History+of+the+American+Theatre%2C+1860%E2%80%931980&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-517-54262-0&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Daniel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpictorialhistory00blum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandes2001" class="citation web cs1">Brandes, Philip (5 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jul-05-ca-18763-story.html">"A Viking Helmet for Hamlet in Satirical Mad Boy Chronicle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-46300-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-46300-5"><bdi>978-0-413-46300-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Director+and+the+Stage%3A+From+Naturalism+to+Grotowski&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-413-46300-5&rft.aulast=Braun&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdirectorstagefro0000brau_s9m0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritton1995" class="citation book cs1">Britton, Celia (1995). "Structuralist and poststructuralist psychoanalytic and Marxist theories". In Seldon, Raman (ed.). 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"'To Hear and See the Matter': Communicating Technology in Michael Almereyda's Hamlet (2000)". <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema Journal">Cinema Journal</a>. 42 (3): 48–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcj.2003.0007">10.1353/cj.2003.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-2087">1527-2087</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1225904">1225904</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191444329">191444329</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cinema+Journal&rft.atitle=%27To+Hear+and+See+the+Matter%27%3A+Communicating+Technology+in+Michael+Almereyda%27s+Hamlet+%282000%29&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=48-69&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1527-2087&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191444329%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1225904%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcj.2003.0007&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Mark+Thornton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrow2002" class="citation news cs1">Burrow, Colin (19 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A86081886/STND?sid=wikipedia">"Will the real Hamlet please stand up?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. p. 6 – via <a href="/wiki/InfoTrac_Newsstand" class="mw-redirect" title="InfoTrac Newsstand">InfoTrac Newsstand</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Will+the+real+Hamlet+please+stand+up%3F&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2002-05-19&rft.aulast=Burrow&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.galegroup.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FA86081886%2FSTND%3Fsid%3Dwikipedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalia2014" class="citation news cs1">Calia, Michael (11 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2014/08/11/benedict-cumberbatch-as-hamlet-opens-next-year-and-is-now-sold-out/">"Benedict Cumberbatch as 'Hamlet' Opens Next Year, And Is Now Sold Out"</a>. 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In <a href="#CITEREFJackson2000">Jackson (2000)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00jack_577/page/n132">117</a>–134.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2014" class="citation web cs1">Gupta, Priya (7 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bollywood-returns-to-their-favourite-destination-Kashmir/articleshow/29954493.cms">"Bollywood returns to their favourite destination Kashmir"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Constable_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Constable and Company">Constable and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-470250-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-470250-9"><bdi>978-0-09-470250-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+Ian+Charleson%3A+A+Tribute&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable+and+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-09-470250-9&rft.aulast=McKellen&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Puttnam%2C+David&rft.au=Wax%2C+Ruby&rft.au=Redgrave%2C+Vanessa&rft.au=Bates%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780094702509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Moody, Jane. "Romantic Shakespeare". In <a href="#CITEREFWellsStanton2002">Wells & Stanton (2002)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00well_687/page/37">37</a>–57.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Morrison, Michael A. "Shakespeare in North America". In <a href="#CITEREFWellsStanton2002">Wells & Stanton (2002)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00well_687/page/230">230</a>–258.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison1997" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Michael A. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnbarrymoresha00morr">John Barrymore, Shakespearean Actor</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62028-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-62028-7"><bdi>0-521-62028-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Barrymore%2C+Shakespearean+Actor&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-62028-7&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnbarrymoresha00morr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Theatren.d." class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100811065054/http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/?lid=2879&dspl=reviews">"Hamlet 1963"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">Royal National Theatre</a>. n.d. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/?lid=2879&dspl=reviews">the original</a> on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+National+Theatre&rft.atitle=Hamlet+1963&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltheatre.org.uk%2F%3Flid%3D2879%26dspl%3Dreviews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovy1994" class="citation book cs1">Novy, Marianne L. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/engagingwithshak0000novy">Engaging with Shakespeare: Responses of George Eliot and Other Women Novelists</a>. Athens, Georgia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1596-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1596-6"><bdi>978-0-8203-1596-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engaging+with+Shakespeare%3A+Responses+of+George+Eliot+and+Other+Women+Novelists&rft.place=Athens%2C+Georgia&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-1596-6&rft.aulast=Novy&rft.aufirst=Marianne+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fengagingwithshak0000novy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">O'Connor, Marion. "Reconstructive Shakespeare: Reproducing Elizabethan and Jacobean Stages". In <a href="#CITEREFWellsStanton2002">Wells & Stanton (2002)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00well_687/page/76">76</a>–97.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2007" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, Laurie (2007). "Narration and Staging in Hamlet and its afternovels". In Shaughnessy, Robert (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00shau">The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture</a>. Cambridge Companions to Literature. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00shau/page/114">114</a>–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60580-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60580-9"><bdi>978-0-521-60580-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Narration+and+Staging+in+Hamlet+and+its+afternovels&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Shakespeare+and+Popular+Culture&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Literature&rft.pages=114-133&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-60580-9&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00shau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitcherWoudhuysen1969" class="citation book cs1">Pitcher, John; Woudhuysen, Henry (1969). 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London: <a href="/wiki/Associated_University_Presses" title="Associated University Presses">Associated University Presses</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87413-480-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87413-480-3"><bdi>0-87413-480-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Masks+of+Hamlet&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Associated+University+Presses&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-87413-480-3&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothman2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Rothman, Joshua (14 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/hamlet-a-love-story">"Hamlet: A Love Story"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56619-804-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56619-804-6"><bdi>1-56619-804-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Shakespeare%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-56619-804-6&rft.aulast=Rowse&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSams1995" class="citation book cs1">Sams, Eric (1995). The Real Shakespeare; Retrieving the Early Years, 1564-1594. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300072822" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300072822"><bdi>978-0300072822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+Shakespeare%3B+Retrieving+the+Early+Years%2C+1564-1594&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0300072822&rft.aulast=Sams&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxoHansen1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a> (1983). Hansen, William (ed.). Saxo Grammaticus and the Life of Hamlet: A Translation, History, and Commentary. Lincoln: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-2318-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-2318-8"><bdi>0-8032-2318-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saxo+Grammaticus+and+the+Life+of+Hamlet%3A+A+Translation%2C+History%2C+and+Commentary&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-8032-2318-8&rft.au=Saxo+Grammaticus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Schoch, Richard W. "Pictorial Shakespeare". In <a href="#CITEREFWellsStanton2002">Wells & Stanton (2002)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00well_687/page/58">58</a>–75.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2008" class="citation web cs1">Schultz, David G. (16 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brooklynrail.org/2008/07/theater/a-play-at-poolside-caridad-svichs-12-ophelias">"A Play at Poolside: Caridad Svich's 12 Ophelias"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Brooklyn_Rail" title="The Brooklyn Rail">The Brooklyn Rail</a>. 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New York: Applause. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55783-561-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55783-561-6"><bdi>1-55783-561-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shaw+on+Shakespeare&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Applause&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=1-55783-561-6&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=George+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenton2007" class="citation news cs1">Shenton, Mark (10 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestage.co.uk/news/2007/jude-law-to-star-in-donmars-hamlet/">"Jude Law to star in Donmar's Hamlet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Stage" title="The Stage">The Stage</a>. Retrieved 19 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Stage&rft.atitle=Jude+Law+to+star+in+Donmar%27s+Hamlet&rft.date=2007-09-10&rft.aulast=Shenton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestage.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2007%2Fjude-law-to-star-in-donmars-hamlet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShowalter1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Showalter" title="Elaine Showalter">Showalter, Elaine</a> (1985). "Representing Ophelia: Women, Madness, and the Responsibilities of Feminist Criticism". In Parker, Patricia; Hartman, Geoffrey (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shakespearequest00hart">Shakespeare and the Question of Theory</a>. New York and London: <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shakespearequest00hart/page/n89">77</a>–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-416-36930-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-416-36930-8"><bdi>0-416-36930-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Representing+Ophelia%3A+Women%2C+Madness%2C+and+the+Responsibilities+of+Feminist+Criticism&rft.btitle=Shakespeare+and+the+Question+of+Theory&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pages=77-94&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-416-36930-8&rft.aulast=Showalter&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshakespearequest00hart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmall2019" class="citation news cs1">Small, Alan (19 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/arts-and-life/2019/04/19/international-magazine-recalls-reeves-reign-as-hamlet">"International Magazine Recalls Reeves' Reign As Hamlet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Free_Press" title="Winnipeg Free Press">Winnipeg Free Press</a>. Retrieved 26 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Winnipeg+Free+Press&rft.atitle=International+Magazine+Recalls+Reeves%27+Reign+As+Hamlet&rft.date=2019-04-19&rft.aulast=Small&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.winnipegfreepress.com%2Farts-and-life%2F2019%2F04%2F19%2Finternational-magazine-recalls-reeves-reign-as-hamlet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Smallwood, Robert. "Twentieth-century Performance: The Stratford and London Companies". In <a href="#CITEREFWellsStanton2002">Wells & Stanton (2002)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00well_687/page/98">98</a>–117.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer_(journalist)" title="Charles Spencer (journalist)">Spencer, Charles</a> (10 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre-reviews/8879601/Hamlet-The-Young-Vic-Theatre-review.html">"Hamlet, The Young Vic Theatre: review"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre-reviews/8879601/Hamlet-The-Young-Vic-Theatre-review.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Hamlet%2C+The+Young+Vic+Theatre%3A+review&rft.date=2011-11-10&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ftheatre%2Ftheatre-reviews%2F8879601%2FHamlet-The-Young-Vic-Theatre-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarks1999" class="citation book cs1">Starks, Lisa S. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shakespeareappro00chri/page/160">"The Displaced Body of Desire: Sexuality in Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet"</a>. In Desmet, Christy; Sawyer, Robert (eds.). Shakespeare and Appropriation. Accents on Shakespeare. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shakespeareappro00chri/page/160">160–178</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-20725-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-20725-8"><bdi>0-415-20725-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Displaced+Body+of+Desire%3A+Sexuality+in+Kenneth+Branagh%27s+Hamlet&rft.btitle=Shakespeare+and+Appropriation&rft.place=London&rft.series=Accents+on+Shakespeare&rft.pages=160-178&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-415-20725-8&rft.aulast=Starks&rft.aufirst=Lisa+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshakespeareappro00chri%2Fpage%2F160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2014" class="citation news cs1">Stewart, Rachel (11 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre-news/11025625/Cumberbatchs-Hamlet-most-in-demand-show-of-all-time.html">"Cumberbatch's Hamlet most in-demand show of all time"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Cumberbatch%27s+Hamlet+most+in-demand+show+of+all+time&rft.date=2014-08-11&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ftheatre%2Ftheatre-news%2F11025625%2FCumberbatchs-Hamlet-most-in-demand-show-of-all-time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSulcas2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roslyn_Sulcas" title="Roslyn Sulcas">Sulcas, Roslyn</a> (1 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/01/theater/kenneth-branagh-tom-hiddleston-hamlet.html">"Kenneth Branagh to Direct Tom Hiddleston in Hamlet"</a>. Theater. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 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Amsterdam: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Harwood Academic Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5755-046-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-5755-046-6"><bdi>90-5755-046-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mask%3A+A+Periodical+Performance+by+Edward+Gordon+Craig&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Contemporary+Theatre+Studies&rft.pub=Harwood+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-5755-046-6&rft.aulast=Taxidou&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Taylor_(scholar)" title="Gary Taylor (scholar)">Taylor, Gary</a> (1989). 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Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 1–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-80475-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-80475-2"><bdi>0-521-80475-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare+and+Sexuality&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1-13&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-80475-2&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonTaylor1996" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Ann; Taylor, Neil (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/williamshakespea0000thom">William Shakespeare, "Hamlet"</a>. Plymouth, UK: Northcote House, in association with the <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-74630-765-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-74630-765-6"><bdi>978-0-74630-765-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/954440601">954440601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Shakespeare%2C+%22Hamlet%22&rft.place=Plymouth%2C+UK&rft.pub=Northcote+House%2C+in+association+with+the+British+Council&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F954440601&rft.isbn=978-0-74630-765-6&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwilliamshakespea0000thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1983" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Peter (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shakespearesthea0000thom">Shakespeare's Theatre</a>. Theatre Production. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13408-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13408-0"><bdi>0-415-13408-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%3A+The+Critical+Heritage+%281765%E2%80%931774%29&rft.place=London&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-415-13408-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren2016" class="citation journal cs1">Warren, Christopher N. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hcommons.org/deposits/download/hc:12692/CONTENT/warren-big-leages-humanity.pdf/">"Big Leagues: Specters of Milton and Republican International Justice between Shakespeare and Marx"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Humanity_(journal)" title="Humanity (journal)">Humanity</a>. 7 (3). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>: 365–389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhum.2016.0020">10.1353/hum.2016.0020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2151-4372">2151-4372</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159721222">159721222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanity&rft.atitle=Big+Leagues%3A+Specters+of+Milton+and+Republican+International+Justice+between+Shakespeare+and+Marx&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=365-389&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159721222%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2151-4372&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhum.2016.0020&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Christopher+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhcommons.org%2Fdeposits%2Fdownload%2Fhc%3A12692%2FCONTENT%2Fwarren-big-leages-humanity.pdf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarrenn.d." class="citation web cs1">Warren, Jim (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222152045/http://www.americanshakespearecenter.com/v.php?pg=153">"Every Exit is an Entrance Someplace Else"</a>. Director's Notes. <a href="/wiki/American_Shakespeare_Center" title="American Shakespeare Center">American Shakespeare Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanshakespearecenter.com/v.php?pg=153">the original</a> on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Every+Exit+is+an+Entrance+Someplace+Else&rft.pub=American+Shakespeare+Center&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanshakespearecenter.com%2Fv.php%3Fpg%3D153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellsStanton2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wells" title="Stanley Wells">Wells, Stanley</a>; Stanton, Sarah, eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00well_687">The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage</a>. Cambridge Companions to Literature. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79711-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79711-X"><bdi>0-521-79711-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Shakespeare+on+Stage&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Literature&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-521-79711-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgecompani00well_687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelsh2001" class="citation book cs1">Welsh, Alexander (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hamletinhismoder0000wels">Hamlet in his Modern Guises</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05093-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-05093-5"><bdi>978-0-691-05093-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamlet+in+his+Modern+Guises&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-691-05093-5&rft.aulast=Welsh&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhamletinhismoder0000wels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWild2022" class="citation web cs1">Wild, Stephi (1 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadwayworld.com/uk-regional/article/Billy-Howle-Joined-By-Niamh-Cusack-and-Mirren-Mack-in-HAMLET-at-Bristol-Old-Vic-Full-Cast-Announced-20220901">"Billy Howle Joined by Niamh Cusack and Mirren Mack in Hamlet at Bristol Old Vic; Full Cast Announced"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BroadwayWorld" title="BroadwayWorld">BroadwayWorld</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BroadwayWorld&rft.atitle=Billy+Howle+Joined+by+Niamh+Cusack+and+Mirren+Mack+in+Hamlet+at+Bristol+Old+Vic%3B+Full+Cast+Announced&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft.aulast=Wild&rft.aufirst=Stephi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadwayworld.com%2Fuk-regional%2Farticle%2FBilly-Howle-Joined-By-Niamh-Cusack-and-Mirren-Mack-in-HAMLET-at-Bristol-Old-Vic-Full-Cast-Announced-20220901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1932" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Dover_Wilson" title="J. Dover Wilson">Wilson, J. Dover</a> (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialshakesp00jdwi">The Essential Shakespeare: A Biographical Adventure</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521068277" title="Special:BookSources/9780521068277"><bdi>9780521068277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Shakespeare%3A+A+Biographical+Adventure&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1932&rft.isbn=9780521068277&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=J.+Dover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialshakesp00jdwi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinstanley1977" class="citation book cs1">Winstanley, Lilian (1977) [1921]. Hamlet and the Scottish succession, Being an Examination of the Relations of the Play of Hamlet to the Scottish Succession and the Essex Conspiracy. Philadelphia: R. West. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8492-2912-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8492-2912-X"><bdi>0-8492-2912-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamlet+and+the+Scottish+succession%2C+Being+an+Examination+of+the+Relations+of+the+Play+of+Hamlet+to+the+Scottish+Succession+and+the+Essex+Conspiracy&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=R.+West&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8492-2912-X&rft.aulast=Winstanley&rft.aufirst=Lilian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter1875" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Winter_(author)" title="William Winter (author)">Winter, William</a> (26 October 1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1875-10-26/ed-1/seq-5/">"Fifth Avenue Theater – Edwin Booth as Hamlet"</a>. The Drama. <a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a>. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/sn83030214">sn83030214</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9405688">9405688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New-York+Tribune&rft.atitle=Fifth+Avenue+Theater+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BEdwin+Booth+as+Hamlet&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1875-10-26&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9405688&rft.issn=1941-0646&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2Fsn83030214&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83030214%2F1875-10-26%2Fed-1%2Fseq-5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWofford1994" class="citation book cs1">Wofford, Susanne L. (1994). "A Critical History of Hamlet". Hamlet: Complete, Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts, Critical History, and Essays from Five Contemporary Critical Perspectives. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedford Books">Bedford Books</a>. pp. 181–207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-08986-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-08986-4"><bdi>0-312-08986-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Critical+History+of+Hamlet&rft.btitle=Hamlet%3A+Complete%2C+Authoritative+Text+with+Biographical+and+Historical+Contexts%2C+Critical+History%2C+and+Essays+from+Five+Contemporary+Critical+Perspectives&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=181-207&rft.pub=Bedford+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-312-08986-4&rft.aulast=Wofford&rft.aufirst=Susanne+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhuk2017" class="citation news cs1">Zhuk, Nataliia (2 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/theatre/what-to-see/tom-hiddleston-hamlet-supremely-self-assured-prince-radas/">"Tom Hiddleston in Hamlet review: A Supremely Self-Assured Prince – Rada's Jerwood Vanbrugh Theatre"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Tom+Hiddleston+in+Hamlet+review%3A+A+Supremely+Self-Assured+Prince+%E2%80%93+Rada%27s+Jerwood+Vanbrugh+Theatre&rft.date=2017-09-02&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Zhuk&rft.aufirst=Nataliia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftheatre%2Fwhat-to-see%2Ftom-hiddleston-hamlet-supremely-self-assured-prince-radas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Alexander_(Shakespearean_scholar)" title="Peter Alexander (Shakespearean scholar)">Alexander, Peter</a> (1964). Alexander's Introductions to Shakespeare. London: <a href="/wiki/William_Collins,_Sons" title="William Collins, Sons">Collins</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/257743100">257743100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander%27s+Introductions+to+Shakespeare&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F257743100&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom, Harold</a> (2001). Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human (Open Market ed.). Harlow, Essex: <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57322-751-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57322-751-X"><bdi>1-57322-751-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%3A+The+Invention+of+the+Human&rft.place=Harlow%2C+Essex&rft.edition=Open+Market&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-57322-751-X&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Brennan, Sandra (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218212705/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/person/66625/Innokenti-Smoktunovsky/biography">"Innokenti Smoktunovsky"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.nytimes.com/person/66625/Innokenti-Smoktunovsky/biography">the original</a> on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Innokenti+Smoktunovsky&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Brennan&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmovies.nytimes.com%2Fperson%2F66625%2FInnokenti-Smoktunovsky%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._K._Chambers" title="E. K. Chambers">Chambers, E. K.</a> (2009) [First published 1923]. The Elizabethan Stage. Vol. 1. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956748-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-956748-5"><bdi>978-0-19-956748-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elizabethan+Stage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-956748-5&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=E.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Crystal, David; Crystal, Ben (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shakespearemisce0000crys_e7r7">The Shakespeare Miscellany</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051555-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051555-0"><bdi>0-14-051555-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shakespeare+Miscellany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-14-051555-0&rft.aulast=Crystal&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Crystal%2C+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshakespearemisce0000crys_e7r7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Jackson, MacDonald (1991). "The Year's Contributions to Shakespeare Studies: 3 – Editions and Textual Studies". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wells" title="Stanley Wells">Wells, Stanley</a> (ed.). The Tempest and After. <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare Survey">Shakespeare Survey</a>. Vol. 43. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 255–270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05320-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-05320-4"><bdi>978-1-139-05320-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Year%27s+Contributions+to+Shakespeare+Studies%3A+3+%E2%80%93+Editions+and+Textual+Studies&rft.btitle=The+Tempest+and+After&rft.series=Shakespeare+Survey&rft.pages=255-270&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-139-05320-4&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=MacDonald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Kermode" title="Frank Kermode">Kermode, Frank</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shakespeareslang0000kerm">Shakespeare's Language</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-028592-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-028592-X"><bdi>0-14-028592-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%27s+Language&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-14-028592-X&rft.aulast=Kermode&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshakespeareslang0000kerm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamlet" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Hamlet <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Hamlet">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Hamlet&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (1 hour and 20 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="4803" data-mwtitle="En-Hamlet.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/En-Hamlet.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/26/En-Hamlet.ogg/En-Hamlet.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEn-Hamlet.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Hamlet.ogg" title="File:En-Hamlet.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 14 October 2011 (2011-10-14), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/works/hamlet">Hamlet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225051155/http://www.bl.uk/works/hamlet">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the British Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-show/4172">Hamlet</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iobdb.com/AdvancedSearch/ProductionCriteria?ProductionTitle=Hamlet&search=Search">Hamlet</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Off-Broadway_Database" title="Internet Off-Broadway Database">Internet Off-Broadway Database</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Hamlet&author=Shakespeare&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced">Hamlet</a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texts_2">Texts</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> The full text of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hamlet_(Shakespeare)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Hamlet (Shakespeare)">Hamlet</a> at Wikisource, in multiple editions</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shakespearestudyguide.com/Hamlet%20Text.html">Hamlet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180407002027/http://shakespearestudyguide.com/Hamlet%20Text.html">Archived</a> 7 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Complete text on one page with definitions of difficult words and explanations of difficult passages.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.folger.edu/explore/shakespeares-works/hamlet/read/">Hamlet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folger_Shakespeare_Library" title="Folger Shakespeare Library">Folger Shakespeare Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/william-shakespeare/hamlet">Hamlet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/1524">Hamlet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://internetshakespeare.uvic.ca/Library/Texts/Ham/">Hamlet at the Internet Shakespeare Editions</a> – Transcripts and facsimiles of Q1, Q2 and F1.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quartos.org">Shakespeare Quartos Archive</a> – Transcriptions and facsimiles of thirty-two copies of the five pre-1642 quarto editions.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/views/plays/playmenu.php?WorkID=hamlet">Hamlet at Open Source Shakespeare</a> – A complete text of Hamlet based on Q2.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.owleyes.org/text/hamlet">Hamlet</a> – Annotated text aligned to Common Core standards.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/56454">Hamlet</a> – Etext in Spanish available in many formats at Gutenberg.org.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shea.mit.edu/ramparts">Hamlet on the Ramparts</a> – The <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>'s Shakespeare Electronic Archive.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hamletworks.org">Hamletworks.org</a> – Scholarly resource with multiple versions of Hamlet, commentaries, concordances, and more.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.emory.edu/classes/Shakespeare_Illustrated/HamletPaintings.html">Depictions and commentary of Hamlet paintings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clearshakespeare.com/category/hamlet/">Clear Shakespeare Hamlet</a> – A word-by-word audio guide through the play.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Shakespeare's plays">Plays</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_comedy" title="Shakespearean comedy">Comedies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All%27s_Well_That_Ends_Well" title="All's Well That Ends Well">All's Well That Ends Well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_You_Like_It" title="As You Like It">As You Like It</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Comedy_of_Errors" title="The Comedy of Errors">The Comedy of Errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbeline" title="Cymbeline">Cymbeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Lost" title="Love's Labour's Lost">Love's Labour's Lost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measure_for_Measure" title="Measure for Measure">Measure for Measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Wives_of_Windsor" title="The Merry Wives of Windsor">The Merry Wives of Windsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream" title="A Midsummer Night's Dream">A Midsummer Night's Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing" title="Much Ado About Nothing">Much Ado About Nothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pericles,_Prince_of_Tyre" title="Pericles, Prince of Tyre">Pericles, Prince of Tyre</a> ✻</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Shrew" title="The Taming of the Shrew">The Taming of the Shrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tempest" title="The Tempest">The Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night" title="Twelfth Night">Twelfth Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Gentlemen_of_Verona" title="The Two Gentlemen of Verona">The Two Gentlemen of Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Noble_Kinsmen" title="The Two Noble Kinsmen">The Two Noble Kinsmen</a> ✻</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Winter%27s_Tale" title="The Winter's Tale">The Winter's Tale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_tragedy" title="Shakespearean tragedy">Tragedies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Antony and Cleopatra">Antony and Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolanus" title="Coriolanus">Coriolanus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)" title="Julius Caesar (play)">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timon_of_Athens" title="Timon of Athens">Timon of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Andronicus" title="Titus Andronicus">Titus Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troilus_and_Cressida" title="Troilus and Cressida">Troilus and Cressida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_history" title="Shakespearean history">Histories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_John_(play)" title="King John (play)">King John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_(play)" title="Edward III (play)">Edward III</a> ✻</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_(play)" title="Richard II (play)">Richard II</a></li> <li>Henry IV <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_1" title="Henry IV, Part 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Part_2" title="Henry IV, Part 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_(play)" title="Henry VI (play)">Henry VI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_1" title="Henry VI, Part 1">1</a> ✻</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_2" title="Henry VI, Part 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI,_Part_3" title="Henry VI, Part 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_(play)" title="Henry VIII (play)">Henry VIII</a> ✻</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_texts_of_Shakespeare%27s_works" title="Early texts of Shakespeare's works">Early editions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespeare_plays_in_quarto" title="List of Shakespeare plays in quarto">Quarto publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Folio" title="First Folio">First Folio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Folio" title="Second Folio">Second Folio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_problem_play" title="Shakespearean problem play">Problem plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_late_romances" title="Shakespeare's late romances">Late romances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henriad" title="Henriad">Henriad</a></li> <li>Characters <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_characters_(A%E2%80%93K)" title="List of Shakespearean characters (A–K)">A–K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_characters_(L%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of Shakespearean characters (L–Z)">L–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_character" title="Ghost character">Ghost character</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Shakespeare%27s_plays" title="Chronology of Shakespeare's plays">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_performance" title="Shakespeare in performance">Performances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_settings" title="List of Shakespearean settings">Settings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shakespearean_scenes" title="List of Shakespearean scenes">Scenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Chandos_portrait" title="Chandos portrait"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png/75px-Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png/113px-Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png/150px-Shakespeare_%28oval-cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" title="Shakespeare's sonnets">Shakespeare's sonnets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrarch%27s_and_Shakespeare%27s_sonnets" title="Petrarch's and Shakespeare's sonnets">comparison to Petrarch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Lover%27s_Complaint" title="A Lover's Complaint">A Lover's Complaint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Phoenix_and_the_Turtle" title="The Phoenix and the Turtle">The Phoenix and the Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rape_of_Lucrece" title="The Rape of Lucrece">The Rape of Lucrece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(Shakespeare_poem)" title="Venus and Adonis (Shakespeare poem)">Venus and Adonis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_apocrypha" title="Shakespeare apocrypha">Apocrypha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arden_of_Faversham" title="Arden of Faversham">Arden of Faversham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Merlin" title="The Birth of Merlin">The Birth of Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Cardenio" title="The History of Cardenio">Cardenio</a> ✻†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falsehood" title="Double Falsehood">Double Falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside_(play)" title="Edmund Ironside (play)">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Em" title="Fair Em">Fair Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrine" title="Locrine">Locrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_London_Prodigal" title="The London Prodigal">The London Prodigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love%27s_Labour%27s_Won" title="Love's Labour's Won">Love's Labour's Won</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Devil_of_Edmonton" title="The Merry Devil of Edmonton">The Merry Devil of Edmonton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucedorus" title="Mucedorus">Mucedorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Puritan" title="The Puritan">The Puritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Maiden%27s_Tragedy" title="The Second Maiden's Tragedy">The Second Maiden's Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejanus_His_Fall" title="Sejanus His Fall">Sejanus His Fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Oldcastle" title="Sir John Oldcastle">Sir John Oldcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_More_(play)" title="Sir Thomas More (play)">Sir Thomas More</a> ✻</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Tragedy" title="The Spanish Tragedy">The Spanish Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lord_Cromwell" title="Thomas Lord Cromwell">Thomas Lord Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Woodstock_(play)" title="Thomas of Woodstock (play)">Thomas of Woodstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur-Hamlet" title="Ur-Hamlet">Ur-Hamlet</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortigern_and_Rowena" title="Vortigern and Rowena">Vortigern and Rowena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Yorkshire_Tragedy" title="A Yorkshire Tragedy">A Yorkshire Tragedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Passionate_Pilgrim" title="The Passionate Pilgrim">The Passionate Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_the_Queen" title="To the Queen">To the Queen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Life of William Shakespeare">Life</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of works by William Shakespeare">works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Birthplace" title="Shakespeare's Birthplace">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of works by William Shakespeare">Bibliography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complete_Works_of_Shakespeare" title="Complete Works of Shakespeare">Complete Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_translations_of_works_by_William_Shakespeare" title="List of translations of works by William Shakespeare">Translations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_coat_of_arms" title="Shakespeare coat of arms">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare%27s_collaborations" title="William Shakespeare's collaborations">Collaborations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_editors" title="Shakespeare's editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance_theatre" title="English Renaissance theatre">English Renaissance theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_Theatre" title="Globe Theatre">Globe Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_handwriting" title="Shakespeare's handwriting">Handwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain%27s_Men" title="Lord Chamberlain's Men">Lord Chamberlain's Men</a>/<a href="/wiki/King%27s_Men_(playing_company)" title="King's Men (playing company)">King's Men</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Theatre" title="The Theatre">The Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_Theatre" title="Curtain Theatre">Curtain Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_the_plays_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Music in the plays of William Shakespeare">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Place" title="New Place">New Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Shakespeare" title="Portraits of Shakespeare">Portraits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Religious views of William Shakespeare">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Sexuality of William Shakespeare">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_of_Shakespeare%27s_name" title="Spelling of Shakespeare's name">Spelling of his name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Stratford-upon-Avon">Stratford-upon-Avon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_writing_style" title="Shakespeare's writing style">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_will" title="Shakespeare's will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Church of the Holy Trinity, Stratford-upon-Avon">Grave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reputation_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Reputation of William Shakespeare">Legacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_attribution_studies" title="Shakespeare attribution studies">Attribution studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Authorship question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardolatry" title="Bardolatry">Bardolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_festival" title="Shakespeare festival">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Influence of William Shakespeare">Influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_William_Shakespeare" title="Memorials to William Shakespeare">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_William_Shakespeare_screen_adaptations" title="List of William Shakespeare screen adaptations">Screen adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_and_Star_Trek" title="Shakespeare and Star Trek">Shakespeare and Star Trek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_influence_on_Tolkien" title="Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien">Shakespeare's influence on Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_titled_after_Shakespeare" title="List of works titled after Shakespeare">Works titled after Shakespeare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Institutions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folger_Shakespeare_Library" title="Folger Shakespeare Library">Folger Shakespeare Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Quarterly" title="Shakespeare Quarterly">Shakespeare Quarterly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Company" title="Royal Shakespeare Company">Royal Shakespeare Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Shakespeare_Theatre" title="Royal Shakespeare Theatre">Royal Shakespeare Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Birthplace_Trust" title="Shakespeare Birthplace Trust">Shakespeare Birthplace Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_Globe" title="Shakespeare's Globe">Shakespeare's Globe</a> (replica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_Institute" title="Shakespeare Institute">Shakespeare Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hathaway_(wife_of_Shakespeare)" title="Anne Hathaway (wife of Shakespeare)">Anne Hathaway</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Hall" title="Susanna Hall">Susanna Hall</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnet_Shakespeare" title="Hamnet Shakespeare">Hamnet Shakespeare</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Quiney" title="Judith Quiney">Judith Quiney</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barnard" title="Elizabeth Barnard">Elizabeth Barnard</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shakespeare" title="John Shakespeare">John Shakespeare</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shakespeare" title="Mary Shakespeare">Mary Arden</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Shakespeare" title="Gilbert Shakespeare">Gilbert Shakespeare</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Shakespeare" title="Joan Shakespeare">Joan Shakespeare</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Shakespeare" title="Edmund Shakespeare">Edmund Shakespeare</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Shakespeare" title="Richard Shakespeare">Richard Shakespeare</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hall_(physician)" title="John Hall (physician)">John Hall</a> (son-in-law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Quiney" title="Thomas Quiney">Thomas Quiney</a> (son-in-law)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>✻ <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare%27s_collaborations" title="William Shakespeare's collaborations">Shakespeare and other authors</a></li> <li>† Lost</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:William_Shakespeare" title="Category:William Shakespeare">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="William_Shakespeare&#039;s_Hamlet" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hamlet" title="Template:Hamlet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hamlet" title="Template talk:Hamlet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hamlet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hamlet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="William_Shakespeare&#039;s_Hamlet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamlet</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Characters_in_Hamlet" title="Characters in Hamlet">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hamlet" title="Prince Hamlet">Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Claudius" title="King Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_(Hamlet)" title="Gertrude (Hamlet)">Gertrude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_(Hamlet)" title="Ghost (Hamlet)">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonius" title="Polonius">Polonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laertes_(Hamlet)" title="Laertes (Hamlet)">Laertes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophelia" title="Ophelia">Ophelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_(Hamlet)" title="Horatio (Hamlet)">Horatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern" title="Rosencrantz and Guildenstern">Rosencrantz and Guildenstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortinbras" title="Fortinbras">Fortinbras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gravediggers" title="The Gravediggers">The Gravediggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorick" title="Yorick">Yorick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soliloquies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/To_be,_or_not_to_be" title="To be, or not to be">To be, or not to be</a>" <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Mortal_coil" title="Mortal coil">Mortal coil</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_a_piece_of_work_is_a_man" title="What a piece of work is a man">What a piece of work is a man</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Speak_the_speech" title="Speak the speech">Speak the speech</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Words and phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_lady_doth_protest_too_much,_methinks" title="The lady doth protest too much, methinks">The lady doth protest too much, methinks</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Thy_name_is" title="Thy name is">Thy name is</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumbshow" title="Dumbshow">Dumbshow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_(play)" title="Induction (play)">Induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitution_(poetry)" title="Substitution (poetry)">Substitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_Hamlet" title="Sources of Hamlet">Sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_approaches_to_Hamlet" title="Critical approaches to Hamlet">Criticism</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amleth" title="Amleth">Legend of Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Tragedy" title="The Spanish Tragedy">The Spanish Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur-Hamlet" title="Ur-Hamlet">Ur-Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_approaches_to_Hamlet" title="Critical approaches to Hamlet">Critical approaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_bibliographies" title="Hamlet bibliographies">Bibliographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxo_Grammaticus" title="Saxo Grammaticus">Saxo Grammaticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Gonzaga" title="House of Gonzaga">House of Gonzaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_and_Pythias_(play)" title="Damon and Pythias (play)">Damon and Pythias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literary_influence_of_Hamlet" title="Literary influence of Hamlet">Influence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phrases_from_Hamlet_in_common_English" title="Phrases from Hamlet in common English">Common phrases from Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_references_to_Hamlet" title="Cultural references to Hamlet">Cultural references to Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_references_to_Ophelia" title="Cultural references to Ophelia">Cultural references to Ophelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_flowers" title="Language of flowers">Language of flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skull_symbolism" title="Human skull symbolism">Human skull symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_in_performance" title="Hamlet in performance">Performances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Art_Theatre_production_of_Hamlet" title="Moscow Art Theatre production of Hamlet">Moscow Art Theatre</a> (1911–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton%27s_Hamlet" title="Richard Burton's Hamlet">Richard Burton</a> (1964)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_on_screen" title="Hamlet on screen">On screen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1900_film)" title="Hamlet (1900 film)">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1907_film)" title="Hamlet (1907 film)">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1908_film)" title="Hamlet (1908 film)">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1912_film)" title="Hamlet (1912 film)">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1913_film)" title="Hamlet (1913 film)">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1917_film)" title="Hamlet (1917 film)">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet:_The_Drama_of_Vengeance" title="Hamlet: The Drama of Vengeance">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoon_Ka_Khoon" title="Khoon Ka Khoon">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1948_film)" title="Hamlet (1948 film)">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1954_film)" title="Hamlet (1954 film)">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1961_film)" title="Hamlet (1961 film)">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1964_film)" title="Hamlet (1964 film)">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1969_film)" title="Hamlet (1969 film)">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1974_film)" title="Hamlet (1974 film)">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1990_film)" title="Hamlet (1990 film)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1996_film)" title="Hamlet (1996 film)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(2000_film)" title="Hamlet (2000 film)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(2011_film)" title="Hamlet (2011 film)">2011</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Stage_and_screen_adaptations">Adaptations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Rest_Is_Silence_(1959_film)" title="The Rest Is Silence (1959 film)">The Rest Is Silence</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bad_Sleep_Well" title="The Bad Sleep Well">The Bad Sleep Well</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oph%C3%A9lia_(1963_film)" title="Ophélia (1963 film)">Ophelia</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Hamlet" title="Johnny Hamlet">Johnny Hamlet</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Hamlet_Less" title="One Hamlet Less">One Hamlet Less</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Angel_of_Vengeance_%E2%80%93_The_Female_Hamlet" title="The Angel of Vengeance – The Female Hamlet">The Angel of Vengeance – The Female Hamlet</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_Brew" title="Strange Brew">Strange Brew</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_Goes_Business" title="Hamlet Goes Business">Hamlet Goes Business</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King" title="The Lion King">The Lion King</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let_the_Devil_Wear_Black" title="Let the Devil Wear Black">Let the Devil Wear Black</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Banquet_(2006_film)" title="The Banquet (2006 film)">The Banquet</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubt_(2009_film)" title="Doubt (2009 film)">Doubt</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmayogi_(2012_film)" title="Karmayogi (2012 film)">Karmayogi</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haider_(film)" title="Haider (film)">Haider</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_A.D.D." title="Hamlet A.D.D.">Hamlet A.D.D.</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemanta_(film)" title="Hemanta (film)">Hemanta</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophelia_(2018_film)" title="Ophelia (2018 film)">Ophelia</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lion_King_(2019_film)" title="The Lion King (2019 film)">The Lion King</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_Had_an_Uncle" title="Hamlet Had an Uncle">Hamlet Had an Uncle</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Too,_Too_Solid_Flesh" title="Too, Too Solid Flesh">Too, Too Solid Flesh</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_and_Claudius" title="Gertrude and Claudius">Gertrude and Claudius</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dating_Hamlet" title="Dating Hamlet">Dating Hamlet</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dead_Fathers_Club" title="The Dead Fathers Club">The Dead Fathers Club</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Something_Rotten_(Gratz)" class="mw-redirect" title="Something Rotten (Gratz)">Something Rotten</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet%27s_Father" title="Hamlet's Father">Hamlet's Father</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Edgar_Sawtelle" title="The Story of Edgar Sawtelle">The Story of Edgar Sawtelle</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamletmachine" title="Hamletmachine">Hamletmachine</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogg%27s_Hamlet,_Cahoot%27s_Macbeth" title="Dogg's Hamlet, Cahoot's Macbeth">Dogg's Hamlet</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortinbras_(play)" title="Fortinbras (play)">Fortinbras</a> (1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rockabye_Hamlet" title="Rockabye Hamlet">Rockabye Hamlet</a> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(1959_film)" title="Hamlet (1959 film)">Hamlet</a> (Australian TV, 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_at_Elsinore" title="Hamlet at Elsinore">Hamlet at Elsinore</a> (BBC, 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Television_Shakespeare#Hamlet,_Prince_of_Denmark" title="BBC Television Shakespeare">Hamlet, Prince of Denmark</a> (BBC, 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare:_The_Animated_Tales#Hamlet" title="Shakespeare: The Animated Tales">Hamlet</a> (BBC 2, animated, 1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(2009_film)" title="Hamlet (2009 film)">Hamlet</a> (BBC 2, 2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15-Minute_Hamlet" title="15-Minute Hamlet">15-Minute Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Works_of_William_Shakespeare_(Abridged)" title="The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged)">The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_(play)" title="Rosencrantz and Guildenstern (play)">Rosencrantz and Guildenstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I,_Hamlet" title="I, Hamlet">I, Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Klingon_Hamlet" title="The Klingon Hamlet">The Klingon Hamlet</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/List_of_VeggieTales_videos#Lyle_the_Kindly_Viking_(2001)" title="List of VeggieTales videos">Lyle the Kindly Viking</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Be_or_Not_to_Be_(book)" title="To Be or Not to Be (book)">To Be or Not to Be: That is the Adventure</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tales_from_the_Public_Domain" title="Tales from the Public Domain">Tales from the Public Domain</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinhead_Hamlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Skinhead Hamlet">The Skinhead Hamlet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Robin_is_to_the_greenwood_gone" title="My Robin is to the greenwood gone">My Robin is to the greenwood gone</a>" (16th century)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pull_Me_Under" title="Pull Me Under">Pull Me Under</a>" (1992)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Song_for_Athene" title="Song for Athene">Song for Athene</a>" (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera/classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(Thomas)" title="Hamlet (Thomas)">Hamlet</a> (Thomas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amleto" title="Amleto">Amleto</a> (Faccio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(Tchaikovsky)" title="Hamlet (Tchaikovsky)">Hamlet</a> (Tchaikovsky)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristia_(Berlioz)" title="Tristia (Berlioz)">Tristia</a> (Berlioz)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Hamletmaschine_(opera)" title="Die Hamletmaschine (opera)">Die Hamletmaschine</a> (Rihm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(Dean)" title="Hamlet (Dean)">Hamlet</a> (Dean)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_references_to_Hamlet" title="Cultural references to Hamlet">In popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_Be_or_Not_to_Be_(1942_film)" title="To Be or Not to Be (1942 film)">To Be or Not to Be</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Performance_of_Hamlet_in_the_Village_of_Mrdu%C5%A1a_Donja" title="A Performance of Hamlet in the Village of Mrduša Donja">A Performance of Hamlet in the Village of Mrduša Donja</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Be_or_Not_to_Be_(1983_film)" title="To Be or Not to Be (1983 film)">To Be or Not to Be</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_%26_Guildenstern_Are_Dead_(film)" title="Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (film)">Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_II:_The_Quickening" title="Highlander II: The Quickening">Highlander II: The Quickening</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Action_Hero" title="Last Action Hero">Last Action Hero</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Man_(film)" title="Renaissance Man (film)">Renaissance Man</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_the_Bleak_Midwinter_(film)" title="In the Bleak Midwinter (film)">In the Bleak Midwinter</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_(2002_film)" title="War (2002 film)">War</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_2" title="Hamlet 2">Hamlet 2</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Undead" title="Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead">Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Days_(of_Hamlet)" title="Three Days (of Hamlet)">Three Days</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosencrantz_and_Guildenstern_Are_Dead" title="Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead">Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_Blood" title="Stage Blood">Stage Blood</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Hate_Hamlet" title="I Hate Hamlet">I Hate Hamlet</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Be_or_Not_to_Be_(play)" title="To Be or Not to Be (play)">To Be or Not to Be</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet,_Revenge!" title="Hamlet, Revenge!">Hamlet, Revenge!</a> (1937)</li> <li>Theatre of War (1994)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Undiscovered" title="The Undiscovered">The Undiscovered</a>" (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shakespeare_Stealer" title="The Shakespeare Stealer">The Shakespeare Stealer</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interred_with_Their_Bones" title="Interred with Their Bones">Interred with Their Bones</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamnet_(novel)" title="Hamnet (novel)">Hamnet</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Producer" title="The Producer">The Producer</a>" (1966)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_the_King" title="The Conscience of the King">The Conscience of the King</a>" (1966)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Born_to_Be_King_(Blackadder)" title="Born to Be King (Blackadder)">Born to Be King</a>" (1983)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Terrance_and_Phillip:_Behind_the_Blow" title="Terrance and Phillip: Behind the Blow">Terrance and Phillip: Behind the Blow</a>" (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slings_%26_Arrows" title="Slings & Arrows">Slings & Arrows</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_Action_Hero_(video_game)" title="Last Action Hero (video game)">Last Action Hero</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(video_game)" title="Hamlet (video game)">Hamlet</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsinore_(video_game)" title="Elsinore (video game)">Elsinore</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asterix_and_the_Great_Crossing" title="Asterix and the Great Crossing">Asterix and the Great Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seagull" title="The Seagull">The Seagull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_Havoc" title="Sharpe's Havoc">Sharpe's Havoc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophelia_(painting)" title="Ophelia (painting)">Ophelia (Millais)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophelia_(Cabanel)" title="Ophelia (Cabanel)">Ophelia (Cabanel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affe_mit_Sch%C3%A4del" title="Affe mit Schädel">Affe mit Schädel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophelia_(John_William_Waterhouse)" title="Ophelia (John William Waterhouse)">Ophelia (Waterhouse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Hamlet._Portrait_of_Aleksander_Wielopolski" title="Polish Hamlet. Portrait of Aleksander Wielopolski">Polish Hamlet. Portrait of Aleksander Wielopolski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_River_Bank_(Ophelia)" title="The River Bank (Ophelia)">The River Bank (Ophelia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_and_Oedipus" title="Hamlet and Oedipus">Hamlet and Oedipus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_and_His_Problems" title="Hamlet and His Problems">Hamlet and His Problems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebenon" title="Hebenon">Hebenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_Q1" title="Hamlet Q1">Hamlet Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostalo_je_%C4%87utanje" title="Ostalo je ćutanje">Ostalo je ćutanje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Amber" title="The Chronicles of Amber">The Chronicles of Amber</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._65_(Haydn)" title="Symphony No. 65 (Haydn)">Symphony No. 65</a>" (Haydn)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hobart_Shakespeareans" title="The Hobart Shakespeareans">The Hobart Shakespeareans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_%E2%80%93_The_Cry" title="Gertrude – The Cry">Gertrude – The Cry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Murderer" title="Poor Murderer">Poor Murderer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Something_Rotten!" title="Something Rotten!">Something Rotten!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Anarchy" title="Sons of Anarchy">Sons of Anarchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Revival" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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4em"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier_Award_for_Best_Revival" title="Laurence Olivier Award for Best Revival">Laurence Olivier Award for Best Revival</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #E0E0E0;;width:1%">1991–1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericles,_Prince_of_Tyre" title="Pericles, Prince of Tyre">Pericles</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedda_Gabler" title="Hedda Gabler">Hedda Gabler</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Inspector_Calls" title="An Inspector Calls">An Inspector Calls</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machinal" title="Machinal">Machinal</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/As_You_Like_It" title="As You Like It">As You Like It</a> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #E0E0E0;;width:1%">2003–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night" title="Twelfth Night">Twelfth Night</a> / <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Vanya" title="Uncle Vanya">Uncle Vanya</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_Becomes_Electra" title="Mourning Becomes Electra">Mourning Becomes Electra</a> (2004)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamlet</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedda_Gabler" title="Hedda Gabler">Hedda Gabler</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crucible" title="The Crucible">The Crucible</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joan_(play)" title="Saint Joan (play)">Saint Joan</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespearean_history#The_Wars_of_the_Roses_cycle" title="Shakespearean history">The Histories</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_on_a_Hot_Tin_Roof" title="Cat on a Hot Tin Roof">Cat on a Hot Tin Roof</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/After_the_Dance_(play)" title="After the Dance (play)">After the Dance</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Christie" title="Anna Christie">Anna Christie</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Day%27s_Journey_into_Night" title="Long Day's Journey into Night">Long Day's Journey into Night</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_(play)" title="Ghosts (play)">Ghosts</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_View_from_the_Bridge" title="A View from the Bridge">A View from the Bridge</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Rainey%27s_Black_Bottom" title="Ma Rainey's Black Bottom">Ma Rainey's Black Bottom</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerma" title="Yerma">Yerma</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_America" title="Angels in America">Angels in America</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_and_Smoke" title="Summer and Smoke">Summer and Smoke</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(play)" title="Cyrano de Bergerac (play)">Cyrano de Bergerac</a> (2020)</li> <li>No Ceremony (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellations_(play)" title="Constellations (play)">Constellations</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire" title="A Streetcar Named Desire">A Streetcar Named Desire</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Vanya" title="Uncle Vanya">Vanya</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41567#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41567#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41567#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/176993890">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4099350-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80008522">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936813g">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936813g">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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.sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Hamlet at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" 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data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hamlet" class="extiw" title="q:Hamlet">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Hamlet_(Shakespeare)" class="extiw" title="s:Hamlet (Shakespeare)">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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[\"CITEREFGlobe_to_Globe_Hamletn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenblatt2004a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenblatt2004b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrode2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuernseySweet2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuntner2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGussow1992a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGussow1992b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalliday1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHattaway1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHattaway1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeilbrun1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHibbard1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirrel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolland2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHortmann2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInnes1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrace1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsherwood1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFItzkoff2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellaway2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerrigan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeyishian2000\"] = 1,\n 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