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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><i>The Book of the Courtier</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Book_of_the_Courtier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Fortunes_of_the_Courtier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Fortunes_of_the_Courtier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Fortunes of the Courtier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Fortunes_of_the_Courtier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minor_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Minor works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Baldassare Castiglione</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="بالداساري كاستيليوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بالداساري كاستيليوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="بالداسار کاستیلیونه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بالداسار کاستیلیونه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Балдасаре Кастильоне – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Балдасаре Кастильоне" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B5_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B5" title="Μπαλντασσάρε Καστιλιόνε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπαλντασσάρε Καστιλιόνε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltasar_Castiglione" title="Baltasar Castiglione – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Baltasar Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="بالداساره کاستیلیونه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بالداساره کاستیلیونه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EB%8B%A4%EC%82%AC%EB%A0%88_%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4%EB%84%A4" title="발다사레 카스틸리오네 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발다사레 카스틸리오네" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5" title="Բալդասարե Կաստիլիոնե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բալդասարե Կաստիլիոնե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Кастильоне, Бальдассаре – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кастильоне, Бальдассаре" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassarre_Castiglione" title="Baldassarre Castiglione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Baldassarre Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="בלדסארה קסטיליונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלדסארה קסטיליונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthasar_Castiglione" title="Balthasar Castiglione – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Balthasar Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassar_Castion" title="Baldassar Castion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Baldassar Castion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89" title="بالداسارى كاستيليونى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بالداسارى كاستيليونى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%80%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8D" title="バルダッサーレ・カスティリオーネ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バルダッサーレ・カスティリオーネ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5,_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Кастильоне, Бальдассаре – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кастильоне, Бальдассаре" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Балдасаре Кастиљоне – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Балдасаре Кастиљоне" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Baldassare Castiglione – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baldassare Castiglione" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Baldassare Castiglione</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Baldassare_Castiglione,_by_Raffaello_Sanzio,_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione by Raphael"><img alt="Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione by Raphael" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Baldassare_Castiglione%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/220px-Baldassare_Castiglione%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Baldassare_Castiglione%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/330px-Baldassare_Castiglione%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Baldassare_Castiglione%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg/440px-Baldassare_Castiglione%2C_by_Raffaello_Sanzio%2C_from_C2RMF_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15566" data-file-height="19363" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione">Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione</a> by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">6 December 1478<br />near <a href="/wiki/Marcaria" title="Marcaria">Casatico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margravate_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Margravate of Mantua">Margravate of Mantua</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">February 2, 1529<span style="display:none">(1529-02-02)</span> (aged 50)<br /><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Courtier, diplomat, soldier, author</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;">Italian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Courtier" title="The Book of the Courtier">The Book of the Courtier</a></i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Baldassare Castiglione, Count of Casatico</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[baldasˈsaːre<span class="wrap"> </span>kastiʎˈʎoːne]</a></span>; 6 December 1478 – 2 February 1529),<sup id="cite_ref-italica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-italica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">courtier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomat</a>, soldier and a prominent <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Castiglione wrote <i>Il Cortegiano</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Courtier" title="The Book of the Courtier">The Book of the Courtier</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_book" title="Courtesy book">courtesy book</a> dealing with questions of the etiquette and morality of the <a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">courtier</a>. It was very influential in 16th-century European court circles.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldassare_Castiglione&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Baldassare_Castiglione" title="Special:EditPage/Baldassare Castiglione">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Baldassare+Castiglione%22">"Baldassare Castiglione"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Baldassare+Castiglione%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Baldassare+Castiglione%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Baldassare+Castiglione%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Baldassare+Castiglione%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Baldassare+Castiglione%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Castiglione was born in <a href="/wiki/Casatico" class="mw-redirect" title="Casatico">Casatico</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>) into a family of the minor nobility, connected through his mother, Luigia Gonzaga, to the ruling <a href="/wiki/House_of_Gonzaga" title="House of Gonzaga">Gonzagas</a> of Mantua.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1494, at the age of sixteen, Castiglione was sent to <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, then under the rule of Duke <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Sforza" title="Ludovico Sforza">Ludovico Sforza</a>, to begin his <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanistic studies</a> at the school of the renowned teacher of Greek and editor of Homer <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Chalkokondyles" title="Demetrios Chalkokondyles">Demetrios Chalkokondyles</a> (Latinized as Demetrius Calcondila), and <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Merula" title="Georgius Merula">Georgius Merula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1499, Castiglione's father died unexpectedly and Castiglione returned to Casatico to take his place as the male head of the family. As such, Castiglione's duties included numerous official and diplomatic missions representing the Court of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_II_Gonzaga,_Marquess_of_Mantua" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua">Francesco II Gonzaga, Marquess of Mantua</a>, whom Castiglione accompanied in that year in <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII of France</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Royal_entry" title="Royal entry">royal entry</a> into Milan. On a diplomatic mission to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Castiglione met Francesco Gonzaga's brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro" title="Guidobaldo da Montefeltro">Guidobaldo da Montefeltro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Urbino" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Urbino">Duke of Urbino</a>, husband of Francesco's sister <a href="/wiki/Elisabetta_Gonzaga" title="Elisabetta Gonzaga">Elisabetta Gonzaga</a>; and in 1504, a reluctant Francesco allowed Castiglione to leave and take up residence in that court. </p><p>The court of <a href="/wiki/Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a> at that time was one of the most refined and elegant in Italy, a cultural center ably directed and managed by the Duchess <a href="/wiki/Elisabetta_Gonzaga" title="Elisabetta Gonzaga">Elisabetta</a> and her sister-in-law <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Emilia_Pia_da_Montefeltro" title="Portrait of Emilia Pia da Montefeltro">Emilia Pia</a>, whose portraits, along with those of many of their guests, were painted by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, himself a native of Urbino. Regular guests included: <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bembo" title="Pietro Bembo">Pietro Bembo</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludovico_da_Canossa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludovico da Canossa (page does not exist)">Ludovico da Canossa</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovico_di_Canossa" class="extiw" title="it:Ludovico di Canossa">it</a>]</sup>; <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_di_Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici">Giuliano de' Medici</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Bibbiena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Bibbiena">Cardinal Bibbiena</a>; the brothers <a href="/wiki/Ottaviano_Fregoso" title="Ottaviano Fregoso">Ottaviano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federigo_Fregoso" title="Federigo Fregoso">Federigo Fregoso</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_I_della_Rovere,_Duke_of_Urbino" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Maria I della Rovere, Duke of Urbino">Francesco Maria della Rovere</a> (nephew and adopted heir of Duke and Duchess of Urbino); and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Gonzaga" title="House of Gonzaga">Cesare Gonzaga</a>, a cousin of both Castiglione and the Duke. The hosts and guests organized intellectual contests, pageants, dances, concerts, recitations, plays, and other cultural activities, producing brilliant literary works.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elisabetta's virtue and abilities inspired Castiglione to compose a series of Platonic love songs and sonnets in her honor. She was played to her husband though his invalid state meant they could never have children. </p><p>In 1506 Castiglione wrote (and acted in) a pastoral play, his <a href="/wiki/Eclogue" title="Eclogue">eclogue</a> <i>Tirsi</i>, in which he depicted the court of Urbino allegorically through the figures of three shepherds. The work contains echoes of both ancient and contemporary poetry, recalling <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Poliziano" class="mw-redirect" title="Angelo Poliziano">Poliziano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Sannazaro" title="Jacopo Sannazaro">Sannazaro</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>. </p><p>Castiglione wrote about his works and of those of other guests in letters to other princes, maintaining an activity very near to diplomacy, though in a literary form, as in his correspondence with his friend and kinsman, Ludovico da <a href="/wiki/Canossa" title="Canossa">Canossa</a> (later Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Bayeux" title="Bayeux">Bayeux</a>). </p><p>In 1508 <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_I_della_Rovere" title="Francesco Maria I della Rovere">Francesco Maria della Rovere</a> succeeded as Duke of Urbino on Guidobaldo's death and Castiglione remained at his court. He and the new Duke, who had been appointed <i>capitano generale</i> (commander-in-chief) of the Papal States, took part in <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a>'s expedition against <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, an episode in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>. For this the Duke conferred on Castiglione the title of Count of Novilara, a fortified hill town near <a href="/wiki/Pesaro#History" title="Pesaro">Pesaro</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> was elected in 1512, Castiglione was sent to Rome as ambassador from Urbino. There he was friendly with many artists and writers; including <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, whom he already knew from Urbino, and who frequently sought his advice. In tribute to their friendship, Raphael painted his <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Balthasar_Castiglione_(Raphael)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portrait of Balthasar Castiglione (Raphael)">famous portrait of Castiglione</a>, now at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1516 Castiglione was back in Mantua, where he married a very young Ippolita Torelli, descendant of another noble Mantuan family. That Castiglione's love for Ippolita was of a very different nature from his former platonic attachment to Elisabetta Gonzaga is evidenced by the two deeply passionate letters he wrote to her that have survived. Sadly, Ippolita died a mere four years after their marriage, while Castiglione was away in Rome as ambassador for the Duke of Mantua. In 1521 Pope Leo X conceded to him the <i><a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsura</a></i> (first sacerdotal ceremony) and thereupon began Castiglione's second, ecclesiastical career. </p><p>In 1524 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> sent Castiglione to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> as <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic nuncio">Apostolic nuncio</a> (ambassador of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>) in Madrid, and in this role he followed court of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a> to <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>. In 1527, at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Sack of Rome</a>, Pope Clement VII suspected Castiglione of having harbored a "special friendship" for the Spanish emperor: Castiglione, the pope believed, should have informed the Holy See of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>'s intentions, for it was his duty to investigate what Spain was planning against the Eternal City. On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_de_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Alfonso de Valdés">Alfonso de Valdés</a>, twin brother of the humanist <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Juan de Valdés">Juan de Valdés</a> and secretary of the emperor, publicly declared the sack to have been a divine punishment for the sinfulness of the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>. </p><p>Castiglione answered both the pope and Valdés in two famous letters from <a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>. He took Valdés to task, severely and at length, in his response to the latter's comments about the Sack of Rome. While in his letter to the pope (dated 10 December 1527), he had the audacity to criticize <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> policies, asserting that its own inconsistencies and vacillations had undermined its stated aim of pursuing a fair agreement with the emperor and had provoked Charles V to attack. </p><p>Against all expectations, Castiglione received the pope's apologies and the emperor honored him with the offer of the position of <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Avila" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Avila">Bishop of Avila</a>. Historians today believe that Castiglione had carried out his ambassadorial duties to Spain in an honorable manner and bore no responsibility for the sack of Rome. He died of the plague in Toledo in 1529. </p><p> After his death in 1529 a monument was erected to him in the sanctuary of Santa Maria delle Grazie, outside his birthplace of Mantua. It was designed by the mannerist painter and architect <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Romano" title="Giulio Romano">Giulio Romano</a>, a pupil of Raphael, and inscribed with the following words:</p><blockquote><p>Baldassare Castiglione of Mantua, endowed by nature with every gift and the knowledge of many disciplines, learned in Greek and Latin literature, and a poet in the Italian (Tuscan) language, was given a castle in Pesaro on account of his military prowess, after he had conducted embassies to both great Britain and Rome. While he was working at the Spanish court on behalf of Clement VII, he drew up the <i>Book of the Courtier</i> for the education of the nobility; and in short, after Emperor Charles V had elected him Bishop of Avila, he died at Toledo, much honored by all the people. He lived fifty years, two months, and a day. His mother, Luigia Gonzaga, who to her own sorrow outlived her son, placed this memorial to him in 1529.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Book_of_the_Courtier"><i>The Book of the Courtier</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldassare_Castiglione&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Book of the Courtier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baldessare_Castiglione_-_Il_Cortigiano_(1549).tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Baldessare_Castiglione_-_Il_Cortigiano_%281549%29.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Baldessare_Castiglione_-_Il_Cortigiano_%281549%29.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Baldessare_Castiglione_-_Il_Cortigiano_%281549%29.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Baldessare_Castiglione_-_Il_Cortigiano_%281549%29.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Baldessare_Castiglione_-_Il_Cortigiano_%281549%29.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Baldessare_Castiglione_-_Il_Cortigiano_%281549%29.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1474" data-file-height="2566" /></a><figcaption><i>"Il Cortigiano, Del Conte Baldessar Castiglione. Novamente stampato, et con somma diligentia revisto con la sua tavola di novo aggiunta. Con priuilegio. In Vinegia [Venice], appresso Gabriel Giolito de Ferrari MDXLIX"</i> (1549)</figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>The Humanist spirit, with its longing to embrace and fuse the variety and confusion of life, fills that Renaissance conversation – at once so formal and so free, so schooled and spontaneous, so disciplined in design and convivial in movement – with an ardent vision of the one virtue of which human nature is normally capable: that of moral urbanity. And it is this virtue which women lend to society. They are the custodians of the social covenant. In the code of the Courtier the Renaissance woman comes into her own and the mission which <a href="/wiki/Isabella_d%27Este" title="Isabella d'Este">Isabella</a> [of Este, Marchesa of Mantua, known as the "first lady of the Renaissance"] pursued amid the strenuous turmoil of actual life is realized, in these animated pages, by her passive sister-in-law Elizabetta. Though she takes no part in the conversation, she presides over it, and her presence permeates its conduct. The men defer to her, especially in their conduct with women – "with whom we had the freest and commerce, but such was the respect we bore to the will of the Duchess that freedom was the greatest restraint."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1528, the year before his death, the book for which Castiglione is most famous, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Courtier" title="The Book of the Courtier">The Book of the Courtier</a></i> (<i>Il Libro del Cortegiano</i>), was published in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Aldine_Press" title="Aldine Press">Aldine Press</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> run by the heirs of <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a>. The book, in dialog form, is an <a href="/wiki/Elegy" title="Elegy">elegiac</a> portrait of the exemplary <a href="/wiki/Noble_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble court">court</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guidobaldo_da_Montefeltro" title="Guidobaldo da Montefeltro">Guidobaldo da Montefeltro</a> of Urbino during Castiglione's youthful stay there at the beginning of the sixteenth century. It depicts an elegant philosophical conversation, presided over by <a href="/wiki/Elisabetta_Gonzaga" title="Elisabetta Gonzaga">Elisabetta Gonzaga</a>, (whose husband, Guidobaldo, an invalid, was confined to bed) and her sister-in-law <a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Emilia_Pia_da_Montefeltro" title="Portrait of Emilia Pia da Montefeltro">Emilia Pia</a>. Castiglione himself does not contribute to the discussion, which is imagined as having occurred while he was away. The book is Castiglione's memorial tribute to life at Urbino and to his friendships with the other members of the court, all of whom went on to have important positions and many of whom had died by the time the book was published, giving poignancy to their portrayals.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urbino-palazzo_e_borgo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Urbino-palazzo_e_borgo.jpg/200px-Urbino-palazzo_e_borgo.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Urbino-palazzo_e_borgo.jpg/300px-Urbino-palazzo_e_borgo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Urbino-palazzo_e_borgo.jpg/400px-Urbino-palazzo_e_borgo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3248" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Ducale,_Urbino" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo Ducale, Urbino">The Ducal Palace at Urbino, setting of the <i>Book of the Courtier</i></a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The conversation takes place over a span of four days in the year 1507, while Castiglione was supposedly absent on an embassy to England. It addresses the topic, proposed by Federigo Fregoso, of what constitutes an ideal Renaissance gentleman. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the perfect gentleman had been a <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalrous</a> knight who distinguished himself by his prowess on the battlefield. Castiglione's book changed that. Now the perfect gentleman had to have a classical education in Greek and Latin letters, as well. The <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero"> Ciceronian humanist</a> model of the ideal orator (whom <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> called "the honest man"), on which <i>The Courtier</i> is based, prescribes for the orator an active political life of service to country, whether in war or peace. Scholars agree that Castiglione drew heavily from Cicero's celebrated treatise <i><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a></i> ("The Duties of a Gentleman"), well known throughout the Middle Ages,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even more so from his <i><a href="/wiki/De_Oratore" title="De Oratore">De Oratore</a></i>, which had been rediscovered in 1421<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and which discusses the formation of an ideal orator-citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jennifer Richards points out that the question put forth by <i>De Oratore</i>, namely, can rhetoric be taught or is it an inborn gift, parallels that of <i>The Courtier</i>. The genre is also the same in <i>The Courtier</i> and <i>De Oratore</i>: a comfortable, informal, open-ended discussion, in Ciceronian rhetoric called <i>sermo</i> (conversation),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the speakers set out the various sides of an argument in a friendly (rather than adversarial) way, inviting readers, as silent participators, to decide the truth for themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Italian humanism had been a product of independent city-republics, most notably Florence. Hans Baron famously called it a "<a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism#Development" title="Classical republicanism">civic humanism</a>". But when Castiglione wrote, these republics were being replaced by princely courts."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Peter Burke, one way of summarizing Castiglione's achievement "in a sentence", "would be to say that he helped adapt humanism to the world of the court and the court to humanism."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aim of Castiglione's ideal Renaissance gentleman was not self-cultivation for its own sake but in order to participate in an active life of public service, as recommended by Cicero. To do this he had to win the respect and friendship of his peers and most importantly of a ruler, or prince, i.e., he had to be a courtier, so as to be able to offer valuable assistance and disinterested advice on how to rule the city. He must be a worthy friend, accomplished – in sports, in telling jokes, in fighting, writing poetry, playing music, drawing, and dancing – but not too much. To his moral elegance (his personal goodness) must be added the spiritual elegance conferred by familiarity with good literature (i.e., the humanities, including history). Furthermore, he must excel in all he does without apparent effort and make everything look easy and natural. In a famous passage, Castiglione's friend Lodovico da Canossa, whose views arguably represent Castiglione's own, explains "the mysterious source of courtly gracefulness, the quality which makes the courtier seem a natural nobleman":<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Sprezzatura" title="Sprezzatura">sprezzatura</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sprezzatura</i>, or the art that conceals art (in the words of another ancient rhetorician, <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a>), is not simply a kind of superficial dissimulation, for grace may also be the result of such assiduous practice that what one does becomes second nature and seems inborn. At the outset of the discussion Canossa also insists that the art of being a perfect courtier is something that cannot be taught (that is, broken down to a set of rules or precepts), and therefore, he declares (rhetorically – and with <i>sprezzatura</i>) that he will refuse to teach it. The implication, however, is that those interested in acquiring this art must do so through practice and imitation, which is (like the dialog itself) a form of teaching – teaching without precepts. To perfect oneself is not selfish, but fulfills a public and private moral duty for the individual to act as a model for others.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ideal courtier, then, must act with noble <i>sprezzatura</i>, and Canossa maintains that because the ideal courtier must be a man of arms, skilled in horsemanship, he needs to be of noble birth. To this, another interlocutor, a very youthful Gaspare Pallavicino, objects that many outstanding and virtuous men have been of humble origins. The other participants eventually agree that even someone who is lowly born can be a perfect courtier, since nobility can be learned through imitation of the best models from life and history until it becomes ingrained and natural. This, at least, is the theory; but in practice, they concede, it is easier to become a perfect courtier if one is born into a distinguished family. In any case, the ideal courtier should be able to speak gracefully and appropriately with people of all stations in life. The French are wrong to assert that a knowledge of letters conflicts with fighting ability. The courtier should be deeply versed in Greek and Latin and should know enough to be able to discriminate between good and bad writing (as well as the other arts) for himself, without relying slavishly on the word of others. The participants also deplore what they consider the rude and uncultivated manners of the French, who they say look down with disdain on what they call a "clerk" (or someone who can read and write), though hope is expressed for <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis of Valois</a>, the future king of France. This is a bitter topic, since the French, who had just invaded Italy, had shown themselves clearly superior in fighting to the Italians. It is noticeable, however, that though skill in fighting is insisted on at the outset as a requisite for the Italian courtier, it is scarcely alluded to in the rest of the book. Pietro Bembo, who was a poet and arbiter of elegance in the Italian language, in fact, even questions whether it is necessary. </p><p>Ideally, the courtier should be young, about twenty-seven, at least mentally, though he should give the appearance of being graver and more thoughtful than his years. To this end he should wear subdued rather than bright colors, though in general attire he should follow the prevalent customs of his surroundings. The courtier should always appear a little more humble than his station requires. He should take care not appear scornful of the efforts of others and should avoid the arrogance shown by some French and some Spanish noblemen.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The discussion also touches on a variety of other questions, such as which form of government is best, a <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">principality</a> – the Genoese Fregoso brothers taking the republican side, since Genoa had long had a republican government. There is a long discussion, too, about what are appropriate topics for joking (pleasantries), an essential component of pleasing conversation: one should not mock people's physical attributes, for example. </p><p>Music is brought up, and Ludovico Canossa declares that the courtier should be able to read music and play several instruments. When the young Lombard nobleman Gaspare Pallavicino objects that music is effeminate, Canossa answers that there is no better way to soothe the soul and raise the spirits than through music, and he names great generals and heroes of antiquity who were keen musicians. Grave <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> himself began to learn the <a href="/wiki/Cittern" title="Cittern">cithern</a> when an old man. Indeed, the wisest ancient philosophers taught that the heavens themselves are composed of music and there is a harmony of the spheres. Music likewise promotes habits of harmony and virtue in the individual and should therefore be learned beginning in childhood. <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_di_Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici">Giuliano de' Medici</a> agrees that for the courtier music is not just an ornament but a necessity, as it is indeed for men and women in all walks of life. The ideal courtier, however, should not give the impression that music is his main occupation in life. </p><p> They then discuss which is superior, painting or sculpture? The answer is left open but seems to lean in favor of painting, for, as Canossa maintains:</p><blockquote><p>Anyone who does not esteem the art of painting seems to me to be quite wrong-headed. For when all is said and done, the very fabric of the universe, which we can contemplate in the vast spaces of heaven, so resplendent with their shooting stars, with the earth at its center, girdled by the seas, varied with mountains, rivers and valleys, and adorned with so many different varieties of trees, lovely flowers and grasses, can be said to be a great and noble painting, composed by Nature and the hand of God. And, in my opinion, whoever can imitate it deserves the highest praise.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Another topic, that of the Court Lady, brings up the question of the equality of the sexes. One character, Gaspare Pallavicino, has been depicted throughout the discussion as a thorough-going misogynist (at one point he even declares that women are only good for having children). Elisabetta Gonzaga and Emilia Pia regard his attitude as a challenge and call on the others to come to women's defense.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following evening <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_di_Lorenzo_de%27_Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici">Giuliano di Lorenzo de' Medici</a>, who at age 28 is a bit more mature than Gaspare Pallavicino, is chosen to defend women. He rises to the occasion, affirming their equality to the male sex in every respect, and he points out how throughout history some women have excelled in philosophy and others have waged war and governed cities, listing the heroines of classical times by name. Pallavicino, piqued, hints that Giuliano is wrong, but in the end concedes that he himself has been wrong to disparage women. The reader is led to conclude that Pallavicino's bitterness toward the female sex may be the result of a sincere young man's deep disappointment in love, and this throws into question somewhat the sincerity of the smooth and affable Giuliano, the defender (or flatterer, as Pallavicino suggests) of women.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some doubt as to whether Pallavicino or Giuliano, or both, express Castiglione's real views on the subject of women. Giuliano de' Medici was also the person to whom <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a> had first planned to address his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though due to Giuliano's death it was instead dedicated to his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_de%27_Medici,_Duke_of_Urbino" title="Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino">Lorenzo</a>. Giuliano was later given the title of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Nemours" title="Duke of Nemours">Duc de Nemours</a> by King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a>. He died soon after, in 1517, and was memorialized in a celebrated statue by Michelangelo. Gaspare Pallavicino, the most impetuous and emotional of the interlocutors in <i>The Courtier</i>, was a relation of Castiglione's and the fictional "source" who later recounted the discussions to the supposedly absent Castiglione (who had in fact returned to Urbino from England shortly before the dialogue's fictive date).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The book ends on an elevated note with lengthy speech about love by the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanist</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bembo" title="Pietro Bembo">Pietro Bembo</a> (later a Cardinal). Bembo was born in 1470 and in 1507, when the dialog is supposed to have taken place, would have been in his mid-thirties. Young men's love naturally tends to be sensual, but Bembo talks about a kind of imaginative, non-physical love that is available to young and old alike. Bembo's speech is based on <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a>'s influential commentaries on <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>'s speech on the nature of love at the conclusion of <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">Symposium</a>, except that in <i>The Courtier</i> the object of love is heterosexual not homosexual. Bembo describes how the experience of sublimated love leads the lover to the contemplation of ideal beauty and ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He talks about the divine nature and origin of love, the "father of true pleasures, of all blessings, of peace, of gentleness, and of good will: the enemy of rough savagery and vileness", which ultimately lifts the lover to the contemplation of the spiritual realm, leading to God.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Bembo has finished, the others notice that they have all become so enraptured by his speech that they have lost track of the time, and they rise to their feet, astonished to discover that day is already dawning:</p><blockquote><p>So when the windows on the side of the palace that faces the lofty peak of Mount Catria had been opened, they saw that the dawn had already come to the east, with the beauty and color of a rose, and all the stars had been scattered, save only the lovely mistress of heaven, Venus, who guards the confines of night and day. From there, there seemed to come a delicate breeze, filling the air with biting cold, and among the murmuring woods on neighboring hills wakening the birds into joyous song. Then all, having taken leave of the Duchess, went to their rooms, without torches, for the light of day was sufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Fortunes_of_the_Courtier">The Fortunes of the Courtier</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldassare_Castiglione&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Fortunes of the Courtier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <blockquote><p>"Have you read Castiglione’s <i>Cortegiano?</i> The beauty of the book is such that it deserves to be read in all ages; and as long as courts endure, as long as princes reign and knights and ladies meet, as long valor and courtesy hold a place in our hearts, the name of Castiglione will be held in honor.” <a href="/wiki/Torquato_Tasso" title="Torquato Tasso">Torquato Tasso</a>, <i>Il Malpiglio overo de la corte</i> (1585)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <i>Book of the Courtier</i> caught the "spirit of the times" and was speedily translated into Spanish, German, French, Polish, and English. One hundred and eight editions were published between 1528 and 1616 alone. (<a href="/wiki/Pietro_Aretino" title="Pietro Aretino">Pietro Aretino</a>'s <i>La cortigiana</i> is a parody of this famous work.) Castiglione's depiction of how the ideal gentleman should be educated and behave remained, for better or for worse, the touchstone of behavior for all the upper classes of Europe for the next five centuries. It was one of many Italian dialogues and treatises written during the Renaissance that explored the ideal gentleman, including Stefano Guazzo's Civil Conversation (1581) and the <a href="/wiki/Il_Galateo" title="Il Galateo">Galateo</a> (1558) by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_della_Casa" title="Giovanni della Casa">Giovanni Della Casa</a>, the sourcebook for later etiquette guides. </p><p>Nowhere was its influence greater than in England, where it was translated by Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hoby" title="Thomas Hoby">Thomas Hoby</a> in 1561 and is a recognizable source for Shakespeare. In 1572, <a href="/wiki/Edward_de_Vere" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward de Vere">Edward de Vere</a>, 17th earl of Oxford and one of Elizabeth's courtiers, sponsored <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_Clerke" title="Bartholomew Clerke">Bartholomew Clerke</a>'s Latin translation and wrote the Latin foreword to it. Queen Elizabeth's tutor and later secretary, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ascham" title="Roger Ascham">Roger Ascham</a>, wrote that a young man who carefully studied <i>The Book of The Courtier</i> would benefit from it more than from three years travel in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later commentators have not infrequently accused it of advocating superficiality (with "slight justice" according to June Osborne), yet it has also been called, “The most important single contribution to a diffusion of Italian values” throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definitive study of reception of <i>The Courtier</i> is Peter Burke's <i>The Fortunes of the Courtier: The European Reception of Castiglione's Cortegiano</i>, Penn State University Press, 1995. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Minor_works">Minor works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldassare_Castiglione&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Minor works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Castiglione's minor works are less known, including love sonnets and four <i>Amorose canzoni</i> ("Amorous Songs") about his <a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a> for Elisabetta Gonzaga, in the style of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Petrarca" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Petrarca">Francesco Petrarca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bembo" title="Pietro Bembo">Pietro Bembo</a>. His sonnet <i>Superbi colli e voi, sacre ruine</i> ("Proud hills and you, sacred ruins"), written more by the <a href="/wiki/Man_of_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Man of letters">man of letters</a> than the poet in Castiglione, nevertheless contains hints of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-romantic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre-romantic (page does not exist)">pre-romantic</a> inspiration. It was set to music as a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Superbi_colli_e_voi_sacre_ruine_(Girolamo_Conversi)">six-part Madrigal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Conversi" title="Girolamo Conversi">Girolamo Conversi</a> and translated by, among others, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_du_Bellay" title="Joachim du Bellay">Joachim du Bellay</a>. </p><p>Castiglione also produced a number of Latin poems, together with an elegy for the death of Raphael entitled <i>De morte Raphaellis pictoris</i> and another elegy, after the manner of Petrarca, in which he imagines his dead wife, Ippolita Torelli, as writing to him. In Italian prose, he wrote a prologue for Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Dovizi" title="Bernardo Dovizi">Bibbiena's <i>Calandria</i></a>, which was performed in 1507 at Urbino and later, elaborately, at Rome. </p><p>Castiglione's letters not only reveal the man and his personality but also delineate those of famous people he had met and his diplomatic activities: they constitute a valuable resource for political, literary, and historical studies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collections">Collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldassare_Castiglione&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> holds a significant collection of editions of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Courtier" title="The Book of the Courtier">The Book of the Courtier</a></i>, totalling over 100 items.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collection was donated to the University in 1921 by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Herbert_Thompson_Professor_of_Egyptology" title="Sir Herbert Thompson Professor of Egyptology">Sir Herbert Thompson</a> as part of a wider donation of books.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949 the collection was expanded by a donation from Huxley St John Brooks.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldassare_Castiglione&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fabritio_Caroso" title="Fabritio Caroso">Fabritio Caroso</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldassare_Castiglione&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-italica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-italica_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dates of birth and death, and cause of the latter, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italica.rai.it/rinascimento/parole_chiave/schede/castiglione_baldassarre.htm">‘Baldassarre Castiglione’</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090408220424/http://www.italica.rai.it/rinascimento/parole_chiave/schede/castiglione_baldassarre.htm">Archived</a> 2009-04-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Italica</i>, Rai International online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMacClintock,_Carol1979" class="citation book cs1">MacClintock, Carol (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r0dm_fXNl0sC&pg=PA22"><i>Readings in the History of Music in Performance</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-14495-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-14495-7"><bdi>0-253-14495-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+the+History+of+Music+in+Performance&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-253-14495-7&rft.au=MacClintock%2C+Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr0dm_fXNl0sC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaldassare+Castiglione" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burke, Peter. <i>The Fortunes of the Courtier: The European Reception of Castiglione's Cortegiano</i>. Penn State University Press, 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">signoria</a></i> (lordship) of Casatico (today part of the <a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">commune</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marcaria" title="Marcaria">Marcaria</a>) had been assigned to an ancestor, Baldassare da Castiglione, a friend of <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_III_Gonzaga,_Marquis_of_Mantua" title="Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua">Ludovico III Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua</a>, in 1445.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.marcaria.mn.it/content/view/63/61/1/2/">Comune di Marcaria: <i>La Storia</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090209092950/http://www.comune.marcaria.mn.it/content/view/63/61/1/2/">Archived</a> 2009-02-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italica.rai.it/rinascimento/parole_chiave/schede/castiglione_baldassarre.htm">‘Baldassarre Castiglione’</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090408220424/http://www.italica.rai.it/rinascimento/parole_chiave/schede/castiglione_baldassarre.htm">Archived</a> 2009-04-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Italica</i>, Rai International online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ottaviano and Federigo Fregoso were both Genoese patricians: Ottaviano became Doge of Genoa; and during his reign, his younger brother Federigo, a cardinal, assisted him and was given command of the military. Federigo, renowned for his piety and knowledgeable in Hebrew as well as Greek and Latin, also wrote reformist theological and political treatises (including, reputedly a translation of the works of Martin Luther) that were later placed on the Vatican <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index of Forbidden Books</a>. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3rbqLymYSOQC&dq=Federigo+Fregoso+Renaissance+characters+Luther's&pg=PA87">Eugenio Garin, <i>Renaissance Characters</i> (University of Chicago Press, 1997), p. 87</a>. It is he who first proposes the topic of the formation of the ideal courtier.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Erano adunque tutte l'ore del giorno divise in onorevoli e piacevoli esercizi cosi' nel corpo come dell'animo</i> – "Thus all the hours of the day were divided into activities that were honorable and pleasurable as much for the body as for the soul,” <i>The Book of the Courtier</i>, IV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://merovingio.c2rmf.cnrs.fr/iipimage/showcase/zoom/LAE5953">French Center for Research and Restoration of the Museums of France: Raphael, <i>Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">June Osborne, <i>Urbino: the Story of a Renaissance City</i> (London: Frances Lincoln, 2003), p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Roeder, <i>Renaissance Lawgivers: Savonarola, Machiavelli, Castiglione, and Aretino</i> (1933, reprint: Transaction Publishers, 2011), p. 371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_Cunningham,_John_Reich2006" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence Cunningham, John Reich (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturevaluessur02cunn"><i>Culture and Values: A Survey of the Humanities</i></a></span>. Thomson Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-58227-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-58227-3"><bdi>0-534-58227-3</bdi></a>. <q>culture and values.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Values%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Humanities&rft.pub=Thomson+Wadsworth&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-534-58227-3&rft.au=Lawrence+Cunningham%2C+John+Reich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturevaluessur02cunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaldassare+Castiglione" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renaissance portraiture, whether painted or written, served a to memorialize. In his 1435 treatise on painting Leon Battista Alberti described the function of portraiture this way:<blockquote><p>Painting possesses a truly divine power in that not only does it make the absent present (as they say of friendship), but it also represents the dead to the living many centuries later, so that they are recognized by spectators with pleasure and deep admiration for the artist. Quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2011/the-renaissance-portrait-from-donatello-to-bellini">The Renaissance Portrait from Donatello to Bellini, 2011 Exhibit at the Metropolitan Museum of New York: Website.</a></p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although it was not a Christian work, St Ambrose in 390 declared <i>De officiis</i> legitimate for the Church to use (along with everything else that Cicero and the equally popular Roman philosopher Seneca had written). It became the <a href="/wiki/Moral_authority" title="Moral authority">moral authority</a> during the Middle Ages. See Hannis Taylor, <i>Cicero: A Sketch of His Life and Works</i> (A. C. McClurg. 1916), p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The importance of <i>De Oratore</i> for Renaissance humanism may be gauged from the fact <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cicerodeoratore01ciceuoft/cicerodeoratore01ciceuoft_djvu.txt">that it was one of the first books to be printed in Italy</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Subiaco_Press" title="Subiaco Press">Subiaco</a> in 1465 after the discovery of movable type, with three other Italian editions following in fifteen years. (The first book was an <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_grammatica#Donatus'_Ars_Grammatica" title="Ars grammatica">Ars grammatica</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Donatus" title="Aelius Donatus">Donatus</a>, which has not been preserved; Cicero's <i>De Oratore</i> was the second, and <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a>'s <i>De divinis institutionibus</i> was the third, followed in 1467 by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of God (book)">The City of God</a></i>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The relationship between <i>The Book of the Courtier</i> and Cicero's <i>De Oratore</i> is explored in depth in Jennifer Richards's, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Assumed+Simplicity+and+the+Critique+of+Nobility%3A+Or,+How+Castiglione...-a077205091">"Assumed Simplicity and the Critique of Nobility: Or, How Castiglione Read Cicero", <i>Renaissance Quarterly</i>, vol. 54, No. 2, 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Oratory [<i>contentio</i>] should be employed for speeches in law-courts, to public assemblies or in the senate, while conversation [<i>sermo</i>] should be found in social groups, in philosophical discussions and among gatherings of friends – and it may also attend dinners (Cicero, <i>De officiis</i> 1.37.132)," Gary Remer, <i>Humanism and the Rhetoric of Toleration</i> (State College, Pa.: Penn State Press, [1996] 2008), p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Cicero, conversations [<i>sermones</i>], “flourish best in friendships” (<i>De officiis</i> 1.17.58). In <i>sermo</i>, "the relationship between interlocutors should resemble a community of friends. This stands in stark contrast to oratory’s agonistic ideal, where orators confront one another as adversaries. The orator’s purpose in contention is to beat his opponent; the speaker’s purpose in <i>sermo</i> is to seek out the truth, collectively, with the other interlocutors", Remer, <i>Humanism and the Rhetoric of Toleration</i>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more on the princely court as a political institution see <a href="/wiki/Robert_Muchembled" title="Robert Muchembled">Robert Muchembled</a>, "Manner, Courts, and Civility" in Guido Ruggiero, editor, <i>A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance</i> (Blackwell, 2002, 2007), pp.150–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Peter Burke, <i>The Fortunes of the Courtier: The European Reception of Castiglione's Cortegiano</i> (Penn State University Press, 1995) p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richards, "Assumed Simplicity and the Critique of Nobility: Or, How Castiglione Read Cicero", 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><blockquote><p>"I have found a universal rule . . . valid above all others in all human affairs whether in word or deed: and that is, to avoid any kind of affectation as though it were a rough and dangerous reef; and (to coin a new word, perhaps), to practice in all things a certain <i>sprezzatura</i> [nonchalance], so as to conceal all art and make whatever one does or says seem effortless, and almost unpremeditated." (<i>The Courtier</i> 32)</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the Renaissance (i.e., Classical) theory of <a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a> (imitation) see, for example: Edward P. J. Corbett, "The Theory and Practice of Imitation in Classical Rhetoric", <i>College Composition and Communication</i>, vol. 22, No. 3 (1971), pp. 243-250 and G. W. Pigman, III, "Versions of Imitation in the Renaissance", <i>Renaissance Quarterly</i>, vol. 33, No. 1 (Spring, 1980), pp. 1-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborne, <i>Urbino: the Story of a Renaissance City</i>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Osborne, <i>Urbino: the Story of a Renaissance City</i>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Throughout the book, Pallavicino and Emilia Pia are depicted as sparring; and one writer has even suggested that they were the models for <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing" title="Much Ado About Nothing">Beatrice and Benedict</a>. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/baldassarecastig01adyj#page/n9/mode/2up">Julia Cartwright, <i>Baldasare Castiglione, The Perfect Courtier: His Life and Letters, 1478–1529</i> (London: Murray, 1908), p. vi</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ralph Roeder calls Giuliano a "veteran philanderer", adding that he was "that rare type of <i>roué</i>, a rake who respects women” (Roeder, <i>Renaissance Lawgivers: Savonarola, Machiavelli, Castiglione, and Aretino</i> [1933 reprint: Transaction Publishers, 2011], p. 371.) Other writers describe him as a good man, whose scholarly and unworldly temperament made him unsuited to the rough politics of the era (Mandell Creighton <i>A History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack of Rome</i>, Volume 5 [Longmans, Green, 1911], p. 225). Giuliano married the seventeen-year-old Filiberta of Savoy in 1516, the first Medici to marry outside Italy. They had no children. His illegitimate son Ippolito (b. 1511) became a celebrated cardinal and soldier   "the patron, companion and rival of all the poets, musicians, and the wits of his time" (William Roscoe, <i>The Life of Lorenzo de Medici</i> [1799], p. 294)   was painted by Titian, and died at the age of 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Machiavelli wrote in a letter to his friend, Francesco Vettori:<blockquote><p>I have composed a little work <i>De principatibus</i> . . . . And if ever you liked any of my whims, this one should not displease you, and to a prince, especially a new prince, it should be welcome; therefore I am addressing it to his magnificence Giuliano. Machiavelli, Letter to Francesco Vettori, 10 December 1513, in <i>Niccolò Machiavelli’s </i>The Prince<i>: New Interdisciplinary Essays</i>, Martin Coyle, editor (Manchester University Press, 1995), p. 198.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As demonstrated in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnell1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Connell, William J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4999383">"Un rito iniziatico nel <i>Libro del Cortegiano</i> di Baldassare Castiglione"</a>. <i>Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Classe di Lettere e Filosofia</i>. ser.4, vol.4: 473–497.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annali+della+Scuola+Normale+Superiore+di+Pisa%2C+Classe+di+Lettere+e+Filosofia&rft.atitle=Un+rito+iniziatico+nel+Libro+del+Cortegiano+di+Baldassare+Castiglione&rft.volume=ser.4%2C+vol.4&rft.pages=473-497&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Connell&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4999383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaldassare+Castiglione" class="Z3988"></span>;reprinted in Connell, William J.,<i>Machiavelli nel Rinascimento italiano</i>, Milan, FrancoAngeli, 2015, pp. 211-233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bembo does say, however, that it is all right for the Platonic lovers to kiss each other chastely on the lips, since, in the opinion of Socrates, a kiss is the union of two souls.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Neal L. Goldstien, "<i>Love's Labour's Lost</i>: The Renaissance Vision of Love" in <i>Shakespeare and the Literary Tradition: The Scholarly Literature</i>, Stephen Orgel and Sean Keilen, editors (Routledge, 1999), p. 339; and also June Osborne, <i>Urbino the Story of a Renaissance City</i>, pp. 167-68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Osborne, <i>Urbino, the story of a Renaissance City</i>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in Cartwright, <i>Baldasare Castiglione, The Perfect Courtier: His Life and Letters, 1478–1529</i>, pp. v-vi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osborne, <i>Urbino: the Story of a Renaissance City</i>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denys Hay quoted by Osborne, <i>Urbino: the Story of a Renaissance City</i>, p. 168. See also wikipedia entry on <a href="/wiki/Sincerity#In_Western_societies" title="Sincerity">sincerity in Western culture.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUCL2018" class="citation web cs1">UCL (23 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/a-z/castiglione">"Castiglione Collection"</a>. <i>Library Services</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+Services&rft.atitle=Castiglione+Collection&rft.date=2018-08-23&rft.au=UCL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Fspecial-collections%2Fa-z%2Fcastiglione&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaldassare+Castiglione" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldassare_Castiglione&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burke, Peter. <i>The Fortunes of the Courtier: The European Reception of Castiglione's Cortegiano</i>. Penn State University Press, 1995.</li> <li>Osborne, June. <i>Urbino: the Story of a Renaissance City</i>. London: Frances Lincoln, 2003.</li> <li>Berger, Harry. <i>The Absence of Grace: Sprezzatura and Suspicion in Two Renaissance Courtesy Books</i>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2000.</li> <li>Raffini, Christine. <i>Marsilio Ficino, Pietro Bembo, Baldassare Castiglione: Philosophical, Aesthetic, and Political Approaches in Renaissance Platonism</i> (<i>Renaissance and Baroque Studies and Texts</i>, vol. 21). Peter Lang Publishing, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8204-3023-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8204-3023-4">0-8204-3023-4</a>.</li> <li>Roeder, Ralph. <i>The man of the renaissance: four lawgivers: Savonarola, Machiavelli, Castiglione, Aretino</i>. New York: Meridian Books. 1933.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baldassare_Castiglione&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Baldassare_Castiglione" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Baldassare Castiglione">Baldassare Castiglione</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetculturale.it/directories/ViaggiNelTesto/castiglione/eng/index.html"><i>Castiglione: Pathways Through Italian Literature: Internet Culturale: Italian Writers</i>. an Italian website with extensive contextual and biographical background on Castiglione's life and work, translated into English.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bookofcourtier00castuoft/bookofcourtier00castuoft_djvu.txt">Full text of <i>The Book of the Courtier</i>, translated by Leonard Eckstein Opdyke.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0028/html/ms_239_025.html">MS 239/25 Ad sacratissimum Britanniae regem Henricum at OPenn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/14054">Works by Baldassare Castiglione</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/a-z/castiglione">Castiglione Collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0094500X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500204778">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/355738">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="CASTIGLIONE, Baldassarre"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/baldassarre-castiglione_(Dizionario-Biografico)">Italian People</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118519573.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118519573">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032100167">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Castiglione, Baldassarre, conte, 1478-1529"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6k150h2">SNAC</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Castiglione, Baldesar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mm8ncf">2</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Baldassarre, conte Castiglione, 1478-1529"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69q76pz">3</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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