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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Large_exposures_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Large exposures restrictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Large_exposures_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activity_and_affiliation_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activity_and_affiliation_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Activity and affiliation restrictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activity_and_affiliation_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bank_supervisors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bank_supervisors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bank supervisors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bank_supervisors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bank supervisors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bank_supervisors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A" title="تنظيم مصرفي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تنظيم مصرفي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_qanunu" title="Bank qanunu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bank qanunu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankenregulierung" title="Bankenregulierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bankenregulierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Τραπεζικό δίκαιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τραπεζικό δίκαιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulaci%C3%B3n_bancaria" title="Regulación bancaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Regulación bancaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9glementation_bancaire" title="Réglementation bancaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réglementation bancaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%80%ED%96%89_%EA%B7%9C%EC%A0%9C" title="은행 규제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="은행 규제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diritto_bancario" title="Diritto bancario – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diritto bancario" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D2%9B%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Банк құқығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Банк құқығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Регулација на банките – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Регулација на банките" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regula%C3%A7%C3%A3o_banc%C3%A1ria" title="Regulação bancária – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Regulação bancária" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reglementare_bancar%C4%83" title="Reglementare bancară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Reglementare bancară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Банковское право – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Банковское право" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankreglering" title="Bankreglering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bankreglering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankac%C4%B1l%C4%B1k_hukuku" title="Bankacılık hukuku – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bankacılık hukuku" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4" title="Банківське регулювання та нагляд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Банківське регулювання та нагляд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C%E7%9B%A3%E7%AE%A1" title="銀行監管 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="銀行監管" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q173800#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Banking_regulation_and_supervision" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">Banking</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Community_Noun_project_39956.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Community_Noun_project_39956.svg/120px-Community_Noun_project_39956.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Community_Noun_project_39956.svg/180px-Community_Noun_project_39956.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Community_Noun_project_39956.svg/240px-Community_Noun_project_39956.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="56" data-file-height="59" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of banks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advising_bank" title="Advising bank">Advising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banq_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Banq (term)">Banq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulge_bracket" title="Bulge bracket">Bulge bracket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_development_bank" title="Community development bank">Community development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custodian_bank" title="Custodian bank">Custodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depository_bank" title="Depository bank">Depository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_finance_institution" title="Development finance institution">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_bank" title="Direct bank">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export_credit_agency" title="Export credit agency">Export credit agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_loan_company" title="Industrial loan company">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_bank" title="Merchant bank">Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulge_Bracket#Middle_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulge Bracket">Middle market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_center_bank" title="Money center bank">Money center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neobank" title="Neobank">Neobank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_bank" title="Offshore bank">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participation_banking" title="Participation banking">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payments_bank" title="Payments bank">Payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">Postal savings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_bank" title="Private bank">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bank" title="Public bank">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail_banking" title="Retail banking">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">Savings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_bank" title="Universal bank">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wholesale_banking" title="Wholesale banking">Wholesale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_holding_company" title="Bank holding company">Bank holding company</a></li></ul> <i><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_banks" title="Lists of banks">Lists of banks</a></i></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bank_account" title="Bank account">Accounts</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Bank_card" title="Bank card">Cards</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal; display:block;margin-top:0.15em;"> Accounts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">Deposit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_market_account" title="Money market account">Money-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_account" title="Savings account">Savings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_deposit" title="Time deposit">Time deposit (Bond)</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Transaction_account" title="Transaction account">Transaction (checking / current)</a></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal; display:block;margin-top:0.15em;"> Cards</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATM_card" title="ATM card">ATM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_card" title="Credit card">Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debit_card" title="Debit card">Debit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_card#Prepaid_cards" title="Credit card">Prepaid</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Funds transfer</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_card" title="Payment card">Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer" title="Electronic funds transfer">Electronic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_bill_payment" title="Electronic bill payment">Bill payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Mobile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_transfer" title="Wire transfer">Wire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_gross_settlement" title="Real-time gross settlement">RTGS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_settlement" title="Net settlement">NS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_clearing_house" title="Automated clearing house">ACH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_payment" title="Instant payment">Instant payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giro_(banking)" title="Giro (banking)">Giro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWIFT" title="SWIFT">SWIFT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correspondent_account" title="Correspondent account">Correspondent account</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLS_Group#Operations" title="CLS Group">CLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Border_Interbank_Payment_System" title="Cross-Border Interbank Payment System">CIPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPFS" title="SPFS">SPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_PAY" title="BRICS PAY">BRICS PAY</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Asset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_allocation" title="Asset allocation">allocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asset_and_liability_management" title="Asset and liability management">management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">Automated teller machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bad_debt" title="Bad debt">Bad debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank regulation">Bank regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_secrecy" title="Bank secrecy">Bank secrecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_appreciation" title="Capital appreciation">Asset growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_asset" title="Capital asset">Capital asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash" title="Cash">Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversification_(finance)" title="Diversification (finance)">Diversification (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">Economic bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_expansion" title="Economic expansion">Economic expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_value" title="Enterprise value">Enterprise value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_risk_management" title="Enterprise risk management">Enterprise risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Financial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_analysis" title="Financial analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_analyst" title="Financial analyst">analyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_asset" title="Financial asset">asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_engineering" title="Financial engineering">engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_forecast" title="Financial forecast">forecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_plan" title="Financial plan">plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_planner" title="Financial planner">planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional-reserve_banking" title="Fractional-reserve banking">Fractional-reserve banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-reserve_banking" title="Full-reserve banking">Full-reserve banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_analysis" title="Fundamental analysis">Fundamental analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_investing" title="Growth investing">Growth investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_(finance)" title="Hedge (finance)">Hedge (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_advisory" title="Investment advisory">Investment advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_management" title="Investment management">Investment management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Islamic banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loan" title="Loan">Loan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_finance" title="Mathematical finance">Mathematical finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Mobile banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_fund" title="Pension fund">Pension fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_banking" title="Private banking">Private banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Sustainable finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_finance" title="Statistical finance">Statistical finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_financial_management" title="Strategic financial management">Strategic financial management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_test_(financial)" title="Stress test (financial)">Stress test (financial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_finance" title="Structured finance">Structured finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_product" title="Structured product">Structured product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_asset" title="Toxic asset">Toxic asset</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asset_pricing" title="Asset pricing">Asset pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">Bond (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_structure" title="Capital structure">Capital structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_capital" title="Cost of capital">Cost of capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Equity (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_banking" title="Ethical banking">Ethical banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_traded_fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange traded fund">Exchange traded fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_law" title="Financial law">law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market_participants" title="Financial market participants">participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_system" title="Financial system">system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_banking" title="History of banking">History of banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_(alphabetical)" title="List of banks (alphabetical)">List of banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_risk" title="Market risk">Market risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_finance" title="Personal finance">Personal finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">Security (finance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">Shares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development_goals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable development goals">Sustainable development goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_risk" title="Systematic risk">Systematic risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_risk" title="Systemic risk">Systemic risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_value_of_money" title="Time value of money">Time value of money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Too_big_to_fail" title="Too big to fail">Too big to fail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Too_connected_to_fail" title="Too connected to fail">Too connected to fail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watered_stock" title="Watered stock">Watered stock</a></li></ul> <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ol></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Banking" title="Category:Banking">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Banking" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Banking">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Banking">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Banking" title="Template:Banking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Banking" title="Template talk:Banking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Banking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Banking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Banking regulation and supervision</b> refers to a form of <a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">financial regulation</a> which subjects <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banks</a> to certain requirements, restrictions and guidelines, enforced by a <a href="/wiki/Financial_regulatory_authority" title="Financial regulatory authority">financial regulatory authority</a> generally referred to as <b>banking supervisor</b>, with semantic variations across jurisdictions. By and large, banking regulation and supervision aims at ensuring that banks are safe and sound and at fostering <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(market)" title="Transparency (market)">market transparency</a> between banks and the individuals and <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a> with whom they conduct business. </p><p>Its main component is <b>prudential</b> regulation and supervision whose aim is to ensure that banks are viable and resilient ("safe and sound") so as to reduce the likelihood and impact of bank failures that may trigger <a href="/wiki/Systemic_risk" title="Systemic risk">systemic risk</a>. Prudential regulation and supervision requires banks to control risks and hold adequate capital as defined by <a href="/wiki/Capital_requirements" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital requirements">capital requirements</a>, liquidity requirements, the imposition of concentration risk (or large exposures) limits, and related reporting and public disclosure requirements and supervisory controls and processes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other components include supervision aimed at enforcing <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">consumer protection</a>, sometimes also referred to as <b>conduct-of-business</b> (or simply "conduct") regulation and supervision of banks, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-money_laundering" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-money laundering">anti-money laundering</a> supervision that aims to ensure banks implement the applicable <a href="/wiki/AML/CFT" class="mw-redirect" title="AML/CFT">AML/CFT</a> framework. <a href="/wiki/Deposit_insurance" title="Deposit insurance">Deposit insurance</a> and <b>resolution authority</b> are also parts of the banking regulatory and supervisory framework. Bank (prudential) supervision is a form of "microprudential" policy to the extent it applies to individual credit institutions, as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Macroprudential_regulation" title="Macroprudential regulation">macroprudential regulation</a> whose intent is to consider the <a href="/wiki/Financial_system" title="Financial system">financial system</a> as a whole. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semantics">Semantics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Semantics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Banking supervision and regulation are closely intertwined, to the extent that in some jurisdictions (particularly the United States) the words "regulator" and "supervisor" are often used interchangeably in its context. Policy practice, however, makes a distinction between the setting of rules that apply to banks (regulation) and the oversight of their safety and soundness (prudential supervision), since the latter often entails a discretionary component or "supervisory judgment". The global framework for banking regulation and supervision, prepared by the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision" title="Basel Committee on Banking Supervision">Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</a>, makes a distinction between three "pillars", namely regulation (Pillar 1), supervisory discretion (Pillar 2), and <a href="/wiki/Market_discipline" title="Market discipline">market discipline</a> enabled by appropriate disclosure requirements (Pillar 3).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bank licensing, which sets certain requirements for starting a new bank, is closely connected with supervision and usually performed by the same public authority. Licensing provides the licence holders the right to own and to operate a bank. The licensing process is specific to the regulatory environment of the jurisdiction where the bank is located. Licensing involves an evaluation of the entity's intent and the ability to meet the regulatory guidelines governing the bank's operations, financial soundness, and managerial actions. The supervisor monitors licensed banks for compliance with the requirements and responds to breaches of the requirements by obtaining undertakings, giving directions, imposing penalties or (ultimately) revoking the bank's license. Bank supervision may be viewed as an extension of the licence-granting process. Supervisory activities involve on-site inspection of the bank's records, operations and processes or evaluation of the reports submitted by the bank.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arguably the most important requirement in bank regulation that supervisors must enforce is maintaining <a href="/wiki/Capital_requirement" title="Capital requirement">capital requirements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As banking regulation focusing on key factors in the financial markets, it forms one of the three components of <a href="/wiki/Financial_law" title="Financial law">financial law</a>, the other two being <a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a> and self-regulating market practices.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compliance with bank regulation is ensured by <a href="/wiki/Bank_supervision" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank supervision">bank supervision</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Banking regulation and supervision has emerged mostly in the 19th century and especially the 20th century, even though embryonic forms can be traced back to earlier periods. Landmark developments include the inception of U.S. federal banking supervision with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency" title="Office of the Comptroller of the Currency">Office of the Comptroller of the Currency</a> in 1862; the creation of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a> as the first major deposit guarantee and bank resolution authority in 1934; the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Banking_Commission" title="Belgian Banking Commission">Belgian Banking Commission</a>, Europe's first modern banking supervisor in 1935; the start of formal banking supervision by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a> in 1974, marking the eventual generalization of the practice among jurisdictions with large financial sectors; and the emergence of supranational banking supervision, first by the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Caribbean_Central_Bank" title="Eastern Caribbean Central Bank">Eastern Caribbean Central Bank</a> in 1983 and the <a href="/wiki/Banking_Commission_of_the_West_African_Monetary_Union" title="Banking Commission of the West African Monetary Union">Banking Commission of the West African Monetary Union</a> in 1990 and then, at a much larger scale, with the start of <a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a> in 2014.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Objectives">Objectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given the interconnectedness of the <a href="/wiki/Banking_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking industry">banking industry</a> and the reliance that the national (and global) <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a> hold on banks, it is important for regulatory agencies to maintain control over the standardized practices of these institutions. Another relevant example for the interconnectedness is that the law of financial industries or financial law focuses on the financial (banking), capital, and insurance markets.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters of such regulation often base their arguments on the "<a href="/wiki/Too_big_to_fail" title="Too big to fail">too big to fail</a>" notion. This holds that many financial institutions (particularly <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">investment banks</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Commercial_bank" title="Commercial bank">commercial</a> arm) hold too much control over the economy to fail without enormous consequences. This is the premise for government <a href="/wiki/Bailout" title="Bailout">bailouts</a>, in which government financial assistance is provided to banks or other <a href="/wiki/Financial_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial institutions">financial institutions</a> who appear to be on the brink of collapse. The belief is that without this aid, the crippled banks would not only become bankrupt, but would create rippling effects throughout the economy leading to <a href="/wiki/Systemic_banking_crisis#Systemic_banking_crises" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic banking crisis">systemic failure</a>. Compliance with bank regulations is verified by personnel known as <a href="/wiki/Bank_examiner" title="Bank examiner">bank examiners</a>. </p><p>The objectives of bank regulation, and the emphasis, vary between jurisdictions. The most common objectives are: </p> <ul><li>prudential—to reduce the level of risk to which bank creditors are exposed (i.e. to protect depositors)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_risk" title="Systemic risk">systemic risk</a> reduction—to reduce the risk of disruption resulting from adverse trading conditions for banks causing multiple or major bank failures<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>to avoid misuse of banks—to reduce the risk of banks being used for criminal purposes, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">laundering the proceeds of crime</a></li> <li>to protect <a href="/wiki/Bank_secrecy" title="Bank secrecy">banking confidentiality</a></li> <li>credit allocation—to direct credit to favored sectors</li> <li>it may also include rules about treating customers fairly and having <a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">corporate social responsibility</a>.</li></ul> <p>Among the reasons for maintaining close regulation of banking institutions is the aforementioned concern over the global repercussions that could result from a bank's failure; the idea that these <a href="/wiki/Bulge_bracket" title="Bulge bracket">bulge bracket banks</a> are "<a href="/wiki/Too_big_to_fail" title="Too big to fail">too big to fail</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The objective of federal agencies is to avoid situations in which the government must decide whether to support a struggling bank or to let it fail. The issue, as many argue, is that providing aid to crippled banks creates a situation of <a href="/wiki/Moral_hazard" title="Moral hazard">moral hazard</a>. The general premise is that while the government may have prevented a financial catastrophe for the time being, they have reinforced confidence for high risk taking and provided an invisible safety net. This can lead to a vicious cycle, wherein banks take risks, fail, receive a bailout, and then continue to take risks once again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instruments_and_requirements">Instruments and requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Instruments and requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1037173519">.mw-parser-output .specific-banking-frameworks .sidebar-content li{text-align:left}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks specific-banking-frameworks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Specific banking frameworks</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Market_risk" title="Market risk">Market risk</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FRTB" class="mw-redirect" title="FRTB">FRTB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_models_approach_(market_risk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal models approach (market risk)">Internal models approach</a> (IMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(market_risk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardized approach (market risk)">Standardized approach (market risk)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Credit_risk" title="Credit risk">Credit risk</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internal_ratings-based_approach_(credit_risk)" title="Internal ratings-based approach (credit risk)">Internal ratings-based approach</a> (IRB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_IRB" title="Foundation IRB">Foundation IRB</a> (F-IRB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_IRB" title="Advanced IRB">Advanced IRB</a> (A-IRB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(credit_risk)" title="Standardized approach (credit risk)">Standardized approach (credit risk)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Counterparty_credit_risk" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterparty credit risk">Counterparty credit risk</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Current_exposure_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Current exposure method">Current exposure method</a> (CEM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardised_method_(credit_risk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardised method (credit risk)">Standardised method</a> (SM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(counterparty_credit_risk)" title="Standardized approach (counterparty credit risk)">Standardized approach (counterparty credit risk)</a> (SA-CCR)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Operational_risk" title="Operational risk">Operational risk</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_measurement_approach" title="Advanced measurement approach">Advanced measurement approach</a> (AMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_indicator_approach" title="Basic indicator approach">Basic indicator approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(operational_risk)" title="Standardized approach (operational risk)">Standardized approach (operational risk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardised_Measurement_Approach" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardised Measurement Approach">Standardised measurement approach</a> (SMA)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Specific_Banking_Frameworks_Sidebar" title="Template:Specific Banking Frameworks Sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Specific_Banking_Frameworks_Sidebar" title="Template talk:Specific Banking Frameworks Sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Specific_Banking_Frameworks_Sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Specific Banking Frameworks Sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_requirement">Capital requirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Capital requirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capital_requirement" title="Capital requirement">Capital requirement</a></div> <p>The capital requirement sets a framework on how banks must handle their <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> in relation to their <a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">assets</a>. Internationally, the <a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a>' <a href="/wiki/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision" title="Basel Committee on Banking Supervision">Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</a> influences each country's capital requirements. In 1988, the Committee decided to introduce a capital measurement system commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Capital_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Basel Capital Accords">Basel Capital Accords</a>. The latest capital adequacy framework is commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Basel_III" title="Basel III">Basel III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This updated framework is intended to be more risk sensitive than the original one, but is also a lot more complex. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reserve_requirement">Reserve requirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reserve requirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reserve_requirement" title="Reserve requirement">Reserve requirement</a></div> <p>The reserve requirement sets the minimum <a href="/wiki/Bank_reserves" title="Bank reserves">reserves</a> each <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">bank</a> must hold to demand deposits and <a href="/wiki/Banknotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Banknotes">banknotes</a>. This type of regulation has lost the role it once had, as the emphasis has moved toward capital adequacy, and in many countries there is no minimum reserve ratio. The purpose of minimum reserve ratios is liquidity rather than safety. An example of a country with a contemporary minimum reserve ratio is <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, where banks are required to maintain 25% of their liabilities that are due on demand or within 1 month as qualifying liquefiable assets. </p><p>Reserve requirements have also been used in the past to control the stock of <a href="/wiki/Banknotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Banknotes">banknotes</a> and/or bank deposits. Required reserves have at times been gold, central bank banknotes or deposits, and foreign currency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_governance">Corporate governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Corporate governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Corporate governance requirements are intended to encourage the bank to be well managed, and is an indirect way of achieving other objectives. As many banks are relatively large, and with many divisions, it is important for management to maintain a close watch on all operations. Investors and clients will often hold higher management accountable for missteps, as these individuals are expected to be aware of all activities of the institution. Some of these requirements may include: </p> <ul><li>to be a body corporate (i.e. not an individual, a partnership, trust or other unincorporated entity)</li> <li>to be incorporated locally, and/or to be incorporated under as a particular type of body corporate, rather than being incorporated in a foreign jurisdiction</li> <li>to have a minimum number of directors</li> <li>to have an organizational structure that includes various offices and officers, e.g. corporate secretary, treasurer/CFO, auditor, Asset Liability Management Committee, Privacy Officer, Compliance Officer etc. Also the officers for those offices may need to be approved persons, or from an approved class of persons</li> <li>to have a constitution or articles of association that is approved, or contains or does not contain particular clauses, e.g. clauses that enable directors to act other than in the best interests of the company (e.g. in the interests of a parent company) may not be allowed.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_reporting_and_disclosure_requirements">Financial reporting and disclosure requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Financial reporting and disclosure requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the most important regulations that are placed on banking institutions is the requirement for disclosure of the bank's finances. Particularly for banks that trade on the public market, in the US for example the <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)</a> requires management to prepare annual financial statements according to a <a href="/wiki/International_Financial_Reporting_Standards" title="International Financial Reporting Standards">financial reporting standard</a>, have them audited, and to register or publish them. Often, these banks are even required to prepare more frequent financial disclosures, such as <a href="/wiki/Form_10-Q" title="Form 10-Q">Quarterly Disclosure Statements</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act" title="Sarbanes–Oxley Act">Sarbanes–Oxley Act</a> of 2002 outlines in detail the exact structure of the reports that the SEC requires.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to preparing these statements, the SEC also stipulates that directors of the bank must attest to the accuracy of such financial disclosures. Thus, included in their annual reports must be a report of management on the company's internal control over financial reporting. The internal control report must include: a statement of management's responsibility for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the company; management's assessment of the effectiveness of the company's internal control over financial reporting as of the end of the company's most recent fiscal year; a statement identifying the framework used by management to evaluate the effectiveness of the company's internal control over financial reporting; and a statement that the registered public accounting firm that audited the company's financial statements included in the annual report has issued an attestation report on management's assessment of the company's internal control over financial reporting. Under the new rules, a company is required to file the registered <a href="/wiki/Accountant" title="Accountant">public accounting firm's</a> attestation report as part of the annual report. Furthermore, the SEC added a requirement that management evaluate any change in the company's internal control over financial reporting that occurred during a <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_year" title="Fiscal year">fiscal quarter</a> that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the company's internal control over financial reporting.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Credit_rating_requirement">Credit rating requirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Credit rating requirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Banks may be required to obtain and maintain a current credit rating from an approved <a href="/wiki/Credit_rating_agency" title="Credit rating agency">credit rating agency</a>, and to disclose it to investors and prospective investors. Also, banks may be required to maintain a minimum credit rating. These ratings are designed to provide color for prospective clients or investors regarding the relative risk that one assumes when engaging in business with the bank. The ratings reflect the tendencies of the bank to take on high risk endeavors, in addition to the likelihood of succeeding in such deals or initiatives. The rating agencies that banks are most strictly governed by, referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(credit_rating_agencies)" title="Big Three (credit rating agencies)">"Big Three"</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Fitch_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitch Group">Fitch Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_and_Poor%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard and Poor's">Standard and Poor's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moody%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Moody's">Moody's</a>. These agencies hold the most influence over how banks (and all public companies) are viewed by those engaged in the public market. Following the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">2007–2008 financial crisis</a>, many economists have argued that these agencies face a serious conflict of interest in their core business model.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clients pay these agencies to rate their company based on their relative riskiness in the market. The question then is, to whom is the agency providing its service: the company or the market? </p><p>European <a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">financial economics</a> experts – notably the <a href="/wiki/World_Pensions_%26_Investments_Forum" title="World Pensions & Investments Forum">World Pensions Council (WPC)</a> have argued that European powers such as France and Germany pushed dogmatically and naively for the adoption of the "<a href="/wiki/Basel_II" title="Basel II">Basel II</a> recommendations", adopted in 2005, transposed in European Union law through the <a href="/wiki/Capital_Requirements_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital Requirements Directive">Capital Requirements Directive</a> (CRD). In essence, they forced European banks, and, more importantly, the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a> itself, to rely more than ever on the standardized assessments of "credit risk" marketed aggressively by two US credit rating agencies – Moody's and S&P, thus using <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a> and ultimately taxpayers' money to strengthen anti-competitive duopolistic practices akin to <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_dealing" title="Exclusive dealing">exclusive dealing</a>. Ironically, European governments have abdicated most of their regulatory authority in favor of a non-European, highly <a href="/wiki/Deregulated" class="mw-redirect" title="Deregulated">deregulated</a>, private <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Large_exposures_restrictions">Large exposures restrictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Large exposures restrictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Banks may be restricted from having imprudently large exposures to individual <a href="/wiki/Counterparty" title="Counterparty">counterparties</a> or groups of connected counterparties. Such limitation may be expressed as a proportion of the bank's assets or equity, and different limits may apply based on the security held and/or the credit rating of the counterparty. Restricting disproportionate exposure to high-risk investment prevents financial institutions from placing equity holders' (as well as the firm's) capital at an unnecessary risk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activity_and_affiliation_restrictions">Activity and affiliation restrictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Activity and affiliation restrictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the US in response to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s under the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> enacted the <a href="/wiki/Securities_Act_of_1933" title="Securities Act of 1933">Securities Act of 1933</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Glass%E2%80%93Steagall_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass–Steagall Act">Glass–Steagall Act</a> (GSA), setting up a pervasive regulatory scheme for the public offering of securities and generally prohibiting commercial banks from underwriting and dealing in those securities. GSA prohibited affiliations between banks (which means bank-chartered depository institutions, that is, financial institutions that hold federally insured consumer deposits) and securities firms (which are commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">"investment banks"</a> even though they are not technically banks and do not hold federally insured consumer deposits); further restrictions on bank affiliations with non-banking firms were enacted in <a href="/wiki/Bank_Holding_Company_Act" title="Bank Holding Company Act">Bank Holding Company Act</a> of 1956 (BHCA) and its subsequent amendments, eliminating the possibility that companies owning banks would be permitted to take ownership or controlling interest in insurance companies, manufacturing companies, real estate companies, securities firms, or any other non-banking company. As a result, distinct regulatory systems developed in the United States for regulating banks, on the one hand, and securities firms on the other.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bank_supervisors">Bank supervisors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bank supervisors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_financial_regulatory_authorities_by_jurisdiction" title="List of financial regulatory authorities by jurisdiction">List of financial regulatory authorities by jurisdiction</a></div> <p>Most jurisdictions designate one public authority as their national prudential supervisor of banks: e.g. the <a href="/wiki/National_Administration_of_Financial_Regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="National Administration of Financial Regulation">National Administration of Financial Regulation</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Services_Agency" title="Financial Services Agency">Financial Services Agency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Prudential_Regulation_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" title="Prudential Regulation Authority (United Kingdom)">Prudential Regulation Authority</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> have more complex setups in which multiple organizations have authority over bank supervision. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Authority" title="European Banking Authority">European Banking Authority</a> plays a key role in EU banking regulation, but is not a banking supervisor. In the <a href="/wiki/Banking_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking union">banking union</a> (which includes the <a href="/wiki/Euro_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro area">euro area</a> as well as countries that join on a voluntary basis, lately <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>), the <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">European Central Bank</a>, through its supervisory arm also known as ECB Banking Supervision, is the hub of banking supervision and works jointly with national bank supervisors, often referred to in that context as "national competent authorities" (NCAs). ECB Banking Supervision and the NCAs together form <a href="/wiki/European_Banking_Supervision" title="European Banking Supervision">European Banking Supervision</a>, also known as the Single Supervisory Mechanism. Countries outside the banking union rely on their respective national banking supervisors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bank_regulation_in_the_United_States" title="Bank regulation in the United States">Bank regulation in the United States</a></div> <p>The United States relies on state-level bank supervisors (or "state regulators", e.g. the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Financial_Services" title="New York State Department of Financial Services">New York State Department of Financial Services</a>), and at the federal level on a number of agencies involved in the prudential supervision of credit institutions: for banks, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency" title="Office of the Comptroller of the Currency">Office of the Comptroller of the Currency</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" title="Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation</a>; and for other credit institutions, the <a href="/wiki/National_Credit_Union_Administration" title="National Credit Union Administration">National Credit Union Administration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federal_Housing_Finance_Agency" title="Federal Housing Finance Agency">Federal Housing Finance Agency</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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market legislation">List of Swiss financial market legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_banking_law" title="United Kingdom banking law">United Kingdom banking law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_repression" title="Financial repression">Financial repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_hazard" title="Moral hazard">Moral hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Too_big_to_fail" title="Too big to fail">Too big to fail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">ISO 9362</a> – Standard format of Business Identifier Codes to identify Banks also known as <a href="/wiki/Bank_Identifier_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank Identifier Code">BIC</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMorris2019" class="citation book cs1">Morris, CHR (2019). <i>The Law of Financial Services Groups</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-884465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-884465-5"><bdi>978-0-19-884465-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Law+of+Financial+Services+Groups&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-884465-5&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=CHR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+regulation+and+supervision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2024" class="citation web cs1">Chen, James (31 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/basel_accord.asp">"Basel Accords: Purpose, Pillars, History, and Member Countries"</a>. <i>www.investopedia.com</i>. Reviewed by Caitlin Clarke<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.investopedia.com&rft.atitle=Basel+Accords%3A+Purpose%2C+Pillars%2C+History%2C+and+Member+Countries&rft.date=2024-07-31&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Fterms%2Fb%2Fbasel_accord.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+regulation+and+supervision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Apostolik, Christopher Donohue, and Peter Went (2009), <i>Foundations of Banking Risk</i>. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons, p. 62-63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/capitalrequirement.asp#axzz1VlEWDmPf">Investopedia:Capital Requirement</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joanna Benjamin, <i>Financial Law</i> (2007, Oxford University Press), 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVertesy2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Vertesy, László (2007). "The Place and Theory of Banking Law - Or Arising of a New Branch of Law: Law of Financial Industries". <i>Collega</i>. 2-3. XI. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3198092">3198092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collega&rft.atitle=The+Place+and+Theory+of+Banking+Law+-+Or+Arising+of+a+New+Branch+of+Law%3A+Law+of+Financial+Industries&rft.volume=2-3.+XI&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3198092%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Vertesy&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+regulation+and+supervision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation" class="citation web cs1">Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113235938/https://www.fdic.gov/regulations/safety/manual/section1-1.html#rationale">"Risk Management Manual of Exam Policies, Section 1.1"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Risk+Management+Manual+of+Exam+Policies%2C+Section+1.1&rft.au=Federal+Deposit+Insurance+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fdic.gov%2Fregulations%2Fsafety%2Fmanual%2Fsection1-1.html%23rationale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+regulation+and+supervision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSection_115,_Dodd–Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" class="citation web cs1">Section 115, Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-111hr4173enr/pdf/BILLS-111hr4173enr.pdf">"Pub. L. 111-203"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708055918/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-111hr4173enr/pdf/BILLS-111hr4173enr.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pub.+L.+111-203&rft.au=Section+115%2C+Dodd%E2%80%93Frank+Wall+Street+Reform+and+Consumer+Protection+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FBILLS-111hr4173enr%2Fpdf%2FBILLS-111hr4173enr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+regulation+and+supervision" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRochet2009" class="citation book cs1">Rochet, Jean-Charles (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n_KG3ftI4_sC&q=bank+regulation++rochet&pg=PR5"><i>Why Are There So Many Banking Crises?: The Politics and Policy of Bank Regulation</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400828319" title="Special:BookSources/9781400828319"><bdi>9781400828319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Are+There+So+Many+Banking+Crises%3F%3A+The+Politics+and+Policy+of+Bank+Regulation&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781400828319&rft.aulast=Rochet&rft.aufirst=Jean-Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn_KG3ftI4_sC%26q%3Dbank%2Bregulation%2B%2Brochet%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+regulation+and+supervision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs128b.pdf">"Basel II Comprehensive version part 2: The First Pillar – Minimum Capital Requirements"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.congress.gov&rft.atitle=H.R.3763+-+107th+Congress+%282001-2002%29%3A+Sarbanes-Oxley+Act+of+2002&rft.date=2002-07-30&rft.aulast=Oxley&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F107th-congress%2Fhouse-bill%2F3763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+regulation+and+supervision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSection_404,_Management's_Report_on_Internal_Control_Over_Financial_Reporting_and_Certification_of_Disclosure_in_Exchange_Act_Periodic_Reports" class="citation web cs1">Section 404, Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and Certification of Disclosure in Exchange Act Periodic Reports. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sec.gov/rules/final/33-8238.htm">"Final Rule"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Rule&rft.au=Section+404%2C+Management%27s+Report+on+Internal+Control+Over+Financial+Reporting+and+Certification+of+Disclosure+in+Exchange+Act+Periodic+Reports&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sec.gov%2Frules%2Ffinal%2F33-8238.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+regulation+and+supervision" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Guardian2011" class="citation news cs1">The Guardian (22 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/aug/22/ratings-agencies-conflict-of-interest">"Ratings agencies suffer 'conflict of interest', says former Moody's bos"</a>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ratings+agencies+suffer+%27conflict+of+interest%27%2C+says+former+Moody%27s+bos&rft.date=2011-08-22&rft.au=The+Guardian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2011%2Faug%2F22%2Fratings-agencies-conflict-of-interest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABanking+regulation+and+supervision" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Nicolas J. Firzli, "A Critique of the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision" <i>Revue Analyse Financière</i>, Nov. 10 2011 & Q2 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carpenter, David H. and M. Maureen Murphy. "The “Volcker Rule”: Proposals to Limit “Speculative” Proprietary Trading by Banks". Congressional Research Service, 2010.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabianbusiness.com/banking_finance/">Middle East Banking & Finance News</a> – <i>ArabianBusiness.com</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bankinginsurancesecurities.com/">Banking & Finance News</a> – <i>BankingInsuranceSecurities.com</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reserve_requirements">Reserve requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reserve requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorkfed.org/aboutthefed/fedpoint/fed45.html">Reserve Requirements – Fedpoints – Federal Reserve Bank of New York</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capital_requirements">Capital requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Capital requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs128.htm">Basel II: Revised international capital framework</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fdic.gov/deposit/insurance/risk/rrps_ovr.html">FDIC: Risk – Based Assessment System</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agenda_from_ISO">Agenda from ISO</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banking_regulation_and_supervision&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Agenda from ISO"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/en/CatalogueDetailPage.CatalogueDetail?CSNUMBER=33285&ICS1=3&ICS2=60&ICS3=">ISO/TR 17944</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Core subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">Administrative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_civil_law_(common_law)" title="Outline of civil law (common law)">Civil law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_doctrine" title="Legal doctrine">Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_(law)" title="Equity (law)">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" 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title="Conflict of laws">Conflict of laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumer protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">Corporate law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IT_law" class="mw-redirect" title="IT law">Cyberlaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drugs law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_law" title="Election law">Election law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Energy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a> (Media law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">Environmental law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">Family law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_law" title="Financial law">Financial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">Financial regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_law" title="Health law">Health law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">Immigration law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_criminal_law" title="International criminal law">International criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_human_rights_law" title="International human rights law">International human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_international_law" title="Slavery in international law">International slavery laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_trade_law" title="International trade law">International trade law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurimetrics" title="Jurimetrics">Jurimetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landlord%E2%80%93tenant_law" title="Landlord–tenant law">Landlord–tenant law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_war" title="Law of war">Law of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_archaeology" title="Legal archaeology">Legal archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_fiction" title="Legal fiction">Legal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Maritime law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_law" title="Marriage law">Marriage law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">Military law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law" title="Nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probate" title="Probate">Probate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will and testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_liability" title="Product liability">Product liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">Public international law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_law" title="Refugee law">Refugee law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparation_(legal)" title="Reparation (legal)">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">Tax law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_law" title="Transport law">Transport law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unenforced_law" title="Unenforced law">Unenforced law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_law" title="Sources of law">Sources of law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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pluralism">Legal pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Catholic canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Jain law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_law" title="Parsi law">Parsi law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Byzantine law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">Xeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_law" title="Comparative law">Comparative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressive_function_of_law" title="Expressive function of law">Expressive function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_formalism" title="Legal formalism">Legal formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_legal_theories" title="International legal theories">International legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality" title="Legality">Principle of legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_typicality" title="Principle of typicality">Principle of typicality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_man" title="Rule of man">Rule of man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjudication" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_justice" title="Administration of justice">Administration of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">Lawsuit/Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_opinion" title="Legal opinion">Legal opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Legal remedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">Judge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of 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