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aria-controls="toc-Causes_of_political_parties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Causes of political parties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Causes_of_political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_cleavages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_cleavages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Social cleavages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_cleavages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_and_group_incentives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_and_group_incentives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Individual and group incentives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individual_and_group_incentives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parties_as_heuristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parties_as_heuristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Parties as heuristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parties_as_heuristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_of_political_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_of_political_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Structure of political parties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure_of_political_parties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Structure of political parties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Structure_of_political_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Party_leaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_leaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Party leaders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_leaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_executives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_executives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Party executives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_executives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Party membership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_party_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_party_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Types of party organizations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_party_organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types of party organizations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_party_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elite_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elite_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Elite parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elite_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Mass parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catch-all_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catch-all_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Catch-all parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catch-all_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cartel_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cartel_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Cartel parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cartel_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Niche_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Niche_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Niche parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Niche_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entrepreneurial_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entrepreneurial_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Entrepreneurial parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entrepreneurial_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_positions_and_ideologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_positions_and_ideologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Party positions and ideologies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Party_positions_and_ideologies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Party positions and ideologies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Party_positions_and_ideologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-ideological_parties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-ideological_parties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Non-ideological parties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-ideological_parties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Party systems </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Party_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Party systems subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Party_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-partisan_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-partisan_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Non-partisan systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-partisan_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-One-party_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#One-party_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 One-party systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-One-party_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two-party_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two-party_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Two-party systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two-party_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-party_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-party_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Multi-party systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-party_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Funding </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Funding-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Funding subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources_of_party_funds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_of_party_funds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Sources of party funds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_of_party_funds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_for_party_funds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_for_party_funds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Uses for party funds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_for_party_funds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Restrictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_colours_and_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_colours_and_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Party colours and symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_colours_and_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Political party</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 141 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-141" aria-hidden="true" > 141 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politieke_party" title="Politieke party – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Politieke party" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partei" title="Partei – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Partei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="حزب سياسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزب سياسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partiu_politico" title="Partiu politico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Partiu politico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܓܒܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կուսակցութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կուսակցութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2" title="ৰাজনৈতিক দল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰাজনৈতিক দল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%ADu_pol%C3%ADticu" title="Partíu políticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Partíu políticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jokuaikuaa_aty" title="Jokuaikuaa aty – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jokuaikuaa aty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasi_partiya" title="Siyasi partiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Siyasi partiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8" title="حیزب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حیزب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B2" title="রাজনৈতিক দল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাজনৈতিক দল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8ng-t%C3%B3ng" title="Chèng-tóng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chèng-tóng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%B9%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D2%A1%D3%99" title="Сәйәси фирҡә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәйәси фирҡә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Палітычная партыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Палітычная партыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Палітычная партыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Палітычная партыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Политическа партия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Политическа партия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politische_Partei" title="Politische Partei – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Politische Partei" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dka_stranka" title="Politička stranka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Politička stranka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strollad_politikel" title="Strollad politikel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Strollad politikel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Улас түрын нам – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Улас түрын нам" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_pol%C3%ADtic" title="Partit polític – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit polític" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politick%C3%A1_strana" title="Politická strana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Politická strana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_wleidyddol" title="Plaid wleidyddol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Plaid wleidyddol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_parti" title="Politisk parti – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Politisk parti" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellodat" title="Bellodat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Bellodat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politische_Partei" title="Politische Partei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politische Partei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erakond" title="Erakond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Erakond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Πολιτικό κόμμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιτικό κόμμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_pol%C3%ADtico" title="Partido político – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido político" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partio_(politiko)" title="Partio (politiko) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Partio (politiko)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderdi_politiko" title="Alderdi politiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alderdi politiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8" title="حزب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajnetic_dal" title="Rajnetic dal – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rajnetic dal" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_politique" title="Parti politique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti politique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politike_partij" title="Politike partij – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Politike partij" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1irt%C3%AD_polait%C3%ADochta" title="Páirtí polaitíochta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Páirtí polaitíochta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partaidh_poileatagach" title="Partaidh poileatagach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Partaidh poileatagach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_pol%C3%ADtico" title="Partido político – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Partido político" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%8B%B9" title="정당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կուսակցություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կուսակցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2" title="राजनीतिक दल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राजनीतिक दल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dka_stranka" title="Politička stranka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Politička stranka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_politiko" title="Partido politiko – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Partido politiko" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_politik" title="Partai politik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_partise" title="Political partise – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Political partise" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B3rnm%C3%A1laflokkur" title="Stjórnmálaflokkur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjórnmálaflokkur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_politico" title="Partito politico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito politico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94" title="מפלגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מפלגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_pulitik" title="Partai pulitik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Partai pulitik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7" title="ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಪಕ್ಷ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಪಕ್ಷ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Политика партия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Политика партия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პოლიტიკური პარტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლიტიკური პარტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саяси партия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саяси партия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti" title="Parti – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Parti" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chama_cha_kisiasa" title="Chama cha kisiasa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chama cha kisiasa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pati_politik" title="Pati politik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pati politik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pati_politik" title="Pati politik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pati politik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саясий партия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Саясий партия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit" title="Partit – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Partit" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87" title="ພັຄກາຣເມືອງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພັຄກາຣເມືອງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factio_politica" title="Factio politica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Factio politica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk%C4%81_partija" title="Politiskā partija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Politiskā partija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politesch_Partei" title="Politesch Partei – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Politesch Partei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politin%C4%97_partija" title="Politinė partija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Politinė partija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politische_partie" title="Politische partie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Politische partie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ling%C3%B3mb%C3%A1_lya_polit%C3%ADki" title="Lingómbá lya politíki – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lingómbá lya politíki" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partii_politegh" title="Partii politegh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Partii politegh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1rt" title="Párt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Párt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Политичка партија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Политичка партија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoko_p%C3%B4litika" title="Antoko pôlitika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antoko pôlitika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="രാഷ്ട്രീയ പാർട്ടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാഷ്ട്രീയ പാർട്ടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="राजकीय पक्ष – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राजकीय पक्ष" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პოლიტიკური პარტია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოლიტიკური პარტია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89" title="حزب سياسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حزب سياسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_politik" title="Parti politik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parti politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Политикань партиясь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Политикань партиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Улс төрийн нам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Улс төрийн нам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE" title="နိုင်ငံရေးပါတီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုင်ငံရေးပါတီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politieke_partij" title="Politieke partij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politieke partij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2" title="राजनीतिक दल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="राजनीतिक दल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2" title="दल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%85%9A" title="政党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="政党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Политикин парти – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Политикин парти" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_parti" title="Politisk parti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Politisk parti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_parti" title="Politisk parti – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Politisk parti" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_politic" title="Partit politic – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Partit politic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyosiy_partiyalar" title="Siyosiy partiyalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Siyosiy partiyalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B2" title="ਸਿਆਸੀ ਦਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਆਸੀ ਦਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politische_Partei" title="Politische Partei – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Politische Partei" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="سیاسی جماعت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیاسی جماعت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_pol%C3%ADtiko" title="Partido polítiko – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Partido polítiko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="گوند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="گوند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%AC_pol%C3%ACtich" title="Partì polìtich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Partì polìtich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politsche_Partei" title="Politsche Partei – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Politsche Partei" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_polityczna" title="Partia polityczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Partia polityczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_pol%C3%ADtico" title="Partido político – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido político" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasiy_f%C4%B1rqa" title="Siyasiy fırqa – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Siyasiy fırqa" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partid_politic" title="Partid politic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Partid politic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawpay_rak%27isqa" title="Kawpay rak'isqa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawpay rak'isqa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Політічна партія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Політічна партія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Политическая партия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политическая партия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Бэлиитикэ баартыйата – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бэлиитикэ баартыйата" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="राजनैतिकदलम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="राजनैतिकदलम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poleetical_pairty" title="Poleetical pairty – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Poleetical pairty" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit%C3%AB_politike" title="Partitë politike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Partitë politike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitu_pul%C3%ACticu" title="Partitu pulìticu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Partitu pulìticu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82" title="දේශපාලන පක්ෂ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දේශපාලන පක්ෂ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Political party" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politick%C3%A1_strana" title="Politická strana – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Politická strana" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dna_stranka" title="Politična stranka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Politična stranka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polityczn%C5%8F_partyj%C5%8F" title="Politycznŏ partyjŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Politycznŏ partyjŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xisbi_siyaasad" title="Xisbi siyaasad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xisbi siyaasad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A8" title="حیزب – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حیزب" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Политичка странка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Политичка странка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dka_stranka" title="Politička stranka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Politička stranka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolue" title="Puolue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puolue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politiskt_parti" title="Politiskt parti – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Politiskt parti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidong_pampolitika" title="Partidong pampolitika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Partidong pampolitika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="அரசியல் கட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரசியல் கட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Сәяси фиркаләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сәяси фиркаләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80" title="రాజకీయ పార్టీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాజకీయ పార్టీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="พรรคการเมือง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พรรคการเมือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Ҳизби сиёсӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳизби сиёсӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasi_parti" title="Siyasi parti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siyasi parti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amany%C9%94_kuo" title="Amanyɔ kuo – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Amanyɔ kuo" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Політична партія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політична партія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="سیاسی جماعت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیاسی جماعت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="پارتىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پارتىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partio_pu%C5%82%C3%ACtego" title="Partio pułìtego – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Partio pułìtego" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_ph%C3%A1i_ch%C3%ADnh_tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Đảng phái chính trị – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảng phái chính trị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_politikal" title="Partido politikal – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Partido politikal" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Organization coordinating policy priorities and candidates for government positions</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Political_party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Political party (disambiguation)">Political party (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:People_approving_for_change_at_Parivartan_Yatra,_Beohari_in_April_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/People_approving_for_change_at_Parivartan_Yatra%2C_Beohari_in_April_2013.jpg/264px-People_approving_for_change_at_Parivartan_Yatra%2C_Beohari_in_April_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/People_approving_for_change_at_Parivartan_Yatra%2C_Beohari_in_April_2013.jpg/396px-People_approving_for_change_at_Parivartan_Yatra%2C_Beohari_in_April_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/People_approving_for_change_at_Parivartan_Yatra%2C_Beohari_in_April_2013.jpg/528px-People_approving_for_change_at_Parivartan_Yatra%2C_Beohari_in_April_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The members of political parties, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (INC)(pictured), coordinate to collectively achieve and use political power.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Party politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_party" title="Bloc party">Bloc party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_party" title="Elite party">Elite party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartel_party_theory" title="Cartel party theory">Cartel party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">Catch-all party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business-firm_party" title="Business-firm party">Entrepreneurial party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">Minor party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_politics" title="Mass politics">Mass party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_party" title="Ruling party">Ruling party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">Opposition party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">Parliamentary opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_power" title="Party of power">Party of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">Official party status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-issue_politics#Single-issue_parties" title="Single-issue politics">Single-issue party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_political_party" title="Transnational political party">Transnational</a> / <a href="/wiki/Political_international" title="Political international">International</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Leaders and organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">Backbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_chair" title="Caucus chair">Caucus chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbencher" title="Frontbencher">Frontbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_candidate" title="Lead candidate">Lead candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition" title="Leader of the Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">Majority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_leader" title="Minority leader">Minority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">Political faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">Parliamentary leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Party chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Party leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_spokesperson" title="Party spokesperson">Party spokesperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)" title="Secretary (title)">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet" title="Shadow cabinet">Shadow cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Internal elections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_election" title="Leadership election">Leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_conference" title="Party conference">Party convention/conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_convention" title="Leadership convention">Leadership convention</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_vote" title="Conscience vote">Conscience vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">Crossing the floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">Party line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-line_vote" title="Party-line vote">Party-line vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_switching" title="Party switching">Party switching</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">Party systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">Two-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multi-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalitions</a> between parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">Parliamentary group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government" title="Divided government">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">Confidence and supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">Grand coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">Hung parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">Majority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">Minority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_government" title="Rotation government">Rotation government</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_political_parties" title="Lists of political parties">Lists of political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">Ruling parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_region" title="List of political parties by region">Political parties by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_political_parties" title="List of banned political parties">Banned political parties</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Party_politics" title="Template:Party politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Party_politics" title="Template talk:Party politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Party_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Party politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> A political party is an <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organization</a> that coordinates <a href="/wiki/Candidate" title="Candidate">candidates</a> to compete in a particular country's <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">elections</a>. It is common for the members of a party to hold similar ideas about <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, and parties may promote specific <a href="/wiki/Political_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Political ideology">ideological</a> or <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy</a> goals. Political parties have become a major part of the politics of almost every country, as modern party organizations developed and spread around the world over the last few centuries. Although <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_without_political_parties" title="List of countries without political parties">some countries have no political parties</a>, this is extremely rare. Most countries have <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">several parties</a> while others <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">only have one</a>. Parties are important in the politics of <a href="/wiki/Autocracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Autocracies">autocracies</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Democracies" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracies">democracies</a>, though usually democracies have more political parties than autocracies. Autocracies often have a single party that governs the country, and some <a href="/wiki/Political_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political scientist">political scientists</a> consider competition between two or more parties to be an essential part of democracy. Parties can develop from existing divisions in society, like the divisions between lower and upper <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">classes</a>, and they streamline the process of making political decisions by encouraging their members to cooperate. Political parties usually include a party leader, who has primary responsibility for the activities of the party; party executives, who may select the leader and who perform administrative and organizational tasks; and party members, who may volunteer to help the party, donate money to it, and vote for its candidates. There are many different ways in which political parties can be structured and interact with the electorate. The contributions that citizens give to political parties are often regulated by law, and parties will sometimes govern in a way that favours the people who donate time and money to them. Many political parties are motivated by ideological goals. It is common for democratic elections to feature competitions between <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> parties; other common ideologies of <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_political_parties" title="List of largest political parties">very large political parties</a> include <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>. Political parties in different countries will often adopt similar colours and symbols to identify themselves with a particular ideology. However, many political parties have no ideological affiliation, and may instead be primarily engaged in <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">clientelism</a>, the advancement of a specific <a href="/wiki/Political_entrepreneur" title="Political entrepreneur">political entrepreneur</a>, or be a "<a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">big tent</a>", in that they wish to attract voters who have a variety of positions on issues. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> Political parties are collective entities and activities that organize competitions for political offices.<a href="#cite_note-Aldrich95-1">[1]</a>: 3  The members of a political party contest elections under a shared label. In a narrow definition, a political party can be thought of as just the group of candidates who run for office under a party label.<a href="#cite_note-Chhibber04-2">[2]</a>: 3  In a broader definition, political parties are the entire apparatus that supports the election of a group of candidates, including voters and volunteers who <a href="/wiki/Party_identification" title="Party identification">identify</a> with a particular political party, the official party organizations that support the election of that party's candidates, and legislators in the government who are affiliated with the party.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In many countries, the notion of a political party is defined in law, and governments may specify requirements for an organization to legally qualify as a political party.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Political parties are distinguished from other political groups or clubs, such as parliamentary groups, because only presidents have control over the political foundations of the party and also they include political factions, or advocacy groups, mostly by the fact that a party is focused on electing candidates, whereas a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">parliamentary group</a> is a group of political parties, a <a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">political faction</a> is a subgroup within a political party, and an <a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">advocacy group</a> is focused on advancing a policy agenda.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> This is related to other features that sometimes distinguish parties from other political organizations, including a larger membership, greater stability over time, and a deeper connection to the electorate.<a href="#cite_note-Belloni76-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> The idea of people forming large groups or factions to advocate for their shared interests is ancient. <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> mentions the political factions of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> discusses the tendency of different types of government to produce factions in the <a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Certain ancient disputes were also factional, like the <a href="/wiki/Nika_riots" title="Nika riots">Nika riots</a> between two <a href="/wiki/Chariot_racing" title="Chariot racing">chariot racing</a> factions at the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople" title="Hippodrome of Constantinople">Hippodrome of Constantinople</a>. A few instances of recorded political groups or factions in history included the late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic's</a> <a href="/wiki/Populares" class="mw-redirect" title="Populares">Populares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optimates" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimates">Optimates</a> factions as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic's</a> <a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Dutch_Republic)" title="Orangism (Dutch Republic)">Orangists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_States_Party" title="Dutch States Party">Staatsgezinde</a>. However, modern political parties are considered to have emerged around the end of the 18th century; they are usually considered to have first appeared in Europe and the United States of America, with the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States Democratic Party">Democratic Party</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> both frequently called the world's "oldest continuous political party".<a href="#cite_note-Metcalf97-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chhibber04-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Before the development of mass political parties, elections typically featured a much lower level of competition, had small enough <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polities</a> that <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct decision-making</a> was feasible, and held elections that were dominated by individual networks or cliques that could independently propel a candidate to victory in an election.<a href="#cite_note-boix09-12">[12]</a>: 510  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 18th century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-Block-for-the-Wigs-Gillray.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/A-Block-for-the-Wigs-Gillray.jpeg/260px-A-Block-for-the-Wigs-Gillray.jpeg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/A-Block-for-the-Wigs-Gillray.jpeg/390px-A-Block-for-the-Wigs-Gillray.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/A-Block-for-the-Wigs-Gillray.jpeg/520px-A-Block-for-the-Wigs-Gillray.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3718" data-file-height="2788" /></a><figcaption>In A Block for the Wigs (1783), <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> caricatured Fox's return to power in a coalition with North. George III is the blockhead in the centre.</figcaption></figure> Some scholars argue that the first modern political parties developed in <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Britain" title="Early modern Britain">early modern Britain</a> in the 17th century, after the <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jones61-13">[13]</a>: 4  The <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> faction originally organized itself around support for Protestant <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Absolute_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute Monarchy">absolute rule</a>, whereas the conservative <a href="/wiki/Tory_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tory (British political party)">Tory</a> faction (originally the <a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavalier</a> faction of the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>) supported a strong monarchy, and these two groups structured disputes in the politics of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> throughout the 18th century<a href="#cite_note-Jones61-13">[13]</a>: 4 <a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rockingham_Whigs" title="Rockingham Whigs">Rockingham Whigs</a> have been identified as the first modern political party, because they retained a coherent party label and motivating principles even while out of power.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> At the end of the century, the United States also developed a party system, called the <a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a>. Although the framers of the 1787 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> did not all anticipate that American political disputes would be primarily organized around political parties, political controversies in the early 1790s over the extent of federal government powers saw the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington#Rise_of_political_parties" title="Presidency of George Washington">emergence of two proto-political parties</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> By the early 19th century, a number of countries had developed stable modern party systems. The party system that developed in Sweden has been called the world's first party system, on the basis that previous party systems were not fully stable or institutionalized.<a href="#cite_note-Metcalf97-9">[9]</a> In many European countries, including Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, and France, political parties organized around a <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a>-<a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a> divide, or around religious disputes.<a href="#cite_note-boix09-12">[12]</a>: 510  The spread of the party model of politics was accelerated by the <a href="/wiki/1848_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 Revolution">1848 Revolutions</a> around Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Busky8-18">[18]</a> The strength of political parties in the United States waned during the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a>, but shifted and strengthened again by the second half of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> This was not the only country in which the strength of political parties had substantially increased by the end of the century; for example, around this time the Irish political leader <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a> implemented several methods and structures like <a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">party discipline</a> that would come to be associated with strong <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> political parties.<a href="#cite_note-jordan86-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> At the beginning of the 20th century in Europe, the liberal–conservative divide that characterized most party systems was disrupted by the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> parties, which attracted the support of organized <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-boix09-12">[12]</a>: 511  During the wave of <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> in the mid-20th century, many newly sovereign countries outside of Europe and North America developed party systems that often emerged from their movements for independence.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> For example, a system of political parties arose out of factions in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>, and was strengthened and stabilized by the policies of <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Chhibber04-2">[2]</a>: 165  The formation of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, which developed in the late 19th century as a pro-independence faction in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> and immediately became a major political party after Indian independence, foreshadowed the dynamic in many newly independent countries; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Uganda_National_Congress" title="Uganda National Congress">Uganda National Congress</a> was a pro-independence party and the first political party in Uganda, and its name was chosen as an homage to the Indian National Congress.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> As broader suffrage rights and eventually <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> slowly spread throughout democracies, political parties expanded dramatically, and only then did a vision develop of political parties as intermediaries between the full public and the government.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_of_political_parties">Causes of political parties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Causes of political parties">edit</a>]</div> Political parties are a nearly ubiquitous feature of modern countries.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Nearly all democratic countries have strong political parties, and many political scientists consider countries with fewer than two parties to necessarily be <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocratic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Przeworski00-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Svolik08-29">[29]</a> However, these sources allow that a country with multiple competitive parties is not necessarily democratic, and the politics of many autocratic countries are organized around one dominant political party.<a href="#cite_note-Svolik08-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The ubiquity and strength of political parties in nearly every modern country has led researchers to remark that the existence of political parties is almost a <a href="/wiki/Law_(principle)" title="Law (principle)">law</a> of politics, and to ask why parties appear to be such an essential part of modern states.<a href="#cite_note-boix09-12">[12]</a>: 510 <a href="#cite_note-Aldrich95-1">[1]</a> Political scientists have therefore come up with several explanations for why political parties are a nearly universal political phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-Chhibber04-2">[2]</a>: 11  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_cleavages">Social cleavages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social cleavages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(politics)" title="Cleavage (politics)">Cleavage (politics)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IICCR_G005_May_1st_rally_in_Bucharest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/IICCR_G005_May_1st_rally_in_Bucharest.jpg/220px-IICCR_G005_May_1st_rally_in_Bucharest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/IICCR_G005_May_1st_rally_in_Bucharest.jpg/330px-IICCR_G005_May_1st_rally_in_Bucharest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/IICCR_G005_May_1st_rally_in_Bucharest.jpg/440px-IICCR_G005_May_1st_rally_in_Bucharest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="982" /></a><figcaption>Political parties like the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a> can arise out of, or be closely connected to, existing segments of society, such as organizations of workers.</figcaption></figure> One of the core explanations for the existence of political parties is that they arise from pre-existing divisions among people: society is divided in a certain way, and a party is formed to organize that division into the electoral competition. By the 1950s, economists and political scientists had shown that party organizations could take advantage of the distribution of voters' preferences over political issues, adjusting themselves in response to what voters believe in order to become more competitive.<a href="#cite_note-Downs57-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Beginning in the 1960s, academics began identifying the social cleavages in different countries that might have given rise to specific parties, such as religious cleavages in specific countries that may have produced religious parties there.<a href="#cite_note-Lipset67-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ware95-34">[34]</a> The theory that parties are produced by social cleavages has drawn several criticisms. Some authors have challenged it on empirical grounds, either finding no evidence for the claim that parties emerge from existing cleavages, or arguing that the claim is not empirically testable.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Others note that while social cleavages might cause political parties to exist, this obscures the opposite effect: that political parties also cause changes in the underlying social cleavages.<a href="#cite_note-Chhibber04-2">[2]</a>: 13  A further objection is that, if the explanation for where parties come from is that they emerge from existing social cleavages, then the theory is an incomplete story of where political parties come from unless it also explains the origins of these social cleavages.<a href="#cite_note-Tilly90-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_and_group_incentives">Individual and group incentives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Individual and group incentives">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ideals_of_United_Australia_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/The_Ideals_of_United_Australia_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-The_Ideals_of_United_Australia_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/The_Ideals_of_United_Australia_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-The_Ideals_of_United_Australia_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/The_Ideals_of_United_Australia_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-The_Ideals_of_United_Australia_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3684" data-file-height="5992" /></a><figcaption>It is easier for voters to evaluate one simple list of policies for each party, like this platform for the <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia Party</a>, than to individually judge every single candidate.</figcaption></figure> An alternative explanation for why parties are ubiquitous across the world is that the formation of parties provides <a href="/wiki/Incentive_compatibility" title="Incentive compatibility">compatible incentives</a> for candidates and legislators. For example, the existence of political parties might coordinate candidates across geographic districts, so that a candidate in one electoral district has an incentive to assist a similar candidate in a different district.<a href="#cite_note-Aldrich95-1">[1]</a> Thus, political parties can be mechanisms for preventing candidates with similar goals from acting to each other's detriment when campaigning or governing.<a href="#cite_note-Hicken09-37">[37]</a> This might help explain the ubiquity of parties: if a group of candidates form a party and are harming each other less, they may perform better over the long run than <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">unaffiliated politicians</a>, so politicians with party affiliations will out-compete politicians without parties.<a href="#cite_note-Aldrich95-1">[1]</a> Parties can also align their member's incentives when those members are in a legislature.<a href="#cite_note-Cox99-38">[38]</a> The existence of a party apparatus can help coalitions of electors to agree on ideal policy choices,<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> whereas a legislature of unaffiliated members might never be able to agree on a single best policy choice without some institution constraining their options.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parties_as_heuristics">Parties as heuristics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Parties as heuristics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Party_identification" title="Party identification">Party identification</a></div> Another prominent explanation for why political parties exist is psychological: parties may be necessary for many individuals to participate in politics because they provide a massively simplifying <a href="/wiki/Heuristics_in_judgment_and_decision-making" class="mw-redirect" title="Heuristics in judgment and decision-making">heuristic</a>, which allows people to make informed choices with much less mental effort than if voters had to consciously evaluate the merits of every candidate individually.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell60-42">[42]</a> Without political parties, electors would have to individually evaluate every candidate in every election. Parties enable electors to make judgments about just a few groups, and then apply their judgment of the party to its entire slate of candidates. Because it is much easier to become informed about a few parties' platforms than the positions of a multitude of independent candidates, parties reduce the cognitive burden for people to cast informed votes. However, some evidence suggests that over the last several decades, the strength of party identification has been weakening, so this may be a less important function for parties to provide than it was in the past.<a href="#cite_note-Dalton02-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_of_political_parties">Structure of political parties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Structure of political parties">edit</a>]</div> Political parties are often structured in similar ways across countries. They typically feature a single party leader, a group of party executives, and a community of party members.<a href="#cite_note-helms2012-44">[44]</a> Parties in democracies usually select their party leadership in ways that are more open and competitive than parties in autocracies, where the selection of a new party leader is likely to be tightly controlled.<a href="#cite_note-helms20-45">[45]</a> In countries with large sub-national regions, particularly <a href="/wiki/Federalist" title="Federalist">federalist</a> countries, there may be regional party leaders and regional party members in addition to the national membership and leadership.<a href="#cite_note-Chhibber04-2">[2]</a>: 75  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_leaders">Party leaders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Party leaders">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/220px-18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/330px-18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/440px-18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party</a>, where policies may be set and changes can be made to party leadership</figcaption></figure> Parties are typically led by a <a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">party leader</a>, who serves as the main representative of the party and often has primary responsibility for overseeing the party's policies and strategies. The leader of the party that controls the government usually becomes the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">president</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a>, and the leaders of other parties explicitly compete to become the head of government.<a href="#cite_note-helms2012-44">[44]</a> In both <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential democracies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracies</a>, the members of a party frequently have substantial input into the selection of party leaders, for example by voting on party leadership at a <a href="/wiki/Party_conference" title="Party conference">party conference</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Because the leader of a major party is a powerful and visible person, many party leaders are well-known career politicians.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Party leaders can be sufficiently prominent that they affect voters' perceptions of the entire party,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and some voters decide how to vote in elections partly based on how much they like the leaders of the different parties.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The number of people involved in choosing party leaders varies widely across parties and across countries. On one extreme, party leaders might be selected from the entire electorate; on the opposite extreme, they might be selected by just one individual.<a href="#cite_note-kenig09-51">[51]</a> Selection by a smaller group can be a feature of party leadership transitions in more autocratic countries, where the existence of political parties may be severely constrained to only one legal political party, or only one competitive party. Some of these parties, like the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>, have rigid methods for selecting the next party leader, which involves selection by other party members.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> A small number of single-party states have hereditary succession, where party leadership is inherited by the child of an outgoing party leader.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Autocratic parties use more restrictive selection methods to avoid having major shifts in the regime as a result of successions.<a href="#cite_note-helms20-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_executives">Party executives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Party executives">edit</a>]</div> In both democratic and non-democratic countries, the party leader is often the foremost member of a larger party leadership. A party executive will commonly include administrative positions, like a <a href="/wiki/Party_secretary" title="Party secretary">party secretary</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">party chair</a>, who may be different people from the party leader.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> These executive organizations may serve to constrain the party leader, especially if that leader is an autocrat.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> It is common for political parties to conduct major leadership decisions, like selecting a party executive and setting their policy goals, during regular <a href="/wiki/Party_conference" title="Party conference">party conferences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Woman%27s_Party_Members_Lafayette_Park_August_6,_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/National_Woman%27s_Party_Members_Lafayette_Park_August_6%2C_1918.jpg/220px-National_Woman%27s_Party_Members_Lafayette_Park_August_6%2C_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/National_Woman%27s_Party_Members_Lafayette_Park_August_6%2C_1918.jpg/330px-National_Woman%27s_Party_Members_Lafayette_Park_August_6%2C_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/National_Woman%27s_Party_Members_Lafayette_Park_August_6%2C_1918.jpg/440px-National_Woman%27s_Party_Members_Lafayette_Park_August_6%2C_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party">National Woman's Party</a> in 1918</figcaption></figure> Much as party leaders who are not in power are usually at least nominally competing to become the head of government, the entire party executive may be competing for various positions in the government. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster systems</a>, the largest party that is out of power will form the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(parliamentary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition (parliamentary)">Official Opposition</a> in parliament, and select a <a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet" title="Shadow cabinet">shadow cabinet</a> which (among other functions) provides a signal about which members of the party would hold which positions in the government if the party were to win an election.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Party_membership">Party membership</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Party membership">edit</a>]</div> Citizens in a democracy will often affiliate with a specific political party. Party membership may include paying dues, an agreement not to affiliate with multiple parties at the same time, and sometimes a statement of agreement with the party's policies and platform.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In democratic countries, members of political parties often are allowed to participate in elections to choose the party leadership.<a href="#cite_note-kenig09-51">[51]</a> Party members may form the base of the volunteer activists and donors who support political parties during campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The extent of participation in party organizations can be affected by a country's political institutions, with certain <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">party systems</a> encouraging higher party membership.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Since at least the 1980s, membership in large traditional party organizations has been steadily declining across a number of countries, particularly longstanding European democracies.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_party_organizations">Types of party organizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Types of party organizations">edit</a>]</div> Political scientists have distinguished between different types of political parties that have evolved throughout history. These include elite parties, mass parties, catch-all parties and cartel parties.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher-64">[64]</a>: 163–178  Elite parties were political elites that were concerned with contesting elections and restricted the influence of outsiders, who were only required to assist in election campaigns. Mass parties tried to recruit new members who were a source of party income and were often expected to spread party ideology as well as assist in elections. In the United States, where both major parties were elite parties, the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primaries</a> and other reforms has transformed them so that power is held by activists who compete over influence and nomination of candidates.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elite_parties">Elite parties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Elite parties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elite_party" title="Elite party">Elite party</a></div> An <a href="/wiki/Elite_party" title="Elite party">elite party</a> is a type of political party that was dominant in the nineteenth century before the introduction of universal suffrage. The French political scientist <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Duverger" title="Maurice Duverger">Maurice Duverger</a> first distinguished between elite and "mass" parties, founding his distinction on the differences within the organisational structures of these two types.<a href="#cite_note-duverger64-66">[66]</a>: 60–71  Elite parties are characterized by minimal and loose organisation, and are financed by fewer larger monetary contributions typically originating from outside the party. Elite parties give little priority to expanding the party's membership base, and its leaders are its only members.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-schumacher-64">[64]</a>: 165  The earliest political parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic-Republicans">Democratic-Republicans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalists">Federalists</a>, are classified as elite parties.<a href="#cite_note-hhm71-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_parties">Mass parties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mass parties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079282-0030,_M%C3%BCnster,_SPD-Parteitag,_Willy_Brandt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079282-0030%2C_M%C3%BCnster%2C_SPD-Parteitag%2C_Willy_Brandt.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079282-0030%2C_M%C3%BCnster%2C_SPD-Parteitag%2C_Willy_Brandt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079282-0030%2C_M%C3%BCnster%2C_SPD-Parteitag%2C_Willy_Brandt.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079282-0030%2C_M%C3%BCnster%2C_SPD-Parteitag%2C_Willy_Brandt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079282-0030%2C_M%C3%BCnster%2C_SPD-Parteitag%2C_Willy_Brandt.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F079282-0030%2C_M%C3%BCnster%2C_SPD-Parteitag%2C_Willy_Brandt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Parties can arise from existing cleavages in society, like the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> which <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">was formed</a> to represent German workers.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mass_politics" title="Mass politics">Mass politics</a></div> A mass party is a type of political party that developed around <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(politics)" title="Cleavage (politics)">cleavages</a> in society and mobilized the ordinary citizens or 'masses' in the political process.<a href="#cite_note-hhm71-68">[68]</a> In Europe, the introduction of universal suffrage resulted in the creation of worker's parties that later evolved into mass parties; an example is the <a href="/wiki/German_Social_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="German Social Democratic Party">German Social Democratic Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher-64">[64]</a>: 165  These parties represented large groups of citizens who had not previously been represented in political processes, articulating the interests of different groups in society. In contrast to elite parties, mass parties are funded by their members, and rely on and maintain a large membership base. Further, mass parties prioritize the mobilization of voters and are more centralized than elite parties.<a href="#cite_note-hhm71-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catch-all_parties">Catch-all parties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Catch-all parties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Big_tent_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Big tent party">Big tent party</a></div> The term "catch-all party" was developed by German-American political scientist <a href="/wiki/Otto_Kirchheimer" title="Otto Kirchheimer">Otto Kirchheimer</a> to describe the parties that developed in the 1950s and 1960s as a result of changes within the mass parties.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-schumacher-64">[64]</a>: 165  The term "big tent party" may be used interchangeably. Kirchheimer characterized the shift from the traditional mass parties to catch-all parties as a set of developments including the "drastic reduction of the party's ideological baggage" and the "downgrading of the role of the individual party member".<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> By broadening their central ideologies into more open-ended ones, catch-all parties seek to secure the support of a wider section of the population. Further, the role of members is reduced as catch-all parties are financed in part by the state or by donations.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher-64">[64]</a>: 163–178  In Europe, the shift of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic parties">Christian Democratic parties</a> that were organized around religion into broader <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">centre-right</a> parties epitomizes this type.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cartel_parties">Cartel parties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cartel parties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cartel_party_theory" title="Cartel party theory">Cartel party theory</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Cartel_party_theory" title="Cartel party theory">Cartel parties</a> are a type of political party that emerged post-1970s and are characterized by heavy state financing and the diminished role of ideology as an organizing principle. The cartel party thesis was developed by Richard Katz and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mair" title="Peter Mair">Peter Mair</a>, who wrote that political parties have turned into "semi-state agencies",<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> acting on behalf of the state rather than groups in society. The term 'cartel' refers to the way in which prominent parties in government make it difficult for new parties to enter, as such forming a <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartel</a> of established parties. As with catch-all parties, the role of members in cartel parties is largely insignificant as parties use the resources of the state to maintain their position within the political system.<a href="#cite_note-schumacher-64">[64]</a>: 163–178  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niche_parties">Niche parties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Niche parties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Single-issue_politics" title="Single-issue politics">Single-issue politics</a></div> Niche parties are a type of political party that developed on the basis of the emergence of new cleavages and issues in politics, such as immigration and the environment.<a href="#cite_note-Meguid-74">[74]</a> In contrast to mainstream or catch-all parties, niche parties articulate an often limited set of interests in a way that does not conform to the dominant economic left-right divide in politics, in turn emphasising issues that do not attain prominence within the other parties.<a href="#cite_note-MM-75">[75]</a> Further, niche parties do not respond to changes in public opinion to the extent that mainstream parties do. Examples of niche parties include <a href="/wiki/Green_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Green parties">Green parties</a> and extreme nationalist parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a> in France.<a href="#cite_note-Adams-76">[76]</a> However, over time these parties may grow in size and shed some of their niche qualities as they become larger, a phenonmenon observable among European Green parties during their transformation from radical environmentalist movements to mainstream centre-left parties.<a href="#cite_note-MM-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entrepreneurial_parties">Entrepreneurial parties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Entrepreneurial parties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurial_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneurial party">Entrepreneurial party</a></div> An Entrepreneurial party is a political party that is centered on a <a href="/wiki/Political_entrepreneur" title="Political entrepreneur">political entrepreneur</a>, and dedicated to the advancement of that person or their policies.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> While some definitions of political parties state that a party is an organization that advances a specific set of ideological or policy goals,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> many political parties are not primarily motivated by ideology or policy, and instead exist to advance the career of a specific <a href="/wiki/Political_entrepreneur" title="Political entrepreneur">political entrepreneur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-olanrewaju17-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-devries19-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_positions_and_ideologies">Party positions and ideologies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Party positions and ideologies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">List of political ideologies</a></div><a href="/wiki/Political_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Political ideology">Political ideologies</a> are one of the major organizing features of political parties, and parties often officially align themselves with specific ideologies. Parties adopt ideologies for a number of reasons. Ideological affiliations for political parties send signals about the types of policies they might pursue if they were in power.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Ideologies also differentiate parties from one another, so that voters can select the party that advances the policies that they most prefer.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> A party may also seek to advance an ideology by convincing voters to adopt its belief system.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Common ideologies that can form a central part of the identity of a political party include <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">fundamentalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Liberalism is the ideology that is most closely connected to the history of democracies and is often considered to be the dominant or default ideology of governing parties in much of the contemporary world.<a href="#cite_note-freeden96-86">[86]</a> Many of the traditional competitors to liberal parties are conservative parties.<a href="#cite_note-freeden96-86">[86]</a> Socialist, communist, feminist, anarchist, fascist, and nationalist parties are more recent developments, largely entering political competitions only in the 19th and 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-freeden96-86">[86]</a> Environmentalism, multiculturalism, and certain types of fundamentalism became prominent towards the end of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-freeden96-86">[86]</a> Parties can sometimes be organized according to their ideology using an economic <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right political spectrum</a>. However, a simple left-right economic axis does not fully capture the variation in party ideologies.<a href="#cite_note-gunther03-87">[87]</a> Other common axes that are used to compare the ideologies of political parties include ranges from liberal to authoritarian,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> from pro-establishment to <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a>, and from tolerant and pluralistic (in their behavior while participating in the political arena) to anti-system.<a href="#cite_note-gunther03-87">[87]</a> Party positions for individual political parties are assessed by different published indices, such as the <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Institute#V-Party_Dataset" title="V-Dem Institute">V-Party Dataset</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-ideological_parties">Non-ideological parties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Non-ideological parties">edit</a>]</div> Though ideologies are central to a large number of political parties around the world, not all political parties have an organizing ideology, or exist to promote ideological policies. For example, some political parties may be <a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">clientelistic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a>-based organizations, which are largely concerned with distributing goods.<a href="#cite_note-hicken11-90">[90]</a> Other political parties may be created as tools for the advancement of an individual politician.<a href="#cite_note-devries19-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> It is also common, in countries with important <a href="/wiki/Social_cleavage" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cleavage">social cleavages</a> along ethnic or racial lines, to represent the interests of one ethnic group or another.<a href="#cite_note-ganawari17-92">[92]</a> This may involve a non-ideological attachment to the interests of that group, or may be a commitment based on an ideology like <a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">identity politics</a>. While any of these types of parties may be ideological, there are political parties that do not have any organizing ideology.<a href="#cite_note-olanrewaju17-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_systems">Party systems</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Party systems">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">Party system</a></div> Political parties are ubiquitous across both democratic and autocratic countries, and there is often very little change in which political parties have a chance of holding power in a country from one election to the next. This makes it possible to think about the political parties in a country as collectively forming one of the country's central <a href="/wiki/Political_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Political institution">political institutions</a>, called a party system.<a href="#cite_note-coppedge05-93">[93]</a> Some basic features of a party system are the number of parties and what sorts of parties are the most successful.<a href="#cite_note-birch03-94">[94]</a> These properties are closely connected to other major features of the country's politics, such as how democratic it is, what sorts of restrictions its laws impose on political parties, and what type of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral systems</a> it uses.<a href="#cite_note-coppedge05-93">[93]</a> Even in countries where the number of political parties is not officially constrained by law, political institutions affect how many parties are viable. For example, democracies that use a <a href="/wiki/Single-member_district" title="Single-member district">single-member district</a> electoral system tend to have very few parties, whereas countries that use <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> tend to have more.<a href="#cite_note-shugart17-95">[95]</a>: ch. 7  The number of parties in a country can also be accurately estimated based on the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district#District_magnitude" title="Electoral district">magnitude</a> of a country's electoral districts and the number of seats in its legislature.<a href="#cite_note-shugart17-95">[95]</a>: 255  An informative way to classify the party systems of the world is by how many parties they include.<a href="#cite_note-birch03-94">[94]</a> Because some party systems include a large number of parties that have a very low probability of winning elections, it is often useful to think about the <a href="/wiki/Effective_number_of_parties" title="Effective number of parties">effective number of parties</a> (the number of parties weighted by the strength of those parties) rather than the literal number of registered parties.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-partisan_systems">Non-partisan systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Non-partisan systems">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan democracy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NorthWest_Territories_Legislature_Plan_2014_19_Members.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NorthWest_Territories_Legislature_Plan_2014_19_Members.svg/220px-NorthWest_Territories_Legislature_Plan_2014_19_Members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NorthWest_Territories_Legislature_Plan_2014_19_Members.svg/330px-NorthWest_Territories_Legislature_Plan_2014_19_Members.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/NorthWest_Territories_Legislature_Plan_2014_19_Members.svg/440px-NorthWest_Territories_Legislature_Plan_2014_19_Members.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>In a non-partisan legislature, like the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories">Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories</a>, every member runs and legislates as a political independent with no party affiliation.</figcaption></figure> In a non-partisan system, no political parties exist, or political parties are not a major part of the political system. There are very few <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_without_political_parties" title="List of countries without political parties">countries without political parties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-schattschneider42-97">[97]</a> In some non-partisan countries, the formation of parties is explicitly banned by law.<a href="#cite_note-veenendaal16-98">[98]</a> The existence of political parties may be banned in autocratic countries in order to prevent a turnover in power.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes11-99">[99]</a> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, a ban on political parties has been used as a tool for protecting the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes11-99">[99]</a> However, parties are also banned in some polities that have long democratic histories, usually in local or regional elections of countries that have strong national party systems.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Political parties may also temporarily cease to exist in countries that have either only been established recently, or that have experienced a major upheaval in their politics and have not yet returned to a stable system of political parties. For example, the United States began as a non-partisan democracy, and it evolved a stable system of political parties over the course of many decades.<a href="#cite_note-Aldrich95-1">[1]</a>: ch.4  A country's party system may also dissolve and take time to re-form, leaving a period of minimal or no party system, such as in Peru following the regime of <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> However, it is also possible – albeit rare – for countries with no bans on political parties, and which have not experienced a major disruption, to nevertheless have no political parties: there are a small number of pacific island democracies, such as <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, where political parties are permitted to exist and yet parties are not an important part of national politics.<a href="#cite_note-veenendaal16-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="One-party_systems">One-party systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: One-party systems">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></div> In a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party system</a>, power is held entirely by one political party. When only one political party exists, it may be the result of a ban on the formation of any competing political parties, which is a common feature in authoritarian states. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party of Cuba</a> is the only permitted political party in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, and is the only party that can hold seats in the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> When only one powerful party is legally permitted to exist, its membership can grow to contain a very large portion of society and it can play substantial roles in <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> that are not necessarily directly related to political governance; one example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Bans on competing parties can also ensure that only one party can ever realistically hold power, even without completely outlawing all other political parties. For example, in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, more than one party is officially permitted to exist and even to seat members in the legislature,<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> but laws ensure that the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a> retains control.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> It is also possible for countries with free elections to have only one party that holds power. These cases are sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant-party systems</a> or <a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">particracies</a>. Scholars have debated whether or not a country that has never experienced a transfer of power from one party to another can nevertheless be considered a democracy.<a href="#cite_note-Przeworski00-27">[27]</a>: 23  There have been periods of government exclusively or entirely by one party in some countries that are often considered to have been democratic, and which had no official legal barriers to the inclusion of other parties in the government; this includes recent periods in <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Przeworski00-27">[27]</a>: 24–27  It can also occur that one political party dominates a sub-national region of a democratic country that has a competitive national party system; one example is the southern United States during much of the 19th and 20th centuries, where the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> had almost complete control, with the Southern states being functionally one-party regimes, though opposition parties were never prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two-party_systems">Two-party systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Two-party systems">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">Two-party system</a></div> In several countries, there are only two parties that have a realistic chance of competing to form government.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> One current example of a two-party system is the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where the national government has for much of the country's history exclusively been controlled by either the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Other examples of countries which have had long periods of two-party dominance include <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-coppedge98-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Two-party systems are not limited to democracies; they may be present in authoritarian regimes as well. Competition between two parties has occurred in historical autocratic regimes in countries including <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> A democracy's political institutions can shape the number of parties that it has. In the 1950s Maurice Duverger observed that single-member district single-vote plurality-rule elections tend to produce two-party systems,<a href="#cite_note-duverger64-66">[66]</a>: 217  and this phenomenon came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Duverger%27s_law" title="Duverger's law">Duverger's law</a>. Whether or not this pattern is true has been heavily debated over the last several decades.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Some political scientists have broadened this idea to argue that more restrictive political institutions (of which <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">first past the post</a> is one example) tend to produce a smaller number of political parties, so that extremely small parties systems – like those with only two parties – tend to form in countries with very restrictive rules.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Two-party systems have attracted heavy criticism for limiting the choices that electors have, and much of this criticism has centered around their association with restrictive political institutions. For example, some commentators argue that political institutions in prominent two-party systems like the United States have been specifically designed to ensure that no third party can become competitive.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Criticisms also center around these systems' tendencies to encourage <a href="/wiki/Insincere_voting" title="Insincere voting">insincere voting</a> and to facilitate the <a href="/wiki/Vote_splitting#Spoiler_effect_and_center-squeeze_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote splitting">spoiler effect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a>: ch. 1  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-party_systems">Multi-party systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Multi-party systems">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multi-party system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boleta_electoral_marcada,_de_las_elecciones_federales_de_M%C3%A9xico_de_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Boleta_electoral_marcada%2C_de_las_elecciones_federales_de_M%C3%A9xico_de_2012.JPG/220px-Boleta_electoral_marcada%2C_de_las_elecciones_federales_de_M%C3%A9xico_de_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Boleta_electoral_marcada%2C_de_las_elecciones_federales_de_M%C3%A9xico_de_2012.JPG/330px-Boleta_electoral_marcada%2C_de_las_elecciones_federales_de_M%C3%A9xico_de_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Boleta_electoral_marcada%2C_de_las_elecciones_federales_de_M%C3%A9xico_de_2012.JPG/440px-Boleta_electoral_marcada%2C_de_las_elecciones_federales_de_M%C3%A9xico_de_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>On this 2012 Mexican ballot, voters have more than two parties to choose from.</figcaption></figure> Multi-party systems are systems in which more than two parties have a realistic chance of holding power and influencing policy.<a href="#cite_note-coppedge98-111">[111]</a> A very large number of systems around the world have had periods of multi-party competition,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> and two-party democracies may be considered unusual or uncommon compared to multi-party systems.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Many of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_(United_Nations)" title="List of countries by population (United Nations)">largest democracies in the world</a> have had long periods of multi-party competition, including <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>,<a href="#cite_note-heath05-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Multi-party systems encourage characteristically different types of governance than smaller party systems, for example by often encouraging the formation of <a href="/wiki/Coalition_governments" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition governments">coalition governments</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The presence of many competing political parties is usually associated with a greater level of democracy, and a country transitioning from having a one-party system to having a many-party system is often considered to be <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratizing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Authoritarian countries can include multi-party competition, but typically this occurs when the elections are <a href="/wiki/Unfair_election" title="Unfair election">not fair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> For this reason, in two-party democracies like the United States, proponents of forming new competitive political parties often argue that developing a multi-party system would make the country more democratic.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> However, the question of whether multi-party systems are more democratic than two-party systems, or if they enjoy better policy outcomes, is a subject of substantial disagreement among scholars<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> as well as among the public.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In the opposite extreme, a country with a very large number of parties can experience governing coalitions that include highly ideologically diverse parties that are unable to make much policy progress, which may cause the country to be unstable and experience a very large number of elections; examples of systems that have been described as having these problems include periods in the recent history of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Multi-party systems are often viewed as fairer or more representative than one- or two-party systems,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> but they also have downsides, like the likelihood that in a system with <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality voting</a> the winner of a race with many options will only have minority support.<a href="#cite_note-ganawari17-92">[92]</a> Some multi-party systems may have two parties that are noticeably more competitive than the other parties.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Such party systems have been called "two-party-plus" systems, which refers to the two dominant parties, plus other parties that exist but rarely or never hold power in the government.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Such parties may serve a crucial factor in election outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> It is also possible for very large multi-party systems, like India's, to nevertheless be characterized largely by a series of regional contests that realistically have only two competitive parties, but in the aggregate can produce many more than two parties that have major roles in the country's national politics.<a href="#cite_note-heath05-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding">Funding</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Funding">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_party_funding" title="Political party funding">Political party funding</a></div> Many of the activities of political parties involve the acquisition and allocation of funds in order to achieve political goals. The funding involved can be very substantial, with contemporary elections in the largest democracies typically costing billions or even tens of billions of dollars.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Much of this expense is paid by candidates and political parties, which often develop sophisticated fundraising organizations.<a href="#cite_note-fisher04-142">[142]</a> Because paying for participation in electoral contests is such a central democratic activity, the funding of political parties is an important feature of a country's politics.<a href="#cite_note-fisher04-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_of_party_funds">Sources of party funds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sources of party funds">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg/220px-The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg/330px-The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg/440px-The_Bosses_of_the_Senate_by_Joseph_Keppler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5111" data-file-height="3372" /></a><figcaption>Campaign finance restrictions may be motivated by the perception that excessive or secretive contributions to political parties will make them beholden to people other than the voters.</figcaption></figure> Common sources of party funding across countries include dues-paying party members, advocacy groups and lobbying organizations, corporations, trade unions, and candidates who may self-fund activities.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In most countries, the government also provides some level of funding for political parties.<a href="#cite_note-fisher04-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-levush16-144">[144]</a> Nearly all of the 180 countries examined by the <a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Democracy_and_Electoral_Assistance" title="International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance">International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance</a> have some form of public funding for political parties, and about a third have regular payments of government funds that goes beyond campaign reimbursements.<a href="#cite_note-idea-145">[145]</a> In some countries, public funding for parties depends on the size of that party: for example, a country may only provide funding to parties which have more than a certain number of candidates or supporters.<a href="#cite_note-idea-145">[145]</a> A common argument for public funding of political parties is that it creates fairer and more democratic elections by enabling more groups to compete, whereas many advocates for private funding of parties argue that donations to parties are a form of political expression that should be protected in a democracy.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Public financing of political parties may decrease parties' pursuit of funds through corrupt methods, by decreasing their incentive to find alternate sources of funding.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> One way of categorizing the sources of party funding is between public funding and private funding. Another dichotomy is between plutocratic and grassroots sources; parties which get much of their funding from large corporations may tend to pursue different policies and use different strategies than parties which are mostly funded through small donations by individual supporters.<a href="#cite_note-scarrow07-148">[148]</a> Private funding for political parties can also be thought of as coming from internal or external sources: this distinguishes between dues from party members or contributions by candidates, and donations from entities outside of the party like non-members, corporations, or trade unions.<a href="#cite_note-scarrow07-148">[148]</a> Internal funding may be preferred because external sources might make the party beholden to an outside entity.<a href="#cite_note-scarrow07-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uses_for_party_funds">Uses for party funds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Uses for party funds">edit</a>]</div> There are many ways in which political parties may deploy money in order to secure better electoral outcomes. Parties often spend money to train activists, recruit volunteers, create and deploy advertisements, conduct research and support for their leadership in between elections, and promote their policy agenda.<a href="#cite_note-fisher04-142">[142]</a> Many political parties and candidates engage in a practice called <a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">clientelism</a>, in which they distribute material rewards to people in exchange for political support; in many countries this is illegal, though even where it is illegal it may nevertheless be widespread in practice.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Some parties engage directly in <a href="/wiki/Vote_buying" title="Vote buying">vote buying</a>, in which a party gives money to a person in exchange for their vote.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Though it may be crucial for a party to spend more than some threshold to win a given election, there are typically <a href="/wiki/Diminishing_returns" title="Diminishing returns">diminishing returns</a> for expenses during a campaign.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Once a party has crossed a particular spending threshold, additional expenditures might not increase their chance of success.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restrictions">Restrictions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Restrictions">edit</a>]</div> Fundraising and expenditures by political parties are typically regulated by governments, with many countries' regulations focusing on who can contribute money to parties, how parties' money can be spent, and how much of it can pass through the hands of a political party.<a href="#cite_note-hamada18-153">[153]</a> Two main ways in which regulations affect parties are by intervening in their sources of income and by mandating that they maintain some level of transparency about their funding.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> One common type of restriction on how parties acquire money is to limit who can donate money to political parties; for example, people who are not citizens of a country may not be allowed to make contributions to that country's political parties, in order to prevent foreign interference.<a href="#cite_note-hamada18-153">[153]</a> It is also common to limit how much money an individual can give to a political party each election.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Similarly, many governments cap the total amount of money that can be spent by each party in an election.<a href="#cite_note-levush16-144">[144]</a> Transparency regulations may require parties to disclose detailed financial information to the government, and in many countries transparency laws require those disclosures to be available to the public, as a safeguard against potential corruption.<a href="#cite_note-fisher04-142">[142]</a> Creating, implementing, and amending laws regarding party expenses can be extremely difficult, since governments may be controlled by the very parties that these regulations restrict.<a href="#cite_note-fisher04-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_colours_and_symbols">Party colours and symbols</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Party colours and symbols">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political colour</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_party_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political party symbols">List of political party symbols</a></div> Nearly all political parties associate themselves with specific colours and symbols, primarily to aid voters in <a href="/wiki/Party_identification" title="Party identification">identifying</a>, recognizing, and remembering the party. This branding is particularly important in polities where much of the population may be <a href="/wiki/Illiteracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiteracy">illiterate</a>, so that someone who cannot read a party's name on a ballot can instead identify that party by colour or logo.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Parties of similar ideologies will often use the same colours across different countries.<a href="#cite_note-combos-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-enninful12-158">[158]</a> Colour associations are useful as a short-hand for referring to and representing parties in graphical media.<a href="#cite_note-malasig18-159">[159]</a> They can also be used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">coalitions</a> and alliances between political parties and other organizations;<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> examples include <a href="/wiki/Purple_(government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple (government)">purple alliances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green_alliance" title="Red–green alliance">red–green alliances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light_coalition" title="Traffic light coalition">traffic light coalitions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-green_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-green coalition">pan-green coalitions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pan-blue_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-blue coalition">pan-blue coalitions</a>. However, associations between colour and ideology can also be inconsistent: parties of the same ideology in different countries often use different colours, and sometimes competing parties in a country may even adopt the same colours.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> These associations also have major exceptions. For example, in the United States, red is associated with the more conservative <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> while blue is associated with the more left-leaning <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-combos-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ideology </th> <th>Colours </th> <th>Symbols </th> <th>Examples </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  Green</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Grain</li><li>Four-leaf clover</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Farmers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Democratic Farmers' Party of Germany"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/DBD_logo_transparent.png/49px-DBD_logo_transparent.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/DBD_logo_transparent.png/73px-DBD_logo_transparent.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/DBD_logo_transparent.png/97px-DBD_logo_transparent.png 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="964" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Party_of_Russia" title="Agrarian Party of Russia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Logo_of_the_Agrarian_Party_of_Russia_%282013%29.svg/51px-Logo_of_the_Agrarian_Party_of_Russia_%282013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Logo_of_the_Agrarian_Party_of_Russia_%282013%29.svg/77px-Logo_of_the_Agrarian_Party_of_Russia_%282013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Logo_of_the_Agrarian_Party_of_Russia_%282013%29.svg/103px-Logo_of_the_Agrarian_Party_of_Russia_%282013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="350" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Sweden)" title="Centre Party (Sweden)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Centerpartiet_Teillogo.svg/58px-Centerpartiet_Teillogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="58" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Centerpartiet_Teillogo.svg/88px-Centerpartiet_Teillogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Centerpartiet_Teillogo.svg/117px-Centerpartiet_Teillogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="254" /></a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-enninful12-158">[158]</a>: 58 <a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Black</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Red</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_symbolism" title="Anarchist symbolism">Black flag, or black and red flag</a></li><li>Letter A surrounded by a circle</li><li>Black cat</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syndicalist_Party" title="Syndicalist Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/60px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/90px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Anarchist_flag.svg/120px-Anarchist_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FRE-AIT.svg/59px-FRE-AIT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="59" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FRE-AIT.svg/89px-FRE-AIT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FRE-AIT.svg/118px-FRE-AIT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="224" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Liberal_Party" title="Mexican Liberal Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Partido_Liberal_Mexicano_button_1911.svg/58px-Partido_Liberal_Mexicano_button_1911.svg.png" decoding="async" width="58" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Partido_Liberal_Mexicano_button_1911.svg/86px-Partido_Liberal_Mexicano_button_1911.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Partido_Liberal_Mexicano_button_1911.svg/115px-Partido_Liberal_Mexicano_button_1911.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="834" /></a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ucsd21-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Purple</li></ul></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danish_Social_Liberal_Party" title="Danish Social Liberal Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Radikale_Venstre_symbol_%282017%E2%80%93present%29.svg/60px-Radikale_Venstre_symbol_%282017%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Radikale_Venstre_symbol_%282017%E2%80%93present%29.svg/90px-Radikale_Venstre_symbol_%282017%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Radikale_Venstre_symbol_%282017%E2%80%93present%29.svg/120px-Radikale_Venstre_symbol_%282017%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="281" /></a> <a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(Taiwan)" title="People First Party (Taiwan)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/LogoPFP.svg/60px-LogoPFP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/LogoPFP.svg/90px-LogoPFP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/LogoPFP.svg/120px-LogoPFP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/The_Centre_(political_party)" title="The Centre (political party)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/DieMitte-logo.svg/59px-DieMitte-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="59" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/DieMitte-logo.svg/89px-DieMitte-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/DieMitte-logo.svg/119px-DieMitte-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="517" /></a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democracy">Christian Democracy</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Orange</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  White</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">Christian cross</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Democrazia_Cristiana_-_Vecchio_logo.png/60px-Democrazia_Cristiana_-_Vecchio_logo.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Democrazia_Cristiana_-_Vecchio_logo.png/90px-Democrazia_Cristiana_-_Vecchio_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Democrazia_Cristiana_-_Vecchio_logo.png/120px-Democrazia_Cristiana_-_Vecchio_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="404" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cdu-logo.svg/60px-Cdu-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cdu-logo.svg/90px-Cdu-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Cdu-logo.svg/120px-Cdu-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="32" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People%27s_Party_of_Switzerland" title="Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Logo-CVP.svg/60px-Logo-CVP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Logo-CVP.svg/90px-Logo-CVP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Logo-CVP.svg/120px-Logo-CVP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="238" /></a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-Witte1993-172">[172]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Red</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li><li>Handshake</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Emblem_of_Vietnam_Communist_Party.svg/60px-Emblem_of_Vietnam_Communist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Emblem_of_Vietnam_Communist_Party.svg/90px-Emblem_of_Vietnam_Communist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Emblem_of_Vietnam_Communist_Party.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Vietnam_Communist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="398" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Communist_Party_(Turkey)" title="Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (Turkey)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MLKP_Badge.svg/60px-MLKP_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MLKP_Badge.svg/90px-MLKP_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/MLKP_Badge.svg/120px-MLKP_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg/49px-Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="49" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg/74px-Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg/99px-Sozialistische_Einheitspartei_Deutschlands_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1172" /></a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-klein18-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Blue</li></ul></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/90px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party" title="Colombian Conservative Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/60px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/90px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg/120px-Bandera_del_Partido_Conservador_Colombiano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_(Japan)" title="Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Liberal_Democratic_Party_%28Japan%29_Emblem.svg/60px-Liberal_Democratic_Party_%28Japan%29_Emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Liberal_Democratic_Party_%28Japan%29_Emblem.svg/90px-Liberal_Democratic_Party_%28Japan%29_Emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Liberal_Democratic_Party_%28Japan%29_Emblem.svg/120px-Liberal_Democratic_Party_%28Japan%29_Emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Red</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Handshake</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose (symbolism)">Red rose</a></li><li>Fist</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party" title="Democratic Action Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Democratic_Action_Party_Logo.svg/26px-Democratic_Action_Party_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Democratic_Action_Party_Logo.svg/39px-Democratic_Action_Party_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Democratic_Action_Party_Logo.svg/52px-Democratic_Action_Party_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="570" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Febrerista_Party" title="Revolutionary Febrerista Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bandera_del_Partido_Revolucionario_Febrerista.svg/80px-Bandera_del_Partido_Revolucionario_Febrerista.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bandera_del_Partido_Revolucionario_Febrerista.svg/120px-Bandera_del_Partido_Revolucionario_Febrerista.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bandera_del_Partido_Revolucionario_Febrerista.svg/160px-Bandera_del_Partido_Revolucionario_Febrerista.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-korff92-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Black</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Brown</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">Fasces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_National_Fascist_Party_%28PNF%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_National_Fascist_Party_%28PNF%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_National_Fascist_Party_%28PNF%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_National_Fascist_Party_%28PNF%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_National_Fascist_Party_%28PNF%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_National_Fascist_Party_%28PNF%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Union_of_Ukrainian_Fascists_logo.jpg/52px-Union_of_Ukrainian_Fascists_logo.jpg" decoding="async" width="52" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Union_of_Ukrainian_Fascists_logo.jpg/79px-Union_of_Ukrainian_Fascists_logo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Union_of_Ukrainian_Fascists_logo.jpg/105px-Union_of_Ukrainian_Fascists_logo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="412" /></a> <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Logo_of_National_Socialist_Movement.svg/60px-Logo_of_National_Socialist_Movement.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Logo_of_National_Socialist_Movement.svg/90px-Logo_of_National_Socialist_Movement.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Logo_of_National_Socialist_Movement.svg/120px-Logo_of_National_Socialist_Movement.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="353" /></a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-enninful12-158">[158]</a>: 56 <a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  White</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Purple</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Gold</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Pink</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planet_symbols#Venus" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet symbols">Venus symbol</a></li><li>Clenched fist</li><li>Letter F</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Woman%27s_Party" title="National Woman's Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/National_Woman%27s_Party_logo.png/60px-National_Woman%27s_Party_logo.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/National_Woman%27s_Party_logo.png/90px-National_Woman%27s_Party_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/National_Woman%27s_Party_logo.png/120px-National_Woman%27s_Party_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Feminist_Party_(Finland)" title="Feminist Party (Finland)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FP_logo.svg/60px-FP_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FP_logo.svg/90px-FP_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/FP_logo.svg/120px-FP_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="309" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Women's Party (South Korea)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Logo_of_the_Women%27s_Party_%28South_Korea%29.svg/80px-Logo_of_the_Women%27s_Party_%28South_Korea%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Logo_of_the_Women%27s_Party_%28South_Korea%29.svg/120px-Logo_of_the_Women%27s_Party_%28South_Korea%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Logo_of_the_Women%27s_Party_%28South_Korea%29.svg/160px-Logo_of_the_Women%27s_Party_%28South_Korea%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2006" data-file-height="763" /></a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Green</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Sun</li><li>Sunflower</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Global_Greens" title="Global Greens"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Global_Greens_logo.svg/60px-Global_Greens_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Global_Greens_logo.svg/90px-Global_Greens_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Global_Greens_logo.svg/120px-Global_Greens_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alternative_(Malta)" title="Democratic Alternative (Malta)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Alternattiva_Demokratika.svg/60px-Alternattiva_Demokratika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Alternattiva_Demokratika.svg/90px-Alternattiva_Demokratika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Alternattiva_Demokratika.svg/120px-Alternattiva_Demokratika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Green_Party" title="Mongolian Green Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Logo_of_the_Mongolian_Green_Party.svg/60px-Logo_of_the_Mongolian_Green_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Logo_of_the_Mongolian_Green_Party.svg/90px-Logo_of_the_Mongolian_Green_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Logo_of_the_Mongolian_Green_Party.svg/120px-Logo_of_the_Mongolian_Green_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="931" /></a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Black</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Green</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Star_and_crescent" title="Star and crescent">Star and crescent</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Development_Party" title="United Development Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Logo_PPP_%281973-1982%29.svg/60px-Logo_PPP_%281973-1982%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Logo_PPP_%281973-1982%29.svg/90px-Logo_PPP_%281973-1982%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Logo_PPP_%281973-1982%29.svg/120px-Logo_PPP_%281973-1982%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" title="Jamiat-e Islami"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Logo_of_Jamiat-e_Islami.svg/48px-Logo_of_Jamiat-e_Islami.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Logo_of_Jamiat-e_Islami.svg/73px-Logo_of_Jamiat-e_Islami.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Logo_of_Jamiat-e_Islami.svg/97px-Logo_of_Jamiat-e_Islami.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="431" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PKS_logo_2020.png/43px-PKS_logo_2020.png" decoding="async" width="43" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PKS_logo_2020.png/64px-PKS_logo_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/PKS_logo_2020.png/85px-PKS_logo_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="1063" /></a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-combos-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Yellow</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Gold</li></ul></div> </td> <td>Bird in flight </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Social_%26_Liberal_Democrats.svg/60px-Social_%26_Liberal_Democrats.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Social_%26_Liberal_Democrats.svg/90px-Social_%26_Liberal_Democrats.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Social_%26_Liberal_Democrats.svg/120px-Social_%26_Liberal_Democrats.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten_%28gelbes%29.svg/60px-Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten_%28gelbes%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten_%28gelbes%29.svg/90px-Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten_%28gelbes%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten_%28gelbes%29.svg/120px-Logo_der_Freien_Demokraten_%28gelbes%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1086" data-file-height="510" /></a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-malasig18-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Yellow</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Gold</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Porcupine</li><li>Torch</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Libertarian_Disc.svg/60px-Libertarian_Disc.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Libertarian_Disc.svg/90px-Libertarian_Disc.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Libertarian_Disc.svg/120px-Libertarian_Disc.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="5620" data-file-height="5620" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(Brazil)" title="Libertarian Party (Brazil)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Partido_Libert%C3%A1rios_Logo.png/60px-Partido_Libert%C3%A1rios_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Partido_Libert%C3%A1rios_Logo.png/90px-Partido_Libert%C3%A1rios_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Partido_Libert%C3%A1rios_Logo.png/120px-Partido_Libert%C3%A1rios_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="601" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(Netherlands)" title="Libertarian Party (Netherlands)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Libertarischepartij.svg/60px-Libertarischepartij.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Libertarischepartij.svg/90px-Libertarischepartij.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Libertarischepartij.svg/120px-Libertarischepartij.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="245" /></a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-combos-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  White</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Gold</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Purple</li></ul></div> </td> <td>Crown </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Emblem_of_the_Rexist_Party.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_Rexist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Emblem_of_the_Rexist_Party.svg/90px-Emblem_of_the_Rexist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Emblem_of_the_Rexist_Party.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_Rexist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="259" data-file-height="179" /></a> <a href="/wiki/FUNCINPEC" title="FUNCINPEC"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/FUNCINPEC_logo.png/60px-FUNCINPEC_logo.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/FUNCINPEC_logo.png/90px-FUNCINPEC_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/FUNCINPEC_logo.png/120px-FUNCINPEC_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="491" /></a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-enninful12-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  White</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_flag#Contemporary_use" title="White flag">The white flag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols#Dove_and_olive_branch" title="Peace symbols">Dove</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_symbols#Peace_symbol" title="Peace symbols">Peace symbol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/White_poppy" title="White poppy">White poppy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/V_sign" title="V sign">V sign</a></li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ECOPEACE_Party" title="ECOPEACE Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/40/ECOPEACE_Party_logo.svg/60px-ECOPEACE_Party_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/40/ECOPEACE_Party_logo.svg/90px-ECOPEACE_Party_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/40/ECOPEACE_Party_logo.svg/120px-ECOPEACE_Party_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pacifist_Socialist_Party" title="Pacifist Socialist Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pacifistisch_Socialistische_Partij_logo.svg/60px-Pacifistisch_Socialistische_Partij_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pacifistisch_Socialistische_Partij_logo.svg/90px-Pacifistisch_Socialistische_Partij_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Pacifistisch_Socialistische_Partij_logo.svg/120px-Pacifistisch_Socialistische_Partij_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Left" title="United Democratic Left"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/EDA_logo.svg/60px-EDA_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/EDA_logo.svg/90px-EDA_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/EDA_logo.svg/120px-EDA_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-enninful12-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Red</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Pink</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Purple</li></ul></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Handshake</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose (symbolism)">Red rose</a></li><li>Fist</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats_(Denmark)" title="Social Democrats (Denmark)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Socialdemokratiet_symbol_%282014%E2%80%93present%29.svg/60px-Socialdemokratiet_symbol_%282014%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Socialdemokratiet_symbol_%282014%E2%80%93present%29.svg/90px-Socialdemokratiet_symbol_%282014%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Socialdemokratiet_symbol_%282014%E2%80%93present%29.svg/120px-Socialdemokratiet_symbol_%282014%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="281" /></a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-korff92-178">[178]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Red</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose (symbolism)">Red rose</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Chile" title="Socialist Party of Chile"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Emblem_of_the_Socialist_Party_of_Chile.svg/60px-Emblem_of_the_Socialist_Party_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Emblem_of_the_Socialist_Party_of_Chile.svg/90px-Emblem_of_the_Socialist_Party_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Emblem_of_the_Socialist_Party_of_Chile.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_Socialist_Party_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Albania" title="Socialist Party of Albania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Partia_Socialiste.svg/42px-Partia_Socialiste.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Partia_Socialiste.svg/63px-Partia_Socialiste.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Partia_Socialiste.svg/85px-Partia_Socialiste.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="364" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD_National_Liberation_Front" title="Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Logo_of_the_FMLN.svg/60px-Logo_of_the_FMLN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Logo_of_the_FMLN.svg/90px-Logo_of_the_FMLN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Logo_of_the_FMLN.svg/120px-Logo_of_the_FMLN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2684" data-file-height="1841" /></a> </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-klein18-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-korff92-178">[178]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_political_parties" title="List of largest political parties">List of largest political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">List of ruling political parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_political_parties" title="Lists of political parties">Lists of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lists#Political_parties_by_country" title="Political lists">Lists of political parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimonial_party" title="Testimonial party">Testimonial party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniparty" title="Uniparty">Uniparty</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_party&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Aldrich95-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich95_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich95_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldrich95_1-2">c</a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output 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Meeks (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/research/pdf/Anzia_Meeks_Parties_Local_Elections_5_27_16.pdf">"Political Parties and Policy Demanders in Local Elections"</a> (PDF). University of Maryland-Hewlett Foundation Conference on Parties, Polarization and Policy Demanders. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008034336/https://gspp.berkeley.edu/assets/uploads/research/pdf/Anzia_Meeks_Parties_Local_Elections_5_27_16.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2020. 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Gloucester, Mass.: Rockport Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colordesignworkb0000ston/page/86">86</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/159253192X" title="Special:BookSources/159253192X"><bdi>159253192X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60393965">60393965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+Design+Workbook%3A+A+Real+World+Guide+to+Using+Color+in+Graphic+Design&rft.place=Gloucester%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Rockport+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60393965&rft.isbn=159253192X&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft.au=Morioka%2C+Noreen&rft.au=Stone%2C+Terry+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolordesignworkb0000ston%2Fpage%2F86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarJoshi2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Rohit Vishal; Joshi, Radhika (October–December 2006). 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SCMS Journal of Indian Management. 3 (4): 40–46. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0973-3167">0973-3167</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=969272">969272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SCMS+Journal+of+Indian+Management&rft.atitle=Colour%2C+Colour+Everywhere%3A+In+Marketing+Too&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=40-46&rft.date=2006-10%2F2006-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D969272%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.issn=0973-3167&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Rohit+Vishal&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Radhika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+party" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPâkzâd2020" class="citation news cs1">Pâkzâd, Poyâ (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobinmag.com/2020/12/denmark-democratic-ownership-finance-act-social-democrats-red-green-alliance">"Denmark's "Democratic Ownership" Agenda Shows We Can Run Our Own Lives"</a>. 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Jusbrasil (in Portuguese). 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130034946/https://ambito-juridico.jusbrasil.com.br/noticias/192209688/uso-de-cores-de-partido-em-predios-publicos-gera-condenacao-por-improbidade">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2021. 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Joint Centre for History and Economics, University of Cambridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131020124/https://www.histecon.magd.cam.ac.uk/coins_August2017.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2021. 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Tiempo Real (in Spanish). 20 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601042915/https://www.tiemporeal.com.pe/farc-frente-amplio-partido-socialista-argentino/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2021. 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href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">Will and testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_liability" title="Product liability">Product liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">Public international law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee_law" title="Refugee law">Refugee law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reparation_(legal)" title="Reparation (legal)">Reparations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">State of emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">Tax law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_law" title="Transport law">Transport law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_(law)" title="Trust (law)">Trust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unenforced_law" title="Unenforced law">Unenforced law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_law" title="Sources of law">Sources of law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_law" title="Code of law">Legal code</a> / <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Custom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">Letters patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_law" title="Case law">Case law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">Precedent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_report" title="Law report">Law reports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_treatise" title="Legal treatise">Legal treatise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lawmaking" title="Lawmaking">Law making</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">Ballot measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">Codification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decree" title="Decree">Decree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">Edict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_order_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Executive order (disambiguation)">Executive order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">Proclamation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislation" title="Legislation">Legislation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_and_secondary_legislation" title="Primary and secondary legislation">Delegated legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">Rulemaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promulgation" title="Promulgation">Promulgation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_parliament" title="Act of parliament">Act of parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">Legal systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_pluralism" title="Legal pluralism">Legal pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Catholic canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_law" title="Jain law">Jain law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_law" title="Parsi law">Parsi law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Byzantine law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeer" title="Xeer">Xeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_law" title="Comparative law">Comparative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressive_function_of_law" title="Expressive function of law">Expressive function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_formalism" title="Legal formalism">Legal formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_legal_theories" title="International legal theories">International legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality" title="Legality">Principle of legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_typicality" title="Principle of typicality">Principle of typicality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_man" title="Rule of man">Rule of man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjudication" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_of_justice" title="Administration of justice">Administration of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">Lawsuit/Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_opinion" title="Legal opinion">Legal opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Legal remedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge" title="Judge">Judge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">Justice of the peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">Magistrate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment_(law)" title="Judgment (law)">Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">Practice of law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attorney_at_law" title="Attorney at law">Attorney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">Barrister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counsel" title="Counsel">Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Legal representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">Prosecutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">Solicitor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law#Question_of_fact" title="Question of law">Question of fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law" title="Question of law">Question of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial" title="Trial">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_advocacy" title="Trial advocacy">Trial advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trier_of_fact" title="Trier of fact">Trier of fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdict" title="Verdict">Verdict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barristers%27_chambers" title="Barristers' chambers">Barristers' chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">The bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_(law)" title="Bench (law)">The bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">Court of equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">Agency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_education" title="Legal education">Legal education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">Law school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">Police</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribunal" title="Tribunal">Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_legal_profession" title="History of the legal profession">History of the legal profession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_American_legal_profession" title="History of the American legal profession">History of the American legal profession</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Women in law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Law" title="Category:Law">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_law_articles" title="Index of law articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_law" title="Outline of law">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/19px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/29px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/38px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/19px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/29px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/38px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/18px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/27px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/35px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/21px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/42px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/19px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/29px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/38px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/15px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/22px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG/29px-GenocidePortalLogo%28ESR%292.JPG 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="261" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Genocide" title="Portal:Genocide">Genocide</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow_flag_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/18px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/27px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/35px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/19px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/29px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/38px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/21px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/42px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7278#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7278#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1069410/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044737-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85104371">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318377n">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318377n">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570454">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115790&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007560616005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644794">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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