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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Socialist law</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Социалистическо право – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социалистическо право" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsialistlik_%C3%B5iguss%C3%BCsteem" title="Sotsialistlik õigussüsteem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sotsialistlik õigussüsteem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_socialista" title="Derecho socialista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derecho socialista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialisma_juro" title="Socialisma juro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socialisma juro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuzenbide_sozialista" title="Zuzenbide sozialista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zuzenbide sozialista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_socialiste" title="Droit socialiste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droit socialiste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98%EB%B2%95%EA%B3%84" title="사회주의법계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회주의법계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialistin%C4%97_teis%C4%97" title="Socialistinė teisė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Socialistinė teisė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E6%B3%95" title="社会主義法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会主義法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direito_socialista" title="Direito socialista – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direito socialista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Социалистическое право – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социалистическое право" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Социјалистички правни систем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Социјалистички правни систем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyalist_hukuk" title="Sosyalist hukuk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sosyalist hukuk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Соціалістичні правові системи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціалістичні правові системи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%B3%95%E7%B3%BB" title="社会主义法系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="社会主义法系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2982322#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Socialist_law" title="Special:EditPage/Socialist law">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Socialist+law%22">"Socialist law"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Socialist+law%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Socialist+law%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Socialist+law%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Socialist+law%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Socialist+law%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulletin_at_the_Elections_to_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_USSR_(1946).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bulletin at the Elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bulletin_at_the_Elections_to_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_USSR_%281946%29.jpg/300px-Bulletin_at_the_Elections_to_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_USSR_%281946%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="521" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bulletin_at_the_Elections_to_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_USSR_%281946%29.jpg/450px-Bulletin_at_the_Elections_to_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_USSR_%281946%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Bulletin_at_the_Elections_to_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_USSR_%281946%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption>Bulletin at the Elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1946). There is only one candidate on the bulletin.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Socialist law</b> or <b>Soviet law</b> are terms used in comparative legal studies for the general type of <a href="/wiki/Legal_system" title="Legal system">legal system</a> which has been (and continues to be) used in <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">socialist and formerly socialist states</a>. It is based on the <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> system, with major modifications and additions from <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> ideology. There is controversy as to whether socialist law ever constituted a separate legal system or not.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If so, prior to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, <i>socialist law</i> would be ranked among the major legal systems of the world. </p><p>While civil law systems have traditionally put great pains in defining the notion of <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>, how it may be acquired, transferred, or lost, socialist law systems provide for most property to be owned by the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural co-operative">agricultural co-operatives</a>, and having special courts and laws for state enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many scholars argue that socialist law was not a separate legal classification.<sup id="cite_ref-austin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-austin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a> approach of the communist states meant that most types of property could not be owned, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> always had a civil code, courts that interpreted this civil code, and a civil law approach to legal reasoning (thus, both legal process and legal reasoning were largely analogous to the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> or <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> civil code system). Legal systems in all socialist states preserved formal criteria of the Romano-Germanic civil law; for this reason, law theorists in post-socialist states usually consider the socialist law as a particular case of the Romano-Germanic civil law. Cases of development of <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> into socialist law are unknown because of incompatibility of basic principles of these two systems (common law presumes influential rule-making role of courts while courts in socialist states play a dependent role).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An article published in 2016 suggests that socialist law, at least from the perspective of public law and constitutional design, is a useful category. In the NYU <i>Journal of International Law and Policy</i>, William Partlett and Eric Ip argue that socialist law helps to understand the "Russo-Leninist transplants" that currently operate in China's socialist law system. This helps to understand the "distinctive public law institutions and approaches in China that have been ignored by many scholars".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_legal_theory">Soviet legal theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Soviet legal theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soviet law displayed many special characteristics that derived from the socialist nature of the Soviet state and reflected <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> ideology. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> accepted the Marxist conception of the law and the state as instruments of coercion in the hands of the bourgeoisie and postulated the creation of popular, informal tribunals to administer revolutionary justice. One of the main theoreticians of Soviet socialist legality and <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletarian</a> law in this early phase was <a href="/wiki/P%C4%93teris_Stu%C4%8Dka" title="Pēteris Stučka">Pēteris Stučka</a>. Other proponents of proletarian law included <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Kursky" title="Dmitry Kursky">Dmitry Kursky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Krylenko" title="Nikolai Krylenko">Nikolai Krylenko</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alongside this trend was one more critical of the concept of "proletarian justice", represented by <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Evgeny Pashukanis</a>. A dictatorial trend developed that advocated the use of law and legal institutions to suppress all opposition to the regime. This trend reached its zenith under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> with the ascendancy of <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vyshinsky" title="Andrey Vyshinsky">Andrey Vyshinsky</a>, when the administration of justice was carried out mainly by the security police in <a href="/wiki/NKVD_troika" title="NKVD troika">special tribunals</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> era, a new trend developed, based on socialist legality, that stressed the need to protect the procedural and statutory rights of citizens, while still calling for obedience to the state. New legal codes, introduced in 1960, were part of the effort to establish legal norms in administering laws. Although socialist legality remained in force after 1960, the dictatorial and utopian trends continued to influence the legal process. Persecution of political and religious dissenters continued, but at the same time there was a tendency to <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">decriminalize</a> lesser offenses by handing them over to people's courts and administrative agencies and dealing with them by education rather than by incarceration.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late 1986, the <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> era was stressing anew the importance of <a href="/wiki/Individual_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Individual rights">individual rights</a> in relation to the state and criticizing those who violated <a href="/wiki/Procedural_law" title="Procedural law">procedural law</a> in implementing Soviet justice. This signaled a resurgence of socialist legality as the dominant trend. Socialist legality itself still lacked features associated with Western jurisprudence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristic_traits">Characteristic traits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristic traits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Socialist law is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> but with a greatly increased <a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a> sector and decreased <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a> sector.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>extensive social warrants of the state (the rights to a job, free education, free healthcare, retirement at 60 for men and 55 for women, maternity leave, free disability benefits and sick leave compensation, subsidies to multichildren families, ...) in return for a high degree of social mobilization.</li> <li>the judicial process lacks an <a href="/wiki/Adversarial_system" title="Adversarial system">adversarial</a> character; public prosecution is considered as "provider of justice."</li> <li>partial or total expulsion of the former <a href="/wiki/Ruling_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruling classes">ruling classes</a> from the public life at early stages of existence of each socialist state; however, in all socialist states this policy gradually changed into the policy of "one socialist nation without classes"</li> <li>diversity of political views directly discouraged.</li> <li>the ruling Communist party was eventually subject to prosecution through party committees in first place.</li> <li>abolition of <a href="/wiki/Private_property#Socialist_perspectives" title="Private property">private property</a>, thus near total collectivization and nationalization of the means of production;</li> <li>subordination of the judiciary to the Communist Party</li> <li>low respect for <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> as knowledge and culture was considered a right for human kind, and not a privilege as in the free market economies.</li></ul> <p>A specific institution characteristic to Socialist law was the so-called <a href="/wiki/Burlaw_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Burlaw court">burlaw court</a> (or, verbally, "court of comrades", Russian товарищеский суд) which decided on minor offences.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socialist_rule_of_law">Socialist rule of law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Socialist rule of law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After China's <a href="/wiki/Reform_and_Opening_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and Opening Up">Reform and Opening Up</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) emphasized the rule of law as a basic strategy and method for state management of society.<sup id="cite_ref-:Fang_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Fang-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 110">: 110 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a> first called for establishing a socialist rule of law at the <a href="/wiki/15th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">Fifteenth Party Congress</a> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-:Fang_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Fang-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 110">: 110 </span></sup> In 2014, the CCP formally adopted a policy of constructing a "socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his writings on socialist rule of law, <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> has emphasized traditional Chinese concepts including people as the root of the state (<i>mingben</i>), "the ideal of no lawsuit" (<i>tianxia wusong</i>), "respecting rite and stressing law" (<i>longli zhongfa</i>), "virtue first, penalty second" (<i>dezhu xingfu</i>), and "promoting virtue and being prudent in punishment" (<i>mingde shenfa</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:Fang2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Fang2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 110–111">: 110–111 </span></sup> Xi states that the two fundamental aspects of the socialist rule of law are: (1) that the political and legal organs (including courts, the police, and the procuratorate) must believe in the law and uphold the law, and (2) all political and legal officials must follow the CCP.<sup id="cite_ref-:Fang2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Fang2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 115">: 115 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_systems_of_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal systems of the world">Legal systems of the world</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_China" title="Legal history of China">Legal history of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_legal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban legal system">Cuban legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban law">Cuban law</a></li></ul> <dl><dt></dt></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Justice (Soviet Union)">Ministry of Justice of the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_General_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Procurator General of the Soviet Union">Procurator General of the USSR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Review_of_Central_and_East_European_Law" title="Review of Central and East European Law">Review of Central and East European Law</a></i>, formerly known as the <i>Review of Socialist Law</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFQuigley1989" class="citation journal cs1">Quigley, J. (1989). "Socialist Law and the Civil Law Tradition". <i>The American Journal of Comparative Law</i>. <b>37</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">781–</span>808. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F840224">10.2307/840224</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/840224">840224</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Comparative+Law&rft.atitle=Socialist+Law+and+the+Civil+Law+Tradition&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E781-%3C%2Fspan%3E808&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F840224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F840224%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Quigley&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Soviet-law">"Soviet law"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet+law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSoviet-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-austin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-austin_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovits2007" class="citation journal cs1">Markovits, I. (December 2007). "The Death of Socialist Law?". <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Law_and_Social_Science" title="Annual Review of Law and Social Science">Annual Review of Law and Social Science</a></i>. <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">233–</span>253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.lawsocsci.3.081806.112849">10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.3.081806.112849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Law+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+Socialist+Law%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E253&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.lawsocsci.3.081806.112849&rft.aulast=Markovits&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Soviet-law">"Soviet law"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet+law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FSoviet-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartlettIp2015" class="citation cs2">Partlett, William; Ip, Eric C. 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Курского в формировании идей советского права и в законотворчестве"</a>. <i>Правоведение</i>. <b>4</b> (315): <span class="nowrap">225–</span>236. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2658-6037">2658-6037</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D0%94.+%D0%98.+%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B2+%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=315&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=2658-6037&rft.aulast=%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Frol-d-i-kurskogo-v-formirovanii-idey-sovetskogo-prava-i-v-zakonotvorchestve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElie2013" class="citation book cs1">Elie, Marc (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00859338/">"Khrushchev's Gulag: the Soviet Penitentiary System after Stalin's death, 1953-1964"</a>. In Kozlov, Denis; Gilburd, Eleonory (eds.). <i>The Thaw: Soviet Society and Culture during the 1950s and 1960s</i>. Toronto University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">109–</span>142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442644601" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442644601"><bdi>978-1442644601</bdi></a>. HAL 00859338<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khrushchev%27s+Gulag%3A+the+Soviet+Penitentiary+System+after+Stalin%27s+death%2C+1953-1964&rft.btitle=The+Thaw%3A+Soviet+Society+and+Culture+during+the+1950s+and+1960s&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.pub=Toronto+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1442644601&rft.aulast=Elie&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-00859338%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn2010" class="citation book cs1">Glenn, H. Patrick (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eERrPWIQn2kC&q=%22Socialist+law%22&pg=PA331"><i>Legal Traditions of the World: Sustainable Diversity in Law</i></a> (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958080-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958080-4"><bdi>978-0-19-958080-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/650838256">650838256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legal+Traditions+of+the+World%3A+Sustainable+Diversity+in+Law&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F650838256&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958080-4&rft.aulast=Glenn&rft.aufirst=H.+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeERrPWIQn2kC%26q%3D%2522Socialist%2Blaw%2522%26pg%3DPA331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBermanSpindler1973" class="citation journal cs1">Berman, Harold J.; Spindler, James W. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1227986">"Soviet Criminal Law and Procedure: The RFSR Codes"</a>. <i>Stanford Law Review</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 842. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1227986">10.2307/1227986</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-9765">0038-9765</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1227986">1227986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Soviet+Criminal+Law+and+Procedure%3A+The+RFSR+Codes&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=842&rft.date=1973&rft.issn=0038-9765&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1227986%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1227986&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Harold+J.&rft.au=Spindler%2C+James+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F1227986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Fang-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Fang_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Fang_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFang2024" class="citation book cs1">Fang, Qiang (2024). "Understanding the Rule of Law in Xi's China". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). <i>China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiden University Press">Leiden University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789087284411" title="Special:BookSources/9789087284411"><bdi>9789087284411</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Rule+of+Law+in+Xi%27s+China&rft.btitle=China+under+Xi+Jinping%3A+A+New+Assessment&rft.pub=Leiden+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9789087284411&rft.aulast=Fang&rft.aufirst=Qiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiffert2018" class="citation cs2">Tiffert, Glenn (July 5, 2018), Fu, Hualing; Gillespie, John; Nicholson, Pip; Partlett, William Edmund (eds.), "Socialist Rule of Law with Chinese Characteristics: A New Genealogy", <i>Socialist Law in Socialist East Asia</i> (1 ed.), <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, pp. <span class="nowrap">72–</span>96, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108347822.004">10.1017/9781108347822.004</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-34782-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-34782-2"><bdi>978-1-108-34782-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Socialist+Law+in+Socialist+East+Asia&rft.atitle=Socialist+Rule+of+Law+with+Chinese+Characteristics%3A+A+New+Genealogy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2018-07-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108347822.004&rft.isbn=978-1-108-34782-2&rft.aulast=Tiffert&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Fang2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Fang2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Fang2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFang2024" class="citation book cs1">Fang, Qiang (2024). "Understanding the Rule of Law in Xi's China". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). <i>China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiden University Press">Leiden University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789087284411" title="Special:BookSources/9789087284411"><bdi>9789087284411</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Rule+of+Law+in+Xi%27s+China&rft.btitle=China+under+Xi+Jinping%3A+A+New+Assessment&rft.pub=Leiden+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9789087284411&rft.aulast=Fang&rft.aufirst=Qiang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_law&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr</a> (1973). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gulag_Archipelago" title="The Gulag Archipelago">The Gulag Archipelago</a></i>. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/TheGulagArchipelago-Threevolumes/The-Gulag-Archipelago__vol1__I-II__Solzhenitsyn/">https://archive.org/details/TheGulagArchipelago-Threevolumes/The-Gulag-Archipelago__vol1__I-II__Solzhenitsyn/</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuchka1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93teris_Stu%C4%8Dka" title="Pēteris Stučka">Stuchka, P.I.</a> (1988). <i>Selected Writings on Soviet Law and Marxism</i>. Robert Sharlet, Peter B. Maggs, and Piers Beirne (eds.). Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87332-473-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87332-473-1"><bdi>978-0-87332-473-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17353762">17353762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Writings+on+Soviet+Law+and+Marxism&rft.place=Armonk%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17353762&rft.isbn=978-0-87332-473-1&rft.aulast=Stuchka&rft.aufirst=P.I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvenson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Debra_Evenson" title="Debra Evenson">Evenson, Debra</a> (2003). <i>Law and Society in Contemporary Cuba</i> (2nd ed.). The Hague: Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-2165-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-2165-3"><bdi>978-90-411-2165-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52976800">52976800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Society+in+Contemporary+Cuba&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52976800&rft.isbn=978-90-411-2165-3&rft.aulast=Evenson&rft.aufirst=Debra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocialist+law" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Partlett, W & E. Ip, Is Socialist Law Really Dead? 48 NYU Journal of International Law and Politics 463 (2016). Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2660098">https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2660098</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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