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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Consumer organizations by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consumer_organizations_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consumer organizations by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consumer_organizations_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_consumer_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_consumer_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>International consumer organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_consumer_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>National organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Botswana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Botswana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Botswana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Botswana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Fiji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.8</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.9</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.10</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.11</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.12</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.13</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.14</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.15</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.16</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumer_magazines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_magazines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Consumer magazines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer_magazines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbraucherorganisation" title="Verbraucherorganisation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verbraucherorganisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_de_consommateurs" title="Organisation de consommateurs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Organisation de consommateurs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Хэрэглэгчийн байгууллага – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хэрэглэгчийн байгууллага" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumentenorganisatie" title="Consumentenorganisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Consumentenorganisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%80%85%E5%9B%A3%E4%BD%93" title="消費者団体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="消費者団体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizacja_konsumencka" title="Organizacja konsumencka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Organizacja konsumencka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%98%E0%B0%82" title="వినియోగదారుల సంఘం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వినియోగదారుల సంఘం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of advocacy groups</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Consumer_organization" title="Special:EditPage/Consumer organization">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Consumer+organization%22">"Consumer organization"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Consumer+organization%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Consumer+organization%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Consumer+organization%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Consumer+organization%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Consumer+organization%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Consumer organizations</b> are <a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">advocacy</a> groups that seek to protect people from <a href="/wiki/Corporate_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate abuse">corporate abuse</a> like unsafe products, <a href="/wiki/Predatory_lending" title="Predatory lending">predatory lending</a>, <a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">false advertising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">astroturfing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>. </p><p>Consumer Organizations may operate via <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Litigation">litigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advertising_campaign" title="Advertising campaign">campaigning</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a>. They may engage in <a href="/wiki/Single-issue" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-issue">single-issue</a> advocacy (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale" title="Campaign for Real Ale">Campaign for Real Ale</a> (CAMRA), which campaigned against <a href="/wiki/Keg_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="Keg beer">keg beer</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Cask_ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Cask ale">cask ale</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or they may set themselves up as more general consumer <a href="/wiki/List_of_consumer_organizations" title="List of consumer organizations">watchdogs</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Which%3F" title="Which?">Consumers' Association</a> in the UK. </p><p>One common means of providing consumers useful information is the independent comparative survey or test of products or services, involving different manufacturers or companies (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Which%3F" title="Which?">Which?</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Reports" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a></i>, etc.). </p><p>Another arena where consumer organizations have operated is <a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">food safety</a>. The needs for campaigning in this area are less easy to reconcile with their traditional methods, since the scientific, dietary or medical evidence is normally more complex than in other arenas, such as the electric safety of <a href="/wiki/White_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="White goods">white goods</a>. The current standards on <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_labelling" title="Mandatory labelling">mandatory labelling</a>, in developed countries, have in part been shaped by past lobbying by consumer groups. </p><p>The aim of consumer organizations may be to establish and to attempt to enforce <a href="/wiki/Consumer_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer rights">consumer rights</a>. Effective work has also been done, however, simply by using the threat of bad publicity to keep companies' focus on the consumers' point of view.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consumer organizations may attempt to serve consumer interests by relatively direct actions such as creating and/or disseminating market information, and prohibiting specific acts or practices, or by promoting competitive forces in the markets which directly or indirectly affect consumers (such as transport, electricity, communications, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two precursor organizations to the modern consumer organization are <a href="/wiki/Standards_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Standards organizations">standards organizations</a> and consumers leagues.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao1998_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of these appeared in the United States around 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao1998_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trade_associations" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade associations">Trade associations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Professional_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional societies">professional societies</a> began to establish standards organizations to reduce industry waste and increase productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao1998_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consumer leagues modeled themselves after <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions">trade unions</a> in their attempts to improve the market with <a href="/wiki/Boycotts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boycotts">boycotts</a> in the same way that trade unions sought to improve working conditions with <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rao1998_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao1998-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumer_organizations_by_country">Consumer organizations by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Consumer organizations by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_consumer_organizations">International consumer organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: International consumer organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumers_International" title="Consumers International">Consumers International</a> - International NGO</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_for_the_Co-ordination_of_Consumer_Representation_in_Standardisation" class="mw-redirect" title="European Association for the Co-ordination of Consumer Representation in Standardisation">ANEC</a> (Europe; focus on standardization)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEUC" class="mw-redirect" title="BEUC">BEUC</a> (Europe; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Bureau Européen des Unions de Consommateurs</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Consumer_Research_%26_Testing" title="International Consumer Research & Testing">ICRT</a> The only independent international organization for consumer research and testing</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_organizations">National organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: National organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_Federation_of_Australia" title="Consumers' Federation of Australia">Consumers' Federation of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Consumers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Consumers Association">Australian Consumers Association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Botswana">Botswana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Botswana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Watchdog_(Botswana)" title="Consumer Watchdog (Botswana)">Consumer Watchdog</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_Association_of_Canada" title="Consumers' Association of Canada">Consumers' Association of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumers_Council_of_Canada" title="Consumers Council of Canada">Consumers Council of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Option_consommateurs" title="Option consommateurs">Option consommateurs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fiji">Fiji</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fiji"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_council_of_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer council of Fiji">Consumer Council of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Consumers_Association" title="Fiji Consumers Association">Fiji Consumers Association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Association de défense d'éducation et d'information du consommateur (ADEIC)</li> <li>Association Contre les Abus des Banques Européennes (ACABE)</li> <li>Association Force ouvrière des consommateurs (AFOC)</li> <li>Association Léo-Lagrange de défense du consommateur (ALLDC)</li> <li>Confédération générale du logement (CGL)</li> <li>Confédération nationale du logement (CNL)</li> <li>Association pour l'information et la défense des consommateurs salariés (Indecosa-CGT)</li> <li>Confédération nationale des associations familiales catholiques (CNAFC)</li> <li>Conseil national des associations familiales laïques (CNAFAL)</li> <li>Confédération syndicale des familles (CSF)</li> <li>Consommation Logement Cadre de vie (CLCV)</li> <li>Familles de France (FF)</li> <li>Familles rurales (FR)</li> <li>Fédération nationale des associations d'usagers des transports (FNAUT)</li> <li>Union fédérale des consommateurs - Que choisir (UFC-Que Choisir)</li> <li>Union nationale des associations familiales (UNAF)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stiftung_Warentest" title="Stiftung Warentest">Stiftung Warentest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Konsumentenbund" title="Deutscher Konsumentenbund">Deutscher Konsumentenbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodwatch" title="Foodwatch">Foodwatch</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbraucherzentrale" class="extiw" title="de:Verbraucherzentrale">Verbraucherzentrale</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Council_(Hong_Kong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Council (Hong Kong)">Consumer Council</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Guidance_Society_of_India" title="Consumer Guidance Society of India">Consumer Guidance Society of India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_Association_of_Ireland" title="Consumers' Association of Ireland">Consumers' Association of Ireland</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/National_Consumer_Agency" title="National Consumer Agency">National Consumer Agency</a> (NCA) is a statutory body that defends consumer interests in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" class="extiw" title="he:המועצה הישראלית לצרכנות">המועצה הישראלית לצרכנות</a> (Consumer Council Israel)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumers_Union_of_Japan" title="Consumers Union of Japan">Consumers Union of Japan</a> (founded in 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Offspring_Fund" title="Japan Offspring Fund">Japan Offspring Fund</a> (founded in 1984)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Consumentenbond.Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Consumentenbond.Logo.png/220px-Consumentenbond.Logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Consumentenbond.Logo.png/330px-Consumentenbond.Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Consumentenbond.Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="98" /></a><figcaption>Logo of the <a href="/wiki/Consumentenbond" title="Consumentenbond">Consumentenbond</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Consumentenbond" title="Consumentenbond">Consumentenbond</a> (founded in 1953), over 600,000 members.</li></ul> <p>Aside from this general consumer organisation, the Netherlands is home to many categorical consumer organisations whose working terrain is limited to a certain part of the markets. Examples of categorical organisations include: </p> <ul><li>The Vereniging Eigen Huis ("Own House Association", for house owners; over 650,000 members)</li> <li>The Vereniging Consument & Geldzaken ("Consumer & Monetary Affairs Association", for financial consumers, of banking and insurance products; 32,000 members)</li> <li>The Woonbond ("League for Living", for renters)</li></ul> <p>Finally, there is a business regulation agency, charged with competition oversight, sector-specific regulation of several sectors, and enforcement of consumer protection laws: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Authority_for_Consumers_and_Markets" title="Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets">Netherlands Authority for Consumers and Markets</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore (CCCS) is a statutory board to oversight consumer protection and anti-competition malpractices (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">price fixing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bid_rigging" title="Bid rigging">bid rigging</a>, market sharing and production control) in markets.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Consumer Association of Singapore (CASE) is a <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGO</a> that promotes consumer interests and fair trading.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alliance_of_Consumer_Organisations" title="Swiss Alliance of Consumer Organisations">Swiss Alliance of Consumer Organisations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_Allianz_der_Konsumentenschutz-Organisationen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Logo_Allianz_der_Konsumentenschutz-Organisationen.jpg/220px-Logo_Allianz_der_Konsumentenschutz-Organisationen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Logo_Allianz_der_Konsumentenschutz-Organisationen.jpg/330px-Logo_Allianz_der_Konsumentenschutz-Organisationen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Logo_Allianz_der_Konsumentenschutz-Organisationen.jpg/440px-Logo_Allianz_der_Konsumentenschutz-Organisationen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alliance_of_Consumer_Organisations" title="Swiss Alliance of Consumer Organisations">Swiss Alliance of Consumer Organisations</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alliance_of_Consumer_Organisations" title="Swiss Alliance of Consumer Organisations">Swiss Alliance of Consumer Organisations</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella organisation">umbrella organisation</a> of the three <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> consumer organisations (the Stiftung für Konsumentenschutz (SKS) of German-speaking Switzerland, the Fédération romande des consommateurs (FRC) of French-speaking Switzerland and the Associazione consumatrici e consumatori della Svizzera italiana (ACSI) of Italian-speaking Switzerland).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Consumer protection in the United Kingdom">Consumer protection in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Which.Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Which.Logo.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="80" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Which%3F" title="Which?">Which?</a> is the most influential UK consumers association.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_Act_2002" title="Enterprise Act 2002">Enterprise Act 2002</a> allows consumer bodies that have been approved by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Trade_and_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Trade and Industry">Secretary of State for Trade and Industry</a> to be designated as "super-complainants" to the <a href="/wiki/Competition_and_Markets_Authority" title="Competition and Markets Authority">Competition and Markets Authority</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Super-complainant" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-complainant">super-complainants</a> are intended to, "strengthen the voice of consumers," who are "unlikely to have access individually to the kind of information necessary to judge whether markets are failing for them." Eight have been designated as of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_For_Real_Ale" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign For Real Ale">CAMRA</a> - a lobbying group concerned with the tradition and quality of beer.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Advice_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens Advice Bureau">Citizens Advice Bureau</a>, a free service that provides legal advice, practical help and information on consumer rights across the country.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Council_for_Water" title="Consumer Council for Water">Consumer Council for Water</a> (formerly known as Watervoice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Direct" title="Consumer Direct">Consumer Direct</a> (abolished per 31 March 2012 with its functions being passed to local trading standards departments and Citizens Advice Bureau)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Focus" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Focus">Consumer Focus</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/National_Consumer_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="National Consumer Council">National Consumer Council</a>). The Government announced as part of the October 2010 spending review that Consumer Focus will be abolished, with the Consumer Direct helpline taken over by Citizens Advice. Some of Consumer Focus' functions would transfer to <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Advice_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens Advice Bureau">Citizens Advice Bureaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Advice_Scotland" title="Citizens Advice Scotland">Citizens Advice Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/General_Consumer_Council_for_Northern_Ireland" title="General Consumer Council for Northern Ireland">General Consumer Council for Northern Ireland</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Public_Bodies_Act_2011" title="Public Bodies Act 2011">Public Bodies Act 2011</a> and any necessary secondary legislation. The transfer is expected to begin April 2013 and be complete by April 2014.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Consumer_Council_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="General Consumer Council of Northern Ireland">General Consumer Council of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Garage_Scheme" title="Good Garage Scheme">Good Garage Scheme</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Automobile_repair_shop" title="Automobile repair shop">automobile repair shop</a> motoring scheme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postwatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Postwatch">Postwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Which%3F" title="Which?">Which?</a> - formerly the Consumers Association - a consumer advocacy organisation which has substantial powers (for example to take representative actions under the <a href="/wiki/Competition_Act_1998" title="Competition Act 1998">Competition Act 1998</a>) but which is primarily a lobbying organisation funded entirely by subscriptions to its regular consumer information magazine.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Consumers_Union_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Consumers_Union_wordmark.svg/220px-Consumers_Union_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Consumers_Union_wordmark.svg/330px-Consumers_Union_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Consumers_Union_wordmark.svg/440px-Consumers_Union_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Consumers_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumers Union">Consumers Union</a> was founded in 1936.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Justice" title="Alliance for Justice">Alliance for Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Business_Bureau" title="Better Business Bureau">Better Business Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Action" title="Consumer Action">Consumer Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Federation_of_California" title="Consumer Federation of California">Consumer Federation of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumers_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumers Union">Consumers Union</a>, publishers of <i><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Reports" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Watchdog" title="Consumer Watchdog">Consumer Watchdog</a>, formerly the Foundation for Taxpayer and Consumer Rights</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FlyersRights.org" title="FlyersRights.org">FlyersRights.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Citizen" title="Public Citizen">Public Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Federation_of_America" title="Consumer Federation of America">Consumer Federation of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Science_in_the_Public_Interest" title="Center for Science in the Public Interest">Center for Science in the Public Interest</a> (food/nutrition)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Consumers_League" title="National Consumers League">National Consumers League</a></li> <li>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Public_Interest_Research_Group" title="Public Interest Research Group">Public Interest Research Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/clarifiedconsumer.com/clarifiedconsumerllc">CLARIFIED CONSUMER LLC</a> (Consumer Right Advocacy)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumer_magazines">Consumer magazines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Consumer magazines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1969 most capitalist countries with developed marketplaces hosted consumer organizations that published consumer magazines which reported the results of <a href="/wiki/Product_testing" title="Product testing">product testing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilton200925_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilton200925-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internationally, the idea of consumer organizations spread from Consumers Union in the United States starting in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilton200925_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilton200925-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growth of interest in product testing journalism might be explained by increased consumption of mass-marketed products in and before that period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilton200925_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilton200925-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That increased international consumption itself was an effect of the <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">aftermath of World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilton200925_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilton200925-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Consumer magazine circulation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilton200926_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilton200926-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year magazine started </th> <th scope="col">Magazine </th> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col">Publisher </th> <th scope="col">Year publisher founded </th> <th scope="col">1969 sales </th> <th scope="col">1975 sales </th></tr> <tr> <td>1936 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Reports" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a></i> </td> <td>USA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Consumers_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumers Union">Consumers Union</a> </td> <td>1936 </td> <td>1,800,000 </td> <td>2,300,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953 </td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumentengids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consumentengids (page does not exist)">Consumentengids</a></i> </td> <td>Netherlands </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Consumentenbond" title="Consumentenbond">Consumentenbond</a> </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>256,000 </td> <td>470,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953 </td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forbruker_Rapporten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forbruker Rapporten (page does not exist)">Forbruker Rapporten</a></i> </td> <td>Norway </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forbrukerradet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forbrukerradet (page does not exist)">Forbrukerradet</a> (Consumers Council) </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>169,000 </td> <td>235,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Which%3F" title="Which?">Which?</a></i> </td> <td>UK </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Which%3F" title="Which?">Consumers Association</a> </td> <td>1956 </td> <td>600,000 </td> <td>700,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rad_och_Ron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rad och Ron (page does not exist)">Rad och Ron</a></i> </td> <td>Sweden </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statens_Institut_for_Konsumenfragor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statens Institut for Konsumenfragor (page does not exist)">Statens Institut for Konsumenfragor</a> (Institute for Consumer Information) </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>104,718 </td> <td>n.a. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Test-Achats" class="mw-redirect" title="Test-Achats">Test-Achats</a></i> </td> <td>Belgium </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Association_des_Consommateurs_/_Verbruikersunie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Association des Consommateurs / Verbruikersunie (page does not exist)">Association des Consommateurs / Verbruikersunie </a> (AC/V) </td> <td>1957 </td> <td>102,235 </td> <td>240,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Choice_(Australian_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Choice (Australian magazine)">Choice</a></i> </td> <td>Australia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_Consumers%27_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Consumers' Association">Australian Consumers' Association</a> </td> <td>1959 </td> <td>67,204 </td> <td>120,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rad_og_Resultater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rad og Resultater (page does not exist)">Rad og Resultater</a></i> </td> <td>Denmark </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Statens_Husholdningsrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Statens Husholdningsrad (page does not exist)">Statens Husholdningsrad</a> (Home Economics Council) </td> <td>1935 </td> <td>28,100 </td> <td>n.a. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Que_Choisir" class="mw-redirect" title="Que Choisir">Que Choisir</a></i> </td> <td>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_Federale_des_Consommateurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Federale des Consommateurs">Union Federale des Consommateurs</a> (UFC) </td> <td>1951 </td> <td>15,000 </td> <td>30,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsument&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsument (page does not exist)">Konsument</a></i> </td> <td>Austria </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verein_fur_Konsumenteninformation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verein fur Konsumenteninformation (page does not exist)">Verein fur Konsumenteninformation</a> (VKI) </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>25,000 </td> <td>n.a. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Consumer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Consumer (page does not exist)">Canadian Consumer</a></i> </td> <td>Canada </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_Association_of_Canada" title="Consumers' Association of Canada">Consumers' Association of Canada</a> </td> <td>1947 </td> <td>43,000 </td> <td>n.a. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taenk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taenk (page does not exist)">Taenk</a></i> </td> <td>Denmark </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danske_Husmodres_Forbrugerrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danske Husmodres Forbrugerrad (page does not exist)">Danske Husmodres Forbrugerrad</a> (Danish Housewives Council) </td> <td>1947 </td> <td>48,000 </td> <td>n.a. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Il_Consumatore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Il Consumatore (page does not exist)">Il Consumatore</a></i> </td> <td>Italy </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unione_Nazionale_Consumatori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unione Nazionale Consumatori (page does not exist)">Unione Nazionale Consumatori</a> </td> <td>1965 </td> <td>100,000 </td> <td>n.a. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Test_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Test (magazine) (page does not exist)">Test</a></i> </td> <td>Germany </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stiftung_Warentest" title="Stiftung Warentest">Stiftung Warentest</a> </td> <td>1964 </td> <td>68,000 </td> <td>250,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=50_Millions_de_Consummateurs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="50 Millions de Consummateurs (page does not exist)">50 Millions de Consummateurs</a></i> </td> <td>France </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_National_de_la_Consommation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut National de la Consommation (page does not exist)">Institut National de la Consommation</a> </td> <td>1967 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>300,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012 </td> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_Voice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consumer Voice (page does not exist)">Consumer Voice</a></i> </td> <td>Pakistan </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_Voice_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consumer Voice Pakistan (page does not exist)">Consumer Voice Pakistan</a> </td> <td>2012 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>n.a </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the 25 years after World War II, there was a correlation between the number of people in a country who were purchasing cars and the popularity of consumer magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilton200928_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilton200928-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, an increase in other consumer purchases seemed to drive popularity of consumer magazines, but the correlation was closest for populations who made decisions about buying cars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilton200928_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilton200928-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The availability of consumer magazines comforted consumers when individuals in society suddenly became overwhelmed with marketplace decisions, and the popularity of magazines seemed to grow as more marketplace decisions became available.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilton200929_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilton200929-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumer protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_activism" title="Consumer activism">Consumer activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_consumer_organizations" title="List of consumer organizations">List of consumer organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actor_analysis" title="Actor analysis">Actor analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_(market)" title="Transparency (market)">Transparency (market)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_the_limit_of_price" title="Cost the limit of price">Cost the limit of price</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://refreshingbeer.blogspot.co.uk/2013/03/cromarty-and-camra-we-are-not-all-idiots.html">"Cromarty, CAMRA and crazy cask cancellation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cromarty%2C+CAMRA+and+crazy+cask+cancellation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frefreshingbeer.blogspot.co.uk%2F2013%2F03%2Fcromarty-and-camra-we-are-not-all-idiots.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumer+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419192716/http://www.premiercallcentre.co.uk/pages/call-handling-services/virtual-office/trading-standards/consumer-protection.php">"Consumer Protection | Laws | fraud | government regulation | consumer rights"</a>. <i>www.premiercallcentre.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.premiercallcentre.co.uk/pages/call-handling-services/virtual-office/trading-standards/consumer-protection.php">the original</a> on 2016-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.premiercallcentre.co.uk&rft.atitle=Consumer+Protection+%7C+Laws+%7C+fraud+%7C+government+regulation+%7C+consumer+rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiercallcentre.co.uk%2Fpages%2Fcall-handling-services%2Fvirtual-office%2Ftrading-standards%2Fconsumer-protection.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumer+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rao1998-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rao1998_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao1998_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao1998_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rao1998_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao1998" class="citation journal cs1">Rao, Hayagreeva (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120131221303/http://webuser.bus.umich.edu/organizations/smo/protected/resources/watchajs.pdf">"Caveat emptor: The construction of nonprofit consumer watchdog organizations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>103</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">912–</span>961. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F231293">10.1086/231293</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143250168">143250168</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webuser.bus.umich.edu/organizations/smo/protected/resources/watchajs.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Caveat+emptor%3A+The+construction+of+nonprofit+consumer+watchdog+organizations.&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E912-%3C%2Fspan%3E961&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F231293&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143250168%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Hayagreeva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebuser.bus.umich.edu%2Forganizations%2Fsmo%2Fprotected%2Fresources%2Fwatchajs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumer+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cccs.gov.sg/about-cccs">"Who We Are"</a>. <i>Competition and Consumer Commission Association of Singapore</i>. 26 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Competition+and+Consumer+Commission+Association+of+Singapore&rft.atitle=Who+We+Are&rft.date=2023-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cccs.gov.sg%2Fabout-cccs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumer+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.case.org.sg/">"Home"</a>. <i>Consumer Association of Singapore</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consumer+Association+of+Singapore&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.case.org.sg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumer+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/ernaehrung_bewegung/05245/07232/13432/index.html?lang=en">"Alliance of Consumer Organisations: United Together for the Consumers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114002815/http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/ernaehrung_bewegung/05245/07232/13432/index.html?lang=en">Archived</a> 2016-11-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Office_of_Public_Health" title="Federal Office of Public Health">Federal Office of Public Health</a> (page visited on 13 November 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dti.gov.uk/consumers/enforcement/super-complaints/page17902.html">Super-Complaints - BERR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205111733/http://www.dti.gov.uk/consumers/enforcement/super-complaints/page17902.html">Archived</a> 2007-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilton200925-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilton200925_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilton200925_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilton200925_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilton200925_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHilton2009">Hilton 2009</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilton200926-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilton200926_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHilton2009">Hilton 2009</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorelliThorelli1977" class="citation book cs1">Thorelli, Hans B.; Thorelli, Sarah V. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/consumerinformat0000thor/page/327"><i>Consumer information systems and consumer policy</i></a>. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Pub. Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/consumerinformat0000thor/page/327">327–60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0884102717" title="Special:BookSources/978-0884102717"><bdi>978-0884102717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consumer+information+systems+and+consumer+policy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=327-60&rft.pub=Ballinger+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0884102717&rft.aulast=Thorelli&rft.aufirst=Hans+B.&rft.au=Thorelli%2C+Sarah+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconsumerinformat0000thor%2Fpage%2F327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumer+organization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilton200928-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilton200928_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilton200928_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHilton2009">Hilton 2009</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilton200929-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilton200929_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHilton2009">Hilton 2009</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer_organization&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilton2009" class="citation book cs1">Hilton, Matthew (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prosperityforall00hilt"><i>Prosperity for all : consumer activism in an era of globalization</i></a>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801446443" title="Special:BookSources/9780801446443"><bdi>9780801446443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prosperity+for+all+%3A+consumer+activism+in+an+era+of+globalization&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780801446443&rft.aulast=Hilton&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprosperityforall00hilt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConsumer+organization" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Consumerism" title="Template:Consumerism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consumerism" title="Template talk:Consumerism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consumerism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consumerism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consumerism115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>the philosophy of and activism for <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">consumer protection</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_privacy" title="Consumer privacy">Consumer privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">Consumer protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_revolution" title="Consumer revolution">Consumer revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_welfare_standard" title="Consumer welfare standard">Consumer welfare standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informed_consumer" title="Informed consumer">Informed consumer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_activism" title="Consumer activism">Consumer activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Bill_of_Rights" title="Consumer Bill of Rights">Consumer Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_complaint" title="Consumer complaint">Consumer complaint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_education" title="Consumer education">Consumer education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_movement" title="Consumer movement">Consumer movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_consumption" title="Collaborative consumption">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Guidelines_for_Consumer_Protection" title="United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection">United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields of study</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_math" title="Consumer math">Consumer math</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthenics" title="Euthenics">Euthenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_economics" title="Home economics">Home economics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key players</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Consumer organizations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_consumer_organizations" title="List of consumer organizations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_Association_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Consumers' Association (disambiguation)">Consumers' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Product_testing73" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Product_testing" 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href="/wiki/Trade_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade organization">Trade organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_safety_organisations" title="List of food safety organisations">Food safety organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conformance_testing" title="Conformance testing">Conformance testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_test" title="Chemical test">Chemical test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_testing" title="Destructive testing">Destructive testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_testing" title="Discrimination testing">Discrimination testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondestructive_testing" title="Nondestructive testing">Nondestructive testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_test" title="Physical test">Physical test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_analysis" title="Sensory analysis">Sensory analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Survey research">Survey research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_method" title="Test method">Test method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usability_testing" title="Usability testing">Usability testing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Product fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_product_testing" title="Cannabis product testing">Cannabis testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_cupping" title="Coffee cupping">Coffee cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crash_test" title="Crash test">Crash test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_testing" title="Package testing">Package testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisky_tasting" title="Whisky tasting">Whisky tasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_tasting" title="Wine tasting">Wine tasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedonic_scale" title="Hedonic scale">Hedonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-About-Right_scale" title="Just-About-Right scale">Just-About-Right</a> (JAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likert_scale" title="Likert scale">Likert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Business_organizations136" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Business_organizations" title="Template:Business organizations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Business_organizations" title="Template talk:Business organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Business_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Business organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Business_organizations136" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_legal_entity_types_by_country" title="List of legal entity types by country">Business organizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employers%27_organization" title="Employers' organization">Employers' organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_commerce" title="Chamber of commerce">Chamber of commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-professional_association" title="Inter-professional association">Inter-professional association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_industry_trade_associations" title="List of food industry trade associations">List of food industry trade associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_industry_trade_groups_in_the_United_States" title="List of industry trade groups in the United States">List of industry trade groups in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federation" title="Cooperative federation">Cooperative federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_group" title="Corporate group">Corporate groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol">Chaebol</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combine_(enterprise)" title="Combine (enterprise)">Combine</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concern_(business)" title="Concern (business)">Concern</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a> (Anglosphere)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keiretsu" title="Keiretsu">Keiretsu</a> (Japan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_(business)" title="Xi (business)">Xi</a> (China)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">Zaibatsu</a> (Japan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Business_network" title="Business network">Business network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_network" title="Bamboo network">Bamboo network</a> (Greater China and Southeast Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_alliance" title="Business alliance">Business alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consortium" title="Consortium">Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_joint_venture" title="International joint venture">Joint venture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_pool" title="Patent pool">Patent pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oppositional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Consumer organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_networking" title="Business networking">Business networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_company_registers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of company registers">Company registers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox730" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329436#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4187572-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Consumers' leagues"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>8 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Consumer organization","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consumer_organization","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1329436","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1329436","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-08-25T22:16:59Z","dateModified":"2024-10-22T15:22:07Z","headline":"advocacy group favoring consumers and opposing corporate abuse"}</script> </body> </html>