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<span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lobbying_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lobbying_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lobbying by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lobbying_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lobbying by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lobbying_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supermarket_sector_lobbying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supermarket_sector_lobbying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Supermarket sector lobbying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supermarket_sector_lobbying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_lobbyist_registers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_lobbyist_registers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Public lobbyist registers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_lobbyist_registers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azerbaijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Azerbaijan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bahrain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.3</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.4</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_lobbying" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_lobbying"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9.1</span> <span>Foreign lobbying</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_lobbying-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Arab_Emirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>United Arab Emirates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Arab_Emirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lobbying</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7" title="ممارسة الضغط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ممارسة الضغط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbi%C3%A7ilik" title="Lobbiçilik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lobbiçilik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Лабізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лабізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Лабізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лабізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Лобизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лобизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbisme" title="Lobbisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lobbisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Lobbování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lobbování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lob%C3%AFo" title="Lobïo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lobïo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbyisme" title="Lobbyisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lobbyisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbyismus" title="Lobbyismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lobbyismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobit%C3%B6%C3%B6" title="Lobitöö – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lobitöö" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabildeo" title="Cabildeo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cabildeo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobiado" title="Lobiado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lobiado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobby" title="Lobby – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lobby" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="لابی‌گری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لابی‌گری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lobbying" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B9%84_%ED%99%9C%EB%8F%99" title="로비 활동 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로비 활동" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Լոբբինգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լոբբինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobiranje" title="Lobiranje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lobiranje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobio" title="Lobio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lobio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobi" title="Lobi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lobi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שדלנות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שדלנות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ლობი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლობი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Лоббизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лоббизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Лоббизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лоббизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobisms" title="Lobisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lobisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobizmas" title="Lobizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lobizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbiz%C3%A1s" title="Lobbizás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lobbizás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobi" title="Lobi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lobi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbyen" title="Lobbyen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lobbyen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%93%E3%83%BC%E6%B4%BB%E5%8B%95" title="ロビー活動 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロビー活動" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korridorpolitikk" title="Korridorpolitikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Korridorpolitikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbyverksemd" title="Lobbyverksemd – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lobbyverksemd" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbi" title="Lobbi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lobbi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86%DA%AF" title="لوبی اِنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوبی اِنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbing" title="Lobbing – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lobbing" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobismo" title="Lobismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lobismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobby" title="Lobby – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lobby" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Лоббизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лоббизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobimi" title="Lobimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lobimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lobbying" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobing" title="Lobing – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lobing" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobiranje" title="Lobiranje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lobiranje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Лобирање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лобирање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobi" title="Lobi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lobi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbaus" title="Lobbaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lobbaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lobbying" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobi" title="Lobi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lobi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99" title="การวิ่งเต้น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การวิ่งเต้น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Лоббигарӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лоббигарӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobicilik" title="Lobicilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lobicilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Лобізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лобізм" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lobbyist" redirects here. For the TV series, see <a href="/wiki/Lobbyist_(TV_series)" title="Lobbyist (TV series)"><i>Lobbyist</i> (TV series)</a>.</div> <p><b>Lobbying</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">advocacy</a>, which lawfully attempts to directly influence <a href="/wiki/Legislator" title="Legislator">legislators</a> or government officials, such as <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_agency" title="Regulatory agency">regulatory agencies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lobbying involves direct, face-to-face contact and is carried out by various entities, including individuals acting as <a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voters</a>, constituents, or private citizens, corporations pursuing their business interests, nonprofits and <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a> through <a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">advocacy</a> groups to achieve their missions, and legislators or government officials influencing each other in legislative affairs. </p><p>Lobbying or certain practices that share commonalities with lobbying are sometimes referred to as <b>government relations</b>, or <b>government affairs</b> and sometimes legislative relations, or legislative affairs. It is also an <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industry</a> known by many of the aforementioned names, and has a near-complete overlap with the <a href="/wiki/Public_affairs_industry" title="Public affairs industry">public affairs industry</a>. Lobbyists may fall into different categories: <a href="/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur">amateur</a> lobbyists, such as individual voters or voter blocs within an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">electoral district</a>; professional lobbyists who engage in lobbying as a business or profession; and government relations support staff who work on behalf of professional lobbyists but may not actively engage in direct influencing or face-to-face meetings with targeted individuals to the extent required for registration as lobbyists, operating within the same professional circles as registered lobbyists. </p><p>Professional lobbyists are people whose business is trying to influence legislation, regulation, or other government decisions, actions, or policies on behalf of a group or individual who hires them. <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Nonprofit organizations</a> whether as professional or amateur lobbyists can also lobby as an act of volunteering or as a small part of their normal job. Governments often define "lobbying" for legal purposes, and regulate organized group lobbying that has become influential. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ethics and morals involved with legally lobbying or <a href="/wiki/Influence_peddling" title="Influence peddling">influence peddling</a> are controversial. Lobbying can, at times, be spoken of with <a href="/wiki/Contempt" title="Contempt">contempt</a>, when the implication is that people with inordinate <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic power</a> are <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">corrupting</a> the <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> in order to serve their own interests. When people who have a duty to act on behalf of others, such as elected officials with a duty to serve their constituents' interests or more broadly the public good, can benefit by shaping the law to serve the interests of some private parties, a <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a> exists. Many critiques of lobbying point to the potential for conflicts of interest to lead to agent misdirection or the intentional failure of an agent with a duty to serve an employer, client, or constituent to perform those duties. The failure of government officials to serve the public interest as a consequence of lobbying by special interests who provide benefits to the official is an example of agent misdirection.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is why lobbying is seen as one of the causes of a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_deficit" title="Democratic deficit">democratic deficit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Politicians tend to vote against the preferred position of their constituency when there is more special interest money and less attention to politics.<sup id="cite_ref-a079_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a079-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>That architectural sense of <i>lobby</i> is believed to originate from the medieval Latin <i>lobia</i> or <i>lobium</i>, which refers to a gallery, hall, or portico. This architectural sense was later adopted to describe the practice of advocating or debating in such spaces.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a report carried by the <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation_(BBC)" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)">BBC</a>, an <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a> <a href="/wiki/Lexicographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexicographer">lexicographer</a> has shown that "lobbying" finds its roots in the gathering of <a href="/wiki/Members_of_parliament#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of parliament">Members of Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peers</a> in the hallways ("lobbies") of the United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament">Houses of Parliament</a> before and after parliamentary debates where members of the public can meet their representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-Lobby_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-Lobby-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One story held that the term originated at the <a href="/wiki/Willard_InterContinental_Washington" title="Willard InterContinental Washington">Willard Hotel</a> in Washington, D.C., where it was supposedly used by <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">President Ulysses S. Grant</a> to describe the political advocates who frequented the hotel's lobby to access Grant—who was often there in the evenings to enjoy a cigar and brandy—and then tried to buy the president drinks in an attempt to influence his political decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_-_A_Lobbyist_by_Any_Other_Name_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR_-_A_Lobbyist_by_Any_Other_Name-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the term may have gained more widespread currency in Washington, D.C., by virtue of this practice during the <a href="/wiki/Grant_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Grant Administration">Grant Administration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/OED_English" class="mw-redirect" title="OED English">OED</a> cites numerous documented uses of the word well before Grant's presidency, including use in Pennsylvania as early as 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_-_A_Lobbyist_by_Any_Other_Name_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR_-_A_Lobbyist_by_Any_Other_Name-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "lobbying" also appeared in print as early as 1820:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Other letters from Washington affirm, that members of the Senate, when the compromise question was to be taken in the House, were not only "lobbying about the Representatives' Chamber" but also active in endeavoring to intimidate certain weak representatives by insulting threats to dissolve the Union. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>April 1, 1820</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Wasp_1891-03-14_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Wasp_1891-03-14_cover.jpg/220px-The_Wasp_1891-03-14_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Wasp_1891-03-14_cover.jpg/330px-The_Wasp_1891-03-14_cover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/The_Wasp_1891-03-14_cover.jpg/440px-The_Wasp_1891-03-14_cover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption>An 1891 cartoon about lobbying an American assemblyman</figcaption></figure> <p>Governments often<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (November 2018)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> define and regulate organized group lobbying<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of laws to prevent <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a> and by establishing <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(behavior)#Politics" title="Transparency (behavior)">transparency</a> about possible influences by public <a href="/wiki/Lobby_register" title="Lobby register">lobby registers</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lobby_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobby groups">Lobby groups</a> may concentrate their efforts on the legislatures, where laws are created, but may also use the judicial branch to advance their causes. The <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a>, for example, filed suits in state and federal courts in the 1950s to challenge segregation laws. Their efforts resulted in the Supreme Court declaring such laws unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lobbyists may use a legal device known as <i><a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amicus curiae</a></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">friend of the court</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) briefs to try to influence court cases. Briefs are written documents filed with a court, typically by parties to a lawsuit. <i>Amici curiae</i> briefs are briefs filed by people or groups who are not parties to a suit. These briefs are entered into the court records and give additional background on the matter being decided upon. Advocacy groups use these briefs both to share their expertise and to promote their positions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lobbying industry is affected by the <a href="/wiki/Revolving_door_(politics)" title="Revolving door (politics)">revolving door</a> concept, a movement of personnel between roles as legislators and regulators and roles in the <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industries</a> affected by legislation and regulation, as the main asset for a lobbyist is contacts with and influence on government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This climate is attractive for ex-government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also mean substantial monetary rewards for lobbying <a href="/wiki/Firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Firm">firms</a>, and government projects and contracts worth in the hundreds of millions for those they represent.<sup id="cite_ref-Time_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-open_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-open-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The international standards for the regulation of lobbying were introduced at four international organizations and supranational associations: 1) the European Union; 2) the Council of Europe; 3) the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; 4) the Commonwealth of Independent States.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods">Methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, the director general of the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chan" title="Margaret Chan">Margaret Chan</a>, illustrated the methods used in lobbying against public health:<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Efforts to prevent noncommunicable diseases go against the business interests of powerful economic operators. In my view, this is one of the biggest challenges facing health promotion. [...] it is not just Big Tobacco anymore. Public health must also contend with Big Food, Big Soda, and Big Alcohol. All of these industries fear regulation, and protect themselves by using the same tactics. Research has documented these tactics well. They include front groups, lobbies, promises of self-regulation, lawsuits, and <a href="/wiki/Industry-funded_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry-funded research">industry-funded research</a> that confuses the evidence and keeps the public in doubt. Tactics also include gifts, grants, and contributions to worthy causes that cast these industries as respectable corporate citizens in the eyes of politicians and the public. They include arguments that place the responsibility for harm to health on individuals, and portray government actions as interference in personal liberties and free choice. This is formidable opposition. [...] When industry is involved in policy-making, rest assured that the most effective control measures will be downplayed or left out entirely. This, too, is well-documented, and dangerous. In the view of WHO, the formulation of health policies must be protected from distortion by commercial or vested interests.</p></blockquote> <p>Lobbying can be categorized as inside lobbying, which directly interacts with decision-makers, or outside lobbying, which pressures decision-makers through mobilization of public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-a238_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a238-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In pre-modern political systems, <a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">royal courts</a> provided incidental opportunities for gaining the ear of monarchs and their councilors.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lobbying_by_country">Lobbying by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lobbying by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_South_Australia" title="Lobbying in South Australia">Lobbying in South Australia</a></div> <p>Since the 1980s, lobbying in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> has grown from a small industry of a few hundred employees to a multi-billion dollar per year industry. What was once the preserve of big multinational companies and at a more local level (property developers, for example, <a href="/wiki/Urban_Taskforce_Australia" title="Urban Taskforce Australia">Urban Taskforce Australia</a>) has morphed into an industry that employs more than 10,000 people and represents every facet of human endeavour.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Academic John Warhurst from the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> noted that over this time, retired politicians have increasingly turned political lobbyists to leverage their networks and experience for private gain. In 2018 he noted that two of the top three <a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">Howard government</a> ministers had become lobbyists: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Downer" title="Alexander Downer">Alexander Downer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Costello" title="Peter Costello">Peter Costello</a>, and that the trend could be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Hawke_government" title="Hawke government">Hawke Government</a> of 1983. <a href="/wiki/Mick_Young" title="Mick Young">Mick Young</a> stated that by 1983 the lobbying profession was an established part of the democratic political process in Canberra. Warhurst attests that by 2018, "political leader-lobbyists" were an established part of the same process. During the 1980s, political leaders traded on their own names, like <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hawke" title="Bob Hawke">Bob Hawke</a>, or joined the "respectable" end of the lobbying spectrum, working for law firms or banks, like former New South Wales premiers <a href="/wiki/Nick_Greiner" title="Nick Greiner">Nick Greiner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Carr" title="Bob Carr">Bob Carr</a>. In 2008, Alexander Downer formed the lobbying firm Bespoke Approach, along with former <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a> minister <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bolkus" title="Nick Bolkus">Nick Bolkus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith_(lobbyist)" title="Ian Smith (lobbyist)">Ian Smith</a>, who is married to former <a href="/wiki/Australian_Democrats" title="Australian Democrats">Australian Democrats</a> leader, <a href="/wiki/Natasha_Stott_Despoja" title="Natasha Stott Despoja">Natasha Stott-Despoja</a>. Peter Costello carried two former staffers to work with him in his lobbying firm, ECG Consulting: Jonathan Epstein and David Gazard. Politicians can become exposed to allegations of conflicts of interest when they both lobby and advise governments. Examples include Peter Costello.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political party staff often form lobbying firms or dominate their ranks. Former Howard chief-of-staff Grahame Morris is the director of Barton Deakin Government Relations. His colleagues there include David Alexander (former Costello staffer), <a href="/wiki/Sallyanne_Atkinson" title="Sallyanne Atkinson">Sallyanne Atkinson</a> (former Lord Mayor of Brisbane and former federal <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party</a> candidate), Howard staffer John Griffin and former New South Wales Liberal Party leader, Peter Collins. The Labor "sister" company is Hawker Britton, so named as both firms are owned by STW Group. In 2013, Hawker Britton had 113 client companies on its books.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, there were just under 280 firms on the Federal Australian Register of Lobbyists. Steve Carney of Carney Associated says that lobbyists "try to leave no thumbprints on the glass, no footprints in the sand. The best lobbying is when nobody knows you were there."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Textor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Textor">Mark Textor</a> of campaign advisory group <a href="/wiki/Crosby_Textor_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Crosby Textor Group">Crosby Textor</a> describes political lobbying as a "pathetic miserable industry".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supermarket_sector_lobbying">Supermarket sector lobbying</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Supermarket sector lobbying"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Supermarket chains in Australia engage lobbying firms with political weight in their ranks. Australian Supermarket giant <a href="/wiki/Coles_Supermarkets" title="Coles Supermarkets">Coles</a> is represented by both ECG Consulting and Bespoke Approach, while its own parent company, <a href="/wiki/Wesfarmers" title="Wesfarmers">Wesfarmers</a>, has former West Australian premier <a href="/wiki/Alan_Carpenter" title="Alan Carpenter">Alan Carpenter</a> in charge of corporate affairs. Competitor Woolworths has a government relations team composed of former Labor and Liberal advisers, under the direction of a former leader of the National Party, Andrew Hall. <a href="/wiki/Aldi" title="Aldi">Aldi</a> engages GRA (Government Relations Australia), one of Australia's largest lobbying firms, whose staff includes former Federal Labor treasurer, <a href="/wiki/John_Dawkins" title="John Dawkins">John Dawkins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_lobbyist_registers">Public lobbyist registers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Public lobbyist registers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A register of federal lobbyists is kept by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a> and is accessible to the public via its website.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar registers for State government lobbyists were introduced between 2007 and 2009 around Australia. Since April 2007 in Western Australia, only lobbyists listed on the state's register are allowed to contact a government representative for the purpose of lobbying.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar rules have applied in Tasmania since 1 September 2009<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> since 1 December 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A criticism of the lobbyist register is that it only captures professional third-party lobbyists, not employees of companies which directly lobby government. An example of this is BHP, which employs Geoff Walsh, a key advisor to Bob Hawke as an in-house lobbyist.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, The Mercury published a complete list of lobbyists registered at the Tasmanian Parliament. The field was dominated by former politicians, advisers and journalists in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Azerbaijan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Caviar_diplomacy" title="Caviar diplomacy">Caviar diplomacy</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caviar_diplomacy&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caviar_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Caviar_001.jpg/220px-Caviar_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Caviar_001.jpg/330px-Caviar_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Caviar_001.jpg/440px-Caviar_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A box of caviar</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Caviar_diplomacy" title="Caviar diplomacy">Caviar diplomacy</a> is a lobbying strategy of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, consisting of costly invitations to foreign politicians and employees of international organizations to Azerbaijan at the expense of the host country. <a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">Caviar</a> diplomacy also includes expensive gifts presented as "a tribute to the Eastern tradition."<sup id="cite_ref-Caviar_diplomacy_The_Guardian_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caviar_diplomacy_The_Guardian-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caviar_diplomacy_ESI_Caviar_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caviar_diplomacy_ESI_Caviar-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caviar_diplomacy_EURACTIV_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caviar_diplomacy_EURACTIV-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caviar_diplomacy_Africa_Intelligence_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caviar_diplomacy_Africa_Intelligence-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahrain">Bahrain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bahrain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2022, Bahrain's lobbying efforts were reflected in a report by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, which involved the name of a senior <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech</a> MEP <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Zdechovsk%C3%BD" title="Tomáš Zdechovský">Tomáš Zdechovský</a>. The controversy concerned the European Parliament's "friendship groups", the unofficial bodies operating with no formal regulations and sometimes under sponsored lobbyists and foreign governments. The European Parliament was preparing to vote on a resolution to call for the release of a Bahraini political prisoner <a href="/wiki/Abdulhadi_al-Khawaja" title="Abdulhadi al-Khawaja">Abdulhadi al-Khawaja</a>. However, the chair of the European Parliament's Bahrain friendship group, Zdechovský came under question for visiting Bahrain in April 2022, without declaring. In a separate resolution, Zdechovský's <a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">EPP</a> failed to call for Khawaja's release and instead called him a "political opponent". Director of <a href="/wiki/Bahrain_Institute_for_Rights_and_Democracy" title="Bahrain Institute for Rights and Democracy">BIRD</a>, Sayed Ahmed Alwadaei accused the Czech MEP of acting as a mouthpiece for Bahrain.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_Canada" title="Lobbying in Canada">Lobbying in Canada</a></div> <p>Canada maintains a Registry of Lobbyists.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, more than 5,000 people worked as registered lobbyists at Canada's federal level. Lobbying began as an unregulated profession, but since the late 20th century has been regulated by the government to increase transparency and establish a set of ethics for both lobbyists, and those who will be lobbied. Canada does not require disclosure of lobbyist spending on lobbying activities.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_Union_lobbying" title="European Union lobbying">European Union lobbying</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EP-BrusselWiertzstraat-boom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/EP-BrusselWiertzstraat-boom.jpg/220px-EP-BrusselWiertzstraat-boom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/EP-BrusselWiertzstraat-boom.jpg/330px-EP-BrusselWiertzstraat-boom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/EP-BrusselWiertzstraat-boom.jpg/440px-EP-BrusselWiertzstraat-boom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption>The "lobby tree", planted in 2001 by SEAP, the professional organization of lobbyists, at Wiertzstraat in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, in front of the main entrance of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first step towards specialized regulation of lobbying in the European Union was a Written Question tabled by Alman Metten, in 1989. In 1991, Marc Galle, Chairman of the Committee on the Rules of Procedure, the Verification of Credentials and Immunities, was appointed to submit proposals for a Code of conduct and a register of lobbyists. Today lobbying in the European Union is an integral and important part of decision-making in the EU. From year to year lobbying regulation in the EU is constantly improving and the number of lobbyists increases.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This increase in lobbying activity is a result of the growing recognition of lobbying as a critical discipline at the intersection of politics, economics, and society.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003 there were around 15,000 lobbyists (consultants, lawyers, associations, corporations, NGOs etc.) in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> seeking to influence the EU's legislation. Some 2,600 special interest groups had a permanent office in Brussels. Their distribution was roughly as follows: European trade federations (32%), consultants (20%), companies (13%), NGOs (11%), national associations (10%), regional representations (6%), international organizations (5%) and <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a> (1%), (Lehmann, 2003, pp iii).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to this, lobby organisations sometimes hire former EU employees (a phenomenon known as the revolving door) who possess inside knowledge of the EU institutions and policy process. This practice of hiring former EU employees is part of what lobbyist Andreas Geiger describes as lobbying's vital role in shaping law and decision-making processes, given the unique insights and access these individuals provide.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-transparency.eu_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transparency.eu-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A report by <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> EU published in January 2017 analysed the career paths of former EU officials and found that 30% of Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> who left politics went to work for organisations on the EU lobby register after their mandate and approximately one-third of Commissioners serving under Barroso took jobs in the private sector after their mandate, including for <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a>, <a href="/wiki/ArcelorMittal" title="ArcelorMittal">ArcelorMittal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America_Merrill_Lynch" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank of America Merrill Lynch">Bank of America Merrill Lynch</a>. These potential conflicts of interest could be avoided if a stronger ethics framework were established at the EU level, including an independent ethics body and longer cooling-off periods for MEPs.<sup id="cite_ref-transparency.eu_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transparency.eu-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff_Indian_lobbying_scandal" title="Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal">Jack Abramoff Indian lobbying scandal</a> in Washington, D.C., and the massive impact this had on the lobbying scene in the United States, the rules for lobbying in the EU—which until now consisted of only a non-binding code of conduct—may also be tightened.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, on 31 January 2019, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> adopted binding rules on lobby transparency. Amending its Rules of Procedure, the Parliament stipulated that <a href="/wiki/MEPs" class="mw-redirect" title="MEPs">MEPs</a> involved in drafting and negotiating legislation must publish online their meetings with lobbyists.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amendment says that "rapporteurs, shadow rapporteurs or committee chairs shall, for each report, publish online all scheduled meetings with interest representatives falling under the scope of the <a href="/wiki/Transparency_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency Register">Transparency Register</a>"- the database of the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European allies were being lobbied by the <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> to regain diplomatic ties with the Syrian government. The two Arab countries lobbied the European Union for months, pushing them to ease the sanctions on <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> for the revival of its collapsed economy. The <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a> and its neighbour country argued that without the ease of sanctions, the diplomatic efforts to end the Syrian war would be ineffective. However, the EU nations, including France and Germany, turned down the idea of restoring ties with <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, stating that it would legitimize the regime that is accused of massacring its own people.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is currently no regulation at all for lobbying activities in France. There is no regulated access to the French institutions and no register specific to France, but there is one for the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where French lobbyists are able to register themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the internal rule of the National Assembly (art. 23 and 79) forbids members of Parliament to be linked with a particular interest<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="You can help -- (May 2021)">definition needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Also, there is no rule at all for consultation of interest groups by the Parliament and the Government. Nevertheless, a recent parliamentary initiative<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> (motion for a resolution) has been launched by several MPs<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> so as to establish a register for representatives of interest groups and lobbyists who intend to lobby the MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_Germany" title="Lobbying in Germany">Lobbying in Germany</a></div> <p>In Germany, lobbying has existed since 1956, when the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a> issued a ruling legalizing it. A mandatory <a href="/wiki/Lobby_register" title="Lobby register">lobby register</a> (German: Lobbyliste) was introduced in Germany effective 1 January 2022, along with a code of conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These rules were criticized as insufficient by several opposition party members and representatives from the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, who argued that they did not adequately address issues of transparency and potential conflicts of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stricter rules are scheduled to come into effect on January 1, 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Italy does not have lobbying legislation at the national level nowadays, even though there have been proposals by lawmakers over the years. In 2016, the Chamber of Deputies added an addendum that introduced a Regulation of interest representation. The Regulation expired in late 2017, when the term of the sitting Parliament expired. With the rise of the new parliamentary term in 2018, the Regulation was not being readopted.<sup id="cite_ref-lexology.com_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lexology.com-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the subnational level, only six regions have legislations about lobbying: Tuscany (2002), Molise (2004), Abruzzo (2010), Calabria (2016), Lombardy (2016) and Puglia (2017). These regional legislations have similar structure, but only Tuscany took a step forward to implement this legislation and create a public register.<sup id="cite_ref-lexology.com_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lexology.com-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Italy, over the years, lobbies and power groups have obstructed the liberalization of markets and favored the protection of existing privileges. Despite various attempts to promote competition, such as the Law for the Market and Competition passed a year ago, the process has been riddled with delays, amendments and compromises that have weakened the law. Pressure from various lobbies led to the deletion of several important provisions. For example, due to pressure from pharmacists, the sale of Band C drugs in supermarkets and para pharmacies was skipped. Other provisions removed include the portability of pension funds, the sale of boxes or garages worth less than one hundred thousand euros without a notarized deed, the protected energy market, and the Postal Service monopoly. In addition, the rule on RCA tariffs was withdrawn after protests from insurance companies, while the diatribe between taxi drivers and <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a> was postponed for a separate measure. Professional associations, such as lawyers and dentists, opposed measures that undermined their interests, such as the requirement for lawyers to have a quote or the requirement that dental companies be at least two-thirds owned by registered members. Other categories, such as hoteliers, called for a ban on <a href="/wiki/Airbnb" title="Airbnb">Airbnb</a> in the country. The lack of competitive markets is one of the main reasons Italy has not experienced economic growth in recent years. However, pressure groups continue to defend their privileges, hindering <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">economic liberalization</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> study indicates that true liberalization could grow Italy's <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> in a few years, but lobbies seem to be able to prevent such changes.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2016 study found evidence of significant indirect lobbying of then-Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a> through business proxies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors document a significant pro-<a href="/wiki/Mediaset" title="Mediaset">Mediaset</a> (the mass media company founded and controlled by Berlusconi) bias in the allocation of advertising spending during Berlusconi's political tenure, in particularly for companies operating in more regulated sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using advertising data from the Nielsen AdEx database, the behavior of companies buying advertising space on <a href="/wiki/Mediaset" title="Mediaset">Mediaset</a> television channels during Berlusconi's tenure as prime minister was analyzed. It is hypothesized that some companies are more likely to advertise on Mediaset channels when Berlusconi is in power, indicating a potential correlation between advertising behavior and political influence. </p><p>A model of the Italian television advertising market was developed, distinguishing between regulated firms (interested in government actions) and unregulated firms (less interested in specific public policy changes). The model predicts that advertising prices on Mediaset increase when Berlusconi is in power and that the mix of advertisers on Mediaset channels shifts toward regulated firms during his tenure. To assess the impact of Berlusconi's political influence, industries were ranked according to their regulatory score, obtained from a survey of Italian economists. Highly regulated industries, such as telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, and manufacturing, showed a greater tendency to allocate a portion of their advertising budgets to Mediaset during Berlusconi's tenure. Despite higher prices for advertising space on Mediaset channels during Berlusconi's tenure, companies continued to advertise, suggesting that they expect significant political benefits from supporting the network. Mediaset's advertising partners are estimated to have paid about 1.9 billion euros more during Berlusconi's three terms, indicating the expected political value of their indirect lobbying efforts. This study provides evidence of market-based lobbying, in which companies strategically allocate their advertising budgets to gain political influence. It also highlights the additional conflict of interest that politicians with corporate holdings face and raises important questions about the role of money in politics beyond direct campaign contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another relevant case of lobbying that has been going on for at least 16 years concerns owners of beach establishments. Beaches are the Italian State's properties: since 2022, owners have had to pay a fee of 2698 euros to keep a public concession of a beach establishment. This is an amount of money that would be paid back just by renting for three months 2 beach umbrellas for 15 euros each (and in many cases, the renting prices are higher). The Court of Accounts has declared an imbalance between the fee and the gains from the beach establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 2009, according to a 1949 law, people who had public concessions had the right to keep them if there was no opposition from third parties. In 2009 this law was abolished under the menace of legal procedure from the EU for infraction of a 2006 directive, that established mandatory public procedures that were impartial and transparent. Anyhow, since then, governments continuously postponed any decision regarding modifying laws on public concessions for beach establishments. Under the government of Mario Draghi, the deadline for all concessions was established for 31 December 2023: anyhow, the new Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni assured in a letter of November 3, 2022, that "their government would defend the families that work in that sector",<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and delayed the deadline of the concessions. Some politicians claim that the families involved in the issue represent a significant and influential number of electors. <sup id="cite_ref-auto_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, lobbying from taxi drivers represents a growing issue. The current situation in Italy regarding taxi services is regulated by Law No. 21 of 1992. According to this law, the responsibility for determining the number of taxi licenses, shifts, and fares is given to the municipalities. Taxi licenses are held by artisan business owners who have passed a driver's exam and are registered with the Chamber of Commerce. After holding a license for five years, reaching the age of 60, or due to illness, license holders can transfer their license to someone else upon indicating their preference to the municipality. In case of death, the license can be passed to one of the heirs or their designated individuals. Italy has an average of one taxi for every 2,000 inhabitants, whereas countries like France and Spain have ratios of 1,160 and 1,028 taxis per 2,000 inhabitants, respectively. This suggests that Italy has a relatively lower number of taxis available compared to its population. In August 2019, the then Transport Councillor Marco Granelli acknowledged the need to increase the number of taxi licenses by 450 to meet the demand. Data showed that a significant percentage of calls for taxis were going unanswered during peak hours and weekends. However, the issue was put on hold due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and it remains uncertain when it will be addressed.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Romanian legislation does not include an express regulation on lobbying activity. The legislative proposals initiated by various parliamentarians have not been finalized. </p><p>Attempts to regulate lobbying in Romania have appeared in the context of the fight against corruption. Anti-corruption strategies adopted in 2011 and 2004 mentions the purposes of the elaboration of a draft law on lobbying, as well as ensuring transparency in the decision-making activity. </p><p>In 2008 and 2011, the emphasis was mainly on transparency in the decision-making activity of the public authorities, regulation of lobbying activities no longer appeared as a distinct or expressly mentioned objective.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Romanian Lobby Registry Association (ARRL) was founded in June 2010 to popularize and promote lobbying activity. ARRL is a non-profit legal entity that works under private law.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of lobbying companies represent non-governmental organizations which activities include education, ecology, fundamental freedoms, health, consumer rights etc. Other entities that deal with lobby practice are multinational companies, Romanian companies, law firms and specialized lobby firms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, where there is no law regulating the process, lobbying has traditionally been a tool for industry bodies like the <a href="/wiki/NASSCOM" title="NASSCOM">National Association of Software and Service Companies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Indian_Industry" title="Confederation of Indian Industry">Confederation of Indian Industry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Indian_Chambers_of_Commerce_%26_Industry" title="Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry">Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/ASSOCHAM" title="ASSOCHAM">Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other pressure groups to engage with the government ahead of the national budget and legislation in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">parliament</a>. Lobbying activities have frequently been identified in the context of <a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">corruption</a> cases, for example, the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Radia_tapes_controversy" title="Radia tapes controversy">controversy</a> surrounding leaked audio transcripts of conversations between the corporate lobbyist <a href="/wiki/Niira_Radia" title="Niira Radia">Niira Radia</a> and senior journalists and politicians.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides private companies, the Indian government has been paying for the services of a US firm since 2005 to lobby, for example, in relation to the <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_Civil_Nuclear_Agreement" title="India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement">India-US civilian nuclear deal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India, there are no laws that defined the scope of lobbying, who could undertake it, or the extent of disclosure necessary. Companies are not mandated to disclose their activities and lobbyists are neither authorized nor encouraged to reveal the names of clients or public officials they have contacted.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinction between lobbying and bribery still remains unclear. </p><p>In 2012, Walmart revealed it had spent $25 million since 2008 on lobbying to "enhance market access for investment in India". This disclosure came weeks after the Indian government made a controversial decision to permit <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> in the country's multi-brand retail sector.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Successful <a href="/wiki/Grassroots_lobbying" title="Grassroots lobbying">grassroots lobbying</a> campaigns include the <a href="/wiki/Mazdoor_Kisan_Shakti_Sangathan" title="Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan">Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan</a>'s campaign to pass the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_Information_Act,_2005" title="Right to Information Act, 2005">2005 Right to Information Act</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Hazare" title="Anna Hazare">Anna Hazare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" title="2011 Indian anti-corruption movement">anti-corruption campaign</a> to introduce the <a href="/wiki/The_Lokpal_and_Lokayuktas_Act,_2013" title="The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013">2011 Lokpal Bill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Govt_issues_notification_on_committee_to_draft_Lokpal_Bill_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Govt_issues_notification_on_committee_to_draft_Lokpal_Bill-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no register for lobbying activity and no cooling off period for public officials before they can enter the lobbying industry in New Zealand, allowing politicians and Parliamentary staffers to immediately become lobbyists after leaving office. <a href="/wiki/Kris_Faafoi" title="Kris Faafoi">Kris Faafoi</a> joined a lobbying firm just three months after leaving Parliament, where he had been justice and broadcasting minister. Lobbyists also move directly into staffer positions. Gordon-Jon Thompson took a leave of absence from his lobbying firm to work as chief of staff to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Jacinda Ardern</a> for four months before returning to his lobbying firm. Andrew Kirton resigned from his lobbying company on 31 January 2023 and the next day was announced as chief of staff for Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hipkins" title="Chris Hipkins">Chris Hipkins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <i>ad hoc</i> provisions against revolving door politics exist in relation to certain industries. The Immigration Advisers Licensing Act 2007, for example, prohibits Ministers of Immigration, Associate Ministers of Immigration and immigration officials from becoming a licensed immigration adviser for one year after leaving government employment.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> (TI) criticized the lack of oversight in the New Zealand lobbying industry in a November 2022 report as lax.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lobbying in the United Kingdom">Lobbying in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>In the UK, lobbying plays a significant role in the formation of legislation. Various commercial organisations, lobby groups "lobby" for particular policies and decisions by Parliament and other political organs at national, regional and local levels. The phrase "lobbying" comes from the gathering of <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members of Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peers</a> in the hallways (or lobbies) of <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament">Houses of Parliament</a> before and after parliamentary debates.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The now-defunct <a href="/wiki/UK_Public_Affairs_Council" title="UK Public Affairs Council">UK Public Affairs Council</a> (UKPAC) defined lobbying as:<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a professional capacity, attempting to influence, or advising those who wish to influence, the UK Government, Parliament, the devolved legislatures or administrations, regional or local government or other public bodies on any matter within their competence. Formal procedures enable individual members of the public to lobby their Member of Parliament but most lobbying activity centres on corporate, charity and trade association lobbying, where organisations seek to amend government policy through advocacy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying in the United States">Lobbying in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K_Street_NW_at_19th_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/K_Street_NW_at_19th_Street.jpg/220px-K_Street_NW_at_19th_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/K_Street_NW_at_19th_Street.jpg/330px-K_Street_NW_at_19th_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/K_Street_NW_at_19th_Street.jpg/440px-K_Street_NW_at_19th_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K_Street_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="K Street (Washington, D.C.)">K Street NW at 19th Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, part of downtown Washington's maze of high-powered "<a href="/wiki/K_Street_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="K Street (Washington, D.C.)">K Street lobbyist</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Law_firms" class="mw-redirect" title="Law firms">law firm</a> office buildings</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United States, some special interests hire professional advocates to argue for specific legislation in decision-making bodies, such as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>. Some lobbyists are now using <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> to reduce the cost of traditional campaigns, and to more precisely target public officials with political messages.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2011 study of the 50 firms that spent the most on lobbying relative to their assets compared their financial performance against that of the <a href="/wiki/S%26P_500" title="S&P 500">S&P 500</a>, and concluded that spending on lobbying was a "spectacular investment" yielding "blistering" returns comparable to a high-flying <a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">hedge fund</a>, even despite the financial downturn.<sup id="cite_ref-twsM23_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twsM23-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2011 <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> of previous research findings found a positive correlation between corporate political activity and firm performance.<sup id="cite_ref-tws2NovZ111_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tws2NovZ111-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2009 study found that lobbying brought a <a href="/wiki/Rate_of_return" title="Rate of return">return on investment</a> of as much as 22,000% in some cases.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major American corporations spent $345 million lobbying for just three pro-immigration bills between 2006 and 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A review of 30 food and beverage companies spent $38.2 million on lobbying in 2020 to strengthen and maintain their influence in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study from the <a href="/wiki/Kellogg_School_of_Management" title="Kellogg School of Management">Kellogg School of Management</a> found that political donations by corporations do not increase shareholder value. The authors posit a few reasons that firms continue giving despite little returns, including signaling firm values to investors and <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">consumption value</a> for individual managers.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_the_United_States" title="Financial services in the United States">Wall Street</a> spent a record $2 billion trying to influence the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 United States presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_lobbying">Foreign lobbying</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Foreign lobbying"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Mearsheimer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/John_Mearsheimer.jpg/220px-John_Mearsheimer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/John_Mearsheimer.jpg/330px-John_Mearsheimer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/John_Mearsheimer.jpg/440px-John_Mearsheimer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">John Mearsheimer</a> thematized the influence of lobbyists in his book called <i>The Israel Lobby</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Foreign-funded lobbying efforts include those of <a href="/wiki/Israel_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Israel lobby in the United States">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lobby_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish lobby in the United States">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Egypt lobby in the United States">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistani_lobby_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani lobby in the United States">Pakistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China_Lobby" class="mw-redirect" title="China Lobby">China</a> lobbies. In 2010 alone, foreign governments spent approximately $460 million on lobbying members of Congress and government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, lobbying for foreign governments is not illegal, but it requires registering as a foreign agent with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Agents_Registration_Act" title="Foreign Agents Registration Act">Foreign Agents Registration Act</a> (FARA).<sup id="cite_ref-Pol-24-01-2021_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pol-24-01-2021-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unofficially, according to <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>, 'many lobbyists try to avoid representing countries that have tense relationships with <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">Washington</a> or troubled human rights records'. Between 2015 and 2017, around 145 registered lobbyists were paid $18 million by Saudi Arabia to influence the U.S. government.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2017, an order by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> led to a lifetime ban on administration officials from lobbying for foreign governments and a five-year ban on other forms of lobbying.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the rule was revoked by Trump right before the end of his presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of Trump allies were found guilty of lobbying on behalf of foreign governments during the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 US elections</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Paul_Manafort" title="Paul Manafort">Paul Manafort</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Broidy" title="Elliott Broidy">Elliott Broidy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pol-24-01-2021_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pol-24-01-2021-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Arab_Emirates">United Arab Emirates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: United Arab Emirates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United Arab Emirates has a long history of lobbying government and politicians in the West for its conflict of interest concerning building influence and using it to impact the country's foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2022 it was accused of hiring PR and lobbying firms in order to promote to the politicians in the United States about its selection to host the <a href="/wiki/COP28" class="mw-redirect" title="COP28">COP28</a> Climate Conference. The problem was that the promotion started even before Egypt hosted 2022's <a href="/wiki/COP27" class="mw-redirect" title="COP27">COP27</a> Climate event. Fleishmann Hillard were hired to compose letters that proposed the idea of Emirati ministers attending conferences and events and using the phrase "the UAE is hosting COP28 next year". Whereas, Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld were hired to reach out to US politicians particularly pushing the environmental policies or favouring fossil fuels in addition to informing them about the UAE hosting COP28. The Gulf nation even declared its intentions of achieving net zero emissions by 2050, even though 30% of their GDP relies on oil and gas directly, while the remaining relies upon industry run on heavy energy consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2024, New Westminster Mayor Patrick Johnstone faced scrutiny after attending the COP28 conference. Johnstone's expenses, including the conference fees, travel and accommodation, were incurred by <a href="/wiki/C40_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Group" title="C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group">C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group</a>, of which Dubai is a member of the sterling committee. Councillors Daniel Fontaine and Paul Minhas filed a complaint against Johnstone for breaking the state's code of conduct. The investigation was assigned to Commissioner Jennifer Devins, who, in her October 2024 report, stated that Johnstone's trip provided personal benefits, which councillors are restricted from accepting. While Devins did not impose sanctions, she recommended Johnstone to take training on the laws of country.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A firm based in UAE, Alasriya Media Consultancy paid $10,000 a former CIA analyst Larry Johnson to run his podcast Counter Currents. The podcast discusses global politics, including a pro-Russian narrative of the Ukraine war and US foreign policy in the Middle East. The contract was signed in May 2024, but was not disclosed in FARA filing until November. The Emirati firm is represented by a Lebanese celebrity journalist, Ghina Amyouni, whose reason for funding the podcast was unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel#Interest_groups" title="Politics of Israel"><b>Israel</b></a> (1994)<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a unique lobby which is called "Lobby 99" is working at the Israeli parliament. This is a lobby which is funded by the people by crowdfunding and working for the people, the 99 percent who are not among the elites which most lobbying companies represent.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></b>: Ukrainian President <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelensky</a> has signed into law the much-anticipated legislation on lobbying, officially known as draft law No. 10337<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Kazakhstan</b>: Since 1998, Kazakhstan has been trying to pass a law on lobbying.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Chamber of Entrepreneurs of Kazakhstan "Atameken" is one of the first official lobbying structures in the country, but there are other examples.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>South Korea:</b> In South Korea, lobbying is viewed as a form of corruption and is illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>United Nations</b> are relevant to NGO lobbying.<sup id="cite_ref-a238_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a238-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_basic_public_affairs_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of basic public affairs topics">List of basic public affairs topics</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_Evaluation" class="mw-redirect" title="Advocacy Evaluation">Advocacy Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance" title="Campaign finance">Campaign finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Client politics">Client politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">Fossil fuels lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Women%27s_Lobby" title="European Women's Lobby">European Women's Lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit,_Voice,_and_Loyalty_Model" title="Exit, Voice, and Loyalty Model">Exit, Voice, and Loyalty Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issue_advocacy_ads" title="Issue advocacy ads">Issue advocacy ads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Money loop">Money loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_public_affairs" title="Outline of public affairs">Outline of public affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accountability#Political_accountability" title="Accountability">Political accountability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_lobby" title="Pharmaceutical lobby">Pharmaceutical lobby</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100402225054/http://www.npaction.org/article/articleview/76/1/248">"Lobbying Versus Advocacy: Legal Definitions"</a>. NP Action. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npaction.org/article/articleview/76/1/248">the original</a> on 2 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lobbying+Versus+Advocacy%3A+Legal+Definitions&rft.pub=NP+Action&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npaction.org%2Farticle%2Farticleview%2F76%2F1%2F248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arab Lobby in the United States Handbook, 2015 edition, published by the Global Investment Center, United States (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4387-0226-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4387-0226-4">1-4387-0226-4</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarr2007" class="citation book cs1">Karr, Karolina (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhOQHhYU-YYC&pg=PA10"><i>Democracy and lobbying in the European Union</i></a>. Campus Verlag. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783593384122" title="Special:BookSources/9783593384122"><bdi>9783593384122</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+lobbying+in+the+European+Union.&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Campus+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9783593384122&rft.aulast=Karr&rft.aufirst=Karolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZhOQHhYU-YYC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a079-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a079_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallesMatterStutzer2024" class="citation journal cs1">Balles, Patrick; Matter, Ulrich; Stutzer, Alois (31 May 2024). "Special Interest Groups Versus Voters and the Political Economics of Attention". <i>The Economic Journal</i>. <b>134</b> (662): <span class="nowrap">2290–</span>2320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fej%2Fueae020">10.1093/ej/ueae020</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F193239">10419/193239</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0133">0013-0133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Special+Interest+Groups+Versus+Voters+and+the+Political+Economics+of+Attention&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=662&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2290-%3C%2Fspan%3E2320&rft.date=2024-05-31&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F193239&rft.issn=0013-0133&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fej%2Fueae020&rft.aulast=Balles&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Matter%2C+Ulrich&rft.au=Stutzer%2C+Alois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigashi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Higashi, Alejandro (2012-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24201%2Fnrfh.v60i2.1062">"Lexicon Latinitatis Medii Aevi Regni Legionis (s. VIII-1230) Imperfectum/Léxico latinorromance del reino de León (s. VIII-1230).Editioni curandae prefuit Maurilio Pérez. Brepols Publishers, Turnhout, 2010 (Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Medievalis)"</a>. <i>Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica</i>. <b>60</b> (2): 582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24201%2Fnrfh.v60i2.1062">10.24201/nrfh.v60i2.1062</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2448-6558">2448-6558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nueva+Revista+de+Filolog%C3%ADa+Hisp%C3%A1nica&rft.atitle=Lexicon+Latinitatis+Medii+Aevi+Regni+Legionis+%28s.+VIII-1230%29+Imperfectum%2FL%C3%A9xico+latinorromance+del+reino+de+Le%C3%B3n+%28s.+VIII-1230%29.Editioni+curandae+prefuit+Maurilio+P%C3%A9rez.+Brepols+Publishers%2C+Turnhout%2C+2010+%28Corpus+Christianorum+Continuatio+Medievalis%29.&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=582&rft.date=2012-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24201%2Fnrfh.v60i2.1062&rft.issn=2448-6558&rft.aulast=Higashi&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.24201%252Fnrfh.v60i2.1062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-Lobby-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-Lobby_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/82529.stm">"BBC Definition of lobbying"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2008-10-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC+Definition+of+lobbying&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F82529.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR_-_A_Lobbyist_by_Any_Other_Name-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR_-_A_Lobbyist_by_Any_Other_Name_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR_-_A_Lobbyist_by_Any_Other_Name_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2006/01/22/5167187/a-lobbyist-by-any-other-name">"A Lobbyist by Any Other Name?"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. January 22, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=A+Lobbyist+by+Any+Other+Name%3F&rft.date=2006-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2006%2F01%2F22%2F5167187%2Fa-lobbyist-by-any-other-name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deanna Gelak (previous president of the American League of Lobbyists) mentioned this in her book <i>Lobbying and Advocacy: Winning Strategies, Resources, Recommendations, Ethics and Ongoing Compliance for Lobbyists and Washington Advocates</i>, TheCapitol.Net, 2008, LobbyingAndAdvocacy.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100402225054/http://www.npaction.org/article/articleview/76/1/248">"NP Action - Lobbying Versus Advocacy: Legal Definitions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npaction.org/article/articleview/76/1/248">the original</a> on 2010-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NP+Action+-+Lobbying+Versus+Advocacy%3A+Legal+Definitions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npaction.org%2Farticle%2Farticleview%2F76%2F1%2F248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/Lobbying/Lobby_Disclosure_Act/3_Definitions.htm">"U.S. Senate: Definitions"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+Definitions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Flegislative%2FLobbying%2FLobby_Disclosure_Act%2F3_Definitions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/4c51c1ec-4c20-11dc-b67f-0000779fd2ac">"EU lobbyists face tougher regulation | Financial Times"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+lobbyists+face+tougher+regulation+%26%23124%3B+Financial+Times&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F4c51c1ec-4c20-11dc-b67f-0000779fd2ac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Paul_Pross" class="citation web cs1">A. Paul Pross. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediecanadienne.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0004733">"Lobbying – The Canadian Encyclopedia"</a>. Encyclopediecanadienne.ca<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbook52376">10.1353/book52376</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2451-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2451-5"><bdi>978-0-7006-2451-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:259463846">259463846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolving+Door+Lobbying%3A+Public+Service%2C+Private+Influence%2C+and+the+Unequal+Representation+of+Interests&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A259463846%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbook52376&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-2451-5&rft.aulast=Lapira&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Herschel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1353%2Fbook52376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGangitano2019" class="citation web cs1">Gangitano, Alex (2019-02-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/429513-ex-lawmakers-face-new-scrutiny-over-lobbying/">"Ex-lawmakers face new scrutiny over lobbying"</a>. <i>The Hill</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2006-02-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1160453,00.html">"The Lobbying Game: Why the Revolving Door Won't Close"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1999). "Kings, Courtiers, and Councillors: The Making of British Policy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r5gEbF0yyLMC"><i>The Jacobean Union: A Reconsideration of British Civil Policies Under the Early Stuarts</i></a>. Contributions to the study of world history, ISSN 0885-9159. Vol. 64. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group R. D. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313308352" title="Special:BookSources/9780313308352"><bdi>9780313308352</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2018</span>. <q>The royal court was home to the king and therefore was an important arena for policy issues and decisions. [...] we find isolated examples of lobbyists for particular interests. An example of such a figure was Sir John Hay, who spent frequent intervals at court during [the reigns of James VI/I and Charles I] when he acted as agent for the Scottish Royal Burghs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kings%2C+Courtiers%2C+and+Councillors%3A+The+Making+of+British+Policy&rft.btitle=The+Jacobean+Union%3A+A+Reconsideration+of+British+Civil+Policies+Under+the+Early+Stuarts&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.series=Contributions+to+the+study+of+world+history%2C+ISSN+0885-9159&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group+R.+D.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780313308352&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Andrew+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr5gEbF0yyLMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2006" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, Julian (2006). <i>Lobbying In Australia: You Can't Expect Anything to Change If You Don't Speak Up</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lobbying+In+Australia%3A+You+Can%27t+Expect+Anything+to+Change+If+You+Don%27t+Speak+Up&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarhurst2013" class="citation web cs1">Warhurst, John (2013-03-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/6158853/shopping-for-influence/">"Shopping for influence"</a>. <i>The Canberra Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Shopping+for+influence&rft.date=2013-03-13&rft.aulast=Warhurst&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canberratimes.com.au%2Fstory%2F6158853%2Fshopping-for-influence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrattan2013" class="citation web cs1">Grattan, Michelle (10 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/liberal-lobbyists-look-to-the-good-times-13406">"Liberal lobbyists look to the good times"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Liberal+lobbyists+look+to+the+good+times&rft.date=2013-04-10&rft.aulast=Grattan&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fliberal-lobbyists-look-to-the-good-times-13406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201093418/https://lobbyists.pmc.gov.au/who_register.cfm">"Who is on the register?"</a>. <i>Department of the Prime Minister & Cabinet</i>. Australian Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lobbyists.pmc.gov.au/who_register.cfm">the original</a> on 2018-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+the+Prime+Minister+%26+Cabinet&rft.atitle=Who+is+on+the+register%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flobbyists.pmc.gov.au%2Fwho_register.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150228055531/https://www.lobbyists.wa.gov.au/Pages/About.aspx">"About the Register"</a>. <i>Public Sector Commission – Register of Lobbyists</i>. Government of Western Australia. 2011-07-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lobbyists.wa.gov.au/Pages/About.aspx">the original</a> on 2015-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Public+Sector+Commission+%E2%80%93+Register+of+Lobbyists&rft.atitle=About+the+Register&rft.date=2011-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lobbyists.wa.gov.au%2FPages%2FAbout.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150703192912/http://lobbyists.dpac.tas.gov.au/">"Register of Lobbyists : Register of Lobbyists"</a>. <i>lobbyists.dpac.tas.gov.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lobbyists.dpac.tas.gov.au/">the original</a> on 2015-07-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lobbyists.dpac.tas.gov.au&rft.atitle=Register+of+Lobbyists+%3A+Register+of+Lobbyists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flobbyists.dpac.tas.gov.au%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150411075116/http://dpc.sa.gov.au/south-australian-lobbyist-code-conduct-and-register">"South Australian Lobbyist Code of Conduct and Public Register"</a>. <i>Department of Premier & Cabinet</i>. Government of South Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpc.sa.gov.au/south-australian-lobbyist-code-conduct-and-register">the original</a> on 2015-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Premier+%26+Cabinet&rft.atitle=South+Australian+Lobbyist+Code+of+Conduct+and+Public+Register&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpc.sa.gov.au%2Fsouth-australian-lobbyist-code-conduct-and-register&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lobbyistsregister.vic.gov.au/lobbyistsregister/index.cfm?event=faq">"Questions and answers for Victorian Register of Lobbyists"</a>. <i>Victorian Public Sector Commissioner – Register of Lobbyists</i>. State Government of Victoria. 2014-06-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victorian+Public+Sector+Commissioner+%E2%80%93+Register+of+Lobbyists&rft.atitle=Questions+and+answers+for+Victorian+Register+of+Lobbyists&rft.date=2014-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lobbyistsregister.vic.gov.au%2Flobbyistsregister%2Findex.cfm%3Fevent%3Dfaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Matt (2016-10-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themercury.com.au/news/politics/who-plays-the-lobby-game-in-tasmania/news-story/537bf8344fff4fcb3ef0a689d64be3ce">"Who plays the lobby game in Tasmania"</a>. <i>Mercury</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mercury&rft.atitle=Who+plays+the+lobby+game+in+Tasmania&rft.date=2016-10-22&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themercury.com.au%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fwho-plays-the-lobby-game-in-tasmania%2Fnews-story%2F537bf8344fff4fcb3ef0a689d64be3ce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caviar_diplomacy_The_Guardian-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caviar_diplomacy_The_Guardian_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowardLatimer2013" class="citation news cs1">Doward, Jamie; Latimer, Charlotte (2013-11-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/24/azerbaijan-caviar-diplomacy-for-mps">"Plush hotels and caviar diplomacy: how Azerbaijan's elite wooed MPs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705183925/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/24/azerbaijan-caviar-diplomacy-for-mps">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-07-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Plush+hotels+and+caviar+diplomacy%3A+how+Azerbaijan%27s+elite+wooed+MPs&rft.date=2013-11-24&rft.aulast=Doward&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft.au=Latimer%2C+Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fnov%2F24%2Fazerbaijan-caviar-diplomacy-for-mps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caviar_diplomacy_ESI_Caviar-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caviar_diplomacy_ESI_Caviar_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esiweb.org/index.php?lang=en&id=156&document_ID=131">Caviar Diplomacy. How Azerbaijan silenced the Council of Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162032/http://www.esiweb.org/index.php?lang=en&id=156&document_ID=131">Archived</a> 2017-09-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // ESI, 24 May 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radioazadlyg.ru/content/azerbaijan-ikornaya-diplomatia/25165258.html">«Икорная дипломатия» Баку в сфере прав человека</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132720/http://www.radioazadlyg.ru/content/azerbaijan-ikornaya-diplomatia/25165258.html#">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // RFE/RL, 12.11.2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caviar_diplomacy_EURACTIV-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caviar_diplomacy_EURACTIV_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.com/section/europe-s-east/news/council-of-europe-plagued-by-caviar-diplomacy/">Council of Europe plagued by 'caviar diplomacy'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730065702/https://www.euractiv.com/section/europe-s-east/news/council-of-europe-plagued-by-caviar-diplomacy/">Archived</a> 2017-07-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // EURACTIV 23 03 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caviar_diplomacy_Africa_Intelligence-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caviar_diplomacy_Africa_Intelligence_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.africaintelligence.com/ION/business-circles/2017/02/10/will-iog-go-for-baku-s-%E2%80%98caviar-diplomacy-,108211320-ART">Will IOG go for Baku's 'caviar diplomacy' ?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152342/https://www.africaintelligence.com/ION/business-circles/2017/02/10/will-iog-go-for-baku-s-%E2%80%98caviar-diplomacy-,108211320-ART">Archived</a> 2017-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // Africa Intelligence, 9 02 2017 г. "Baku's "caviar diplomacy" which consisted of buying the good graces of certain members of the Council of Europe"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin2022" class="citation news cs1">Rankin, Jennifer (14 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/dec/14/mep-bahrain-visit-tomas-zdechovsky-parliament-vote-abdulhadi-al-khawaja">"Revealed: MEP in prisoner resolution row made undeclared Bahrain visit"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+MEP+in+prisoner+resolution+row+made+undeclared+Bahrain+visit&rft.date=2022-12-14&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2Fdec%2F14%2Fmep-bahrain-visit-tomas-zdechovsky-parliament-vote-abdulhadi-al-khawaja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503150124/https://lobbycanada.gc.ca/eic/site/012.nsf/eng/00884.html">"Frequently asked questions"</a>. Office of the Commissioner of Lobbying of Canada. October 10, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lobbycanada.gc.ca/eic/site/012.nsf/eng/00884.html">the original</a> on May 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+asked+questions&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Commissioner+of+Lobbying+of+Canada&rft.date=2014-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flobbycanada.gc.ca%2Feic%2Fsite%2F012.nsf%2Feng%2F00884.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sapers, J. in Ferguson, G. (2018). Chapter 10: Regulation of Lobbying. <i>Global Corruption: Law, Theory and Practice</i>. 3rd Edition. University of Victoria Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.canlii.org/en/commentary/doc/2018CanLIIDocs28#!fragment//BQCwhgziBcwMYgK4DsDWszIQewE4BUBTADwBdoByCgSgBpltTCIBFRQ3AT0otokLC4EbDtyp8BQkAGU8pAELcASgFEAMioBqAQQByAYRW1SYAEbRS2ONWpA">https://www.canlii.org/en/commentary/doc/2018CanLIIDocs28#!fragment//BQCwhgziBcwMYgK4DsDWszIQewE4BUBTADwBdoByCgSgBpltTCIBFRQ3AT0otokLC4EbDtyp8BQkAGU8pAELcASgFEAMioBqAQQByAYRW1SYAEbRS2ONWpA</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesterovych2015" class="citation journal cs1">Nesterovych, Volodymyr (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37339449">"EU standards for the regulation of lobbying"</a>. <i>Prawa Człowieka</i>. <b>18</b>: 98, 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prawa+Cz%C5%82owieka&rft.atitle=EU+standards+for+the+regulation+of+lobbying&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=98%2C+106&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Nesterovych&rft.aufirst=Volodymyr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37339449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeiger2012" class="citation book cs1">Geiger, Andreas (2012). <i>EU lobbying handbook</i> (2. ed.). 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L. (21 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apertacontrada.it/2013/02/21/form-of-government-and-lobbies-in-uk-and-ue-a-comparative-perspective/">"Form of government and lobbies in UK and UE. A comparative perspective"</a>. <i>Apertacontrada</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apertacontrada&rft.atitle=Form+of+government+and+lobbies+in+UK+and+UE.+A+comparative+perspective.&rft.date=2013-02-21&rft.aulast=Petrillo&rft.aufirst=P.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apertacontrada.it%2F2013%2F02%2F21%2Fform-of-government-and-lobbies-in-uk-and-ue-a-comparative-perspective%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Joos, Klemens: Lobbying in the new Europe. Successful representation of interests after the Treaty of Lisbon, 244 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-527-50597-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-527-50597-5">978-3-527-50597-5</a>, Wiley VCH 2011</li> <li>Nesterovych V. (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37339449/EU_standards_for_the_regulation_of_lobbying">EU standards for the regulation of lobbying</a>. Prawa Człowieka. nr 18: 97–108.</li> <li>Nesterovych, Volodymyr (2010). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlz.in.ua/uploads/File/pdf/St/2010-і/2010-1s/Nesterovich.pdf">Legalization, accreditation, control and supervisory activity concerning lobbyists and lobbying organizations: prospects for Ukraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803144908/http://vlz.in.ua/uploads/File/pdf/St/2010-%D1%96/2010-1s/Nesterovich.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-08-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Power. Man. Law. International Scientific Journal</i>. <b>No. 1</b>: 96–105.</li> <li>Geiger, Andreas: EU Lobbying handbook, A guide to modern participation in Brussels, 244 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-9811316-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-9811316-0-6">3-9811316-0-6</a>, Helios Media GmbH, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413100126/http://lobbyists.info/glossary.cfm">GLOSSARY</a> – Alphabetical list of terms associated with the Lobbying industry</li> <li>The Bulletin, 16 March 2006, p. 14, Lobbying Europe: facts and fiction</li> <li>The European Lawyer, December 2005/January 2006, p. 9, The lobbyists have landed</li> <li>Financial Times, 3 October 2005, p. 8, Brussels braces for a U.S. lobbying invasion</li> <li>Public Affairs News, November 2004, p. 34, Judgement Call</li> <li>The European Lawyer, December 2004/January 2005, p. 26, Lifting the lid on lobbying</li> <li>Pier Luigi Petrillo, Democracies under Pressures. Lobbies and Parliaments in a comparative public law, Giuffrè 2011 (www.giuffre.it)</li> <li>Pietro Semeraro, I delitti di millantato credito e traffico di influenza, ed. Giuffre, Milano, 2000.</li> <li>Pietro Semeraro, Trading in Influence and Lobbying in the Spanish Criminal Code, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pravri.hr/hr/zavodi/zkzm/documents/decennium.pdf">PDF</a></li> <li>Wiszowaty, Marcin: Legal Regulation of Lobbying in New Members States of the European Union, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://se2.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=10&fileid=5BC410AA-F6A3-9C0B-5D4D-103D22DFB699&lng=en">Arbeitspapiere und Materialien – Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universitat Bremen, No. 74: Heiko Pleines (ed.): Participation of Civil Society in New Modes of Governance. The Case of the New Member States. Part 2: Questions of Accountability</a>. February 2006 (PDF)</li> <li>Heiko Kretschmer/ Hans-Jörg Schmedes: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/ipg/ipg-2010-1/08_kretschmerschmedes_us.pdf">Enhancing Transparency in EU Lobbying? How the European Commission's Lack of Courage and Determination Impedes Substantial Progress</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fes.de/ipg/index_e.htm">Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210314185328/http://www.fes.de/ipg/index_e.htm">Archived</a> 2021-03-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1/ 2010, S. 112–122</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/82529.stm">"Lobbying"</a>. <i>BBC News: Politics</i>. London: BBC. 22 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News%3A+Politics&rft.atitle=Lobbying&rft.date=2005-12-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F82529.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4861136.stm">"Police loans inquiry is widenened"</a>. London: BBC News. 30 March 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Police+loans+inquiry+is+widenened&rft.date=2006-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F4861136.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALobbying" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conflict_of_interest373" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conflict_of_interest" title="Template:Conflict of interest"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conflict_of_interest" title="Template talk:Conflict of interest"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Funding_bias" title="Funding bias">Funding bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_disqualification" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial disqualification">Judicial disqualification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel" title="Pork barrel">Pork barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-dealing" title="Self-dealing">Self-dealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_self-regulation" title="Industry self-regulation">Self-regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">State capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shill" title="Shill">Shill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AllTrials" title="AllTrials">AllTrials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm%27s_length_principle" title="Arm's length principle">Arm's length principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Business ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cui_bono" class="mw-redirect" title="Cui bono">Cui bono</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follow_the_money" title="Follow the money">Follow the money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_ethics" title="Legal ethics">Legal ethics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lobbying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_ethics_cases" title="List of medical ethics cases">cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ghostwriter" title="Medical ghostwriter">Medical ghostwriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_hazard" title="Moral hazard">Moral hazard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_marketing" title="Pharmaceutical marketing">Pharmaceutical marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_sales_representative" title="Pharmaceutical sales representative">Pharmaceutical sales representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_bias" title="Political bias">Political bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolving_door_(politics)" title="Revolving door (politics)">Revolving door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_medical_education#sponsorship" title="Continuing medical education">Sponsorship of continuing medical education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nemo_iudex_in_causa_sua" title="Nemo iudex in causa sua">Nemo iudex in causa sua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Bow_Street_Metropolitan_Stipendiary_Magistrate,_ex_parte_Pinochet" title="R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet">R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet (No 2)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Neil" title="R v Neil">R v Neil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Sussex_Justices,_ex_parte_McCarthy" title="R v Sussex Justices, ex parte McCarthy">R v Sussex Justices, ex parte McCarthy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bad_Pharma" title="Bad Pharma">Bad Pharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_(book)" title="Big Pharma (book)">Big Pharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inside_Job_(2010_film)" title="Inside Job (2010 film)">Inside Job</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Side_Effects_(Bass_book)" title="Side Effects (Bass book)">Side Effects</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Killed_the_Electric_Car%3F" title="Who Killed the Electric Car?">Who Killed the Electric Car?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taken_for_a_Ride" title="Taken for a Ride">Taken for a Ride</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Conflict_of_interest" title="Category:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest (category)</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Conflict-of-interest_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Category:Conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia">Conflicts of interest on Wikipedia (category)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Corruption160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Corruption" title="Template:Corruption"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Corruption" title="Template talk:Corruption"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corruption" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Corruption"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Corruption160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corruption in different fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_local_government" title="Corruption in local government">Corruption in local government</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Interest group corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_corruption" title="Police corruption">Police corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures of corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_corruption" title="Economics of corruption">Economics of corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms or aspects<br />of corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baksheesh" title="Baksheesh">Baksheesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">Black market</a> / <a href="/wiki/Grey_market" title="Grey market">Grey market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">Collusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bribery" title="Commercial bribery">Commercial bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li>Corporation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_corporation" title="Dummy corporation">Dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_corporation" title="Shell corporation">Shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scam" title="Scam">Confidence trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graft_(politics)" title="Graft (politics)">Graft (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honest_services_fraud" title="Honest services fraud">Honest services fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)" title="Kickback (bribery)">Kickback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_fixing" title="Match fixing">Match fixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">Money laundering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_and_crime" title="Cryptocurrency and crime">Cryptocurrency and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawala_and_crime" title="Hawala and crime">Hawala and crime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_cause_corruption" title="Noble cause corruption">Noble cause corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_courtesy" title="Professional courtesy">Professional courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandal" title="Scandal">Scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush_fund" title="Slush fund">Slush fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax haven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_investment" title="Offshore investment">Offshore investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">Clientelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_capture" title="Elite capture">Elite capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">Failed state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_soldiers" title="Ghost soldiers">Ghost soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_scandal" title="Political scandal">Political scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">Rent-seeking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rent-setting" title="Rent-setting">Rent-setting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">State capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_crime" title="State crime">State crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_stuffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot stuffing">Ballot stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_security" title="Election security">Election security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_pairing" title="Vote pairing">Vote pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_suppression" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote suppression">Vote suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions dealing<br /> with corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_W._Baker" title="Raymond W. Baker">Global Financial Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_States_Against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of States Against Corruption">Group of States Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Academy" title="International Anti-Corruption Academy">International Anti-Corruption Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Ibrahim_Foundation" title="Mo Ibrahim Foundation">Mo Ibrahim Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption#UNCAC_Coalition_of_Civil_Society_Organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oficina_Anticorrupci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Oficina Anticorrupción">Oficina Anticorrupción</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Criminal_Intelligence_Commission" title="Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission">Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_Commission_(Bangladesh)" title="Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)">Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)</a> (Bangladesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_and_Economic_Malpractice_Observatory" title="Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory">Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory</a> (Burundi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Observatory" title="National Anti-Corruption Observatory">National Anti-Corruption Observatory</a> (Cameroon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a> (China) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Against Corruption (Macau)">Commission Against Corruption (Macau)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USKOK" class="mw-redirect" title="USKOK">USKOK</a> (Croatia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Anti-Fraud_Office" title="European Anti-Fraud Office">European Anti-Fraud Office</a> (European Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption" title="Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption">Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vigilance_Commission" title="Central Vigilance Commission">Central Vigilance Commission</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Eradication_Commission" title="Corruption Eradication Commission">KPK</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Authority_(Italy)" title="National Anti-Corruption Authority (Italy)">National Anti-Corruption Authority</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Prevention_and_Combating_Bureau" title="Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau">Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau</a> (Latvia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_and_Economic_Management_Assistance_Program" title="Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program">Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program</a> (Liberia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Investigation_Service" title="Special Investigation Service">Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIANCO" title="BIANCO">BIANCO</a> (Madagascar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Anti-Corruption_Commission" title="Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission">Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_Commission_of_Myanmar" title="Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar">Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar</a> (Myanmar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Corrupt_Practices_Commission" title="Independent Corrupt Practices Commission">Independent Corrupt Practices Commission</a> (Nigeria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Accountability_Bureau" title="National Accountability Bureau">National Accountability Bureau</a> (Pakistan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_Task_Force_Sweep" title="Investigation Task Force Sweep">Investigation Task Force Sweep</a> (Papua New Guinea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anticorruption_Bureau" title="Central Anticorruption Bureau">Central Anticorruption Bureau</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_General_Directorate" title="Anti-Corruption General Directorate">Anti-Corruption General Directorate</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anticorruption_Directorate" title="National Anticorruption Directorate">National Anticorruption Directorate</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_Committee_of_Russia" title="Investigative Committee of Russia">Investigative Committee of Russia</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Anti-corruption_Commission" title="Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission">Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrupt_Practices_Investigation_Bureau" title="Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau">Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau</a> (Singapore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_the_Prevention_of_Corruption_of_the_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia">Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_and_Civil_Rights_Commission" title="Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission">Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Surveillance_Service" title="Customs Surveillance Service">Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Bureau_of_Ukraine" title="National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine">National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine</a> (Ukraine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warioba_Commission" title="Warioba Commission">Warioba Commission</a> (Tanzania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Steering_Committee_on_Anti-corruption" title="Central Steering Committee on Anti-corruption">Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption</a> (Vietnam)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws and<br />enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Charter_and_Grievance_Redressal_Bill_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011">Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011</a> (pending)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act" title="Foreign Corrupt Practices Act">Foreign Corrupt Practices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Extortion_Prevention_Act" title="Foreign Extortion Prevention Act">Foreign Extortion Prevention Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country" title="Freedom of information laws by country">Freedom of information laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lokpal_and_Lokayuktas_Act,_2013" title="The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013">The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery_Act_2010" title="Bribery Act 2010">UK Bribery Act of 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistleblower#Legal_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International<br />instruments<br />and efforts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Convention_Against_Corruption" title="Inter-American Convention Against Corruption">Inter-American Convention Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_asset_recovery" title="International asset recovery">International asset recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Anti-Corruption_Authorities" title="International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities">International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD_Anti-Bribery_Convention" title="OECD Anti-Bribery Convention">OECD Anti-Bribery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protest<br />movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2011 Azerbaijani protests">2011 Azerbaijani protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" title="2011 Indian anti-corruption movement">2011 Indian anti-corruption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Indian anti-corruption movement">2012 Indian anti-corruption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Spain" title="Anti-austerity movement in Spain">Anti-austerity movement in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Peace_with_Justice_and_Dignity" title="Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity">Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-corruption_campaign" title="Russian anti-corruption campaign">Russian anti-corruption campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_Soy_132" title="Yo Soy 132">Yo Soy 132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932019_Romanian_protests" title="2017–2019 Romanian protests">2017–2019 Romanian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Russian_protests" title="2017–2018 Russian protests">2017–2018 Russian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187117#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1447" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187117#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1447" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187117#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4036097-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lobbying"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85077890">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569588">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="lobbismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115167&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525926">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000067302&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007533590705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638994">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/19px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/29px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/38px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/19px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/29px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/38px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&oldid=1272434663">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lobbying&oldid=1272434663</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lobbying" title="Category:Lobbying">Lobbying</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Activism_by_type" title="Category:Activism by type">Activism by type</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_law" title="Category:Political law">Political law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_terminology" title="Category:Political terminology">Political terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Right_to_petition" title="Category:Right to petition">Right to petition</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a 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