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href="#Preparations_and_hostilities_in_March-April_1948"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Preparations and hostilities in March-April 1948</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparations_and_hostilities_in_March-April_1948-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Haifa_(1948)" title="Bătălia de la Haifa (1948) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Haifa (1948)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%B5_(1948)" title="Битва при Хайфе (1948) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Хайфе (1948)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Battle of the Arab-Israeli War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other battles, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Battle of Haifa (disambiguation)">Battle of Haifa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="PIA-flag" style="display:none; visibility:hidden;">This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict.</p> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Haifa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Civil_War_in_Mandatory_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine">1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Plan Dalet</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_haifa_3_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Battle_of_haifa_3_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Battle_of_haifa_3_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Battle_of_haifa_3_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-Battle_of_haifa_3_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Battle_of_haifa_3_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-Battle_of_haifa_3_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1483" data-file-height="1165" /></a></span><br />Jewish militants in Haifa</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>21–22 April 1948</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p><a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> victory </p> <ul><li>Jewish forces take control of the city, which would go on to become a part of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a></li> <li>~15,000 Arab residents <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">expelled</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haganah_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Haganah_Symbol.svg/15px-Haganah_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Haganah_Symbol.svg/23px-Haganah_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Haganah_Symbol.svg/30px-Haganah_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="278" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hish_Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hish_Symbol.svg/15px-Hish_Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hish_Symbol.svg/23px-Hish_Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Hish_Symbol.svg/30px-Hish_Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1327" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hish_(Haganah_corps)" title="Hish (Haganah corps)">Hish</a></li></ul></dd></dl></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Arab">Palestinian Arab</a> irregulars<br /> </p> <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Carmel" title="Moshe Carmel">Moshe Carmel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Maklef" title="Mordechai Maklef">Mordechai Maklef</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappe2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappe2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Capt. Amin Bey Izz al-Din (OC Militia)<br />Yunnis Naffa (Deputy)</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Nahshon">Nahshon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mishmar_HaEmek" title="Battle of Mishmar HaEmek">Mishmar HaEmek</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harel" title="Operation Harel">Harel</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Haifa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hametz" title="Operation Hametz">Hametz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yevusi" title="Operation Yevusi">Yevusi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yiftach" title="Operation Yiftach">Yiftach</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Matateh" title="Operation Matateh">Matateh</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Balak" title="Operation Balak">Balak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gideon" title="Operation Gideon">Gideon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barak" title="Operation Barak">Barak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ben-Ami" title="Operation Ben-Ami">Ben-Ami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kilshon" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Kilshon">Kilshon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shfifon" title="Operation Shfifon">Shfifon</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Massacres and civilian attacks</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fajja_bus_attacks" title="Fajja bus attacks">Fajja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khisas_raid" title="Al-Khisas raid">Al-Khisas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Jerusalem_riots" title="1947 Jerusalem riots">Jerusalem riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Oil_Refinery_massacre" title="Haifa Oil Refinery massacre">Haifa Oil Refinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balad_al-Shaykh_massacre" title="Balad al-Shaykh massacre">Balad al-Shaykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiramis_Hotel_bombing" title="Semiramis Hotel bombing">Semiramis Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27sa%27_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'sa' Massacre">Sa'sa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">Ben Yehuda Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo%E2%80%93Haifa_train_bombings_1948" title="Cairo–Haifa train bombings 1948">Cairo–Haifa train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadassah_medical_convoy_massacre" title="Hadassah medical convoy massacre">Hadassah medical convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_al-Zeitun_massacre" title="Ein al-Zeitun massacre">Ein al-Zeitun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Etzion_massacre" title="Kfar Etzion massacre">Kfar Etzion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Shusha_massacre" title="Abu Shusha massacre">Abu Shusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></b><br /> <b>Southern front</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Kfar_Darom" title="Battles of Kfar Darom">Kfar Darom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nirim" title="Battle of Nirim">Nirim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yad_Mordechai" title="Battle of Yad Mordechai">Yad Mordechai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pleshet" title="Operation Pleshet"><i>Pleshet</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Negba" title="Battles of Negba">Negba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nitzanim" title="Battle of Nitzanim">Nitzanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_An-Far" title="Operation An-Far"><i>An-Far</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Be%27erot_Yitzhak" title="Battle of Be'erot Yitzhak">Be'erot Yitzhak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Death_to_the_Invader" title="Operation Death to the Invader"><i>Death to the Invader</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_GYS" title="Operation GYS"><i>GYS</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Avak" title="Operation Avak"><i>Avak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yoav" title="Operation Yoav"><i>Yoav</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Hanoun_wedge" title="Beit Hanoun wedge">Beit Hanoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Separation_Corridor" title="Battles of the Separation Corridor">Separation Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beersheba_(1948)" title="Battle of Beersheba (1948)">Beersheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_naval_campaign_in_Operation_Yoav" title="Israeli naval campaign in Operation Yoav">Naval battles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shmone" title="Operation Shmone"><i>Shmone</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lot" title="Operation Lot"><i>Lot</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Assaf" title="Operation Assaf"><i>Assaf</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Horev" title="Operation Horev"><i>Horev</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hisul" title="Operation Hisul">Hisul</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_86" title="Battle of Hill 86">Hill 86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bir_%27Asluj" title="Battles of Bir 'Asluj">Bir Thamila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%27Auja" title="Battle of 'Auja">'Auja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Sinai_(1948)" title="Battles of the Sinai (1948)">Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rafah_(1949)" title="Battle of Rafah (1949)">Rafah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uvda" title="Operation Uvda"><i>Uvda</i></a></li></ul> <p><b>Central and Jerusalem front</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Jerusalem" title="Battle for Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kilshon" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Kilshon"><i>Kilshon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gesher" title="Battle of Gesher">Gesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_airstrike_on_the_Old_Tel_Aviv_central_bus_station" title="Egyptian airstrike on the Old Tel Aviv central bus station">Old Tel Aviv bus station</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Yitzhak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Yitzhak (page does not exist)"><i>Yitzhak</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles of the Old City of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Jerusalem Old City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Latrun_(1948)" title="Battles of Latrun (1948)">Latrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(1948)" title="Battle of Jenin (1948)">Jenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Danny" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Danny"><i>Danny</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kedem" title="Operation Kedem"><i>Kedem</i></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Yoram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Yoram (page does not exist)"><i>Yoram</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ha-Har" title="Operation Ha-Har"><i>Ha-Har</i></a></li></ul> <p><b>Northern front</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Kinarot_Valley" title="Battles of the Kinarot Valley">Kinarot Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_al-Malikiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of al-Malikiyya (page does not exist)">al-Malikiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Namel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Namel (page does not exist)"><i>Namel</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dekel" title="Operation Dekel"><i>Dekel</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shoter" title="Operation Shoter"><i>Shoter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hiram" title="Operation Hiram"><i>Hiram</i></a></li></ul> <p><b>International</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Balak" title="Operation Balak">Balak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Velvetta" title="Operation Velvetta">Velvetta</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Massacres</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kabri_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kabri incident">Al-Kabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantura_massacre" title="Tantura massacre">Tantura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle">Lydda and Ramle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_bombing_of_Cairo" title="Israeli bombing of Cairo">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dawayima_massacre" title="Al-Dawayima massacre">Al-Dawayima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safsaf_massacre" title="Safsaf massacre">Safsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eilabun_massacre" title="Eilabun massacre">Eilabun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula_massacre" title="Hula massacre">Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_al-Mawasi_massacre" title="Arab al-Mawasi massacre">Arab al-Mawasi</a></li></ul> <p><b>Biological warfare</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cast_Thy_Bread" title="Operation Cast Thy Bread">Cast Thy Bread</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Haifa</b>, also known as the <b>Fall of Haifa</b>, and called by the Jewish forces <b>Operation Bi'ur Hametz</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">מבצע ביעור חמץ</span> "<a href="/wiki/Chametz#Removal_of_chametz" title="Chametz">Passover Cleansing</a>"),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappe2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>:_"Operation_‘Cleansing_the_Leaven’_(bi‘ur_hametz)._The_Hebrew_term_stands_for_total_cleansing_and_refers_to_the_Jewish_religious_practice_of_eliminating_all_traces_of_bread_or_flour_from_people’s_homes_on_the_eve_of_the_[[Passover]],_since_as_these_are_forbidden_during_the_days_of_the_feast._Brutally_appropriate,_the_cleansing_of_Haifa,_in_which_the_Palestinians_were_the_bread_and_the_flour,_began_on_Passover’s_eve,_21_April"_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappe2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>:_"Operation_‘Cleansing_the_Leaven’_(bi‘ur_hametz)._The_Hebrew_term_stands_for_total_cleansing_and_refers_to_the_Jewish_religious_practice_of_eliminating_all_traces_of_bread_or_flour_from_people’s_homes_on_the_eve_of_the_[[Passover]],_since_as_these_are_forbidden_during_the_days_of_the_feast._Brutally_appropriate,_the_cleansing_of_Haifa,_in_which_the_Palestinians_were_the_bread_and_the_flour,_began_on_Passover’s_eve,_21_April"-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> operation carried out on 21–22 April 1948 and a major event in the final stages of the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Civil_War_in_Mandatory_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine">civil war in Palestine</a>, leading up to the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Arab-Israeli War">1948 Arab-Israeli War</a>. The objective of the operation was the capture of the Arab neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>. The operation formed part of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a>, with approximately 15,000 Arab residents being displaced between April 21–22,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200386_("Some_15,000_Arabs_evacuated_Haifa_during_21–22_April")_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200386_("Some_15,000_Arabs_evacuated_Haifa_during_21–22_April")-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with only 4,000 remaining in the city by mid-May from a pre-conflict population of approximately 65,000. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1947-1948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1947-1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947-1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></div> <p>Before the war, <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> was a mixed city with a population of 135,000, split between Jews (70,000) and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Arabs">Palestinian Arabs</a> (65,000).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200399,_186_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200399,_186-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two populations were largely separate, with the main Jewish areas of the city being <a href="/wiki/Hadar_HaCarmel" title="Hadar HaCarmel">Hadar HaCarmel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bat_Galim" title="Bat Galim">Bat Galim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neve_Sha%27anan_(Haifa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neve Sha'anan (Haifa)">Neve Sha'anan</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Halisa" title="Halisa">Halisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Salib" title="Wadi Salib">Wadi Salib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Nisnas" title="Wadi Nisnas">Wadi Nisnas</a>, Kfur Samir, and <a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jimal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi al-Jimal">Wadi al-Jimal</a> were predominantly Arab.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant port city situated on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> coast, Haifa was a strategic location in Palestine. Having been allocated to a Jewish state under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a>, the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> considered it of vital importance. With the capture of the port of Haifa it would be possible for the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> to receive supplies and armaments. </p><p>With the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/1947-1948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="1947-1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947-1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a>, Haifa's Arab population was subject to acts of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappe2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>:_"From_the_morning_after_the_UN_Partition_Resolution_was_adopted,_the_75,000_Palestinians_in_the_city_were_subjected_to_a_campaign_of_terror_jointly_instigated_by_the_Irgun_and_the_Hagana"_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappe2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>:_"From_the_morning_after_the_UN_Partition_Resolution_was_adopted,_the_75,000_Palestinians_in_the_city_were_subjected_to_a_campaign_of_terror_jointly_instigated_by_the_Irgun_and_the_Hagana"-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many Palestinians began to flee the city. By mid March, 25,000 to 30,000 Palestinian Arabs had already evacuated from Haifa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003107;_Haj_Ibrahim_had_checked_and_reported_that_between_35–40,000_Palestinian_Arabs_remained._8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003107;_Haj_Ibrahim_had_checked_and_reported_that_between_35–40,000_Palestinian_Arabs_remained.-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The implementation of <a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Plan Dalet</a> in Haganah's April offensive — including <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nachshon" title="Operation Nachshon">Operation Nachshon</a> to open the <a href="/wiki/Tel-Aviv" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel-Aviv">Tel-Aviv</a>-<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> road, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yiftah" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Yiftah">Operation Yiftah</a> to control eastern Galilee — appeared to take the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a> (AHC) by surprise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003173_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003173-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Palestinian Arab half of Haifa was remote from other major Palestinian Arab centres and contact had been cut off by the Jewish villages along the approach roads to Haifa. Businesses and workshops had closed with no prospect of continued employment. Unemployment was rife and the cost of food had escalated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations_and_hostilities_in_March-April_1948">Preparations and hostilities in March-April 1948</h2></div> <p>On 17<span class="nowrap"> </span>March 1948 Mohammad bin Hammad Al Huneiti, commander of the town's Arab militia, was killed in an ambush of a convoy bringing 15 tons of arms and explosives. His death left his followers demoralised. According to Jon Kimche the Haganah had a highly placed informer and were able to intercept nine of eleven Palestinian Arab arms convoys into Haifa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris198743_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris198743-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arab garrison of the Palestinian Arab areas of the city was commanded by Captain Amin Izz al-Din who had been appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a>'s (ALA) military committee on 27<span class="nowrap"> </span>March in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>. Through the next month his original force of 450 was depleted by desertion until it was no longer a fighting force.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Izz al-Din organised several operations against the Jewish community, including detonating a truck-load of explosives near the flour mills. The fighting in the city intensified with exchanges of fire and mortar attacks in the downtown and <a href="/wiki/Hadar_HaCarmel" title="Hadar HaCarmel">Hadar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British had previously controlled the city and maintained a buffer between the Jewish and Arab populations. In preparation for the total evacuation of all British forces from the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">mandate</a>, the British began an evacuation of troops through the port of Haifa in early April.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A volunteer police force had been established in preparation of handing over to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Palestine_Commission" title="United Nations Palestine Commission">United Nations Palestine Commission</a> as the provisional Government of Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The original British Government intentions had been to evacuate Palestine gradually from south to north of Palestine, using Haifa as the embarkation port, to be completed by mid May.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 18 April 1948, Major-General <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Stockwell" title="Hugh Stockwell">Hugh Stockwell</a>, British Commanding Officer, Northern sector, Haifa, summoned a representative of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Agency">Jewish Agency</a> to his headquarters. Stockwell relayed his intention to withdraw the British forces from the borders and no-man's-land zones in Haifa and that the evacuation would be completed by 20 April. The <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> saw this change of plan as an opportunity and quickly prepared a 3-pronged attack on the Arab neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Nisnas" title="Wadi Nisnas">Wadi Nisnas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Salib" title="Wadi Salib">Wadi Salib</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halisa" title="Halisa">Khalisa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-carta_battles_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carta_battles-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sudden British deployment caused the <a href="/wiki/Carmeli_Brigade" title="Carmeli Brigade">Carmeli</a> commanders to re-work the details of the operation (previously a plan called Operation Misparayim or Operation Scissors). The revised plan was named <i>Mivtza Bi'ur Hametz</i> (Operation Passover Cleaning).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003189_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003189-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>'s force consisted of 5 companies from the <a href="/wiki/Hish_(Haganah_corps)" title="Hish (Haganah corps)">Field Corps</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Palmach" title="Palmach">Palmach</a> company, and a contingent of the <a href="/wiki/Guard_Corps_(Haganah)" title="Guard Corps (Haganah)">Guard Corps</a>. The Jewish forces attacked Wadi Salib and Wadi Nisnas from <a href="/wiki/Hadar_HaCarmel" title="Hadar HaCarmel">Hadar HaCarmel</a>, while the bulk of the attack on Khalisa came from <a href="/wiki/Neve_Sha%27anan_(Haifa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neve Sha'anan (Haifa)">Neve Sha'anan</a>. The Arab headquarters were in the center of the city, near the port and the railway depot.<sup id="cite_ref-carta_battles_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carta_battles-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commenting on the use of 'psychological warfare broadcasts' and military tactics in Haifa, <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a> wrote: </p> <blockquote><p> Throughout the Haganah made effective use of Arabic language broadcasts and loudspeaker vans. Haganah Radio announced that 'the day of judgement had arrived' and called on inhabitants to 'kick out the foreign criminals' and to 'move away from every house and street, from every neighbourhood occupied by foreign criminals'. The Haganah broadcasts called on the populace to 'evacuate the women, the children and the old immediately, and send them to a safe haven'... Jewish tactics in the battle were designed to stun and quickly overpower opposition; demoralisation was a primary aim. It was deemed just as important to the outcome as the physical destruction of the Arab units. The mortar barrages and the psychological warfare broadcasts and announcements, and the tactics employed by the infantry companies, advancing from house to house, were all geared to this goal. The orders of Carmeli's 22nd Battalion were 'to kill every [adult male] Arab encountered' and to set alight with fire-bombs 'all objectives that can be set alight. I am sending you posters in Arabic; disperse on route'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003191–192_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003191–192-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kimche" title="Jon Kimche">Jon Kimche</a> also describes the "psychological blitz on Arab quarters" until "the Arab nerve broke and the flight from the town assumed panic proportions".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first attack was on the Rushmiyya Bridge area cutting the Arab areas off. Prior to the main thrust from the higher ground of the Jewish neighbourhood, <a href="/wiki/Hadar_HaCarmel" title="Hadar HaCarmel">Hadar HaCarmel</a>, the Arab Muslim neighborhood of Khalisa came under mortar bombardment. The 3,500–5,000<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Arab irregulars could not mount a real defense. The following day the Arab National Committee of Haifa were prepared to ask for a truce via Stockwell. Stockwell agreed to meet with the Israelis, and returned 15 minutes later. However, the terms proposed by the Haganah – complete disarmament, surrender of weapons, and a curfew – were not accepted by the Arab leadership.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the release of prisoners from Haifa lock-up, the Arab legion took over the building. By 10:15 Arab casualties had been admitted to the Amin Hospital. Hospital staff and casualties were then evacuated to the Government Hospital in the city. Towards midday the fighting slackened. The Jews had complete control of the Khamra square and Stanton Street and were firing from positions in the Suq (market) area. They had also appeared in strength in the eastern quarter of the town from Wadi Husimiyah Bridge to Tel Amal. Arab women, children and others were still being evacuated from the Suq area through the port of Haifa and other safe areas. Arabs were by this time suing for a truce and the Jews replied that they were prepared to consider it if the Arabs stopped shooting. At 17:00 general Arab resistance had ceased in the eastern area with the exception of a few isolated spots and the Jews were in possession of the Suq as far as the eastern gate. In the Wadi Nisnas area the battle was still going on. Arab casualties in this area are believed to have been considerable. At 18:00 the Arab leaders met to consider the terms laid down at a joint meeting of Arab and Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (November 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On April 22 a meeting was held in the town hall to discuss terms of the truce. The Haifa Arab Emergency Committee stated that "that they were not in a position to sign a truce, as they had no control over the Arab military elements in the town and that . . . they could not fulfill the terms of the truce, even if they were to sign" adding "that the Arab population wished to evacuate Haifa . . . man, woman and child."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003196_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003196-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 22<span class="nowrap"> </span>April 1948, the British were only in control of the Haifa port area.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2024)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The rest of the city was in the hands of the Carmeli Brigade of the Haganah, commanded by Moshe Carmel. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:File-Palestinians_leaving_the_city_after_the_fall_of_Haifa_(cropped).webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/File-Palestinians_leaving_the_city_after_the_fall_of_Haifa_%28cropped%29.webp/400px-File-Palestinians_leaving_the_city_after_the_fall_of_Haifa_%28cropped%29.webp.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/File-Palestinians_leaving_the_city_after_the_fall_of_Haifa_%28cropped%29.webp/495px-File-Palestinians_leaving_the_city_after_the_fall_of_Haifa_%28cropped%29.webp.png 1.5x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Arab residents leaviing the city after its fall, accompanied by armed Haganah personnel.</figcaption></figure> <p>Arab neighborhoods were attacked with mortars and gunfire. <a href="/wiki/Rashid_al-Haj_Ibrahim" title="Rashid al-Haj Ibrahim">Rashid al-Haj Ibrahim</a>, a Palestinian Arab municipal leader, described attacks as “provoking terror among the women and children, who were very influenced by <a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">the horrors of Dayr Yasin</a>.” He described the flight of Haifa's Arab residents thus:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thousands of women, children and men hurried to the port district in a state of chaos and terror without precedent in the history of the Arab nation. They fled their houses to the coast, barefoot and naked, to wait for their turn to travel to Lebanon. They left their homeland, their houses, their possessions, their money, their welfare, and their trades, to surrender their dignity and their souls.</p></blockquote> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a> asserts that the initial order to evacuate came from local Arab leadership, and that the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a> endorsed it "ex post facto". Among the evidence he cites are British and American intelligence reports, and an assessment by the British <a href="/wiki/Alan_Cunningham" title="Alan Cunningham">High Commissioner of Palestine</a>. Possible reasons given by Morris include clearing the way for the Jordanian <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legion</a>'s impending entry into the war and avoiding the population being used as hostages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003195–200_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003195–200-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is disputed by historian <a href="/wiki/Walid_Khalidi" title="Walid Khalidi">Walid Khalidi</a> who writes that "the Zionist/Israeli claim that the exodus of Haifa’s civilian population was [...] in response to specific orders to that effect from the Palestinian leadership, is entirely without foundation." He described "the mass exodus of Haifa's Arab population" as "the spontaneous reaction to the ruthless combination of terror and psychological warfare tactics adopted by the Haganah during the attack."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximately 15,000 Arabs fled Haifa during April 21–22.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris198786_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris198786-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of Arab casualties is unknown, with <a href="/wiki/Jon_Kimche" title="Jon Kimche">Jon Kimche</a> estimating ~300 killed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <p>On 23<span class="nowrap"> </span>April <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Carmel" title="Moshe Carmel">Moshe Carmel</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Martial_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial Law">Martial Law</a> in the town. On the same day units from the <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> moved into parts of downtown Haifa. Two days later the Haganah forced them to withdraw in a confrontation that resulted in some Irgun casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris198788–89._"one_or_two_IZL_members_had_been_shot"_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris198788–89._"one_or_two_IZL_members_had_been_shot"-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fall of the city there was widespread looting by Zionist forces in Arab areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris198789:_"the_situation_lent_itself_to_excesses_such_as_looting,_intimidation_and_beatings._The_British_–_and_the_Haganah_–_generally_preferred,_with_only_partial_justification,_to_attribute_all_these_excesses_to_the_IZL"_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris198789:_"the_situation_lent_itself_to_excesses_such_as_looting,_intimidation_and_beatings._The_British_–_and_the_Haganah_–_generally_preferred,_with_only_partial_justification,_to_attribute_all_these_excesses_to_the_IZL"-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a> was appointed to administer abandoned Arab property in the city. He instituted a policy of collecting anything the army could use and storing it in warehouses, with the rest distributed among Jewish agricultural settlements. <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a>, who was consulted, agreed with this policy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After April 22, there were some 30–45,000 Arabs remaining in Haifa,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the pre conflict population estimate of 65,000-70,000. By mid-May there were only ~4,000. The displacement of Palestinians from Haifa formed a significant part of the larger <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a>. </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Saleh_Abdel_Jawad" class="mw-redirect" title="Saleh Abdel Jawad">Saleh Abdel Jawad</a> writes that "After the fall of Haifa, the Haganah continued to bombard civilian gatherings, especially near the port." He also relates that on 27 April, seven Palestinians accused of involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Haifa_Oil_Refinery_massacre" title="Haifa Oil Refinery massacre">Haifa Oil Refinery massacre</a> were executed by the Haganah.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July the remaining Palestinians were displaced from their homes and concentrated primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Nisnas" title="Wadi Nisnas">Wadi Nisnas</a> neighbourhood in a process of <a href="/wiki/Ghettoization" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghettoization">ghettoization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A systematic destruction of what had been Arab housing was implemented in certain areas by Haifa's Technical and Urban Development departments in cooperation with the IDF's city commander Ya'akov Lublini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003209–211_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003209–211-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_and_operations_in_the_1948_Palestine_war" title="List of battles and operations in the 1948 Palestine war">List of battles and operations in the 1948 Palestine war</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappe2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappe2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPappe2007">Pappe 2007</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappe2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>:_"Operation_‘Cleansing_the_Leaven’_(bi‘ur_hametz)._The_Hebrew_term_stands_for_total_cleansing_and_refers_to_the_Jewish_religious_practice_of_eliminating_all_traces_of_bread_or_flour_from_people’s_homes_on_the_eve_of_the_[[Passover]],_since_as_these_are_forbidden_during_the_days_of_the_feast._Brutally_appropriate,_the_cleansing_of_Haifa,_in_which_the_Palestinians_were_the_bread_and_the_flour,_began_on_Passover’s_eve,_21_April"-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappe2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>:_"Operation_‘Cleansing_the_Leaven’_(bi‘ur_hametz)._The_Hebrew_term_stands_for_total_cleansing_and_refers_to_the_Jewish_religious_practice_of_eliminating_all_traces_of_bread_or_flour_from_people’s_homes_on_the_eve_of_the_[[Passover]],_since_as_these_are_forbidden_during_the_days_of_the_feast._Brutally_appropriate,_the_cleansing_of_Haifa,_in_which_the_Palestinians_were_the_bread_and_the_flour,_began_on_Passover’s_eve,_21_April"_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPappe2007">Pappe 2007</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>: "Operation ‘Cleansing the Leaven’ (bi‘ur hametz). The Hebrew term stands for total cleansing and refers to the Jewish religious practice of eliminating all traces of bread or flour from people’s homes on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, since as these are forbidden during the days of the feast. Brutally appropriate, the cleansing of Haifa, in which the Palestinians were the bread and the flour, began on Passover’s eve, 21 April".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200386_("Some_15,000_Arabs_evacuated_Haifa_during_21–22_April")-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200386_("Some_15,000_Arabs_evacuated_Haifa_during_21–22_April")_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2003">Morris 2003</a>, p. 86 ("Some 15,000 Arabs evacuated Haifa during 21–22 April").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200399,_186-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200399,_186_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2003">Morris 2003</a>, pp. 99, 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaozKarkabi2024" class="citation journal cs1">Maoz, Eilat; Karkabi, Nadeem (February 2024). "Haifa City profile: Emergent binationalism in a settler colonial city". <i>Cities</i>. <b>145</b>: 104686. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cities.2023.104686">10.1016/j.cities.2023.104686</a>. <q>Neighborhoods remained largely separate. Palestinians resided in Wadi Nisnas, Wadi Salib, Hallisa, Kfur Samir, Wadi Jmal, and downtown, while Jewish settlers developed Hadar, Bat Galim, and Neve Sha'anan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cities&rft.atitle=Haifa+City+profile%3A+Emergent+binationalism+in+a+settler+colonial+city&rft.volume=145&rft.pages=104686&rft.date=2024-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cities.2023.104686&rft.aulast=Maoz&rft.aufirst=Eilat&rft.au=Karkabi%2C+Nadeem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Haifa+%281948%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPappe2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>:_"From_the_morning_after_the_UN_Partition_Resolution_was_adopted,_the_75,000_Palestinians_in_the_city_were_subjected_to_a_campaign_of_terror_jointly_instigated_by_the_Irgun_and_the_Hagana"-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPappe2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>:_"From_the_morning_after_the_UN_Partition_Resolution_was_adopted,_the_75,000_Palestinians_in_the_city_were_subjected_to_a_campaign_of_terror_jointly_instigated_by_the_Irgun_and_the_Hagana"_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPappe2007">Pappe 2007</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>: "From the morning after the UN Partition Resolution was adopted, the 75,000 Palestinians in the city were subjected to a campaign of terror jointly instigated by the Irgun and the Hagana".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003107;_Haj_Ibrahim_had_checked_and_reported_that_between_35–40,000_Palestinian_Arabs_remained.-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003107;_Haj_Ibrahim_had_checked_and_reported_that_between_35–40,000_Palestinian_Arabs_remained._8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2003">Morris 2003</a>, p. 107; Haj Ibrahim had checked and reported that between 35–40,000 Palestinian Arabs remained..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003173-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003173_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2003">Morris 2003</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris198743-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris198743_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1987">Morris 1987</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimcheKimche1960" class="citation book cs1">Kimche, Jon; Kimche, David (1960). <i>A Clash of Destinies. The Arab-Jewish War and the Founding of the State of Israel</i>. Frederick A. Praeger. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/60-6996">60-6996</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1348948">1348948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Clash+of+Destinies.+The+Arab-Jewish+War+and+the+Founding+of+the+State+of+Israel&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Praeger&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1348948&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F60-6996&rft.aulast=Kimche&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Kimche%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Haifa+%281948%29" class="Z3988"></span> Spelling Mohammed el-Hamd el-Haniti.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarsh2001" class="citation journal cs1">Karsh, Efraim (2001). "Nakbat Haifa: Collapse and Dispersion of a Major Palestinian Community". <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F714004415">10.1080/714004415</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284196">4284196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Nakbat+Haifa%3A+Collapse+and+Dispersion+of+a+Major+Palestinian+Community&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F714004415&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4284196%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Karsh&rft.aufirst=Efraim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Haifa+%281948%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/46815f76b9d9270085256ce600522c9e!OpenDocument">UN Resolution 181</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080519065846/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/46815f76b9d9270085256ce600522c9e%21OpenDocument">Archived</a> 19 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/2f86ce183126001f85256cef0073ccce/8f8675274b4c7e4a85256a5700687322!OpenDocument">UN Doc</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC21AP35.pdf">UN Doc AAC21</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526063953/http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC21AP35.pdf">Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Situation Report by the Palestine Police Force</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC21UK116.pdf">A/AC.21/UK/116</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526063321/http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC21UK116.pdf">Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of 21 April 1948 Communication from the United Kingdom Delegation Concerning Directive for General Officer Commanding, Palestine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carta_battles-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carta_battles_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carta_battles_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarta_Jerusalem2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carta Jerusalem (2003). Jehuda Wallach (ed.). <i>Battle Sites in the Land of Israel</i> (in Hebrew). <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carta_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carta (publisher)">Carta</a>. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-220-494-3" title="Special:BookSources/965-220-494-3"><bdi>965-220-494-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Sites+in+the+Land+of+Israel&rft.place=Israel&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Carta&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=965-220-494-3&rft.au=Carta+Jerusalem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Haifa+%281948%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003189-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003189_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2003">Morris 2003</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003191–192-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003191–192_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2003">Morris 2003</a>, pp. 191–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jon Kimche (1950) "Seven Fallen Pillars: The Middle East 1945–52." Secker and Warburg, London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC21UK123.pdf">A/AC.21/UK/123</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526062759/http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC21UK123.pdf">Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of 26 April 1948 Communication from United Kingdom Delegation Concerning Haifa Situation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003196-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003196_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2003">Morris 2003</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC21UK120.pdf">UN Doc A/AC.21/UK/120</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910181356/http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC21UK120.pdf">Archived</a> 10 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of 22 April 1948 UN Palestine Commission – Position in Haifa – Letter from United Kingdom</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugene_Rogan2012" class="citation book cs1">Eugene Rogan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LILdBDrm-ksC&q=eugene+rogan+history+of+arabs"><i>The Arabs: A History</i></a> (3rd ed.). Penguin. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780718196837" title="Special:BookSources/9780718196837"><bdi>9780718196837</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs%3A+A+History&rft.pages=330&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780718196837&rft.au=Eugene+Rogan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLILdBDrm-ksC%26q%3Deugene%2Brogan%2Bhistory%2Bof%2Barabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Haifa+%281948%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003195–200-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003195–200_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2003">Morris 2003</a>, pp. 195–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walid Khalidi <i>The Fall of Haifa Revisited</i> (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/attachments/jps-articles/haifa.pdf">https://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/attachments/jps-articles/haifa.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris198786-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris198786_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1987">Morris 1987</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimcheKimche1960" class="citation book cs1">Kimche, Jon; Kimche, David (1960). <i>A Clash of Destinies. The Arab-Jewish War and the Founding of the State of Israel</i>. Frederick A. Praeger. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/60-6996">60-6996</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1348948">1348948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Clash+of+Destinies.+The+Arab-Jewish+War+and+the+Founding+of+the+State+of+Israel&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Frederick+A.+Praeger&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1348948&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F60-6996&rft.aulast=Kimche&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft.au=Kimche%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Haifa+%281948%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris198788–89._"one_or_two_IZL_members_had_been_shot"-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris198788–89._"one_or_two_IZL_members_had_been_shot"_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1987">Morris 1987</a>, pp. 88–89. "one or two IZL members had been shot".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris198789:_"the_situation_lent_itself_to_excesses_such_as_looting,_intimidation_and_beatings._The_British_–_and_the_Haganah_–_generally_preferred,_with_only_partial_justification,_to_attribute_all_these_excesses_to_the_IZL"-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris198789:_"the_situation_lent_itself_to_excesses_such_as_looting,_intimidation_and_beatings._The_British_–_and_the_Haganah_–_generally_preferred,_with_only_partial_justification,_to_attribute_all_these_excesses_to_the_IZL"_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris1987">Morris 1987</a>, p. 89: "the situation lent itself to excesses such as looting, intimidation and beatings. The British – and the Haganah – generally preferred, with only partial justification, to attribute all these excesses to the IZL".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAderet2020" class="citation news cs1">Aderet, Ofer (3 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-10-03/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/jews-looted-arab-property-en-masse-in-48-the-authorities-let-them/0000017f-e7d4-d62c-a1ff-ffff83bd0000">"Jewish Soldiers and Civilians Looted Arab Neighbors' Property en Masse in '48. The Authorities Turned a Blind Eye"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Jewish+Soldiers+and+Civilians+Looted+Arab+Neighbors%27+Property+en+Masse+in+%2748.+The+Authorities+Turned+a+Blind+Eye&rft.date=2020-10-03&rft.aulast=Aderet&rft.aufirst=Ofer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F2020-10-03%2Fty-article-magazine%2F.highlight%2Fjews-looted-arab-property-en-masse-in-48-the-authorities-let-them%2F0000017f-e7d4-d62c-a1ff-ffff83bd0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Haifa+%281948%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Shabtai_Teveth" title="Shabtai Teveth">Teveth, Shabtai</a>, (1972). <i>Moshe Dayan. The soldier, the man, the legend.</i> London: Quartet Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7043-1080-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7043-1080-5">0-7043-1080-5</a>. p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2024]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2024)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2003">Morris 2003</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJawad2007" class="citation book cs1">Jawad, Saleh Abdel (2007). "Zionist Massacres: The Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War". <i>Israel and the Palestinian Refugees</i>. Beiträge zum ausländischen öffentlichen Recht und Völkerrecht. Vol. 189. pp. <span class="nowrap">59–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-68161-8_3">10.1007/978-3-540-68161-8_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-68160-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-68160-1"><bdi>978-3-540-68160-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zionist+Massacres%3A+The+Creation+of+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem+in+the+1948+War&rft.btitle=Israel+and+the+Palestinian+Refugees&rft.series=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zum+ausl%C3%A4ndischen+%C3%B6ffentlichen+Recht+und+V%C3%B6lkerrecht&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-68161-8_3&rft.isbn=978-3-540-68160-1&rft.aulast=Jawad&rft.aufirst=Saleh+Abdel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Haifa+%281948%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1988" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, Benny (1988). "Haifa's Arabs: Displacement and Concentration, July 1948". <i>Middle East Journal</i>. <b>42</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">241–</span>259. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4327736">4327736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=Haifa%27s+Arabs%3A+Displacement+and+Concentration%2C+July+1948&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4327736%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Haifa+%281948%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein1991" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelstein, Norman (1991). "Myths, Old and New". <i>Journal of Palestine Studies</i>. <b>21</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">66–</span>89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2537366">10.2307/2537366</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2537366">2537366</a>. <q>In July, Haifa's remaining inhabitants, some 3,500, were packed into a ghetto in the downtown Wadi Nisnas neighborhood.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=Myths%2C+Old+and+New&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2537366&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2537366%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Haifa+%281948%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzoulay2011" class="citation journal cs1">Azoulay, Ariella (January 2011). "Declaring the State of Israel: Declaring a State of War". <i>Critical Inquiry</i>. <b>37</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">265–</span>285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F657293">10.1086/657293</a>. <q>[...] the ghetto in Wadi Nisnas that had been established for them after they had been expelled from their homes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Inquiry&rft.atitle=Declaring+the+State+of+Israel%3A+Declaring+a+State+of+War&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E285&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F657293&rft.aulast=Azoulay&rft.aufirst=Ariella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Haifa+%281948%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2003209–211-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2003209–211_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2003">Morris 2003</a>, pp. 209–211.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2003" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny (2003). <i>The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511816659">10.1017/CBO9780511816659</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81120-0"><bdi>978-0-521-81120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem+Revisited&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511816659&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81120-0&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Haifa+%281948%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1987" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Benny (1987). <i>The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947-1949</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33028-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33028-2"><bdi>978-0-521-33028-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem%2C+1947-1949&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-521-33028-2&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Haifa+%281948%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappe2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Pappe, Ilan</a> (2007). <i>The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine</i>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-555-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-555-4"><bdi>978-1-85168-555-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethnic+Cleansing+of+Palestine&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-555-4&rft.aulast=Pappe&rft.aufirst=Ilan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Haifa+%281948%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Port+in+a+Storm&rft.date=2011-06-03&rft.aulast=Fogelman&rft.aufirst=Shay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F2011-06-03%2Fty-article%2Fport-in-a-storm%2F0000017f-e654-dea7-adff-f7ff72ca0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Haifa+%281948%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Israeli_military_operations_in_the_1948_Arab–Israeli_War155" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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in the 1948 Palestine war">Israeli military operations in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-IDF</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_battle_of_Hatikvah_Neighborhood" title="The battle of Hatikvah Neighborhood">The battle of Hatikvah Neighborhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nachshon" title="Operation Nachshon">Nachshon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mishmar_HaEmek" title="Battle of Mishmar HaEmek">Mishmar HaEmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harel" title="Operation Harel">Harel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bi'ur Hametz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hametz" title="Operation Hametz">Hametz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yevusi" title="Operation Yevusi">Yevusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yiftach" title="Operation Yiftach">Yiftach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Matateh" title="Operation Matateh">Matateh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Balak" title="Operation Balak">Balak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Latrun#Operation_Maccabi_.288.E2.80.9316_May.29" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles of Latrun">Maccabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gideon" title="Operation Gideon">Gideon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barak" title="Operation Barak">Barak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ben-Ami" title="Operation Ben-Ami">Ben-Ami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kilshon" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Kilshon">Kilshon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Schfifon" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Schfifon">Schfifon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Latrun#Operation_Bin_Nun_Alef_(24–25_May)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles of Latrun">Bin Nun Alef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Erez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Erez (page does not exist)">Erez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Latrun#Operation_Bin_Nun_Bet" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles of Latrun">Bin Nun Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pleshet" title="Operation Pleshet">Pleshet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Yitzhak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Yitzhak (page does not exist)">Yitzhak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Yoram&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Yoram (page does not exist)">Yoram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Brosh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Brosh (page does not exist)">Brosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dekel" title="Operation Dekel">Dekel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Danny" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Danny">Danny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kedem" title="Operation Kedem">Kedem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_An-Far" title="Operation An-Far">An-Far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Death_to_the_Invader" title="Operation Death to the Invader">Death to the Invader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Shoter" title="Operation Shoter">Shoter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hiram" title="Operation Hiram">Hiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Yoav" title="Operation Yoav">Yoav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ha-Har" title="Operation Ha-Har">Ha-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Assaf" title="Operation Assaf">Assaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Horev" title="Operation Horev">Horev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uvda" title="Operation Uvda">Uvda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nakba132" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nakbaend" title="Template:Nakbaend"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nakbaend" title="Template talk:Nakbaend"><abbr title="Discuss 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Historians">New Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Plan Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">1947 partition plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1949 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Works_Agency_for_Palestine_Refugees_in_the_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East">UNRWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_Day" title="Nakba Day">Nakba Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_denial" title="Nakba denial">Nakba denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_refugee_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine refugee camps">Palestine refugee camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian refugee">Palestinian refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Palestinian right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_absentee" title="Present absentee">Present absentee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Committee" title="Transfer Committee">Transfer Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194">Resolution 194</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_battle_of_Hatikvah_Neighborhood" title="The battle of Hatikvah Neighborhood">The battle of Hatikvah Neighborhood</a> (1947)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle">Expulsion from Lydda and Ramle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aref_al-Aref" title="Aref al-Aref">Aref al-Aref</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Karsh" title="Efraim Karsh">Efraim Karsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walid_Khalidi" title="Walid Khalidi">Walid Khalidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Segev" title="Tom Segev">Tom Segev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Sela" title="Avraham Sela">Avraham Sela</a></li> 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