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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Further events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July–October_1948" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July–October_1948"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>July–October 1948</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July–October_1948-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-October_1948_–_March_1949" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#October_1948_–_March_1949"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>October 1948 – March 1949</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-October_1948_–_March_1949-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_mediation_and_the_Lausanne_Conference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_mediation_and_the_Lausanne_Conference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contemporary mediation and the Lausanne Conference</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_mediation_and_the_Lausanne_Conference-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary mediation and the Lausanne Conference subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_mediation_and_the_Lausanne_Conference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UN_mediation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UN_mediation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>UN mediation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UN_mediation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lausanne_Conference_of_1949" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lausanne_Conference_of_1949"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lausanne Conference of 1949</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lausanne_Conference_of_1949-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results_of_the_Palestinian_exodus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results_of_the_Palestinian_exodus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Results of the Palestinian exodus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Results_of_the_Palestinian_exodus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Results of the Palestinian exodus subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Results_of_the_Palestinian_exodus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_damage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_damage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Economic damage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_damage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abandoned,_evacuated_and_destroyed_Palestinian_localities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abandoned,_evacuated_and_destroyed_Palestinian_localities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Abandoned, evacuated and destroyed Palestinian localities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abandoned,_evacuated_and_destroyed_Palestinian_localities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestinian_refugees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestinian_refugees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Palestinian refugees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinian_refugees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention_of_Infiltration_Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention_of_Infiltration_Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Prevention of Infiltration Law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention_of_Infiltration_Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_and_property_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_and_property_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Land and property laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_and_property_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_"Emergency_Laws"_and_"Regulations"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_"Emergency_Laws"_and_"Regulations""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Initial "Emergency Laws" and "Regulations"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_"Emergency_Laws"_and_"Regulations"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absentees'_Property_Laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absentees'_Property_Laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Absentees' Property Laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absentees'_Property_Laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_enacted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_enacted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Laws enacted</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws_enacted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli_censorship_of_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_censorship_of_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Israeli censorship of documents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_censorship_of_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historiography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palestinian_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestinian_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Palestinian narrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinian_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli_narrative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_narrative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Israeli narrative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changes_from_the_late_1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_from_the_late_1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Changes from the late 1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_from_the_late_1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_Israeli_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_Israeli_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Criticism of the Israeli approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_Israeli_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakbah_1948" title="Nakbah 1948 – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Nakbah 1948" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86_1948" title="تهجير الفلسطينيين 1948 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تهجير الفلسطينيين 1948" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksodo_sa_mga_Palestino" title="Eksodo sa mga Palestino – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Eksodo sa mga Palestino" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinsk%C3%BD_exodus" title="Palestinský exodus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Palestinský exodus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C3%A6stinensiske_eksodus_1948" title="Palæstinensiske eksodus 1948 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Palæstinensiske eksodus 1948" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertreibung_und_Flucht_der_Pal%C3%A4stinenser_1948" title="Vertreibung und Flucht der Palästinenser 1948 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vertreibung und Flucht der Palästinenser 1948" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DB%B1%DB%B9%DB%B4%DB%B8_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اخراج و فرار ۱۹۴۸ فلسطینیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اخراج و فرار ۱۹۴۸ فلسطینیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exode_palestinien_de_1948" title="Exode palestinien de 1948 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Exode palestinien de 1948" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksodus_Palestina_1948" title="Eksodus Palestina 1948 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eksodus Palestina 1948" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esodo_palestinese_del_1948" title="Esodo palestinese del 1948 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esodo palestinese del 1948" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ערביי ארץ ישראל במלחמת העצמאות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערביי ארץ ישראל במלחמת העצמאות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948-as_palesztin_exodus" title="1948-as palesztin exodus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1948-as palesztin exodus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_-%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="1948 -ലെ ഫലസ്തീനിയൻ കൂട്ടപ്പലായനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="1948 -ലെ ഫലസ്തീനിയൻ കൂട്ടപ്പലായനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%ABbimi_dhe_ikja_e_palestinez%C3%ABve_1948" title="Dëbimi dhe ikja e palestinezëve 1948 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dëbimi dhe ikja e palestinezëve 1948" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%99c_di_c%C6%B0_Palestine,_1948" title="Cuộc di cư Palestine, 1948 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cuộc di cư Palestine, 1948" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13220089#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palestinian_refugees_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Palestinian_refugees_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Palestinian_refugees_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Palestinian_refugees_%28cropped%29.jpg/338px-Palestinian_refugees_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Palestinian_refugees_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="314" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e7e1e1;padding:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Precipitating events</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>Background</b></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">1947 partition plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></b></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">Civil war in Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Plan Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_(1948)" title="Battle of Haifa (1948)">Battle of Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">Arab–Israeli War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict#1948–1949:_Arab–Israeli_War" title="Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle">Expulsion from Lydda and Ramle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Committee" title="Transfer Committee">Transfer Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e7e1e1;padding:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1948 expulsion and flight</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Palestinian refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camps" title="Palestinian refugee camps">Camps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_return_to_Israel" title="Palestinian return to Israel">Palestinian return to Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Right of return</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_absentee" title="Present absentee">Present absentee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194">UN Resolution 194</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_Palestinian_place_names" title="Hebraization of Palestinian place names">Hebraization of Palestinian place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Paraguay_plan" title="1969 Paraguay plan">Paraguay plan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e7e1e1;padding:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Discourse</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Causes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_denial" title="Nakba denial">Nakba denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_Law" title="Nakba Law">Nakba Law</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e7e1e1;padding:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Notable writers</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aref_al-Aref" title="Aref al-Aref">Aref al-Aref</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Karsh" title="Efraim Karsh">Efraim Karsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Rashid Khalidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walid_Khalidi" title="Walid Khalidi">Walid Khalidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Segev" title="Tom Segev">Tom Segev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Sela" title="Avraham Sela">Avraham Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Avi Shlaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Zureiq" title="Constantin Zureiq">Constantin Zureiq</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e7e1e1;padding:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Symbols and memory</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_key" title="Palestinian key">Palestinian key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handala" title="Handala">Handala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_Day" title="Nakba Day">Nakba Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Day" title="Land Day">Land Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_March_of_Return" class="mw-redirect" title="Great March of Return">Great March of Return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Return_(Israel)" title="March of Return (Israel)">March of Return (Israel)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e7e1e1;padding:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ongoing</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">Ongoing Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_accusation" title="Palestinian genocide accusation">Palestinian genocide accusation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza genocide</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e7e1e1;padding:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Lists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_depopulated_during_the_1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" title="List of towns and villages depopulated during the 1947–1949 Palestine war">List of depopulated towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_estimates_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="List of estimates of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Estimates of the number of Palestinians who fled</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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style="top:48.406%;left:35.053%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Al-Muharraqa" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.135%;left:36.987%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kawfakha" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Al-Dawayima" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.415%;left:34.562%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Najd,_Gaza" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" 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style="top:46.019%;left:34.893%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Simsim,_Gaza" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.939%;left:36.122%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Burayr" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hulayqat" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.165%;left:33.878%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jirja" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.066%;left:44.925%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kafr_%27Ana" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" 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style="top:26.376%;left:50.374%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Al-Jalama,_Tulkarm" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.329%;left:47.596%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-Majdal" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" 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style="top:25.529%;left:69.241%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamra,_Baysan" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.298%;left:68.739%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Al-Samiriyya" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.357%;left:47.564%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Raml_Zayta" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:18.347%;left:56.603%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Alonei_Abba" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:10.582%;left:68.889%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Alma,_Safad" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:10.026%;left:71.827%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arab_al-Zubayd" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:9.742%;left:71.453%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Harrawi" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:9.583%;left:72.286%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Baysamun" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.581%;left:36.987%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Isdud" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.81%;left:45.833%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"> </a></div>Clickable map of the <a href="/wiki/Depopulated_Palestinian_locations_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel">depopulated locations</a> – i.e. the source of the refugees </div> </div> </div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a>, more than 700,000 <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian Arabs</a> – about half of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>'s predominantly Arab population – were expelled or fled from their homes, at first by <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionist</a> paramilitaries,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">its military</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expulsion and flight was a central component of the fracturing, dispossession, and displacement of Palestinian society, known as the <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Killings_and_massacres_during_the_1948_Palestine_war" title="Killings and massacres during the 1948 Palestine war">Dozens of massacres</a> targeting Arabs were conducted by Israeli military forces and between <a href="/wiki/Depopulated_Palestinian_locations_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel">400 and 600 Palestinian villages</a> were destroyed. Village <a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning" title="Well poisoning">wells were poisoned</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a> programme codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cast_Thy_Bread" title="Operation Cast Thy Bread">Operation Cast Thy Bread</a> and properties were looted to prevent Palestinian refugees from returning.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappe2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sites were subject to <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_Palestinian_place_names" title="Hebraization of Palestinian place names">Hebraization of Palestinian place names</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The precise number of <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Palestinian refugees</a>, many of whom settled in <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camps" title="Palestinian refugee camps">Palestinian refugee camps</a> in neighboring states, is a matter of dispute,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the number is around 700,000, being approximately 80 percent of the Arab inhabitants of what became Israel (half of the Arab total population of Mandatory Palestine).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 250,000–300,000 Palestinians fled or were expelled during the <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/End_of_the_British_Mandate_for_Palestine" title="End of the British Mandate for Palestine">termination of the British Mandate</a> on 14 May 1948. The desire to prevent the collapse of the Palestinians and to avoid more refugees were some of the reasons for the entry of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> into the country, which began the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus remain a significantly controversial topic in public and political discourse, with a prominent amount of <a href="/wiki/Nakba_denial" title="Nakba denial">denialism regarding the responsibility of Israeli/Yishuv forces</a>, most scholarship today agrees that expulsions and violence, and the fear thereof, were the primary causes.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars widely describe the event as <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ian_Black-2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ian_Black-2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappe2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shavit_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shavit-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some disagree.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factors involved in the exodus include direct expulsions by Israeli forces, destruction of Arab villages, psychological warfare including <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, massacres such as the widely publicized <a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin massacre</a><sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 239–240">: 239–240 </span></sup> which caused many to flee out of fear, crop burning,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a> epidemics in some areas caused by Israeli well-poisoning,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the collapse of Palestinian leadership including the demoralizing impact of wealthier classes fleeing.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, <a href="/wiki/Land_and_Property_laws_in_Israel#Absentees'_Property_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Land and Property laws in Israel">a series of land and property laws</a> passed by the first Israeli government prevented Arabs who had left from returning to their homes or claiming their property. They and many of their descendants remain refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNRWA_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNRWA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a> allowing for immigration and naturalization of any Jewish person and their family to Israel, while a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Palestinian right of return</a> has been denied, has been cited as evidence for the charge <a href="/wiki/Israel_and_apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel and apartheid">that Israel practices apartheid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The status of the refugees, and in particular whether Israel will allow them the right to return to their homes, or compensate them, are key issues in the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>The history of the Palestinian exodus is closely tied to the events of the war in Palestine, which lasted from 1947 to 1949, and to the political events preceding it. The first phase of that war began on 30 November 1947,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a day after the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">Partition Plan for Palestine</a>, which split the territory into Jewish and Arab states, and an <a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Jerusalem)" title="Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)">international Jerusalem</a>. </p><p>In September 1949, the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine estimated 711,000 <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian refugee">Palestinian refugees</a> existed outside Israel,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with about one-quarter of the estimated 160,000 Palestinian Arabs remaining in Israel as "<a href="/wiki/Present_absentees" class="mw-redirect" title="Present absentees">internal refugees</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="December_1947_–_March_1948"><span id="December_1947_.E2.80.93_March_1948"></span>December 1947 – March 1948</h3></div> <p>In the first few months of the civil war, the climate in the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandate of Palestine</a> became volatile, although throughout this period both Arab and Jewish leaders tried to limit hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 90–99">: 90–99 </span></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>, the period was marked by Palestinian Arab attacks and Jewish defensiveness, increasingly punctuated by Jewish reprisals.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65">: 65 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simha_Flapan" title="Simha Flapan">Simha Flapan</a> wrote that attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi</a> resulted in Palestinian Arab retaliation and condemnation.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish reprisal operations were directed against villages and neighborhoods from which attacks against Jews were believed to have originated.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76">: 76 </span></sup> </p><p>The retaliations were more damaging than the provoking attack and included killing of armed and unarmed men, destruction of houses and sometimes expulsion of inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76">: 76 </span></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 125">: 125 </span></sup> The Zionist groups of <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi</a> reverted to their 1937–1939 strategy of indiscriminate attacks by placing bombs and throwing grenades into crowded places such as bus stops, shopping centres and markets. Their attacks on British forces reduced British troops' ability and willingness to protect Jewish traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup> General conditions deteriorated: the economic situation became unstable, and unemployment grew.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Palestinian Arab leaders sent their families abroad. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a> wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">Arab Liberation Army</a> embarked on a systematic evacuation of non-combatants from several frontier villages in order to turn them into military strongholds.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arab depopulation occurred most in villages close to Jewish settlements and in vulnerable neighborhoods in Haifa, Jaffa and West Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 99–125">: 99–125 </span></sup> The more impoverished inhabitants of these neighborhoods generally fled to other parts of the city. Those who could afford to flee further away did so, expecting to return when the troubles were over.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 138">: 138 </span></sup> By the end of March 1948 thirty villages were depopulated of their Palestinian Arab population.<sup id="cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappe2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup> Approximately 100,000 Palestinian Arabs had fled to Arab parts of Palestine, such as Gaza, Beersheba, Haifa, Nazareth, Nablus, Jaffa and Bethlehem. </p><p>Some had left the country altogether, to <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, Lebanon and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 67">: 67 </span></sup> Other sources speak of 30,000 Palestinian Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these were Palestinian Arab leaders and middle- and upper-class Palestinian Arab families from urban areas. Around 22 March, the Arab governments agreed that their consulates in Palestine would issue entry visas only to old people, women, children and the sick.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 134">: 134 </span></sup> On 29–30 March the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> Intelligence Service (HIS) reported that "the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">AHC</a> was no longer approving exit permits for fear of [causing] panic in the country."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SubaRuins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SubaRuins.jpg/240px-SubaRuins.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SubaRuins.jpg/360px-SubaRuins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/SubaRuins.jpg/480px-SubaRuins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the Palestinian village of <a href="/wiki/Suba_(Village_near_Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suba (Village near Jerusalem)">Suba</a>, near Jerusalem, overlooking Kibbutz Zova, which was built on the village lands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BaytJibrin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/BaytJibrin.jpg/240px-BaytJibrin.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/BaytJibrin.jpg/360px-BaytJibrin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/BaytJibrin.jpg/480px-BaytJibrin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of the former Arab village of <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin" title="Bayt Jibrin">Bayt Jibrin</a>, inside the green line west of <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Haganah was instructed to avoid spreading the conflagration by stopping indiscriminate attacks and provoking British intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68–86">: 68–86 </span></sup> </p><p>On 18 December 1947, the Haganah approved an aggressive defense strategy, which in practice meant a limited implementation of "Plan May"; this, also known as "Plan Gimel" or "Plan C",<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produced in May 1946, was the Haganah master plan for the defence of the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> in the event that, the moment the British were gone, new troubles broke out. Plan Gimel included <a href="/wiki/Retaliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Retaliation">retaliation</a> for assaults on Jewish houses and roads.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 75">: 75 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early January the Haganah adopted <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Zarzir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Zarzir (page does not exist)">Operation Zarzir</a>, a scheme to assassinate leaders affiliated to <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Amin al-Husayni">Amin al-Husayni</a>, placing the blame on other Arab leaders, but in practice few resources were devoted to the project, and the only attempted killing was of <a href="/wiki/Nimr_al_Khatib" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimr al Khatib">Nimr al Khatib</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76">: 76 </span></sup> </p><p>The only authorised expulsion at this time took place at <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Qisarya</a>, south of Haifa, where Palestinian Arabs were evicted and their houses destroyed on 19–20 February 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 130">: 130 </span></sup> In attacks that were not authorised in advance, several communities were expelled by the Haganah and several others were chased away by the Irgun.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 125">: 125 </span></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a>, the Zionists organised a campaign of threats,<sup id="cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappe2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 55">: 55 </span></sup> consisting of the distribution of threatening leaflets, "violent reconnaissance" and, after the arrival of mortars, the shelling of Arab villages and neighborhoods.<sup id="cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappe2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 73">: 73 </span></sup> Pappé also wrote that the Haganah shifted its policy from retaliation to offensive initiatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappe2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup> </p><p>During the "long seminar", a meeting of <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a> with his chief advisors in January 1948, the main point was that it was desirable to "transfer" as many Arabs as possible out of Jewish territory, and the discussion focussed mainly on the implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappe2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 63">: 63 </span></sup> The experience gained in a number of attacks in February 1948, notably those on <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Qisarya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sa%27sa%27" title="Sa'sa'">Sa'sa'</a>, was used in the development of a <a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">plan</a> detailing how enemy population centers should be handled.<sup id="cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappe2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup> According to Pappé, <a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">plan Dalet</a> was the master plan for the expulsion of the Palestinians.<sup id="cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappe2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup> However, according to Gelber, <a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Plan Dalet</a> instructions were: In case of resistance, the population of conquered villages was to be expelled outside the borders of the Jewish state. If no resistance was met, the residents could stay put, under military rule.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palestinian belligerency in these first few months was "disorganised, sporadic and localised and for months remained chaotic and uncoordinated, if not undirected".<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 86">: 86 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Amin al-Husayni">Husayni</a> lacked the resources to mount a full-scale assault on the Yishuv, and restricted himself to sanctioning minor attacks and to tightening the economic boycott.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 87">: 87 </span></sup> The British claimed that Arab rioting might well have subsided had the Jews not retaliated with firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 75">: 75 </span></sup> </p><p>Overall, Morris concludes that during this period the "Arab evacuees from the towns and villages left largely because of Jewish—Haganah, <a href="/wiki/IZL" class="mw-redirect" title="IZL">IZL</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">LHI</a>—attacks or fear of impending attack" but that only "an extremely small, almost insignificant number of the refugees during this early period left because of Haganah or IZL or LHI expulsion orders or forceful 'advice' to that effect."<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 138, 139">: 138, 139 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="April–June_1948"><span id="April.E2.80.93June_1948"></span>April–June 1948</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haifa_1948_expulsion.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Haifa_1948_expulsion.webp/240px-Haifa_1948_expulsion.webp.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Haifa_1948_expulsion.webp/360px-Haifa_1948_expulsion.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Haifa_1948_expulsion.webp/480px-Haifa_1948_expulsion.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Arabs leaving Haifa as Jewish forces enter the city</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom:2px solid #aaa;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Palestine" title="Flag of Palestine"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/160px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/240px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/320px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Demographics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_Palestinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Definitions of Palestinian">Definitions</a></li> <li><span class="adr"><span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Palestinians" title="History of the Palestinians">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_%22Palestine%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the name "Palestine"">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Palestinians" title="Origin of the Palestinians">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_diaspora" title="Palestinian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Palestine" title="Template:Politics of Palestine">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <dl><dd><i>Previous</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_towns_and_villages_depopulated_during_the_1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus">Depopulated villages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Protectorate" title="All-Palestine Protectorate">All-Palestine Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Government" title="All-Palestine Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_fedayeen" title="Palestinian fedayeen">Fedayeen militias</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">PLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">National Authority (PNA)</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="List of political parties in the State of Palestine">political parties</a>)</dd></dl> <hr /> <dl><dd><i>Current</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">PFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">Islamic Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="Politics of the Palestinian National Authority">Politics of the Palestinian National Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of the Palestinian National Authority">Governorates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_administered_by_the_Palestinian_Authority" title="List of cities administered by the Palestinian Authority">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_government_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Hamas government in the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip governance <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hamas)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Governorates of the Gaza Strip">Governorates of the Gaza Strip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Council" title="Palestinian National Council">National Council (PNC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Legislative_Council" title="Palestinian Legislative Council">Legislative Council (PLC)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_law" title="Palestinian law">Law</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; font-size:110%;"> Religion / religious sites</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Palestine" title="Islam in Palestine">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Jew">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Gaza" title="Great Mosque of Gaza">Great Mosque of Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph%27s_Tomb" title="Joseph's Tomb">Joseph's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Na%27im#Tomb_of_Lot" title="Bani Na'im">Lot's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabi_Samwil" title="Nabi Samwil">Nabi Samwil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Tomb" title="Rachel's Tomb">Rachel's Tomb</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian culture">Culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_art" title="Palestinian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Palestine" title="Cinema of Palestine">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_costumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian costumes">Costume and embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabke" title="Dabke"><i>Dabke</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(dance)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_handicrafts" title="Palestinian handicrafts">Handicrafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arabic" title="Palestinian Arabic">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_literature" title="Palestinian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Music</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinians" title="List of Palestinians">List of Palestinians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Palestinians" title="Template:Palestinians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Palestinians" title="Template talk:Palestinians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Palestinians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Palestinians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>By 1 May 1948, two weeks before the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a>, nearly 175,000 Palestinians (approximately 25%) had already fled.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fighting in these months was concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> area, On 9 April, the <a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin massacre</a> and the rumours that followed it spread fear among the Palestinians.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 264">: 264 </span></sup> Next, the Haganah defeated local militia in <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>. On 21–22 April in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, after the Haganah waged a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_(1948)" title="Battle of Haifa (1948)">day-and-a-half battle</a> including psychological warfare a mass flight followed. Finally, <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> under <a href="/wiki/Menachim_Begin" class="mw-redirect" title="Menachim Begin">Menachim Begin</a> fired mortars on the infrastructure in <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>. Combined with the fear inspired by Deir Yassin, each of these military actions resulted in panicked Palestinian evacuations.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The significance of the attacks by underground military groups <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi</a> on Deir Yassin is underscored by accounts on all sides. <a href="/wiki/Meron_Benvenisti" title="Meron Benvenisti">Meron Benvenisti</a> regards Deir Yassin as "a turning point in the annals of the destruction of the Arab landscape".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israel began engaging in <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a> in April, poisoning the water supplies of certain villages, including a successful operation that caused a typhoid epidemic in Acre in early May, and an unsuccessful attempt in Gaza that was foiled by the Egyptians in late May.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haifa">Haifa</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_(1948)" title="Battle of Haifa (1948)">Battle of Haifa (1948)</a></div> <p>Palestinians fled the city of <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> en masse, in one of the most notable flights of this stage. Historian <a href="/wiki/Efraim_Karsh" title="Efraim Karsh">Efraim Karsh</a> writes that not only had half of the Arab community in Haifa community fled the city before the final battle was joined in late April 1948, but another 5,000–15,000 left apparently voluntarily during the fighting while the rest, some 15,000–25,000, were ordered to leave, as was initially claimed by an Israeli source, on the instructions of the Arab Higher Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 195–198">: 195–198 </span></sup> </p><p>Karsh concludes that there was no Jewish grand design to force this departure, and that in fact the Haifa Jewish leadership tried to convince some Arabs to stay, to no avail.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walid_Khalidi" title="Walid Khalidi">Walid Khalidi</a> disputes this account, saying that two independent studies, which analysed <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> intercepts of radio broadcasts from the region, concluded that no orders or instructions were given by the Arab Higher Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benny Morris agrees with Karsh, while also acknowledging "an undercurrent of expulsive thinking."<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 198–207">: 198–207 </span></sup> </p><p>According to Morris, "The Haganah mortar attacks of 21–22 April [on Haifa] were primarily designed to break Arab morale in order to bring about a swift collapse of resistance and speedy surrender. [...] But clearly the offensive, and especially the mortaring, precipitated the exodus. The three-inch mortars "opened up on the market square [where there was] a great crowd [...] a great panic took hold. The multitude burst into the port, pushed aside the policemen, charged the boats and began to flee the town", as the official Haganah history later put it".<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 191, 200">: 191, 200 </span></sup> According to Pappé,<sup id="cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappe2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96">: 96 </span></sup> this mortar barrage was deliberately aimed at civilians to precipitate their flight from Haifa, while Morris denies this claim.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 200">: 200 </span></sup> </p><p>The Haganah broadcast a warning to Arabs in Haifa on 21 April: "that unless they sent away 'infiltrated dissidents' they would be advised to evacuate all women and children, because they would be strongly attacked from now on".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commenting on the use of "psychological warfare broadcasts" and military tactics in Haifa, <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a> writes: </p> <blockquote><p>Throughout the Haganah made effective use of Arabic language broadcasts and loudspeaker vans. Haganah Radio announced that "the day of judgement had arrived" and called on inhabitants to "kick out the foreign criminals" and to "move away from every house and street, from every neighbourhood occupied by foreign criminals". The Haganah broadcasts called on the populace to "evacuate the women, the children and the old immediately, and send them to a safe haven". Jewish tactics in the battle were designed to stun and quickly overpower opposition; demoralisation was a primary aim. It was deemed just as important to the outcome as the physical destruction of the Arab units. The mortar barrages and the psychological warfare broadcasts and announcements, and the tactics employed by the infantry companies, advancing from house to house, were all geared to this goal. The orders of Carmeli's 22nd Battalion were "to kill every [adult male] Arab encountered" and to set alight with fire-bombs "all objectives that can be set alight. I am sending you posters in Arabic; disperse on route."<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 191, 192">: 191, 192 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By mid-May there were only ~4,000 Palestinians in Haifa. This remaining Arab population was relocated to the neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Nisnas" title="Wadi Nisnas">Wadi Nisnas</a>, in a process that has been described as "<a href="/wiki/Ghettoization" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghettoization">ghettoization</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A systematic destruction of Arab housing in certain areas, which had been planned before the War, was implemented by Haifa's Technical and Urban Development departments in cooperation with the IDF's city commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%27akov_Lublini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ya'akov Lublini (page does not exist)">Ya'akov Lublini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 209–211">: 209–211 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Further_events">Further events</h4></div><p> According to Glazer (1980, p. 111), from 15 May 1948 onwards, expulsion of Palestinians became a regular practice. Avnery (1971), explaining the Zionist rationale, says, </p><blockquote><p>I believe that during this phase, the eviction of Arab civilians had become an aim of David Ben-Gurion and his government... UN opinion could very well be disregarded. Peace with the Arabs seemed out of the question, considering the extreme nature of the Arab propaganda. In this situation, it was easy for people like Ben-Gurion to believe the capture of uninhabited territory was both necessary for security reasons and desirable for the homogeneity of the new Hebrew state.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Based on research of numerous archives, Morris provides an analysis of Haganah-induced flight: </p> <blockquote><p>Undoubtedly, as was understood by IDF intelligence, the most important single factor in the exodus of April–June was Jewish attack. This is demonstrated clearly by the fact that each exodus occurred during or in the immediate wake of military assault. No town was abandoned by the bulk of its population before the Haganah/IZL assault... The closer drew the 15 May British withdrawal deadline and the prospect of invasion by Arab states, the readier became commanders to resort to "cleansing" operations and expulsions to rid their rear areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 265">: 265 </span></sup> [R]elatively few commanders faced the moral dilemma of having to carry out the expulsion clauses. Townspeople and villagers usually fled their homes before or during battle... though (Haganah commanders) almost invariably prevented inhabitants, who had initially fled, from returning home...<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 165">: 165 </span></sup></p></blockquote><p> Edgar O'Ballance, a military historian, adds, </p><blockquote><p>Israeli vans with loudspeakers drove through the streets ordering all the inhabitants to evacuate immediately, and such as were reluctant to leave were forcibly ejected from their homes by the triumphant Israelis whose policy was now openly one of clearing out all the Arab civil population before them... From the surrounding villages and hamlets, during the next two or three days, all the inhabitants were uprooted and set off on the road to Ramallah... No longer was there any "reasonable persuasion". Bluntly, the Arab inhabitants were ejected and forced to flee into Arab territory... Wherever the Israeli troops advanced into Arab country the Arab population was bulldozed out in front of them.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After the fall of Haifa the villages on the slopes of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a> had been harassing the Jewish traffic on the main road to Haifa. A decision was made on 9 May 1948 to expel or subdue the villages of <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Saba" title="Kafr Saba">Kafr Saba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Tira,_Baysan" title="Al-Tira, Baysan">al-Tira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qaqun" title="Qaqun">Qaqun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qalansuwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalansuwa">Qalansuwa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tantura" title="Tantura">Tantura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 11 May 1948 Ben-Gurion convened the "Consultancy"; the outcome of the meeting is confirmed in a letter to commanders of the Haganah Brigades telling them that the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab legion's</a> offensive should not distract their troops from the principal tasks: "the cleansing of Palestine remained the prime objective of <a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Plan Dalet</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attention of the commanders of the <a href="/wiki/Alexandroni_Brigade" title="Alexandroni Brigade">Alexandroni Brigade</a> was turned to reducing the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Mount Carmel</a> pocket. <a href="/wiki/Tantura" title="Tantura">Tantura</a>, being on the coast, gave the Carmel villages access to the outside world and so was chosen as the point to surround the Carmel villages as a part of the Coastal Clearing offensive operation in the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>. </p><p>On the night of 22–23 May 1948, one week and one day after the declaration of Independence of the State of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the coastal village of Tantura was attacked and occupied by the 33rd Battalion of the Alexandroni Brigade of the Haganah. The village of Tantura was not given the option of surrender and the initial report spoke of dozens of villagers killed, with 300 adult male prisoners and 200 women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the villagers fled to <a href="/wiki/Fureidis" title="Fureidis">Fureidis</a> (previously captured) and to Arab-held territory. The captured women of Tantura were moved to Fureidis, and on 31 May Brechor Shitrit, Minister of Minority Affairs of the provisional Government of Israel, sought permission to expel the refugee women of Tantura from Fureidis as the number of refugees in Fureidis was causing problems of overcrowding and sanitation.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A report from the military intelligence SHAI of the Haganah titled "The emigration of Palestinian Arabs in the period 1/12/1947-1/6/1948", dated 30 June 1948, affirms that: </p> <blockquote><p> At least 55% of the total of the exodus was caused by our (Haganah/IDF) operations. To this figure, the report's compilers add the operations of the Irgun and Lehi, which "directly (caused) some 15%... of the emigration". A further 2% was attributed to explicit expulsion orders issued by Israeli troops, and 1% to their psychological warfare. This leads to a figure of 73% for departures caused directly by the Israelis. In addition, the report attributes 22% of the departures to "fears" and "a crisis of confidence" affecting the Palestinian population. As for Arab calls for flight, these were reckoned to be significant in only 5% of cases...<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Morris's estimates, 250,000 to 300,000 Palestinians left Israel during this stage.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 262">: 262 </span></sup> "Keesing's Contemporary Archives" in London place the total number of refugees before Israel's independence at 300,000.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clause_10_of_Cablegram_dated_15_May_1948_addressed_to_the_Secretary-General_by_the_Secretary-General_of_the_League_of_Arab_States.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Clause_10_of_Cablegram_dated_15_May_1948_addressed_to_the_Secretary-General_by_the_Secretary-General_of_the_League_of_Arab_States.jpg/220px-Clause_10_of_Cablegram_dated_15_May_1948_addressed_to_the_Secretary-General_by_the_Secretary-General_of_the_League_of_Arab_States.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Clause_10_of_Cablegram_dated_15_May_1948_addressed_to_the_Secretary-General_by_the_Secretary-General_of_the_League_of_Arab_States.jpg/330px-Clause_10_of_Cablegram_dated_15_May_1948_addressed_to_the_Secretary-General_by_the_Secretary-General_of_the_League_of_Arab_States.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Clause_10_of_Cablegram_dated_15_May_1948_addressed_to_the_Secretary-General_by_the_Secretary-General_of_the_League_of_Arab_States.jpg/440px-Clause_10_of_Cablegram_dated_15_May_1948_addressed_to_the_Secretary-General_by_the_Secretary-General_of_the_League_of_Arab_States.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1284" data-file-height="2393" /></a><figcaption>Clause 10 of the 15 May 1948 <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> cablegram stating the expulsion of, at that point, 250,000 Palestinians, as a reason for their entry into the territory</figcaption></figure> <p>In Clause 10.(b) of the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cablegram_from_the_Secretary-General_of_the_League_of_Arab_States_to_the_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" class="extiw" title="s:Cablegram from the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States to the Secretary-General of the United Nations">cablegram</a> from the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States to the UN Secretary-General of 15 May 1948 justifying the intervention by the Arab States, the Secretary-General of the League alleged that "approximately over a quarter of a million of the Arab population have been compelled to leave their homes and emigrate to neighbouring Arab countries."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July–October_1948"><span id="July.E2.80.93October_1948"></span>July–October 1948</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle">1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle</a></div> <p>Israeli operations labeled Dani and Dekel that broke the truce were the start of the third phase of expulsions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The largest single expulsion of the war began in <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lydda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a> 14 July when 60,000 inhabitants of the two cities (nearly 8.6% of the whole exodus) were forcibly expelled on the orders of <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> in events that came to be known as the "Lydda Death March". </p><p>According to Flapan (1987, pp. 13–14) in Ben-Gurion's view Ramlah and Lydda constituted a special danger because their proximity might encourage co-operation between the Egyptian army, which had started its attack on Kibbutz Negbah, near Ramlah, and the Arab Legion, which had taken the Lydda police station. However, the author considers that <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dani" title="Operation Dani">Operation Dani</a>, under which the two towns were seized, revealed that no such co-operation existed. </p><p>In Flapan's opinion, "in Lydda, the exodus took place on foot. In Ramlah, the IDF provided buses and trucks. Originally, all males had been rounded up and enclosed in a compound, but after some shooting was heard, and construed by Ben-Gurion to be the beginning of an Arab Legion counteroffensive, he stopped the arrests and ordered the speedy eviction of all the Arabs, including women, children, and the elderly."<sup id="cite_ref-Oren1976_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oren1976-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In explanation, Flapan cites that Ben-Gurion said that "those who made war on us bear responsibility after their defeat."<sup id="cite_ref-Oren1976_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oren1976-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rabin wrote in his memoirs: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What would they do with the 50,000 civilians in the two cities... Not even Ben-Gurion could offer a solution, and during the discussion at operation headquarters, he remained silent, as was his habit in such situations. Clearly, we could not leave [Lydda's] hostile and armed populace in our rear, where it could endanger the supply route [to the troops who were] advancing eastward... Allon repeated the question: What is to be done with the population? Ben-Gurion waved his hand in a gesture that said: Drive them out!... "Driving out" is a term with a harsh ring... Psychologically, this was one of the most difficult actions we undertook. The population of [Lydda] did not leave willingly. There was no way of avoiding the use of force and warning shots in order to make the inhabitants march the 10 to 15 miles to the point where they met up with the legion. ("Soldier of Peace", pp. 140–141)</p></blockquote> <p>Flapan maintains that events in Nazareth, although ending differently, point to the existence of a definite pattern of expulsion. On 16 July, three days after the Lydda and Ramlah evictions, the city of Nazareth surrendered to the IDF. The officer in command, a Canadian Jew named <a href="/wiki/Ben_Dunkelman" title="Ben Dunkelman">Ben Dunkelman</a>, had signed the surrender agreement on behalf of the Israeli army along with <a href="/wiki/Haim_Laskov" title="Haim Laskov">Chaim Laskov</a> (then a brigadier general, later IDF chief of staff). The agreement assured the civilians that they would not be harmed, but the next day, Laskov handed Dunkelman an order to evacuate the population, which Dunkelman refused.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, widespread looting and several cases of rape<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took place during the evacuation. In total, about 100,000 Palestinians became refugees in this stage according to Morris.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 448">: 448 </span></sup> </p><p>Glazer<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quotes the testimony of Count Bernadotte, the UN mediator in Palestine, who reported that "the exodus of the Palestinian Arabs resulted from panic created by fighting in their communities, by rumours concerning real or alleged acts of terrorism, or expulsion. Almost the whole of the Arab population fled or was expelled from the area under Jewish occupation."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 September, <a href="/wiki/Yosef_Weitz" title="Yosef Weitz">Yosef Weitz</a> alerted Ben-Gurion to the problem of masses of Palestinians endeavouring to return to their land in Israel or to lands Israel was about to take control of. On being asked how to deal with the problem, Weitz advocated a policy of endless 'harassment' (<i>[hatrada]</i>). Later on the same day, his cabinet turned down his proposal that Israel launch an invasion against the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Legion" title="Arab Legion">Arab Legion</a> in order to wrest control over part, or all, of the West Bank where the latter was entrenched. It was in this context that Ben-Gurion then ordered <a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a> extend Israel's biological warfare operations abroad, beginning with the poisoning of Cairo's water network with toxic bacteria. Both this and other projects to take similar measures in Syria and Lebanon, for a variety of reasons, were never activated.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="October_1948_–_March_1949"><span id="October_1948_.E2.80.93_March_1949"></span>October 1948 – March 1949</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Operation_order_for_the_destruction_of_Palestinian_villages_in_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Operation_order_for_the_destruction_of_Palestinian_villages_in_1948.jpg/220px-Operation_order_for_the_destruction_of_Palestinian_villages_in_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Operation_order_for_the_destruction_of_Palestinian_villages_in_1948.jpg/330px-Operation_order_for_the_destruction_of_Palestinian_villages_in_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Operation_order_for_the_destruction_of_Palestinian_villages_in_1948.jpg/440px-Operation_order_for_the_destruction_of_Palestinian_villages_in_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>IDF operation order for the destruction of Palestinian villages in November 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>This period of the exodus was characterized by Israeli military accomplishments; <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yoav" title="Operation Yoav">Operation Yoav</a>, in October, this cleared the road to the Negev, culminating in the capture of <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a>; <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ha-Har" title="Operation Ha-Har">Operation Ha-Har</a> that same month which cleared the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Corridor">Jerusalem Corridor</a> from pockets of resistance; <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hiram" title="Operation Hiram">Operation Hiram</a>, at the end of October, resulted in the capture of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Galilee" title="Upper Galilee">Upper Galilee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Operation_Horev" title="Operation Horev">Operation Horev</a> in December 1948 and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Uvda" title="Operation Uvda">Operation Uvda</a> in March 1949, completed the capture of the Negev (the Negev had been allotted to the Jewish State by the United Nations) these operations were met with resistance from the Palestinian Arabs who were to become refugees. The Israeli military activities were confined to the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> and the sparsely populated <a href="/wiki/Negev_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Negev desert">Negev desert</a>. It was clear to the villages in the Galilee, that if they left, return was far from imminent. Therefore, far fewer villages spontaneously depopulated than previously. Most of the Palestinian exodus was due to a clear, direct cause: expulsion and deliberate harassment, as Morris writes "commanders were clearly bent on driving out the population in the area they were conquering".<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 490">: 490 </span></sup> </p><p>During Operation Hiram in the upper Galilee, Israeli military commanders received the order: "Do all you can to immediately and quickly purge the conquered territories of all hostile elements in accordance with the orders issued. The residents should be helped to leave the areas that have been conquered." (31 October 1948, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Carmel" title="Moshe Carmel">Moshe Carmel</a>) The UN's acting Mediator, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a>, reported that United Nations Observers had recorded extensive looting of villages in Galilee by Israeli forces, who carried away goats, sheep and mules. This looting, United Nations Observers reported, appeared to have been systematic as army trucks were used for transportation. The situation, states the report, created a new influx of refugees into Lebanon. Israeli forces, he stated, have occupied the area in Galilee formerly occupied by Kaukji's forces, and have crossed the Lebanese frontier. Bunche goes on to say "that Israeli forces now hold positions inside the south-east corner of Lebanon, involving some fifteen Lebanese villages which are occupied by small Israeli detachments."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Morris, 200,000–230,000 Palestinians fled during Operation Hiram and Operation Yoav.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 492">: 492 </span></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Pappe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilan Pappe">Ilan Pappé</a>, "In a matter of seven months, five hundred and thirty one villages were destroyed and eleven urban neighborhoods emptied [...] The mass expulsion was accompanied by massacres, rape and [the] imprisonment of men [...] in labor camps for periods [of] over a year."<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_mediation_and_the_Lausanne_Conference">Contemporary mediation and the Lausanne Conference</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UN_mediation">UN mediation</h3></div> <p>The United Nations, using the offices of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Truce_Supervision_Organization" title="United Nations Truce Supervision Organization">United Nations Truce Supervision Organization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mixed_Armistice_Commissions" title="Mixed Armistice Commissions">Mixed Armistice Commissions</a>, was involved in the conflict from the very beginning. In the autumn of 1948 the refugee problem was a fact and possible solutions were discussed. <a href="/wiki/Count_Folke_Bernadotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Folke Bernadotte">Count Folke Bernadotte</a> said on 16 September: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No settlement can be just and complete if recognition is not accorded to the right of the Arab refugee to return to the home from which he has been dislodged. It would be an offence against the principles of elemental justice if these innocent victims of the conflict were denied the right to return to their homes while Jewish immigrants flow into Palestine, and indeed, offer the threat of permanent replacement of the Arab refugees who have been rooted in the land for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly Resolution 194">UN General Assembly Resolution 194</a>, passed on 11 December 1948 and reaffirmed every year since, was the first resolution that called for Israel to let the refugees return: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbours should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return and for loss of or damage to property which, under principles of international law or in equity, should be made good by the Governments or authorities responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lausanne_Conference_of_1949">Lausanne Conference of 1949</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1949" title="Lausanne Conference of 1949">Lausanne Conference of 1949</a></div> <p>At the start of the <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1949" title="Lausanne Conference of 1949">Lausanne Conference of 1949</a>, on 12 May 1949, Israel agreed in principle to allow the return of some of the Palestinian refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Israel became a member of the U.N. upon the passage of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_273" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 273">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 273</a> on 11 May 1949, which read, in part, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Noting furthermore the declaration by the State of Israel that it "unreservedly accepts the obligations of the United Nations Charter and undertakes to honour them from the day when it becomes a member of the United Nations".</p></blockquote> <p>Instead Israel made an offer of allowing 100,000 of the refugees to return to the area, though not necessarily to their homes, including 25,000 who had returned surreptitiously and 10,000 family-reunion cases.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 577">: 577 </span></sup> The proposal was conditional on a peace treaty that would allow Israel to retain the territory it had captured which had been allocated to the Arab state by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine</a>, and, contrary to Israel's UN acceptance promise, on the Arab states absorbing the remaining 550,000–650,000 refugees. The Arab states rejected the proposal on both legal, moral and political grounds, and Israel quickly withdrew its limited offer. </p><p>Benny Morris, in his 2004 book, <i>The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited</i>, summarizes it from his perspective: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In retrospect, it appeared that at Lausanne was lost the best and perhaps only chance for a solution of the refugee problem, if not for the achievement of a comprehensive Middle East settlement. But the basic incompatibility of the initial starting positions and the unwillingness of the two sides to move, and to move quickly, towards a compromise—born of Arab rejectionism and a deep feeling of humiliation, and of Israeli drunkenness with victory and physical needs determined largely by the Jewish refugee influx—doomed the "conference" from the start. American pressure on both sides, lacking a sharp, determined cutting edge, failed to budge sufficiently either Jew or Arab. The "100,000 Offer" was a classic of too little, too late.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 580">: 580 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results_of_the_Palestinian_exodus">Results of the Palestinian exodus</h2></div> <p>The expulsion of Palestinians in 1947–49 resulted in the significant depopulation of territory occupied by Israel, in which "about 90 percent of the Palestinians were ethnically cleansed – many by psychological warfare and /or military pressure and a large number at gunpoint."<sup id="cite_ref-Masalha-2009_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masalha-2009-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historic Arabic place names were replaced with Hebrew names, based on biblical names.<sup id="cite_ref-Masalha-2009_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masalha-2009-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_damage">Economic damage</h3></div> <p>As towns and villages were either conquered or abandoned in the conflict, looting by Jewish forces and residents was so widespread that, in the aftermath, <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> remarked on 24 July 1948: 'It turns out that most of the Jews are thieves.' <a href="/wiki/Netiva_Ben-Yehuda" title="Netiva Ben-Yehuda">Netiva Ben-Yehuda</a>, a Palmach commander likened the pillaging she observed in <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> to the classic behavior seen by their oppressors during anti-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Pogroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms">pogroms</a> in Europe: </p> <blockquote><p>Such pictures were known to us. It was the way things had always been done to us, in the Holocaust, throughout the world war, and all the pogroms. Oy, how well we knew those pictures. And here – here, we were doing these awful things to others. We loaded everything onto the van – with a terrible trembling of the hands. And that wasn't because of the weight. Even now my hands are shaking, just from writing about it.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abandoned,_evacuated_and_destroyed_Palestinian_localities"><span id="Abandoned.2C_evacuated_and_destroyed_Palestinian_localities"></span>Abandoned, evacuated and destroyed Palestinian localities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Depopulated_Palestinian_locations_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel">Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel</a></div> <p>Several authors have conducted studies on the number of Palestinian localities that were abandoned, evacuated or destroyed during the 1947–1949 period. Based on their respective calculations, the table below summarises their information.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Abandoned, evacuated or destroyed Palestinian localities (comparative figures) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Reference </th> <th>Towns </th> <th>Villages </th> <th>Tribes </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <th>Morris </th> <td>10 </td> <td>342 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>369 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Khalidi </th> <td>1 </td> <td>400 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>418 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Abu Sitta </th> <td>13 </td> <td>419 </td> <td>99 </td> <td>531 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small><b>Source</b>: The table data was taken from <i>Ruling Palestine, A History of the Legally Sanctioned Jewish-Israeli Seizure of Land and Housing in Palestine</i>. COHRE & BADIL, May 2005, p. 34.<br /> <b>Note</b>: For information on methodologies; see: Morris, Benny (1987): <i>The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987; Khalidi, Walid (ed.): <i><a href="/wiki/All_That_Remains:_The_Palestinian_Villages_Occupied_and_Depopulated_by_Israel_in_1948" title="All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948">All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948</a>.</i> Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1992, App. IV, pp. xix, 585–586; and Sitta, Salman Abu: <i>The Palestinian Nakba 1948</i>. London: The Palestinian Return Centre, 2000.</small> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Centre_on_Housing_Rights_and_Evictions" title="Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions">Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions</a> (COHRE) and BADIL, Morris's list of affected localities, the shortest of the three, includes towns but excludes other localities cited by Khalidi or Abu Sitta. The six sources compared in Khalidi's study have in common 296 of the villages listed as destroyed or depopulated. Sixty other villages are cited in all but one source. Of the total of 418 localities cited in Khalidi, 292 (70 percent) were completely destroyed and 90 (22 percent) "largely destroyed". COHRE and BADIL also note that other sources refer to an additional 151 localities that are omitted from Khalidi's study for various reasons (for example, major cities and towns that were depopulated, as well as some Bedouin encampments and villages "vacated" before the start of hostilities). Abu Sitta's list includes tribes in Beersheba that lost lands; most of these were omitted from Khalidi's work.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another study, involving field research and comparisons with British and other documents, concludes that 472 Palestinian habitations (including towns and villages) were destroyed in 1948. It notes that the devastation was virtually complete in some sub-districts. For example, it points out that 96.0% of the villages in the Jaffa area were totally destroyed, as were 90.0% of those in Tiberias, 90.3% of those in Safad, and 95.9% of those in Beisan. It also extrapolates from 1931 British census data to estimate that over 70,280 Palestinian houses were destroyed in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another study, Abu Sitta<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows the following findings in eight distinct phases of the depopulation of Palestine between 1947 and 1949. His findings are summarized in the table below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Information on the depopulation of Palestinian towns and villages (1947–1949) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Phase: </th> <th>No. of destroyed/depopulated localities </th> <th>No. of refugees </th> <th>Jewish/Israeli lands (km<sup>2</sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <th>29 Nov. 1947 – Mar. 1948 </th> <td>30 </td> <td>>22,600* </td> <td>1,159.4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Apr. – 13 May 1948<br /> <p>(Tiberias, Jaffa, Haifa, Safed, etc.) </p> </th> <td>199 </td> <td>>400,000 </td> <td>3,363.9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>15 May – 11 June 1948<br /> <p>(an additional 90 villages) </p> </th> <td>290 </td> <td>>500,000 </td> <td>3,943.1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 June – 18 July 1948<br /> <p>(Lydda/Ramleh, Nazareth, etc.) </p> </th> <td>378 </td> <td>>628,000 </td> <td>5,224.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>19 July – 24 Oct. 1948<br /> <p>(Galilee and southern areas) </p> </th> <td>418 </td> <td>>664,000 </td> <td>7,719.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>24 Oct. – 5 Nov. 1948<br /> <p>(Galilee, etc.) </p> </th> <td>465 </td> <td>>730,000 </td> <td>10,099.6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 Nov. 1948 – 18 Jan. 1949<br /> <p>(Negev, etc.) </p> </th> <td>481 </td> <td>>754,000 </td> <td>12,366.3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>19 Jan. – 20 July 1949<br /> <p>(Negev, etc.) </p> </th> <td>531 </td> <td>>804,000 </td> <td>20,350 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small>* Other sources put this figure at over 70,000.<br /> <b>Source</b>: The table data was taken from <i>Ruling Palestine, A History of the Legally Sanctioned Jewish-Israeli Seizure of Land and Housing in Palestine</i>. <a href="/wiki/COHRE" class="mw-redirect" title="COHRE">COHRE</a> & BADIL, May 2005, p. 34. The source being: Abu Sitta, Salman (2001): "From Refugees to Citizens at Home". London: Palestine Land Society and Palestinian Return Centre, 2001.</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestinian_refugees">Palestinian refugees</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees" title="Palestinian refugees">Palestinian refugees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_the_Palestinian_Refugee_flight_of_1948" class="mw-redirect" title="Estimates of the Palestinian Refugee flight of 1948">Estimates of the Palestinian Refugee flight of 1948</a></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Palestinian refugees</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">4.9 million (Registered with UNRWA—including descendants and re-settled)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, Jordan, <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, Lebanon, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Islam and Christianity</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On 11 December 1948, 12 months prior to UNRWA's establishment, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194</a> was adopted. The resolution accepted the definition of Palestinian refugees as "persons of Arab origin who, after 29 November 1947, left territory at present under the control of the Israel authorities and who were Palestinian citizens at that date" and; "Persons of Arab origin who left the said territory after 6 August 1924 and before 29 November 1947 and who at that latter date were Palestinian citizens; 2. Persons of Arab origin who left the territory in question before 6 August 1924 and who, having opted for Palestinian citizenship, retained that citizenship up to 29 November 1947"<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a> was established under UNGA resolution 302 (IV) of 8 December 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-UNRWA_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNRWA-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It defines refugees qualifying for UNRWA's services as "persons whose normal place of residence was Palestine between June 1946 and May 1948, who lost both their homes and means of livelihood as a result of the 1948 Arab–Israeli conflict" and also covers the descendants of persons who became refugees in 1948. The UNRWA mandate does not extend to final status.<sup id="cite_ref-UNRWA_mandate_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNRWA_mandate-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final 1949 UNRWA estimate of the refugee count was 726,000,<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 602">: 602 </span></sup> but the number of registered refugees was 914,000.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.N. Conciliation Commission explained that the number was inflated by "duplication of ration cards, addition of persons who have been displaced from area other than Israel-held areas and of persons who, although not displaced, are destitute," and the UNRWA additionally noted that "all births are eagerly announced, the deaths wherever possible are passed over in silence," as well as the fact that "the birthrate is high in any case, a net addition of 30,000 names a year." By June 1951, UNRWA had reduced the number of registered refugees to 876,000 after many false and duplicate registrations had been weeded out.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today the number who qualify for UNRWA's services has grown to over 4 million, one third of whom live in the West Bank and Gaza; slightly less than one third in Jordan; 17% in Syria and Lebanon (Bowker, 2003, p. 72) and around 15% in other Arab and Western countries. Approximately 1 million refugees have no form of identification other than an UNRWA identification card.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevention_of_Infiltration_Law">Prevention of Infiltration Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Infiltration_Law" title="Prevention of Infiltration Law">Prevention of Infiltration Law</a></div> <p>Following the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian refugee">Palestinian refugee</a> problem after the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Arab–Israeli war">1948 Arab–Israeli war</a>, many Palestinians tried, in one way or another, to return to their homes. For some time these practices continued to embarrass the Israeli authorities until they passed the <a href="/wiki/Prevention_of_Infiltration_Law" title="Prevention of Infiltration Law">Prevention of Infiltration Law</a>, which defines offenses of armed and non-armed infiltration to Israel and from Israel to hostile neighboring countries. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Arab Israeli writer <a href="/wiki/Sabri_Jiryis" title="Sabri Jiryis">Sabri Jiryis</a>, the purpose of the law was to prevent Palestinians from returning to Israel, those who did so being regarded as <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_infiltration" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian infiltration">infiltrators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Kirshbaum,<sup id="cite_ref-Kirshbaum,_David_A._2007_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirshbaum,_David_A._2007-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over the years the Israeli Government has continued to cancel and modify some of the <a href="/wiki/Land_and_Property_laws_in_Israel#Defence_(Emergency)_Regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Land and Property laws in Israel">Defence (Emergency) Regulations of 1945</a>, but mostly it has added more as it has continued to extend its declared state of emergency. For example, even though the Prevention of Infiltration Law of 1954 is not labelled as an official "Emergency Regulation", it extends the applicability of the "Defence (Emergency) Regulation 112" of 1945 giving the Minister of Defence extraordinary powers of deportation for accused infiltrators even before they are convicted (Articles 30 & 32), and makes itself subject to cancellation when the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> ends the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Emergency">State of Emergency</a> upon which all of the Emergency Regulations are dependent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_and_property_laws">Land and property laws</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_land_and_property_laws" title="Israeli land and property laws">Israeli land and property laws</a></div> <p>Following its <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">establishment</a>, Israel designed a system of law that legitimised both a continuation and a consolidation of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> of land and property, a process that it had begun decades earlier. For the first few years of Israel's existence, many of the new laws continued to be rooted in earlier <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Law">Ottoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom law">British law</a>. These laws were later amended or replaced altogether. </p><p>The first challenge facing Israel was to transform its control over land into legal ownership. This was the motivation underlying the passing of several of the first group of land laws.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Initial_"Emergency_Laws"_and_"Regulations""><span id="Initial_.22Emergency_Laws.22_and_.22Regulations.22"></span>Initial "Emergency Laws" and "Regulations"</h4></div> <p>Among the more important initial laws was article 125 of the "Defence (Emergency) Regulations"<sup id="cite_ref-Kirshbaum,_David_A._2007_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirshbaum,_David_A._2007-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Kirshbaum, the Law has as effect that "no one is allowed in or out without permission from the Israeli Military." "This regulation has been used to exclude a land owner from his own land so that it could be judged as unoccupied, and then expropriated under the 'Land Acquisition (Validation of Acts and Compensation) Law (1953)'. Closures need not be published in the Official Gazette."<sup id="cite_ref-Kirshbaum,_David_A._2007_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirshbaum,_David_A._2007-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Absentees'_Property_Laws"><span id="Absentees.27_Property_Laws"></span>Absentees' Property Laws</h4></div> <p>The Absentees' Property Laws were several laws, first introduced as emergency ordinances issued by the Jewish leadership but which after the war were incorporated into the laws of Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As examples of the first type of laws are the "Emergency Regulations (Absentees' Property) Law, 5709-1948 (December)", which according to article 37 of the "Absentees Property Law, 5710-1950" was replaced by the latter;<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "Emergency Regulations (Requisition of Property) Law, 5709-1949", and other related laws.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to COHRE and BADIL (p. 41), unlike other laws that were designed to establish Israel's "legal" control over lands, this body of law focused on formulating a "legal" definition for the people (mostly Arabs) who had left or been forced to flee from these lands. </p><p>The absentee property played an enormous role in making Israel a viable state. In 1954, more than one third of Israel's Jewish population lived on absentee property and nearly a third of the new immigrants (250,000 people) settled in urban areas abandoned by Arabs. Of 370 new Jewish settlements established between 1948 and 1953, 350 were on absentee property.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The absentee property law is directly linked to the controversy of parallelism between the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries</a> and the Palestinian exodus, as advocacy groups have suggested that there are strong ties between the two processes and some of them even claim that decoupling the two issues is unjust.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, al-Husseini, Palestinian governor of East Jerusalem in the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), has said that the Israeli law "is racist and imperialistic, which aims at seizing thousands of acres and properties of lands".<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Laws_enacted">Laws enacted</h4></div> <p>A number of Israeli laws were enacted that enabled the further acquisition of depopulated lands. Among these laws were: </p> <ul><li>The "Land (Acquisition for Public Purposes) Ordinance (1943)". To authorise the confiscation of lands for Government and public purposes.</li> <li>The "Prescription Law, 5718-1958". According to COHRE and BADIL (p. 44), this law, in conjunction with the "Land (Settlement of Title) Ordinance (Amendment) Law, 5720-1960", the "Land (Settlement of Title) Ordinance (New Version), 5729-1969" and the "Land Law, 5729-1969", was designed to revise criteria related to the use and registration of Miri lands—one of the most prevalent types in Palestine—and to facilitate Israel's acquisition of such land.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Israeli_censorship_of_documents">Israeli censorship of documents</h2></div> <p>The Israeli government has systematically scoured Israeli archives to remove documents evidencing Israeli massacres of Palestinian villagers in 1947 and 1948 that led to the Palestinian exodus.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nakba_denial" title="Nakba denial">Nakba denial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></div> <p>In the first decades after the exodus, two diametrically opposed schools of analysis could be distinguished.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ian_Black_(journalist)" title="Ian Black (journalist)">Ian Black</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> noted in 2010 that the events of the Nakba were by that point "widely described" as involving <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ian_Black-2010_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ian_Black-2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Israeli documents from 1948 themselves using the term "to cleanse" when referring to uprooting Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all historians accept this characterization.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Efraim_Karsh" title="Efraim Karsh">Efraim Karsh</a> is among the few historians who still consider that most of the Arabs who fled left of their own accord or were pressured to leave by their fellow Arabs, despite Israeli attempts to convince them to stay. He says that the expulsions in Lod and Ramle were driven by military necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestinian_narrative">Palestinian narrative</h3></div> <p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a>" was first applied to the events of 1948 by <a href="/wiki/Constantin_Zureiq" title="Constantin Zureiq">Constantin Zureiq</a>, a professor of history at the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut" title="American University of Beirut">American University of Beirut</a>, in his 1948 book "Ma'na al-Nakba" (The Meaning of the Disaster) he wrote "the tragic aspect of the Nakba is related to the fact that it is not a regular misfortune or a temporal evil, but a Disaster in the very essence of the word, one of the most difficult that Arabs have ever known over their long history."<sup id="cite_ref-Honaida_Ghanim-2009_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honaida_Ghanim-2009-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word was used again one year later by the Palestinian poet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burhan_al-Deen_al-Abushi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burhan al-Deen al-Abushi (page does not exist)">Burhan al-Deen al-Abushi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Honaida_Ghanim-2009_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honaida_Ghanim-2009-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his encyclopedia published in the late 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Aref_al-Aref" title="Aref al-Aref">Aref al-Aref</a> wrote: "How Can I call it but Nakba? When we the Arab people generally and the Palestinians particularly, faced such a disaster (Nakba) that we never faced like it along the centuries, our homeland was sealed, we [were] expelled from our country, and we lost many of our beloved sons."<sup id="cite_ref-Honaida_Ghanim-2009_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honaida_Ghanim-2009-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nimr_al-Hawari" title="Muhammad Nimr al-Hawari">Muhammad Nimr al-Hawari</a> also used the term Nakba in the title of his book "Sir al Nakba" (The Secret behind the Disaster) written in 1955. After the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> in 1967, Zureiq wrote another book, <i>The New Meaning of the Disaster</i>, but the term Nakba is reserved for the 1948 war. </p><p>Together with <a href="/wiki/Naji_al-Ali" title="Naji al-Ali">Naji al-Ali</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Handala" title="Handala">Handala</a>" (the barefoot child always drawn from behind), and the symbolic key for the house in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> carried by so many Palestinian refugees, the "collective memory of that experience [the Nakba] has shaped the identity of the Palestinian refugees as a people".<sup id="cite_ref-Bowker,_2003,_p._96_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowker,_2003,_p._96-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The events of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War greatly influenced the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian culture">Palestinian culture</a>. Countless books, songs and poems have been written about the Nakba. The exodus is usually described in strongly emotional terms. For example, at the controversial 2001 <a href="/wiki/World_Conference_Against_Racism" class="mw-redirect" title="World Conference Against Racism">World Conference Against Racism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, prominent Palestinian scholar and activist <a href="/wiki/Hanan_Ashrawi" title="Hanan Ashrawi">Hanan Ashrawi</a> referred to the Palestinians as "...a nation in captivity held hostage to an <a href="/wiki/Ongoing_Nakba" title="Ongoing Nakba">ongoing Nakba</a>, as the most intricate and pervasive expression of persistent colonialism, <i>apartheid</i>, racism, and victimization" (original emphasis).<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Palestinian calendar, the day after Israel declared independence (15 May) is observed as <a href="/wiki/Nakba_Day" title="Nakba Day">Nakba Day</a>. It is traditionally observed as an important day of remembrance.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowker,_2003,_p._96_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowker,_2003,_p._96-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2009 the political party headed by Israeli foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Avigdor_Lieberman" title="Avigdor Lieberman">Avigdor Lieberman</a> introduced a bill that would outlaw all Nakba commemorations, with a three-year prison sentence for such acts of remembrance.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following public criticism the bill draft was changed, the prison sentence dropped and instead the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Finance (Israel)">Minister of Finance</a> would have the authority to reduce state funding for Israeli institutions that hold the commemorations. The new draft was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> in March 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ghada_Karmi" title="Ghada Karmi">Ghada Karmi</a> writes that the Israeli version of history is that the "Palestinians left voluntarily or under orders from their leaders and that Israelis had no responsibility, material or moral, for their plight." She also finds a <a href="/wiki/Nakba_denial" title="Nakba denial">form of denial</a> among Israelis that Palestinians bear the blame for the Nakba by not accepting the UN's <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">proposed partition</a> of Palestine into separate ethnic states.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Perry Anderson</a> writes that "the Nakba was so swift and catastrophic that no Palestinian political organization of any kind existed for over a decade after it."<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli_narrative">Israeli narrative</h3></div> <p>The approach of the State of Israel and of Israeli-Jews to the causes of the exodus are divided into two main periods: 1949 – late 1970s, late 1970s – present (a period characterized by the advent of the <a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a>). </p><p>Beginning in 1949, the dominant Israeli narrative was presented in the publications of various Israeli state institutions such as the national Information Center, the Ministry of Education (history and civic textbooks) and the army (IDF), as well as in Israeli-Jewish societal institutions: newspapers, memoirs of 1948 war veterans, and in the studies of the research community.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were some exceptions: the independent weekly <i><a href="/wiki/Haolam_Hazeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Haolam Hazeh">Haolam Hazeh</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Maki_(historical_political_party)" title="Maki (historical political party)">Communist Party</a>'s daily/weekly <i><a href="/wiki/Kol_HaAm" title="Kol HaAm">Kol HaAm</a></i> and the socialist organisation <a href="/wiki/Matzpen" title="Matzpen">Matzpen</a> presented the Palestinian and the balanced/critical narratives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A number of Jewish scholars living outside of Israel – including Gabbay and Peretz – since the late 1950s also presented a different narrative. According to this narrative, some Palestinians left willingly while others were expelled by the Jewish and later Israeli fighting forces.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changes_from_the_late_1970s">Changes from the late 1970s</h4></div> <p>The dominance in Israel of the willing-flight Zionist narrative of the exodus began to be challenged by Israeli-Jewish societal institutions beginning mainly in the late 1970s. Many scholarly studies and daily newspaper essays, as well as some 1948 Jewish war veterans' memoirs have begun presenting the more balanced narrative (at times called the "post-Zionist" view). According to this narrative, some Palestinians left willingly (due to calls of Arab or their leadership to partially leave, fear, and <a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">societal collapse</a>), while others were expelled by the Jewish/Israeli fighting forces.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the late 1970s onwards, many newspaper articles and scholarly studies, as well as some 1948 war veterans' memoirs, began to present the balanced/critical narrative. This has become more common since the late 1980s, to the point that since then the vast majority of newspaper articles and studies, and a third of the veterans' memoirs, have presented a more balanced narrative. Since the 1990s, also textbooks used in the educational system, some without approval of the Ministry of Education, began to present the balanced narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Israeli-Jewish societal change intensified in the late 1980s. The publication of balanced/critical newspaper essays increased, the vast majority, along with balanced 1948 war veterans' memoirs, about a third. At the same time, Israeli NGOs began more significantly to present the balanced and the Palestinian narratives more significantly in their publications.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Israel opened up part of its archives in the 1980s for investigation by historians. This coincided with the emergence of various Israeli historians, called <a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a> who favored a more critical analysis of Israel's history. The Arab/Palestinian official and historiographical versions hardly changed,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and received support from some of the New Historians. Pappé calls the exodus an ethnic cleansing and points at Zionist preparations in the preceding years and provides more details on the planning process by a group he calls the "Consultancy".<sup id="cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pappe2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morris also says that ethnic cleansing took place during the Palestinian exodus, and that "there are circumstances in history that justify ethnic cleansing... when the choice is between ethnic cleansing and genocide—the annihilation of your people—I prefer ethnic cleansing."<sup id="cite_ref-Shavit_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shavit-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pappé's scholarship on the issue has been subject to severe criticism. <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a> says that Pappé's research is flecked with inaccuracies and characterized by distortions.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Karsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephraim Karsh">Ephraim Karsh</a> refers to Pappé's assertion of a master plan by Jews to expel Arabs, as contrived.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his part, <a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Avi Shlaim</a>—who has been described by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> as "the most classical" and "the most mainstream" of the New Historians<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—has been critical of Benny Morris, saying that, since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a>, Morris's scholarship has "veered from the leftwing to the rightwing end" and that "racist undertones" against Arabs and Palestinians has become a characteristic of his work.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of Karsh, Shlaim has written that he gives "a selective and tendentious account designed to exonerate the Jewish side of any responsibility" for some of the events that took place in 1948 and that he engages in "distort[ion] and misrepresent[ation of] the work of his opponents".<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2015, <a href="/wiki/Shai_Piron" title="Shai Piron">Shai Piron</a>, Yesh Atid party MK, and former education minister of Israel, called for Israel to have all schools include the Nakba in their curriculum. "I'm for teaching the Nakba to all students in Israel. I do not think that a student can go through the Israeli educational system, while 20% of students have an ethos, a story, and he does not know that story." He added that covering the topic in schools could address some of the racial tensions that exist in Israeli society. His comments broke a taboo in the traditional Israeli narrative, and conflicts with efforts on the part of some Israeli lawmakers to defund schools that mark Nakba.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1948 Palestinian exodus has also drawn comparisons with the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries</a>, which involved the departure, flight, migration, and expulsion of 800,000–1,000,000 Jews from <a href="/wiki/Arab_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab countries">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim countries">Muslim countries</a> between 1948 and the 1970s. In three resolutions between 2007 and 2012 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/house-resolution/185">H.Res. 185</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/110th-congress/senate-resolution/85">S.Res. 85</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/112th-congress/house-bill/6242">H.R. 6242</a>), the US Congress called on the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Barack Obama administration</a> to "pair any explicit reference to Palestinian refugees with a similar reference to Jewish or other refugee populations".<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Porath" title="Yehoshua Porath">Yehoshua Porath</a> has rejected the comparison, arguing that the ideological and historical significance of the two population movements are totally different and that any similarity is superficial. Porath says that the immigration of Jews from Arab countries to Israel, expelled or not, was from a Jewish-Zionist perspective the fulfilment of "a national dream" and of Israeli national policy in the form of the <a href="/wiki/One_Million_Plan" title="One Million Plan">One Million Plan</a>. He notes the efforts of Israeli agents working in Arab countries, including those of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency</a> in various Arab countries since the 1930s, to assist a Jewish "<a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a>". Porath contrasts this with what he calls the "national calamity" and "unending personal tragedies" suffered by the Palestinians that resulted in "the collapse of the Palestinian community, the fragmentation of a people, and the loss of a country that had in the past been mostly Arabic-speaking and Islamic".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Israeli academic <a href="/wiki/Yehouda_Shenhav" title="Yehouda Shenhav">Yehouda Shenhav</a> has written in an article entitled "Hitching A Ride on the Magic Carpet" published in the Israeli daily <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i> regarding this issue. "<a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Hillel" title="Shlomo Hillel">Shlomo Hillel</a>, a government minister and an active Zionist in Iraq, adamantly opposed the analogy: "I don't regard the departure of Jews from Arab lands as that of refugees. They came here because they wanted to, as Zionists."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In a Knesset hearing, <a href="/wiki/Ran_Cohen" title="Ran Cohen">Ran Cohen</a> stated emphatically: "I have this to say: I am not a refugee." He added: "I came at the behest of Zionism, due to the pull that this land exerts, and due to the idea of redemption. Nobody is going to define me as a refugee."<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_of_the_Israeli_approach">Criticism of the Israeli approach</h4></div> <p>An ongoing scholarly critique of the Israeli narratives about the events of 1948 is the overreliance of Israeli historians on Israeli official documents and archival sources.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American historian <a href="/wiki/Rosemarie_Esber" title="Rosemarie Esber">Rosemarie Esber</a>, an expert on Arab oral history, has argued that the often "excessive or even exclusive reliance on Israeli archives", even by the New Historians, with the exception of Ilan Pappé, has "limited their narratives and conclusions".<sup id="cite_ref-Masalha-2009_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masalha-2009-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, <a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a> has pointed out that the archives of the Arab states, including those of the main Arab political parties, royal courts, and armies, all remain closed and that historians are forced to rely primarily on Western and Israeli documentation.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Films">Films</h2></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Nakba:_The_Palestinian_Catastrophe_1948" title="Al-Nakba: The Palestinian Catastrophe 1948">Al-Nakba: The Palestinian Catastrophe 1948</a></i> (1997), a documentary film by Benny Brunner and Alexandra Jansse that follows the events surrounding the creation of the Palestinian refugee problem.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/500_Dunam_on_the_Moon" title="500 Dunam on the Moon">500 Dunam on the Moon</a></i> (2002), a documentary film directed by <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Leah_Jones" title="Rachel Leah Jones">Rachel Leah Jones</a> about <a href="/wiki/Ein_Hod" title="Ein Hod">Ayn Hawd</a>, a Palestinian village that was captured and depopulated by Israeli forces in the 1948 war.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sons_of_Eilaboun" title="The Sons of Eilaboun">The Sons of Eilaboun</a></i> (2007), a documentary film by <a href="/wiki/Hisham_Zreiq" title="Hisham Zreiq">Hisham Zreiq</a> that tells the story of the exodus and return of a small Palestinian village called <a href="/wiki/Eilaboun" class="mw-redirect" title="Eilaboun">Eilaboun</a> in 1948.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Promise_(2011_TV_mini-series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Promise (2011 TV mini-series)">The Promise</a></i> (2011), a British mini-series written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kosminsky" title="Peter Kosminsky">Peter Kosminsky</a> that deals with a young woman going to Israel in the present day and using her visit to investigate her soldier grandfather's part in the post-war phase of the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate Palestine">British Mandate of Palestine</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farha_(film)" title="Farha (film)">Farha</a></i> (2022), a historical drama film directed by <a href="/wiki/Darin_J._Sallam" title="Darin J. Sallam">Darin J. Sallam</a> about a Palestinian girl's experience during the Nakba, based on a true story she was told as a child about a girl named Radieh.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boy_sister_school_nakba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Makeshift school for Palestinian refugees"><img alt="Makeshift school for Palestinian refugees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Boy_sister_school_nakba.jpg/120px-Boy_sister_school_nakba.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Boy_sister_school_nakba.jpg/180px-Boy_sister_school_nakba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Boy_sister_school_nakba.jpg/240px-Boy_sister_school_nakba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="553" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Makeshift school for Palestinian refugees</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_nakba_dress_jug.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palestinian woman, a child and a jug[citation needed]"><img alt="Palestinian woman, a child and a jug[citation needed]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Woman_nakba_dress_jug.jpg/87px-Woman_nakba_dress_jug.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Woman_nakba_dress_jug.jpg/131px-Woman_nakba_dress_jug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Woman_nakba_dress_jug.jpg/174px-Woman_nakba_dress_jug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Palestinian woman, a child and a jug<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldman_girl_nakba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Refugees in the open, 1948[citation needed]"><img alt="Refugees in the open, 1948[citation needed]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Oldman_girl_nakba.jpg/120px-Oldman_girl_nakba.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Oldman_girl_nakba.jpg/180px-Oldman_girl_nakba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Oldman_girl_nakba.jpg/240px-Oldman_girl_nakba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="509" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Refugees in the open, 1948<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olddman_boy_nakba.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old and young in the entrance of a tent, 1948[citation needed]"><img alt="Old and young in the entrance of a tent, 1948[citation needed]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Olddman_boy_nakba.jpg/86px-Olddman_boy_nakba.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Olddman_boy_nakba.jpg/129px-Olddman_boy_nakba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Olddman_boy_nakba.jpg/172px-Olddman_boy_nakba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1044" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Old and young in the entrance of a tent, 1948<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/48px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/64px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Palestine" title="Portal:Palestine">Palestine portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949%E2%80%931956_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1949–1956 Palestinian exodus">1949–1956 Palestinian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="1967 Palestinian exodus">1967 Palestinian exodus (Naksa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_diaspora" title="Arab diaspora">Arab diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_diaspora" title="Palestinian diaspora">Palestinian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_exodus_from_Kuwait_(Gulf_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian exodus from Kuwait (Gulf War)">Palestinian exodus from Kuwait (Gulf War)</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Namely <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHazkani2019" class="citation book cs1">Hazkani, Shay (2019). <i>Dear Palestine A Social History of the 1948 War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-2766-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-2766-6"><bdi>978-1-5036-2766-6</bdi></a>. <q>It is noteworthy that the aforementioned silk gloves were not invoked when discussing the Palestinian "exodus," i.e., the expulsion and flight of hundreds of thousands of Palestinians, which became a pressing concern in the months following the adoption of Plan D (tokhnit dalet) by the Haganah's general staff in March 1948.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dear+Palestine+A+Social+History+of+the+1948+War&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-2766-6&rft.aulast=Hazkani&rft.aufirst=Shay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarfCharles2020" class="citation book cs1">Warf, C.; Charles, G. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=irzhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA384"><i>Clinical Care for Homeless, Runaway and Refugee Youth: Intervention Approaches, Education and Research Directions</i></a>. Springer International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-40675-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-40675-2"><bdi>978-3-030-40675-2</bdi></a>. <q>By 1948, the majority of Palestinians, about 700,000 to 800,000 people from 500 to 600 villages, were displaced. They were either expelled or fled from their homes for fear of being killed, as had actually taken place in a number of villages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clinical+Care+for+Homeless%2C+Runaway+and+Refugee+Youth%3A+Intervention+Approaches%2C+Education+and+Research+Directions&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-40675-2&rft.aulast=Warf&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Charles%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DirzhDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerber2008" class="citation book cs1">Gerber, H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-eMDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA189"><i>Remembering and Imagining Palestine: Identity and Nationalism from the Crusades to the Present</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a> UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-58391-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-58391-7"><bdi>978-0-230-58391-7</bdi></a>. <q>One of the more important consequences of the 1948 war was the expulsion and/or flight of some 750,000 Palestinians from their homes inside Israel, and the refusal of Israel to allow them to return, despite an express UN decision calling on it to do so. ... About 750,000 of the 900,000 strong Palestinian population were expelled, or fled, all completely terrorized and fearing for their lives</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+and+Imagining+Palestine%3A+Identity+and+Nationalism+from+the+Crusades+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-58391-7&rft.aulast=Gerber&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7-eMDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen-OvertonSchmidtHersh2010" class="citation book cs1">Petersen-Overton, Kristofer J.; Schmidt, Johannes D.; Hersh, Jacques (27 September 2010). "3. Retooling Peace Philosophy: A Critical Look at Israel's Separation Strategy". In Carter, Candice C.; Kumar, Ravindra (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37602648"><i>Peace Philosophy in Action</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230112995">10.1057/9780230112995</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11299-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11299-5"><bdi>978-0-230-11299-5</bdi></a>. <q>as scores of historical documentation has since revealed, the Yishuv encouraged the flight or directly forced 750,000 Palestinians (more than 80 percent of the population at the time) from their homeland in 1948 and destroyed 531 Palestinian villages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+Retooling+Peace+Philosophy%3A+A+Critical+Look+at+Israel%E2%80%99s+Separation+Strategy&rft.btitle=Peace+Philosophy+in+Action&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010-09-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230112995&rft.isbn=978-0-230-11299-5&rft.aulast=Petersen-Overton&rft.aufirst=Kristofer+J.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Johannes+D.&rft.au=Hersh%2C+Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37602648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatour2015" class="citation book cs1">Natour, Ghaleb (2015). "The Nakba—Flight and Expulsion of the Palestinians in 1948". In Hoppe, Andreas (ed.). <i>Catastrophes Views from Natural and Human Sciences</i>. Springer. p. 81. <q>The Nakba is a catastrophe describing "the expulsion and flight of the Palestinians which reached its peak in 1948"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nakba%E2%80%94Flight+and+Expulsion+of+the+Palestinians+in+1948&rft.btitle=Catastrophes+Views+from+Natural+and+Human+Sciences&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Natour&rft.aufirst=Ghaleb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater2020" class="citation book cs1">Slater, Jerome (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1AAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA406"><i>Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917-2020</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045908-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045908-6"><bdi>978-0-19-045908-6</bdi></a>. <q>There is no serious dispute among Israeli, Palestinian, or other historians about the central facts of the Nakba. All of the leading Israeli New Historians—particularly Morris, Shlaim, Pappé, and Flapan—extensively examined the issue and revealed the facts. Other accounts have reached the same conclusions. For example, see Ben-Ami, "A War to Start All Wars"; Rashid Khalidi, "The Palestinians and 1948"; Walid Khalidi, "Why Did the Palestinians Leave, Revisited"; Masalha, Expulsion of the Palestinians; Raz, Bride and the Dowry. Reviewing the evidence marshaled by Morris and others, Tom Segev concluded that "most of the Arabs in the country, approximately 400,000, were chased out and expelled during the first stage of the war. In other words, before the Arab armies invaded the country" (Haaretz, 18 July 2010). Other estimates have varied concerning the number of Palestinians who fled or were expelled before the May 1948 Arab state attack; Morris estimated the number to be 250,000–300,000 (The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, 262); Tessler puts it at 300,000 (A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 279); Pappé's estimate is 380,000 (The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 96). In another recent review of the evidence, the Israeli historian Daniel Blatman estimates the number to be about 500,000 (Blatman, "Netanyahu, This Is What Ethnic Cleansing Really Looks Like"). Whatever the exact number, even Israeli "Old Historians" now admit that during the 1948 war, the Israeli armed forces drove out many of the Palestinians, though they emphasized the action as a military "necessity." For example, see Anita Shapira, Israel: A History, 167–68. In July 2019, the Israeli government sought to cover up the extensive documentary evidence in its state archives that revealed detailed evidence about the extent of the Nakba—even the evidence that had already been published by newspapers and Israeli historians. A Haaretz investigation of the attempted cover-up concluded: "Since early last decade, Defense Ministry teams have scoured local archives and removed troves of historic documents to conceal proof of the Nakba, including Israeli eyewitness reports at the time" (Shezaf, "Burying the Nakba: How Israel Systematically Hides Evidence of 1948 Expulsion of Arabs").</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythologies+Without+End%3A+The+US%2C+Israel%2C+and+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict%2C+1917-2020&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-045908-6&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy1AAEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-44114385">"Why Nakba is the Palestinians' most sombre day, in 100 and 300 words"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 15 May 2018. <q>up to 750,000 Palestinians who had lived on that land fled or were expelled from their homes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Nakba+is+the+Palestinians%27+most+sombre+day%2C+in+100+and+300+words&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-44114385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbish2018" class="citation web cs1">Ibish, Hussein (14 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/05/the-meaning-of-nakba-israel-palestine-1948-gaza/560294/">"A 'Catastrophe' That Defines Palestinian Identity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <q>the overwhelming majority of Palestinian Arabs, perhaps 700,000 to 800,000 people, had either fled or been expelled</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=A+%27Catastrophe%27+That+Defines+Palestinian+Identity&rft.date=2018-05-14&rft.aulast=Ibish&rft.aufirst=Hussein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2018%2F05%2Fthe-meaning-of-nakba-israel-palestine-1948-gaza%2F560294%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowallPalley1987" class="citation book cs1">McDowall, David; Palley, Claire (1987). <i>The Palestinians</i>. <a href="/wiki/Minority_Rights_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Minority Rights Group">Minority Rights Group</a> Report no 24. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946690-42-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-946690-42-8"><bdi>978-0-946690-42-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestinians&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Minority+Rights+Group+Report+no+24&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-946690-42-8&rft.aulast=McDowall&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Palley%2C+Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israeli historians generally believe they are both ideologically and empirically impartial, and that the only reliable sources for the reconstruction of the 1948 war are in Israeli official documents and the archives of the Israel Defense Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Masalha-2009_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masalha-2009-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honaida Ghanim, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40608203"><i>Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, Gender, and Social Change Among Palestinian Poets in Israel After Nakba,</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106040944/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40608203">Archived</a> 6 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Politics,_Culture,_and_Society" title="International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society">International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society</a> March 2009 Vol. 22, No. 1 pp.23-39 p.37 Stern, Yoav (13 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.4979391">"Palestinian refugees, Israeli left-wingers mark Nakba"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517035746/https://www.haaretz.com/1.4979391">Archived</a> 17 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.badil.org/Publications/badil-nakba-60-info-packet/index.html">Nakba 60</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612162136/http://www.badil.org/Publications/badil-nakba-60-info-packet/index.html">Archived</a> 12 June 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency and Refugee Rights; Cleveland, William L. <i>A History of the Modern Middle East</i>, Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004, p. 270. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4047-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4047-0">978-0-8133-4047-0</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhanim2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ghanim, Honaida (March 2009). "Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, Gender, and Social Change Among Palestinian Poets in Israel After Nakba". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Politics,_Culture,_and_Society" title="International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society">International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society</a></i>. <b>22</b> (1): 23–39 [25–26]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10767-009-9049-9">10.1007/s10767-009-9049-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0891-4486">0891-4486</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40608203">40608203</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144148068">144148068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Politics%2C+Culture%2C+and+Society&rft.atitle=Poetics+of+Disaster%3A+Nationalism%2C+Gender%2C+and+Social+Change+Among+Palestinian+Poets+in+Israel+After+Nakba&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-39+25-26&rft.date=2009-03&rft.issn=0891-4486&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144148068%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40608203%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10767-009-9049-9&rft.aulast=Ghanim&rft.aufirst=Honaida&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisKedar2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a>; <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Z._Kedar" title="Benjamin Z. Kedar">Kedar, Benjamin Z.</a> (19 September 2022). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Cast thy bread': Israeli biological warfare during the 1948 War". <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies_(journal)" title="Middle Eastern Studies (journal)">Middle Eastern Studies</a></i>. <b>59</b> (5): 1–25 [2–3]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2022.2122448">10.1080/00263206.2022.2122448</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252389726">252389726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Cast+thy+bread%27%3A+Israeli+biological+warfare+during+the+1948+War&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1-25+2-3&rft.date=2022-09-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2022.2122448&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252389726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft.au=Kedar%2C+Benjamin+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pappe2006-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pappe2006_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ilan Pappé, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bardi, Ariel Sophia (March 2016). "The "Architectural Cleansing" of Palestine". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Anthropologist" title="American Anthropologist">American Anthropologist</a></i>. <b>118</b> (1): 165–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Faman.12520">10.1111/aman.12520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+%22Architectural+Cleansing%22+of+Palestine&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=165-171&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Faman.12520&rft.aulast=Bardi&rft.aufirst=Ariel+Sophia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedahzurPerliger2010" class="citation book cs1">Pedahzur, Ami; Perliger, Arie (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eqrbWrjrvDAC&pg=PA356">"The Consequences of Counterterrorist Policies in Israel"</a>. In Crenshaw, Martha (ed.). <i>The Consequences of Counterterrorism</i>. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. p. 356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87154-073-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87154-073-7"><bdi>978-0-87154-073-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Consequences+of+Counterterrorist+Policies+in+Israel&rft.btitle=The+Consequences+of+Counterterrorism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Russell+Sage+Foundation&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-87154-073-7&rft.aulast=Pedahzur&rft.aufirst=Ami&rft.au=Perliger%2C+Arie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeqrbWrjrvDAC%26pg%3DPA356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nur-eldeen_Masalha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur-eldeen Masalha">Masalha, Nur</a> (1992). <i>Expulsion of the Palestinians</i>. Institute for Palestine Studies, this edition 2001, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Khalidi, Rashid</a> (September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQx8u8MN13AC&pg=PA21"><i>Palestinian identity: the construction of modern national consciousness</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 21–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10515-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10515-6"><bdi>978-0-231-10515-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114054409/https://books.google.com/books?id=pQx8u8MN13AC&pg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2016</span>. <q>In 1948 half of Palestine's ... Arabs were uprooted from their homes and became refugees</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+identity%3A+the+construction+of+modern+national+consciousness&rft.pages=21-&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998-09&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10515-6&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpQx8u8MN13AC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gelber 2006, p. 137: "Drawn into the war by the collapse of the Palestinians and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Army" title="Arab Liberation Army">ALA</a>, the Arab governments' primary goal was preventing the Palestinians' total ruin and the flooding of their own countries by more refugees."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Hogan (2001). <i>The 1948 Massacre at Deir Yassin Revisited</i>: "Meanwhile, the subsequent May 1948 outbreak of regional war between the newly declared state of Israel and the Arab states, beginning the prolonged Arab-Israeli conflict, was contemporaneously explained by Arab League chief <a href="/wiki/Azzam_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Azzam Pasha">Azzam Pasha</a> in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin incident</a>: "The massacre of Deir Yassin was to a great extent the cause of the wrath of the Arab nations and the most important factor for sending [in] the Arab armies."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slater, Jerome (2020). Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917-2020. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-19-045908-6. "There is no serious dispute among Israeli, Palestinian, or other historians about the central facts of the Nakba. All of the leading Israeli New Historians—particularly Morris, Shlaim, Pappé, and Flapan—extensively examined the issue and revealed the facts. Other accounts have reached the same conclusions. For example, see Ben-Ami, "A War to Start All Wars"; Rashid Khalidi, "The Palestinians and 1948"; Walid Khalidi, "Why Did the Palestinians Leave, Revisited"; Masalha, Expulsion of the Palestinians; Raz, Bride and the Dowry. Reviewing the evidence marshaled by Morris and others, Tom Segev concluded that "most of the Arabs in the country, approximately 400,000, were chased out and expelled during the first stage of the war. In other words, before the Arab armies invaded the country" (Haaretz, 18 July 2010). Other estimates have varied concerning the number of Palestinians who fled or were expelled before the May 1948 Arab state attack; Morris estimated the number to be 250,000–300,000 (The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, 262); Tessler puts it at 300,000 (A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, 279); Pappé's estimate is 380,000 (The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 96). In another recent review of the evidence, the Israeli historian Daniel Blatman estimates the number to be about 500,000 (Blatman, "Netanyahu, This Is What Ethnic Cleansing Really Looks Like"). Whatever the exact number, even Israeli "Old Historians" now admit that during the 1948 war, the Israeli armed forces drove out many of the Palestinians, though they emphasized the action as a military "necessity." For example, see Anita Shapira, Israel: A History, 167–68. In July 2019, the Israeli government sought to cover up the extensive documentary evidence in its state archives that revealed detailed evidence about the extent of the Nakba—even the evidence that had already been published by newspapers and Israeli historians. A Haaretz investigation of the attempted cover-up concluded: "Since early last decade, Defense Ministry teams have scoured local archives and removed troves of historic documents to conceal proof of the Nakba, including Israeli eyewitness reports at the time" (Shezaf, "Burying the Nakba: How Israel Systematically Hides Evidence of 1948 Expulsion of Arabs").”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abu-Laban, Yasmeen; Bakan, Abigail B. (July 2022). "Anti-Palestinian Racism and Racial Gaslighting". <i>The Political Quarterly</i>, Vol. 93, Issue 3, p. 511: "Palestinians have long known what happened to them in 1948 and its very human costs. However, the work of the 'new' (or revisionist) Israeli historians from the late 1970s also challenged the official state narrative of a miraculous wartime victory through access to material in the Israeli archives. This has established what Ilan Pappé has summarised as the 'ethnic cleansing of Palestine', a process involving massacres and expulsions at gunpoint. In light of the ever-growing historiography, serious scholarship has left little debate about what happened in 1948. [...] However, Nakba denial remains a political issue of the highest order.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laila Parsons, McGill University, 2009, Review of Ilan Pappé's 'The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine', "Ilan Pappe has added another work to the many that have already been written in English on the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the expulsion of more than 750,000 Palestinians from their homes. These include works by Walid Khalidi, Simha Flapan, Nafez Nazzal, Benny Morris, Nur Masalha, and Norman Finkelstein, among others. All but one of these authors (Morris) would probably agree with Pappe’s position that what happened to the Palestinians in 1948 fits the definition of ethnic cleansing, and it certainly is not news to Palestinians themselves, who have always known what happened to them." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.mcgill.ca/islamicstudies/files/islamicstudies/parsons.pappe_.review.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ian_Black-2010-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ian_Black-2010_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ian_Black-2010_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Black2010" class="citation news cs1">Ian Black (26 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/26/palestinian-refugees-middle-east-conflict">"Memories and maps keep alive Palestinian hopes of return"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120173426/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/26/palestinian-refugees-middle-east-conflict">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Memories+and+maps+keep+alive+Palestinian+hopes+of+return&rft.date=2010-11-26&rft.au=Ian+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fnov%2F26%2Fpalestinian-refugees-middle-east-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shavit-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shavit_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shavit_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shavit, Ari. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logosjournal.com/morris.htm">"Survival of the Fittest? An Interview with Benny Morris"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905113719/http://www.logosjournal.com/morris.htm">Archived</a> 5 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Logos. Winter 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatas2005" class="citation book cs1">Matas, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYR7SqcMe9gC&pg=PA56"><i>Aftershock: anti-zionism and anti-semitism</i></a>. Dundurn Press Ltd. pp. 555–558. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-553-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55002-553-8"><bdi>978-1-55002-553-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240703040549/https://books.google.com/books?id=DYR7SqcMe9gC&pg=PA56#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aftershock%3A+anti-zionism+and+anti-semitism&rft.pages=555-558&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55002-553-8&rft.aulast=Matas&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDYR7SqcMe9gC%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenvenis'tî2002" class="citation book cs1">Benvenis'tî, Mêrôn (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7itq6zYtSJwC&pg=PA124"><i>Sacred landscape: the buried history of the Holy Land since 1948</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 124–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23422-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23422-2"><bdi>978-0-520-23422-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240703040549/https://books.google.com/books?id=7itq6zYtSJwC&pg=PA124#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+landscape%3A+the+buried+history+of+the+Holy+Land+since+1948&rft.pages=124-127&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23422-2&rft.aulast=Benvenis%27t%C3%AE&rft.aufirst=M%C3%AAr%C3%B4n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7itq6zYtSJwC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benny Morris (21 February 2008). "Benny Morris on fact, fiction, & propaganda about 1948". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jeffweintraub.blogspot.com/2008/02/benny-morris-on-fact-fiction-propaganda.html">reported by Jeff Weintraub</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207221932/http://jeffweintraub.blogspot.com/2008/02/benny-morris-on-fact-fiction-propaganda.html">Archived</a> 7 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris-2004-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-32"><sup><i><b>ag</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-33"><sup><i><b>ah</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris-2004_20-34"><sup><i><b>ai</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (2004). <i>The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81120-0"><bdi>978-0-521-81120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem+Revisited&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81120-0&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pappe, I. (1999). Were they expelled?: The history, historiography and relevance of the Palestinian refugee problem. In G. Karmi & E. Cotran (Eds.), The Palestinian exodus, 1948–1988(pp. 37–61). London: Ithaca Press – "Where expulsion failed, transfer was encouraged, by every possible means (even by setting fire to the fields of Palestinian villages considered wealthy or by cutting water supply to city neighborhoods). Weitz convinced the Israeli government in May 1948 to confiscate any looted Arab harvest for the needs of the newly born state. This policy of burning fields or confiscating them continued throughout the summer of 1948."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris 2004 "While before May, burning Arab crops was mainly a Haganah means of retaliation for Arab attacks, during May–June the destruction of the fields hardened into a set policy designed to demoralise the villagers, hurt them economically and, perhaps, precipitate their exodus."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Z._Kedar" title="Benjamin Z. Kedar">Benjamin Z. Kedar</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2022.2122448">'Cast thy bread': Israeli biological warfare during the 1948 War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305221558/https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2022.2122448">Archived</a> 5 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies_(journal)" title="Middle Eastern Studies (journal)">Middle Eastern Studies</a> 19 September 2022, pages =1-25 p.8:'The SHAI, in its report from the end of June 1948 on the causes of the Arab flight from Palestine, mentioned 'the typhus epidemic' as 'an exacerbating factor in the evacuation' in certain areas. 'More than the disease itself, it was the panic induced by the rumours of the spread of the disease in the area that was a factor in the evacuation', stated the report. In its site-by-site breakdown of the Arab flight, the report mentioned 'harassment [by the Haganah] and the typhus epidemic' as the causes of the partial exodus of the population from Acre on 6 May.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.P.D. Dunbabin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R9QFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT298"><i>The Post-Imperial Age: The Great Powers and the Wider World,</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008140853/https://books.google.com/books?id=R9QFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT298">Archived</a> 8 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89293-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-89293-9">978-1-317-89293-9</a> pp.256-258.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kodmani-Darwish, p. 126; Féron, Féron, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNRWA-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNRWA_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNRWA_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=85">"Overview"</a>. United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517065958/https://www.unrwa.org/?id=85">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overview&rft.pub=United+Nations+Relief+and+Works+Agency+for+Palestine+Refugees+%28UNRWA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrwa.org%2Fetemplate.php%3Fid%3D85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Human Rights Watch. "A Threshold Crossed," 27 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution">A Threshold Crossed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428073809/https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution">Archived</a> 28 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amnesty International. "Israel's Apartheid against Palestinians: A Cruel System of Domination and a Crime against Humanity," 1 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/02/israels-apartheid-against-palestinians-a-cruel-system-of-domination-and-a-crime-against-humanity/">Israel's Apartheid against Palestinians</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230720191349/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/02/israels-apartheid-against-palestinians-a-cruel-system-of-domination-and-a-crime-against-humanity/">Archived</a> 20 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>, <i>1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War</i>, p. 77, Yale University Press, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_General_Assembly1951" class="citation web cs1">United Nations General Assembly (23 August 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110822123836/http://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/b792301807650d6685256cef0073cb80/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883?OpenDocument">"General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/b792301807650d6685256cef0073cb80/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883?OpenDocument">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(OpenDocument)</span> on 22 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Progress+Report+and+Supplementary+Report+of+the+United+Nations+Conciliation+Commission+for+Palestine&rft.date=1951-08-23&rft.au=United+Nations+General+Assembly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2Funispal.nsf%2Fb792301807650d6685256cef0073cb80%2F93037e3b939746de8525610200567883%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flapan, 1987, p. 95; also quoted by Finkelstein, 1995, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gelber, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Gelber, p. 79)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glazer, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, 2004, p. 137, quoting Haganah Archive (HA) 105\257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ruling Palestine, A History of the Legally Sanctioned Jewish-Israeli Seizure of Land and Housing in Palestine</i>. COHRE & BADIL, May 2005, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Pappe_Ilan/Ethnic_Cleansing_Palestine.html">Excerpts from the book <i>The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509094010/https://thirdworldtraveler.com/Pappe_Ilan/Ethnic_Cleansing_Palestine.html">Archived</a> 9 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a>. Oneworld Publications, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelber2006" class="citation book cs1">Gelber, Yoav (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UcSUgrDsD_sC"><i>Palestine 1948: War, Escape And The Emergence Of The Palestinian Refugee Problem</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-075-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-075-0"><bdi>978-1-84519-075-0</bdi></a>. <q>the method for taking over an Arab village: Surround the village and search it (for weapons). In case of resistance – … expel the population beyond the border… If there is no resistance, a garrison should be stationed in the village. . . appoint local institutions for administering the village internal affairs. The text clarified unequivocally that expulsion concerned only those villages that would fight against the Hagana and resist occupation and not all Arab hamlets.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+1948%3A+War%2C+Escape+And+The+Emergence+Of+The+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84519-075-0&rft.aulast=Gelber&rft.aufirst=Yoav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUcSUgrDsD_sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sachar, Howard M. <i>A History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time</i>. New York: Knopf. 1976. p. 332. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76563-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-76563-9">978-0-679-76563-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/3714871"><i>Al-Nakba: The Palestinian Catastrophe 1948</i></a> (film). <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte</a>. 1998. Event occurs at 13:09. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118064727/https://vimeo.com/3714871">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2012</span>. <q>Only five days earlier, the entire Arab population of Tiberias, a town by the Sea of Galilee, had panicked and fled, after the defeat of their militia by the Haganah. This was the first instance of a mass Arab evacuation from a town. The Haganah commanders in Haifa were undoubtedly well aware of this precedent as their own battle unfolded.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Nakba%3A+The+Palestinian+Catastrophe+1948&rft.place=Israel%2C+Germany%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Arte&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F3714871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/3714871"><i>Al-Nakba: The Palestinian Catastrophe 1948</i></a> (film). <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte</a>. Event occurs at 13:33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118064727/https://vimeo.com/3714871">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2012</span>. <q>The Arabs for their part recalled that the Jews had <a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">massacred many of the inhabitants of a village called Deir Yassin</a> outside Jerusalem only ten days before increasing their fear and panic as Haifa fell.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Nakba%3A+The+Palestinian+Catastrophe+1948&rft.place=Israel%2C+Germany%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Arte&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F3714871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">E. Toubassi (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/3714871"><i>Al-Nakba: The Palestinian Catastrophe 1948</i></a> (film). <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte</a>. Event occurs at 23:27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211118064727/https://vimeo.com/3714871">Archived</a> from the original on 18 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2012</span>. <q>On the 25th or 26th of April, the people knew in Jaffa there was no hope. Also, the massacre in Deir Yassin or some other villages made panic among the Arab Palestinians. They started preparing for immigration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al-Nakba%3A+The+Palestinian+Catastrophe+1948&rft.place=Israel%2C+Germany%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Arte&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F3714871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Meron_Benvenisti" title="Meron Benvenisti">Meron Benvenisti</a>. <i>Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948</i>. University of California Press. 2002. p. 116. "Long afterward Menachem Begin boasted that the panic that descended on the Arabs caused them to flee from the cities of Tiberias and Haifa as well. And indeed, the consequences of this barbaric act of ethnic cleansing were far-reaching. The Deir Yasin Massacre, which was reported on over and over again in all the Arab media, inspired tremendous fear, which led many Arabs to abandon their homes as the Jewish forces drew near. There is no doubt that Deir Yasin was a turning point in the annals of the destruction of the Arab landscape."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrisKedar2023">Morris & Kedar 2023</a>, pp. 752–776, "[p. 752] Taken together, these documents revealed that the Acre and Gaza episodes were merely the tip of the iceberg in a prolonged campaign ... But bulldozing or blowing up houses and wells was deemed insufficient. With its back to the wall, the Haganah upped the ante and unleashed a clandestine campaign of poisoning certain captured village wells with bacteria – in violation of the Geneva Protocol ... The aim of <i>Cast Thy Bread</i> ... like the demolitions, was to hamper an Arab return. Over the weeks, the well-poisoning campaign was expanded to regions beyond the Tel Aviv-Jerusalem road and included Jewish settlements captured or about to be captured by Arab troops, and then to inhabited Arab towns, to facilitate their prospective conquest by the Haganah or to hinder the progress of the invading Arab armies ... [p. 768] The Yishuv’s decision to use the bacteriological weapons was taken at the highest level of the government and military and was, indeed, steered by these officers, with Ben-Gurion’s authorization, through the campaign ... [p. 769] The use of the bacteria was apparently fairly limited in Israel/Palestine during April–December 1948, and apart from Acre, seems to have caused no epidemic and few casualties. At least, that is what emerges from the available documentation."; <a href="#CITEREFNashef2018">Nashef 2018</a>, p. 143 n. 4 (quoting Pappe 2006); <a href="#CITEREFCarus2017">Carus 2017</a>, p. 145, "Some BW programs relied on extremely crude methods, about as sophisticated as those employed by some terrorist groups or criminals ... The same was true of the reported activities associated with the early Israeli program in 1948."; <a href="#CITEREFDocker2012">Docker 2012</a>, pp. 19–20, "The urbicide of May 1948 directed against the old Crusader city of Acre involved biological warfare, including poisoning of water, Pappé writing that it seems clear from Red Cross reports that the Zionist forces besieging the city injected 'typhoid germs' into the water supply, which led to a 'sudden typhoid epidemic'. There was a similar attempt to 'poison the water supply in Gaza' on 27 May 1948 by injecting typhoid and dysentery viruses into wells; this attempt was fortunately foiled."; <a href="#CITEREFMartin2010">Martin 2010</a>, p. 7, "Israeli biological warfare activities included Operation Shalach, which was an attempt to contaminate the water supplies of Egyptian Army. Egypt reports capture of four 'Zionists' trying to infect wells with dysentery and typhoid. There are also allegations that a typhoid outbreak in Acre in 1948 resulted from a biological attack and that there were attacks in Egypt in 1947 and in Syria in 1948."; <a href="#CITEREFSayigh2009">Sayigh 2009</a>, "A unit had been formed to develop biological weapons, and there is evidence that these were used during 1948 to poison the water supplies of Akka and Gaza with typhoid bacteria."; <a href="#CITEREFAckermanAsal2008">Ackerman & Asal 2008</a>, p. 191, "Egyptian Ministry of Defense and, later, Israeli historians, contend that Israeli soldiers contaminated Acre’s water supply."; <a href="#CITEREFPappe2006">Pappe 2006</a>, pp. 73–4 ("The flame-thrower project was part of a larger unit engaged in developing biological warfare under the directorship of a physical chemist called Ephraim Katzir ... The biological unit he led together with his brother Aharon, started working seriously in February [1948]. Its main objective was to create a weapon that could blind people.") and 100–101 ("During the siege [of Acre] typhoid germs were apparently injected into the water. Local emissaries of the International Red Cross reported this to their headquarters and left very little room for guessing whom they suspected: the Hagana. The Red Cross reports describe a sudden typhoid epidemic and, even with their guarded language, point to outside poisoning as the sole explanation for this outbreak ... A similar attempt to poison the water supply in Gaza on 27 May was foiled."); <a href="#CITEREFAbu_Sitta2003">Abu Sitta 2003</a>, "The Zionists injected typhoid in the aqueduct at some intermediate point which passes through Zionist settlements ... The city of Acre, now burdened by the epidemic, fell easy prey to the Zionists. ... Two weeks later, after their "success" in Acre, the Zionists struck again. This time in Gaza, where hundreds of thousands of refugees had gathered after their villages in southern Palestine were occupied. The end however was different. ... The biological crimes perpetrated against the Palestinians in Acre and Gaza in 1948 are still being enacted today."; <a href="#CITEREFLeitenberg2001">Leitenberg 2001</a>, p. 289, "As early as April 1948, Ben Gurion directed one of his operatives in Europe (Ehud Avriel) to seek out surviving East European Jewish scientists who could "either increase the capacity to kill masses or to cure masses: both things are important". At that time, that 'capacity' meant chemical and biological weapons ... These were ultimate weapons that could be used either for offense or defense (and the context of the immediate military operations, as well as those that had preceded it, would be the critical factors in that categorization)."; <a href="#CITEREFCohen2001">Cohen 2001</a>, p. 31, "It is believed that one of the largest operations in this campaign was in the Arab coastal town of Acre, north of Haifa, shortly before it was conquered by the IDF on May 17,1948. According to Milstein, the typhoid epidemic that spread in Acre in the days before the town fell to the Israeli forces was not the result of wartime chaos but rather a deliberate covert action by the IDF—the contamination of Acre's water supply ... The success of the Acre operation may have persuaded Israeli decisionmakers to continue with these activities. On May 23, 1948, Egyptian soldiers in the Gaza area caught four Israeli soldiers disguised as Arabs near water wells ... It seems that many people knew something about these operations, but both the participants and later historians chose to avoid the issue, which gradually became a national taboo ... Despite the official silence, it appears there is little doubt now about the mission of the failed Gaza operation."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karsh, E. "Nakbat Haifa: Collapse and Dispersion of a Major Palestinian Community" in <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>, Volume 37, Number 4/ 1 October 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mideastweb.org/haifa1948.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Middle East Source Documents – Haifa – British Police Report Regarding Flight of Arabs – 1948"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211010054838/http://www.mideastweb.org/haifa1948.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Middle+East+Source+Documents+%E2%80%93+Haifa+%E2%80%93+British+Police+Report+Regarding+Flight+of+Arabs+%E2%80%93+1948&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mideastweb.org%2Fhaifa1948.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipsnewsite.mysite4now.com/enakba/exodus/Erskine%20Childers,%20Walid%20Khalidi,%20Jon%20Kimche,%20et%20al.pdf">Erskine Childers, Walid Khalidi, and Jon Kimche</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319003435/http://ipsnewsite.mysite4now.com/enakba/exodus/Erskine%20Childers%2C%20Walid%20Khalidi%2C%20Jon%20Kimche%2C%20et%20al.pdf">Archived</a> 19 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1961 Correspondence in "The Spectator" on "Why the Refugees Left" Originally Appendix E of Khalidi, Walid, "Plan Dalet Revisited: Master Plan for the Conquest of Palestine" in 18 no. 1, (Aut. 88): 51–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"British Proclamation in Haifa Making Evacuation Secure", <i>The Times</i>, London, 22 April 1948; p. 4; Issue 51052; col D</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benny Morris (1988). "Haifa’s Arabs: Displacement and Concentration, July 1948". Middle East Journal, 42(2), 241–259. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4327736">http://www.jstor.org/stable/4327736</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Ethnic_Cleansing_of_Palestine" title="The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine">The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine</a> (2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finkelstein, Norman. "Myths, Old and New". Journal of Palestine Studies 21, no. 1 (1991): 66–89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2537366">https://doi.org/10.2307/2537366</a> – "In July, Haifa's remaining inhabitants, some 3,500, were packed into a ghetto in the downtown Wadi Nisnas neighborhood."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Azoulay, Ariella. "Declaring the State of Israel: Declaring a State Of". Critical Inquiry 37, no. 2 (2011): 265–85. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1086/657293">https://doi.org/10.1086/657293</a> – "[...] the ghetto in Wadi Nisnas that had been established for them after they had been expelled from their homes."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Avnery, Uri (1971). <i>Israel Without Zionism: A Plan for Peace in the Middle East</i>. New York: Collier Books, pp. 224–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Ballance, Edgar (1956) pp. 147, 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, 2004, p. 246; Summary meeting of the Arab Affairs Advisor in Netanya 9 May 1948 IDF 6127/49//109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yehuda Slutzky, ""Summary of the Hagana Book"", pp. 486–7. Cited from Ilan Pappé, 2006, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, 2004, p. 247; unsigned short report on Tantura Operation, IDFA 922/75//949, and Ya'akov B.,' in the name of the deputy OC "A" company "Report on Operation Namal" 26 May 1948, IDFA 6647/49//13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, 2004; <a href="/wiki/Shitrit" title="Shitrit">Shitrit</a> to Ben-Gurion 31 May 1948 ISA MAM 302/48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, Benny (1986): "The Causes and Character of the Arab Exodus from Palestine: The Israel Defense Forces Intelligence Branch Analysis of June 1948". <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. Vol. 22, No. 1 (Jan., 1986), pp. 5–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kapeliouk, Amnon (1987). "New Light on the Israeli–Arab Conflict and the Refugee Problem and Its Origins". <i>Journal of Palestine Studies</i>. Vol. 16, No. 3. (Spring 1987). p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Intelligence report "Migration of Eretz Yisrael Arabs between December 1, 1947, and June 1, 1948". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.akevot.org.il/en/article/intelligence-brief-from-1948-hidden-for-decades-indicates-jewish-fighters-actions-were-the-major-cause-of-arab-displacement-not-calls-from-arab-leadership/?full#popup/15413e71e82f9865d9e05c83102c4751">Scan of Hebrew original and English translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516043921/https://www.akevot.org.il/en/article/intelligence-brief-from-1948-hidden-for-decades-indicates-jewish-fighters-actions-were-the-major-cause-of-arab-displacement-not-calls-from-arab-leadership/?full#popup/15413e71e82f9865d9e05c83102c4751">Archived</a> 16 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Mark Tessler's <i>A History of the Arab–Israeli Conflict</i>: "Keesing's Contemporary Archives" (London: Keesing's Publications, 1948–1973). p. 10101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=S/745">PDF copy of Cablegram from the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States to the Secretary-General of the United Nations: S/745: 15 May 1948: Retrieved 6 June 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140107030419/http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=S%2F745">Archived</a> 7 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oren1976-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oren1976_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oren1976_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oren, Elhanan (1976): <i>On the Way to the City</i>. Hebrew, Tel Aviv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Peretz Kidron interview with Ben Dunkelman". <i>Haolam Hazeh</i>. 9 January 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kidron, Peretz (1988). "Truth Whereby Nations Live". In <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a> (Eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Blaming_the_Victims#"Truth_Whereby_Nations_Live"_(Peretz_Kidron)" title="Blaming the Victims">Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question</a></i> Verso. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-340-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-340-6">978-1-85984-340-6</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logosjournal.com/morris.htm">"Ari Shavit—Survival Of The Fittest? An Interview With Benny Morris"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905113719/http://www.logosjournal.com/morris.htm">Archived</a> 5 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Logos, Winter 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glazer 1980, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UN Progress Report, 16 September 1948, Part 1 Section V, paragraph 6; Part 3 Section I, paragraph 1 to 3. According to Glazer, this observation by Count Folke Bernadotte is frequently cited not only as an example of descriptions of panic, but also as evidence that the Zionists pursued a policy of expulsion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/ab14d4aafc4e1bb985256204004f55fa">UN Doc. a/648</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120609143305/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/ab14d4aafc4e1bb985256204004f55fa">Archived</a> 9 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Progress Report of the United Nations Mediator on Palestine Submitted to the Secretary-General for Transmission to the Members of the United Nations Part 1 Section V para 6. "It is not yet known what the policy of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government_of_Israel" title="Provisional government of Israel">Provisional government of Israel</a> with regard to the return of Arab refugees will be when the final terms of settlement are reached. It is, however, undeniable that no settlement can be just and complete if recognition is not accorded to the right of the Arab refugee to return to the home from which he has been dislodged by the hazards and strategy of the armed conflict between Arabs and Jews in Palestine. The majority of these refugees have come from territory which, under the Assembly resolution of 29 November, was to be included in the Jewish State. The exodus of Palestinian Arabs resulted from panic created by fighting in their communities, by rumours concerning real or alleged acts of terrorism, or expulsion. It would be an offence against the principles of elemental justice if these innocent victims of the conflict were denied the right to return to their homes while Jewish immigrants flow into Palestine, and, indeed, at least offer the threat of permanent replacement of the Arab refugees who have been rooted in the land for centuries."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Z._Kedar" title="Benjamin Z. Kedar">Benjamin Z. Kedar</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2022.2122448">'Cast thy bread': Israeli biological warfare during the 1948 War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305221558/https://doi.org/10.1080/00263206.2022.2122448">Archived</a> 5 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies_(journal)" title="Middle Eastern Studies (journal)">Middle Eastern Studies</a> 19 September 2022, pages =1-25 pp.16-18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/a1c20f7009def4fe85256a70006891fd">UN Doc. PAL/370</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120609143322/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/a1c20f7009def4fe85256a70006891fd">Archived</a> 9 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> UN Press Release, 6 November 1948.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappe,_Ilan2006" class="citation web cs1">Pappe, Ilan (Spring 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070527093509/http://www.badil.org/al-majdal/2006/Spring/article03.htm">"Calling a Spade a Spade: The 1948 Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.badil.org/al-majdal/2006/Spring/article03.htm">the original</a> on 27 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calling+a+Spade+a+Spade%3A+The+1948+Ethnic+Cleansing+of+Palestine&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Pappe%2C+Ilan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.badil.org%2Fal-majdal%2F2006%2FSpring%2Farticle03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/ab14d4aafc4e1bb985256204004f55fa">UN Doc A/648</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120609143305/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/ab14d4aafc4e1bb985256204004f55fa">Archived</a> 9 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Progress Report of the United Nations Mediator on Palestine Submitted to the Secretary-General for Transmission to the Members of the United Nations see part 1 section V para 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowker, 2003, pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702150304/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/C758572B78D1CD0085256BCF0077E51A">"United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>. 11 December 1948. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/C758572B78D1CD0085256BCF0077E51A">the original</a> on 2 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+General+Assembly+Resolution+194&rft.pub=United+Nations+General+Assembly&rft.date=1948-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2FC758572B78D1CD0085256BCF0077E51A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-185978/">"Israel's membership in the UN - Ad Hoc Political Committee - Summary record"</a>. <i>Question of Palestine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Question+of+Palestine&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+membership+in+the+UN+-+Ad+Hoc+Political+Committee+-+Summary+record&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Funispal%2Fdocument%2Fauto-insert-185978%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masalha-2009-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Masalha-2009_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masalha-2009_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masalha-2009_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masalha-2009_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha2009" class="citation journal cs1">Masalha, Nur (2009). "Rosemary M. Esber, Under the Cover of War: The Zionist Expulsion of the Palestinians". <i>Holy Land Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 245–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2FE1474947509000614">10.3366/E1474947509000614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holy+Land+Studies&rft.atitle=Rosemary+M.+Esber%2C+Under+the+Cover+of+War%3A+The+Zionist+Expulsion+of+the+Palestinians&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=245-247&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2FE1474947509000614&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ofer Aderet, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.highlight.MAGAZINE-jews-looted-arab-property-en-masse-in-48-the-authorities-let-them-1.9201926">'Jewish soldiers and civilians looted Arab neighbors' property en masse in '48,'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211123095801/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT.MAGAZINE-jews-looted-arab-property-en-masse-in-48-the-authorities-let-them-1.9201926">Archived</a> 23 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a> 2 October 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ruling Palestine, A History of the Legally Sanctioned Jewish-Israeli Seizure of Land and Housing in Palestine</i>. COHRE & BADIL, May 2005, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ruling Palestine, A History of the Legally Sanctioned Jewish-Israeli Seizure of Land and Housing in Palestine</i>. COHRE & BADIL, May 2005, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saleh, Abdul Jawad and Walid Mustafa (1987): p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abu Sitta, Salman (2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723174310/http://www.un.org/unrwa/publications/pdf/rr_countryandarea.pdf">"Total Registered Refugees per Country and Area"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNRWA. 31 March 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/unrwa/publications/pdf/rr_countryandarea.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Total+Registered+Refugees+per+Country+and+Area&rft.pub=UNRWA&rft.date=2005-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Funrwa%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2Frr_countryandarea.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span> Refugees Per Country & Area; 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Akram2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_rights-based_approach_to_Middle_East_peace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A rights-based approach to Middle East peace (page does not exist)">Susan Akram</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oeJ50a76z5cC&q=DEFINITION+OF+A+%E2%80%9CREFUGEE%E2%80%9D+UNDER+PARAGRAPH+11+OF+THE+GENERAL+ASSEMBLY+RESOLUTION+OF+11+DECEMBER+1948&pg=PA38"><i>International law and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 38, 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-57322-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-57322-1"><bdi>978-0-415-57322-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240703040550/https://books.google.com/books?id=oeJ50a76z5cC&q=DEFINITION+OF+A+%E2%80%9CREFUGEE%E2%80%9D+UNDER+PARAGRAPH+11+OF+THE+GENERAL+ASSEMBLY+RESOLUTION+OF+11+DECEMBER+1948&pg=PA38">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>This was the definition accepted by the drafters of the resolution 194 for the purposes of defining the entire group of Palestinians who were entitled to the protection of the International Community</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+law+and+the+Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian+conflict&rft.pages=38%2C+19&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-57322-1&rft.au=Susan+Akram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoeJ50a76z5cC%26q%3DDEFINITION%2BOF%2BA%2B%25E2%2580%259CREFUGEE%25E2%2580%259D%2BUNDER%2BPARAGRAPH%2B11%2BOF%2BTHE%2BGENERAL%2BASSEMBLY%2BRESOLUTION%2BOF%2B11%2BDECEMBER%2B1948%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNRWA_mandate-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNRWA_mandate_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=87#final_status">"Q/A Final Status"</a>. UNRWA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130906121016/http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=87#final_status">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2011</span>. <q>Q) Is UNRWA involved in the Middle East peace negotiations and in the discussions on a solution to the refugee issue? A) No. UNRWA is a humanitarian agency and its mandate defines its role as one of providing services to the refugees.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Q%2FA+Final+Status&rft.pub=UNRWA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrwa.org%2Fetemplate.php%3Fid%3D87%23final_status&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/unrwa/refugees/whois.html">"Who is a Palestine Refugee?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090806150018/http://www.un.org/unrwa/refugees/whois.html">Archived</a> 6 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> UNRWA's operational definition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/181c4bf00c44e5fd85256cef0073c426/8d26108af518ce7e052565a6006e8948">Assistance To Palestine Refugees UN Doc A/1905</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407095842/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/181c4bf00c44e5fd85256cef0073c426/8d26108af518ce7e052565a6006e8948">Archived</a> 7 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Report of the Director of the UNRWA, 28 September 1951.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowker, 2003, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jiryis, Sabri (1981): "Domination by the Law". <i>Journal of Palestine Studies</i>. Vol. 11, No. 1, 10th Anniversary Issue: Palestinians under Occupation. (Autumn, 1981), pp. 67–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirshbaum,_David_A._2007-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirshbaum,_David_A._2007_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirshbaum,_David_A._2007_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirshbaum,_David_A._2007_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirshbaum, David A.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028101623/http://geocities.com/savepalestinenow/emergencyregs/essays/emergencyregsessay.htm">"Israeli Emergency Regulations & The Defense (Emergency) Regulations of 1945"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geocities.com/savepalestinenow/emergencyregs/essays/emergencyregsessay.htm">the original</a> on 28 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israeli+Emergency+Regulations+%26+The+Defense+%28Emergency%29+Regulations+of+1945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeocities.com%2Fsavepalestinenow%2Femergencyregs%2Fessays%2Femergencyregsessay.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span> .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ruling Palestine, A History of the Legally Sanctioned Jewish-Israeli Seizure of Land and Housing in Palestine". COHRE & BADIL, May 2005, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028090048/http://www.geocities.com/savepalestinenow/israellaws/fulltext/absenteepropertylaw.htm">"Absentees' Property Law (1950)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/savepalestinenow/israellaws/fulltext/absenteepropertylaw.htm">the original</a> on 28 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Absentees%27+Property+Law+%281950%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fsavepalestinenow%2Fisraellaws%2Ffulltext%2Fabsenteepropertylaw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See article 37 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/d80185e9f0c69a7b85256cbf005afeac/e0b719e95e3b494885256f9a005ab90a">Absentees' Property Law 5710-1950</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120609143352/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/d80185e9f0c69a7b85256cbf005afeac/e0b719e95e3b494885256f9a005ab90a">Archived</a> 9 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ruling Palestine, A History of the Legally Sanctioned Jewish-Israeli Seizure of Land and Housing in Palestine</i>. COHRE & BADIL, May 2005, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peretz, (1958)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendes, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.labyrinth.net.au/~ajds/mendes_refugees.htm">"THE FORGOTTEN REFUGEES: the causes of the post-1948 Jewish Exodus from Arab Countries"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205002325/http://www.labyrinth.net.au/~ajds/mendes_refugees.htm">Archived</a> 5 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Presented at the 14 Jewish Studies Conference Melbourne March 2002. Retrieved 12 June 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717104328/http://www.jimena.org/faq.htm">"Jimena Faq"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jimena.org/faq.htm">the original</a> on 17 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jimena+Faq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jimena.org%2Ffaq.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jun/25/middleeast.middleeastthemedia">"Lyn Julius: Recognising the plight of Jewish refugees from Arab countries"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. 25 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829230356/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jun/25/middleeast.middleeastthemedia">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Lyn+Julius%3A+Recognising+the+plight+of+Jewish+refugees+from+Arab+countries&rft.date=2008-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2008%2Fjun%2F25%2Fmiddleeast.middleeastthemedia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jun/23/israelandthepalestinians.middleeast">"A different kind of catastrophe"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418005331/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/jun/23/israelandthepalestinians.middleeast">Archived</a> 18 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>, 23 June 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF_404" class="citation web cs1">F_404. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90777/90854/7074643.html">"Palestinians warn of executing Israeli "absentee property" law in Jerusalem"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palestinians+warn+of+executing+Israeli+%22absentee+property%22+law+in+Jerusalem&rft.au=F_404&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.peopledaily.com.cn%2F90001%2F90777%2F90854%2F7074643.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hagar Shezaf (4 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-how-israel-systematically-hides-evidence-of-1948-expulsion-of-arabs-1.7435103">"Burying the Nakba: How Israel Systematically Hides Evidence of 1948 Expulsion of Arabs"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128084245/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-how-israel-systematically-hides-evidence-of-1948-expulsion-of-arabs-1.7435103">Archived</a> 28 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dina Kraft (20 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/.premium.MAGAZINE-hidden-stories-of-the-nakba-1.6010350">"Nakba, Even as Israel Cuts Them Off From Their Sources"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108125306/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/.premium.MAGAZINE-hidden-stories-of-the-nakba-1.6010350">Archived</a> 8 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erskine Childers. <i>The Other Exodus</i>. "The BBC monitored all Middle Eastern broadcasts throughout 1948. The records, and companion ones by a United States monitoring unit, can be seen at the British Museum. There was not a single order or appeal, or suggestion about evacuation from Palestine, from any Arab radio station, inside or outside Palestine, in 1948. There is a repeated monitored record of Arab appeals, even flat orders, to the civilians of Palestine to stay put." Erskine Childers: The Other Exodus <i>The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict</i>, (1969) rev.ed. Pelican, 1970 pp. 179–188 p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.5262428">"Survival of the Fittest (Cont.)"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. 8 January 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319084559/https://www.haaretz.com/2004-01-08/ty-article/survival-of-the-fittest-cont/0000017f-e86d-da9b-a1ff-ec6fb5000000">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Survival+of+the+Fittest+%28Cont.%29&rft.date=2004-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F1.5262428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL1008/S00201/book-review-palestine-betrayed-by-efraim-karsh.htm">"Book Review: Palestine Betrayed by Efraim Karsh"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501055434/https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL1008/S00201/book-review-palestine-betrayed-by-efraim-karsh.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+Review%3A+Palestine+Betrayed+by+Efraim+Karsh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scoop.co.nz%2Fstories%2FHL1008%2FS00201%2Fbook-review-palestine-betrayed-by-efraim-karsh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarsh" class="citation web cs1">Karsh, Efraim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224112045/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/mems/people/staff/academic/karsh/articles/WerethePalestiniansExpelled.pdf">"Were the Palestinians Expelled?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=No+sentiments+in+war&rft.date=2008-05-31&rft.aulast=Shlaim&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2008%2Fmay%2F31%2Fhistory1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlaim1996" class="citation journal cs1">Shlaim, Avi (September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meforum.org/92/a-totalitarian-concept-of-history">"A Totalitarian Concept of History"</a>. <i>Middle East Quarterly</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 52–55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210924183153/https://www.meforum.org/92/a-totalitarian-concept-of-history">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+Totalitarian+Concept+of+History&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=52-55&rft.date=1996-09&rft.aulast=Shlaim&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F92%2Fa-totalitarian-concept-of-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/ex-education-minister-calls-for-nakba-studies-in-school/">"Ex-education minister calls for Nakba studies in school"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501085737/https://www.timesofisrael.com/ex-education-minister-calls-for-nakba-studies-in-school/">Archived</a> 1 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>The Times of Israel</i>. 24 March 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishFeatures/Article.aspx?id=279865">"Congress considers recognizing Jewish refugees"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. JTA. 2 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512041820/https://www.jpost.com/Jewish-World/Jewish-Features/Congress-considers-recognizing-Jewish-refugees">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Congress+considers+recognizing+Jewish+refugees&rft.date=2012-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FJewishWorld%2FJewishFeatures%2FArticle.aspx%3Fid%3D279865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/jewish-world-news/jewish-refugees-bill-being-considered-by-u-s-house-of-representatives-1.455503">"Jewish refugees bill being considered by U.S. House of Representatives"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>. JTA. 2 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526080150/https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/u-s-lawmakers-push-jewish-refugees-bill-1.5275904">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Jewish+refugees+bill+being+considered+by+U.S.+House+of+Representatives&rft.date=2012-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish-world%2Fjewish-world-news%2Fjewish-refugees-bill-being-considered-by-u-s-house-of-representatives-1.455503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4262885,00.html">"House members seek recognition for Jewish refugees from Arab countries"</a>. <i>Yedioth Ahronot</i>. 31 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507095733/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4262885,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yedioth+Ahronot&rft.atitle=House+members+seek+recognition+for+Jewish+refugees+from+Arab+countries&rft.date=2012-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4262885%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorath1986" class="citation news cs1">Porath, Ada (16 January 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1986/jan/16/mrs-peterss-palestine/?pagination=false">"What about Jewish Nakba?"</a>. <i>YnetNews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151024105951/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1986/jan/16/mrs-peterss-palestine/?pagination=false">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=YnetNews&rft.atitle=What+about+Jewish+Nakba%3F&rft.date=1986-01-16&rft.aulast=Porath&rft.aufirst=Ada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1986%2Fjan%2F16%2Fmrs-peterss-palestine%2F%3Fpagination%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenhav2003" class="citation news cs1">Shenhav, Yehouda (15 August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.5361803">"Hitching a Ride on the Magic Carpet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026024806/https://www.haaretz.com/1.5361803">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Hitching+a+Ride+on+the+Magic+Carpet&rft.date=2003-08-15&rft.aulast=Shenhav&rft.aufirst=Yehouda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2F1.5361803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2009" class="citation speech cs1">Morris, Benny (3 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isgap.org/media/2009/02/benny-morris-1948-as-jihad/"><i>"1948 as Jihad"</i></a> (Speech). The Second Annual Professor William Prusoff Honorary Lecture. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_Global_Antisemitism_and_Policy" title="Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy">ISGAP</a>. <q>Several methodological problems arise here. The first and most obvious is that the archives of the Arab states, of the main Arab political parties, royal courts, and armies are all closed – all the Arab states are dictatorships of one sort or another and dictatorships, as is well known, do not open archives. This means that anyone interested in understanding the Arab side in the 1948 War is forced, in the main, to view it through the eyes and documentation of Western and Israeli diplomats, analysts, and intelligence officers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%221948+as+Jihad%22&rft.place=ISGAP&rft.date=2009-02-03&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisgap.org%2Fmedia%2F2009%2F02%2Fbenny-morris-1948-as-jihad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2019" class="citation interview cs1">Morris, Benny (21 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linformale.eu/covering-and-uncovering-history-an-interview-with-benny-morris/">"Covering and uncovering history: An interview with Benny Morris"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Niram Ferretti. L'informale. <q>The first thing I would say is that those who say this are completely hypocritical, because when you look at Arab archives they are <i>all</i> closed. They haven't opened anything. So, here they are criticizing Israel for having opened certain documents and then having closed them again while the Arabs and the Palestinians have closed everything and have been hiding everything from researchers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Covering+and+uncovering+history%3A+An+interview+with+Benny+Morris&rft.pub=L%27informale&rft.date=2019-08-21&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linformale.eu%2Fcovering-and-uncovering-history-an-interview-with-benny-morris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Sitta2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Salman_Abu_Sitta" title="Salman Abu Sitta">Abu Sitta, Salman</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plands.org/en/articles-speeches/articles/2003/traces-of-poison%E2%80%93israels-dark-history-revealed">"Traces of Poison–Israel's Dark History Revealed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahram_Weekly" title="Al-Ahram Weekly">Al-Ahram Weekly</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129231652/https://www.plands.org/en/articles-speeches/articles/2003/traces-of-poison%E2%80%93israels-dark-history-revealed">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: Palestine Land Society and Palestinian Return Centre, 2001</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckermanAsal2008" class="citation book cs1">Ackerman, Gary; Asal, Victor (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IUNpSkB510EC&pg=PA186">"A Quantitative Overview of Biological Weapons: Identification, Characterization, and Attribution"</a>. In Clunan, Anne; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lavoy" title="Peter Lavoy">Lavoy, Peter R.</a>; Martin, Susan B. (eds.). <i>Terrorism, War, or Disease?: Unraveling the Use of Biological Weapons</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. 186–213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7981-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7981-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-7981-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240208181048/https://books.google.com/books?id=IUNpSkB510EC&pg=PA186">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Quantitative+Overview+of+Biological+Weapons%3A+Identification%2C+Characterization%2C+and+Attribution&rft.btitle=Terrorism%2C+War%2C+or+Disease%3F%3A+Unraveling+the+Use+of+Biological+Weapons&rft.pages=186-213&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7981-4&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Asal%2C+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIUNpSkB510EC%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Arzt, Donna E. (1997). <i>Refugees into Citizens: Palestinians and the End of the Arab–Israeli Conflict</i>. Council on Foreign Relations. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-194-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-194-4">978-0-87609-194-4</a></li> <li>Beit-Hallahmi, Benny (1993). <i>Original Sins: Reflections on the History of Zionism and Israel</i>. Oliver Branch Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-131-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-131-0">978-1-56656-131-0</a></li> <li>Benvenisti, Meron (2002) <i>Sacred Landscape</i>. University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23422-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23422-2">978-0-520-23422-2</a></li> <li>Bowker, Robert (2003). <i>Palestinian Refugees: Mythology, Identity, and the Search for Peace</i>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-202-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-202-8">978-1-58826-202-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarus2017" class="citation journal cs1">Carus, W. Seth (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10736700.2017.1385765">"A century of biological-weapons programs (1915–2015): reviewing the evidence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nonproliferation_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nonproliferation Review">The Nonproliferation Review</a></i>. <b>24</b> (1–2): 129–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10736700.2017.1385765">10.1080/10736700.2017.1385765</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1073-6700">1073-6700</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148814757">148814757</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240130211346/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10736700.2017.1385765">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nonproliferation+Review&rft.atitle=A+century+of+biological-weapons+programs+%281915%E2%80%932015%29%3A+reviewing+the+evidence&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=129-153&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148814757%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1073-6700&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10736700.2017.1385765&rft.aulast=Carus&rft.aufirst=W.+Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F10736700.2017.1385765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cleveland, William L. <i>A History of the Modern Middle East</i>. Westview Press; Third Edition (22 July 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4048-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4048-7">978-0-8133-4048-7</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4048-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4048-7">978-0-8133-4048-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avner_Cohen" title="Avner Cohen">Cohen, Avner</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10736700108436862">"Israel and chemical/biological weapons: History, deterrence, and arms control"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nonproliferation_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nonproliferation Review">The Nonproliferation Review</a></i>. <b>8</b> (3): 27–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10736700108436862">10.1080/10736700108436862</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1073-6700">1073-6700</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219623831">219623831</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123111125/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10736700108436862">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nonproliferation+Review&rft.atitle=Israel+and+chemical%2Fbiological+weapons%3A+History%2C+deterrence%2C+and+arms+control&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=27-53&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219623831%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1073-6700&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10736700108436862&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Avner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F10736700108436862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDajani2005" class="citation book cs1">Dajani, Souad R. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanitarianlibrary.org/resource/ruling-palestine-history-legally-sanctioned-jewish-israeli-seizure-land-and-housing-0"><i>Ruling Palestine: A History of the Legally Sanctioned Jewish-Israeli Seizure of Land and Housing in Palestine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Centre_on_Housing_Rights_and_Evictions" class="mw-redirect" title="The Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions">The Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions</a> (COHRE) / BADIL Resource Center for Palestinian Residency & Refugee Rights. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-95004-29-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-95004-29-0"><bdi>978-92-95004-29-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020070011/http://www.humanitarianlibrary.org/resource/ruling-palestine-history-legally-sanctioned-jewish-israeli-seizure-land-and-housing-0">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2022</span> – via humanitarianlibrary.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruling+Palestine%3A+A+History+of+the+Legally+Sanctioned+Jewish-Israeli+Seizure+of+Land+and+Housing+in+Palestine&rft.pub=The+Centre+on+Housing+Rights+and+Evictions+%28COHRE%29+%2F+BADIL+Resource+Center+for+Palestinian+Residency+%26+Refugee+Rights&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-92-95004-29-0&rft.aulast=Dajani&rft.aufirst=Souad+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanitarianlibrary.org%2Fresource%2Fruling-palestine-history-legally-sanctioned-jewish-israeli-seizure-land-and-housing-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDocker2012" class="citation journal cs1">Docker, John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/hls.2012.0027">"Instrumentalising the Holocaust: Israel, Settler-Colonialism, Genocide (Creating a Conversation between Raphaël Lemkin and Ilan Pappé)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Land Studies">Holy Land Studies</a></i>. <b>11</b> (1): 1–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fhls.2012.0027">10.3366/hls.2012.0027</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-9475">1474-9475</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510235339/https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/10.3366/hls.2012.0027">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holy+Land+Studies&rft.atitle=Instrumentalising+the+Holocaust%3A+Israel%2C+Settler-Colonialism%2C+Genocide+%28Creating+a+Conversation+between+Rapha%C3%ABl+Lemkin+and+Ilan+Papp%C3%A9%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-32&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fhls.2012.0027&rft.issn=1474-9475&rft.aulast=Docker&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euppublishing.com%2Fdoi%2F10.3366%2Fhls.2012.0027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsber2005" class="citation journal cs1">Esber, Rosemarie M. (May 2005). "Rewriting The History of 1948: The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Question Revisited". <i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Land_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Land Studies">Holy Land Studies</a></i>. <b>4</b> (1): 55–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fhls.2005.4.1.55">10.3366/hls.2005.4.1.55</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holy+Land+Studies&rft.atitle=Rewriting+The+History+of+1948%3A+The+Birth+of+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Question+Revisited&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-72&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fhls.2005.4.1.55&rft.aulast=Esber&rft.aufirst=Rosemarie+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsber2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosemarie_Esber" title="Rosemarie Esber">Esber, Rosemary</a> (2008). <i>Under the Cover of War: The Zionist Expulsion of the Palestinians</i>. Arabicus Books & Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9815131-7-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9815131-7-1"><bdi>978-0-9815131-7-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Cover+of+War%3A+The+Zionist+Expulsion+of+the+Palestinians&rft.pub=Arabicus+Books+%26+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9815131-7-1&rft.aulast=Esber&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Féron, Valerie. <i>Palestine(s): Les déchirures</i>. Paris. Editions du Felin. 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-86645-391-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-86645-391-6">978-2-86645-391-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein" title="Norman Finkelstein">Finkelstein, Norman</a> (2003). <i>Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict</i>. 2nd Ed. Verso. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-442-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-442-7">978-1-85984-442-7</a></li> <li>Fischbach, Michael R. (2003). <i>Records of Dispossession: Palestinian Refugee Property and the Arab-Israeli Conflict</i>. Columbia University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12978-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12978-7">978-0-231-12978-7</a></li> <li>Flapan, Simha (1987) <i>The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities</i>. Pantheon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-55888-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-55888-2">978-0-394-55888-2</a></li> <li>Gelber, Yoav (2006). <i>Palestine 1948. War, Escape and the Emergence of the Palestinian Refugee Problem.</i> Sussex Academic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-075-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-075-0">978-1-84519-075-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlazer1980" class="citation journal cs1">Glazer, Steven (1980). "The Palestinian Exodus in 1948". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a></i>. <b>9</b> (4): 96–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2536126">10.2307/2536126</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2536126">2536126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Palestinian+Exodus+in+1948&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=96-118&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2536126&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2536126%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Glazer&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kanaaneh, Rhoda A. (2002). <i>Birthing the Nation: Strategies of Palestinian Women in Israel</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22944-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22944-0">978-0-520-22944-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapeliouk1987" class="citation journal cs1">Kapeliouk, Amnon (1987). "New Light on the Israeli-Arab Conflict and the Refugee Problem and Its Origins". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a></i>. <b>16</b> (3): 16–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2536786">10.2307/2536786</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2536786">2536786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=New+Light+on+the+Israeli-Arab+Conflict+and+the+Refugee+Problem+and+Its+Origins&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=16-24&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2536786&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2536786%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kapeliouk&rft.aufirst=Amnon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Katz_(politician)" title="Shmuel Katz (politician)">Katz, Shmuel</a> (1973) <i>Battleground: Fact and Fantasy in Palestine</i>. Shapolsky Pub. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-933503-03-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-933503-03-8">978-0-933503-03-8</a></li> <li>Khalidi, Walid (1959). "Why Did the Palestinians Leave?" in <i>Middle East Forum</i>, July 1959. Reprinted as "Why Did the Palestinians Leave Revisited". 2005, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a></i>, XXXIV, No. 2., pp. 42–54.</li> <li>Khalidi, Walid (1961). "Plan Dalet, Master Plan for the Conquest of Palestine". <i>Middle East Forum</i>, November 1961.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassma_Kodmani" title="Bassma Kodmani">Kodmani-Darwish, Bassma</a>, <i>La Diaspora Palestinienne</i>, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-048486-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-048486-8">978-2-13-048486-8</a></li> <li>Lehn, Walter & Davis, Uri (1988). <i>The Jewish National Fund</i>. London: Kegan Paul.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeitenberg2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Leitenberg" title="Milton Leitenberg">Leitenberg, Milton</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20014091096774">"Biological Weapons in the Twentieth Century: A Review and Analysis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Critical_Reviews_in_Microbiology" title="Critical Reviews in Microbiology">Critical Reviews in Microbiology</a></i>. <b>27</b> (4): 267–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F20014091096774">10.1080/20014091096774</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-841X">1040-841X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11791799">11791799</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33988479">33988479</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319073357/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/20014091096774">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Biological+Weapons+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+A+Review+and+Analysis&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=267-320&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=1040-841X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33988479%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11791799&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F20014091096774&rft.aulast=Leitenberg&rft.aufirst=Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F20014091096774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur-eldeen_Masalha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur-eldeen Masalha">Masalha, Nur</a> (1992). <i>Expulsion of the Palestinians: The Concept of "Transfer" in Zionist Political Thought, 1882–1948</i>. Beirut: Institute for Palestine Studies. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-235-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-235-5">978-0-88728-235-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a> (2012). <i>The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory</i>. London: Zed Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84813-971-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84813-971-8">978-1-84813-971-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a> (2003). <i>The Politics of Denial: Israel and the Palestinian Refugee Problem</i>. London, <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>.</li> <li>Milstein Uri (1998) <i>History of Israel's War of Independence</i>, Vol III. 1998 (English). University Press of America <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-0769-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-0769-8">978-0-7618-0769-8</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-0769-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-0769-8">978-0-7618-0769-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (2001). "Revisiting the Palestinian exodus of 1948". In <i>The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948</i> (pp. 37–59). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79476-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79476-3">978-0-521-79476-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (2004). <i>The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6">978-0-521-00967-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrisKedar2023" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a>; <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Z._Kedar" title="Benjamin Z. Kedar">Kedar, Benjamin Z.</a> (3 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2022.2122448">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Cast thy bread': Israeli biological warfare during the 1948 War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern Studies">Middle Eastern Studies</a></i>. <b>59</b> (5): 752–776. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2022.2122448">10.1080/00263206.2022.2122448</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252389726">252389726</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240118223735/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2022.2122448">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Cast+thy+bread%27%3A+Israeli+biological+warfare+during+the+1948+War&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=752-776&rft.date=2023-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252389726%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2022.2122448&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft.au=Kedar%2C+Benjamin+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2022.2122448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2010" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, Susan B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1643305">"The Battlefield Use of Chemical, Biological and Nuclear Weapons from 1945 to 2008: Structural Realist Versus Normative Explanations"</a>. <i>American Political Science Association 2010 Annual Meeting Paper</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319073352/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1643305">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Association+2010+Annual+Meeting+Paper&rft.atitle=The+Battlefield+Use+of+Chemical%2C+Biological+and+Nuclear+Weapons+from+1945+to+2008%3A+Structural+Realist+Versus+Normative+Explanations&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Susan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D1643305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNashef2018" class="citation book cs1">Nashef, Hania A.M. (30 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMV1DwAAQBAJ"><i>Palestinian Culture and the Nakba: Bearing Witness</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-38749-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-38749-1"><bdi>978-1-351-38749-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114054418/https://books.google.com/books?id=QMV1DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Culture+and+the+Nakba%3A+Bearing+Witness&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018-10-30&rft.isbn=978-1-351-38749-1&rft.aulast=Nashef&rft.aufirst=Hania+A.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMV1DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>O'Ballance, Edgar (1956): <i>The Arab–Israeli War 1948</i>. London: Faber and Faber,</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite id="CITEREFPappe2006" class="citation">Pappé, Ilan (2006). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethnic_Cleansing_of_Palestine" title="The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine">The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine</a></i>. Oxford: One World Books. (2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-467-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-467-0">978-1-85168-467-0</a></cite></li> <li>Pappé Ilan (1992) <i>The Making of the Arab Israeli Conflict 1947–1951</i> Published by <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-819-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85043-819-9">978-1-85043-819-9</a></li> <li>Peretz, Don (1958). <i>Israel and the Palestinian Arabs</i>. Washington: Middle East Institute.</li> <li>Plascov, Avi (1981). <i>Palestinian Refugees in Jordan, 1948–1957</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3120-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-3120-2">978-0-7146-3120-2</a></li> <li>Quigley, John B. (2005). <i>The Case For Palestine: An International Law Perspective</i>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3539-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3539-9">978-0-8223-3539-9</a></li> <li>Rogan, Eugene L., & Shlaim, Avi (Eds.). (2001). <i>The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79476-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79476-3">978-0-521-79476-3</a></li> <li>Rogan, Eugene L., & Shlaim, Avi (Eds.). (2007). <i>The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948</i>, 2nd edition. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87598-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87598-1">978-0-521-87598-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sa%27di" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Sa'di">Sa'di, Ahmad H.</a> & Abu-Lughod, Lila (Eds.). (2007). <i>Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory</i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13579-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13579-5">978-0-231-13579-5</a></li> <li>Safran, Nadav. <i>Israel: The Embattled Ally</i>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>.</li> <li>Saleh, Abdul Jawad and Walid Mustafa (1987): <i>Palestine: The Collective Destruction of Palestinian Villages and Zionist Colonisation 1882–1982</i>. London: Jerusalem Centre for Development Studies</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayigh2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Sayigh" title="Rosemary Sayigh">Sayigh, Rosemary</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/87462/1/10saigh.pdf">"Hiroshima, al-Nakba: Markers of New Hegemonies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 151–169. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240130211349/https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/87462/1/10saigh.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kyoto+Bulletin+of+Islamic+Area+Studies&rft.atitle=Hiroshima%2C+al-Nakba%3A+Markers+of+New+Hegemonies&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=151-169&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Sayigh&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2433%2F87462%2F1%2F10saigh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Schechtman, Joseph B (1963) <i>The Refugees in the World</i> (New York)</li> <li>Schulz, Helena L. (2003). <i>The Palestinian Diaspora</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26821-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-26821-9">978-0-415-26821-9</a></li> <li>Shavit, Ari (2013). <i>My Promised Land. The Triumph and Tragedy of Israel</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a> (2013)</li> <li>Segev, Tom (1998). <i>1949: The first Israelis</i>. Henry Holt. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5896-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-5896-3">978-0-8050-5896-3</a></li> <li>Sternhell, Zeev (1999). <i>The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00967-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00967-4">978-0-691-00967-4</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cablegram_from_the_Secretary-General_of_the_League_of_Arab_States_to_the_Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Cablegram from the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States to the Secretary-General of the United Nations">Cablegram from the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States to the Secretary-General of the United Nations</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120609143404/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/561c6ee353d740fb8525607d00581829/08e38a718201458b052565700072b358">The Peel Commission Report from the United Nations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120609143429/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/5fbced3943293bbd0525656900654aa6">UN report on pre-war non-Jewish population</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sands_of_sorrow">Sands of Sorrow—Film on refugees</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.papp.undp.org/">United Nations Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970704102838/http://www.papp.undp.org/">Archived</a> 4 July 1997 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonsofeilaboun.com/">The Nakba in Eilaboun (Eilabun)"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200201104731/http://www.sonsofeilaboun.com/">Archived</a> 1 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808051016/http://mondoweiss.net/2012/03/we-must-expel-arabs-and-take-their-place-institute-for-palestine-studies-publishes-1937-ben-gurion-letter-advocating-the-expulsion-of-palestinians.html">Institute for Palestine Studies publishes 1937 Ben-Gurion letter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150925094605/http://inakba.org/">iNakba is a mobile app enabling users to locate, learn and contribute information about Palestinian localities destroyed in 1948</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nakba" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F5F5DC"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nakbaend" title="Template:Nakbaend"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nakbaend" title="Template talk:Nakbaend"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nakbaend" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nakbaend"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nakba" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5F5DC;width:1%;background:#F5F5DC">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Historians" title="New Historians">New Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Dalet" title="Plan Dalet">Plan Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">1947 partition plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5F5DC;width:1%;background:#F5F5DC">Main articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1947–1949 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Causes of the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">causes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Works_Agency_for_Palestine_Refugees_in_the_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East">UNRWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_Day" title="Nakba Day">Nakba Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakba_denial" title="Nakba denial">Nakba denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_refugee_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine refugee camps">Palestine refugee camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian refugee">Palestinian refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Palestinian right of return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Present_absentee" title="Present absentee">Present absentee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_Committee" title="Transfer Committee">Transfer Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194">Resolution 194</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5F5DC;width:1%;background:#F5F5DC">Key incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_battle_of_Hatikvah_Neighborhood" title="The battle of Hatikvah Neighborhood">The battle of Hatikvah Neighborhood</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haifa_(1948)" title="Battle of Haifa (1948)">Battle of Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin_massacre" title="Deir Yassin massacre">Deir Yassin massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_from_Lydda_and_Ramle" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle">Expulsion from Lydda and Ramle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5F5DC;width:1%;background:#F5F5DC">Notable writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aref_al-Aref" title="Aref al-Aref">Aref al-Aref</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Gelber" title="Yoav Gelber">Yoav Gelber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Karsh" title="Efraim Karsh">Efraim Karsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walid_Khalidi" title="Walid Khalidi">Walid Khalidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Masalha" title="Nur Masalha">Nur Masalha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Benny Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Segev" title="Tom Segev">Tom Segev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Sela" title="Avraham Sela">Avraham Sela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Shlaim" title="Avi Shlaim">Avi Shlaim</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_and_Evolution_of_the_Palestine_Problem" title="The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem">The Origins and Evolution of the Palestine Problem</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5F5DC;width:1%;background:#F5F5DC">Related categories/lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_towns_and_villages_depopulated_during_the_1948_Palestinian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus">Villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F5F5DC;width:1%;background:#F5F5DC">Related templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Palestinians" title="Template:Palestinians">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Template:Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Template:Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Template:Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F5F5DC"><div><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_and_the_Nakba" title="The Holocaust and the Nakba">The Holocaust and the Nakba</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Palestine_refugee_camps_locations_and_populations_as_of_2015" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Palestinian_refugee_camps" title="Template:Palestinian refugee camps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Palestinian_refugee_camps" title="Template talk:Palestinian refugee camps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Palestinian_refugee_camps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Palestinian refugee camps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Palestine_refugee_camps_locations_and_populations_as_of_2015" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee_camps" title="Palestinian refugee camps">Palestine refugee camps</a> locations and populations as of 2015<sup id="cite_ref-UNRWA-CampProfiles_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNRWA-CampProfiles-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.3em; font-size:110%;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">518,000 UNRWA refugees</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.3em; font-size:110%;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">188,150 UNRWA refugees</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.3em; font-size:110%;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/18px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/27px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/36px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">319,958 UNRWA refugees</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.3em; font-size:110%;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/18px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/27px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/36px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">188,850 UNRWA refugees</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.3em; font-size:110%;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">355,500 UNRWA refugees</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <table align="center" style="background:transparent; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr><td align="left" style="width:8.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Shati_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shati Camp">Al-Shati</a> (Beach camp)</td><td style="width:3.0em;">87,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Bureij" title="Bureij">Bureij</a> </td><td> 34,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Balah_Camp" title="Deir al-Balah Camp">Deir al-Balah</a> </td><td> 21,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jabalia_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabalia Camp">Jabalia</a> </td><td> 110,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Khan_Yunis_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Yunis Camp">Khan Yunis</a> </td><td> 72,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Maghazi_(camp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghazi (camp)">Maghazi</a> </td><td> 24,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nuseirat_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuseirat Camp">Nuseirat</a> </td><td> 66,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Rafah_Camp" title="Rafah Camp">Rafah</a> </td><td> 104,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Canada_Camp" title="Canada Camp">Canada</a> </td><td> closed</td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <table align="center" style="background:transparent; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr><td align="left" style="width:8.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Aqabat_Jaber" title="Aqabat Jaber">Aqabat Jaber</a></td><td style="width:3.0em;">6,400</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ein_as-Sultan_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Ein as-Sultan camp">Ein as-Sultan</a> </td><td> 1,900</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Far%27a" title="Far'a">Far'a</a> </td><td> 7,600</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Fawwar,_Hebron" title="Fawwar, Hebron">Fawwar</a> </td><td> 8,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jalazone" title="Jalazone">Jalazone</a> </td><td> 11,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Qalandia_Camp" title="Qalandia Camp">Qalandia</a> </td><td> 11,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Am%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Am'ari">Am'ari</a> </td><td> 10,500</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Deir_%27Ammar_Camp" title="Deir 'Ammar Camp">Deir 'Ammar</a> </td><td> 2,400</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Dheisheh" title="Dheisheh">Dheisheh</a> </td><td> 13,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Aida_Camp" title="Aida Camp">Aida</a> </td><td> 4,700</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Al-Arroub_(camp)" title="Al-Arroub (camp)">Al-Arroub</a> </td><td> 10,400</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Askar_(camp)" class="mw-redirect" title="Askar (camp)">Askar</a> </td><td> 15,900</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Balata_Camp" title="Balata Camp">Balata</a> </td><td> 23,600</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/%27Azza" title="'Azza">'Azza</a> (Beit Jibrin) </td><td> 1,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ein_Beit_al-Ma%27" title="Ein Beit al-Ma'">Ein Beit al-Ma'</a> (Camp No. 1)</td><td> 6,750</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tulkarm_Camp" title="Tulkarm Camp">Tulkarm</a> </td><td> 18,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nur_Shams" title="Nur Shams">Nur Shams</a> </td><td> 9,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jenin_Camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenin Camp">Jenin</a> </td><td> 16,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shu%27fat_Camp" title="Shu'fat Camp">Shu'fat</a> </td><td> 11,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Silwad_Camp" title="Silwad Camp">Silwad</a></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Birzeit_camp" title="Birzeit camp">Birzeit</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <table align="center" style="background:transparent; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr><td align="left" style="width:8.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Sabinah_camp" title="Al-Sabinah camp">Sabinah</a></td><td style="width:3.0em;">22,600</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Shih_camp" title="Khan al-Shih camp">Khan al-Shih</a> </td><td> 20,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Al-Nayrab_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Nayrab camp">Nayrab</a> </td><td> 20,500</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Homs_Camp" title="Homs Camp">Homs</a> </td><td> 22,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jaramana_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaramana camp">Jaramana</a> </td><td> 18,658</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Daraa_camp" title="Daraa camp">Daraa</a></td><td> 10,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hama_camp" title="Hama camp">Hama</a></td><td> 8,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Khan_Danoun_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Danoun camp">Khan Danoun</a> </td><td> 10,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Qabr_Essit" title="Qabr Essit">Qabr Essit</a> </td><td> 23,700</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td></td></tr> <tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><b>Unofficial camps</b></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ein_Al-Tal" title="Ein Al-Tal">Ein Al-Tal</a> </td><td> 6,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Latakia_Camp" title="Latakia Camp">Latakia</a> </td><td> 10,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Camp" title="Yarmouk Camp">Yarmouk</a> </td><td> 148,500</td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <table align="center" style="background:transparent; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr><td align="left" style="width:8.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Bourj_el-Barajneh_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourj el-Barajneh camp">Bourj el-Barajneh</a></td><td style="width:3.0em;">17,945</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ain_al-Hilweh" title="Ain al-Hilweh">Ain al-Hilweh</a></td><td> 54,116</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/El-Buss_refugee_camp" title="El-Buss refugee camp">El Buss</a> </td><td> 11,254</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nahr_al-Bared" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahr al-Bared">Nahr al-Bared</a> </td><td> 5,857</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shatila_refugee_camp" title="Shatila refugee camp">Shatila</a> </td><td> 9,842</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Wavel" title="Wavel">Wavel</a> </td><td> 8,806</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mar_Elias_refugee_camp" title="Mar Elias refugee camp">Mar Elias</a> </td><td> 662</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mieh_Mieh_refugee_camp" title="Mieh Mieh refugee camp">Mieh Mieh</a> </td><td> 5,250</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Beddawi_refugee_camp" title="Beddawi refugee camp">Beddawi</a> </td><td> 16,500</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Burj_el-Shemali" title="Burj el-Shemali">Burj el-Shemali</a> </td><td> 22,789</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Dbayeh_camp" title="Dbayeh camp">Dbayeh</a> </td><td> 4,351</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Rashidieh" title="Rashidieh">Rashidieh</a> </td><td> 31,478</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td></td></tr> <tr><td align="left" colspan="2"><b>Former camps</b></td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tel_al-Zaatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Tel al-Zaatar">Tel al-Zaatar</a> </td><td> ?</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nabatieh_refugee_camp" title="Nabatieh refugee camp">Nabatieh</a> </td><td> ?</td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <table align="center" style="background:transparent; line-height:1.2em; text-align:right;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr><td align="left" style="width:8.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Zarqa_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarqa camp">Zarqa</a></td><td style="width:3.0em;">20,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jabal_el-Hussein_camp" title="Jabal el-Hussein camp">Jabal el-Hussein</a> </td><td> 29,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Al-Wehdat_refugee_camp" title="Al-Wehdat refugee camp">Amman New</a> (Wihdat) </td><td> 51,500</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Souf_Camp" title="Souf Camp">Souf</a> </td><td> 20,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Baqa%27a_refugee_camp" title="Baqa'a refugee camp">Baqa'a</a> </td><td> 104,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Husn_Camp" title="Husn Camp">Husn</a> (Martyr Azmi el-Mufti camp) </td><td> 22,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Irbid_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Irbid camp">Irbid</a> </td><td> 25,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jerash_camp" title="Jerash camp">Jerash</a> </td><td> 24,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Marka_refugee_camp" title="Marka refugee camp">Marka</a> </td><td> 53,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Talbieh_Camp" title="Talbieh Camp">Talbieh</a> </td><td> 8,000</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Al-Hassan_camp" title="Al-Hassan camp">Al-Hassan</a> </td><td> ? </td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Madaba_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Madaba camp">Madaba</a> </td><td> ? </td></tr> <tr><td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Sokhna_camp" title="Sokhna camp">Sokhna</a> </td><td> ? </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><b>References</b><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UNRWA-CampProfiles-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNRWA-CampProfiles_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unrwa.org/where-we-work">"Camp Profiles"</a>. <i>unrwa.org</i>. United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unrwa.org&rft.atitle=Camp+Profiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrwa.org%2Fwhere-we-work&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1948+Palestinian+expulsion+and+flight" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Palestinian_Arab_towns_and_villages_depopulated_during_the_1948_Palestinian_exodus_by_subdistrict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color: #DBF7C9"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Palestinian_Arab_villages_depopulated_during_the_1948_Palestinian_exodus" title="Template:Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Palestinian_Arab_villages_depopulated_during_the_1948_Palestinian_exodus" title="Template talk:Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Palestinian_Arab_villages_depopulated_during_the_1948_Palestinian_exodus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Palestinian Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Palestinian_Arab_towns_and_villages_depopulated_during_the_1948_Palestinian_exodus_by_subdistrict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_depopulated_during_the_1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" title="List of towns and villages depopulated during the 1947–1949 Palestine war">Palestinian Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Palestinian exodus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Districts of Mandatory Palestine">subdistrict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #DBF7C9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acre_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Acre Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Acre</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amka" title="Amka">Amqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_al-Samniyya" title="Arab al-Samniyya">Arab al-Samniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bassa" title="Al-Bassa">al-Bassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Birwa" title="Al-Birwa">al-Birwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Damun" title="Al-Damun">al-Damun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayr_al-Qassi" title="Dayr al-Qassi">Dayr al-Qassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghabisiyya" title="Al-Ghabisiyya">al-Ghabisiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iqrit" title="Iqrit">Iqrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Iribbin" title="Khirbat Iribbin">Iribbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Jiddin" title="Khirbat Jiddin">Jiddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kabri" title="Al-Kabri">al-Kabri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_%27Inan" title="Kafr 'Inan">Kafr 'Inan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaykat" title="Kuwaykat">Kuwaykat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Manshiyya,_Acre" title="Al-Manshiyya, Acre">al-Manshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansura,_Acre" title="Al-Mansura, Acre">al-Mansura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27ar" title="Mi'ar">Mi'ar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nabi_Rubin,_Acre" title="Al-Nabi Rubin, Acre">al-Nabi Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nahr" title="Al-Nahr">al-Nahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ruways" title="Al-Ruways">al-Ruways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhmata" title="Suhmata">Suhmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sumayriyya" title="Al-Sumayriyya">al-Sumayriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suruh" title="Suruh">Suruh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tall,_Acre" title="Al-Tall, Acre">al-Tall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbikha" title="Tarbikha">Tarbikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Faraj" title="Umm al-Faraj">Umm al-Faraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">az-Zeeb</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="14" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div class=""> <div style="width: 300px; height: 600px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -50px; left: -100px; width: 500px"><div class="noresize"><div class="locmap" style="width:500px;float:right;clear:right"><div style="width:500px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:500px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight is located in Mandatory Palestine"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight is located in Mandatory Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mandatory_Palestine_location_map.svg/500px-Mandatory_Palestine_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="929" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mandatory_Palestine_location_map.svg/750px-Mandatory_Palestine_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kurnub" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.298%;left:39.965%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tarabin_Bedouin" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.405%;left:57.962%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" 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style="top:45.165%;left:33.878%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jirja" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.126%;left:41.656%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_al-Manshiyya" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" 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style="top:25.02%;left:49.968%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Al-Manshiyya,_Tulkarm" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.357%;left:47.564%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Raml_Zayta" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qaytiyya" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:7.024%;left:74.679%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Madahil" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:7.004%;left:73.526%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lazzaza" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:6.799%;left:70.951%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hunin" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:6.799%;left:71.816%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Al-Khalisa" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:6.786%;left:73.12%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Al-Zuq_al-Tahtani" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:6.753%;left:74.637%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansura,_Safad" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:6.544%;left:73.825%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Al-Khisas" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:6.534%;left:73.333%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Al-Manshiyya,_Safad" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:6.316%;left:73.793%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanbariyya" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:6.224%;left:74.487%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Al-Shawka_al-Tahta" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:6.204%;left:75.844%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Duwayr" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:6.104%;left:72.756%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Al-Zuq_al-Fawqani" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:5.728%;left:72.34%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Abil_al-Qamh" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:10.926%;left:67.863%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Al-Ras_al-Ahmar" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:10.582%;left:68.889%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Alma,_Safad" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:10.026%;left:71.827%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arab_al-Zubayd" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:9.742%;left:71.453%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Harrawi" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:9.583%;left:72.286%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Baysamun" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.581%;left:36.987%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Isdud" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.81%;left:45.833%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-2px;top:-2px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight"><img alt="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/4px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #DBF7C9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beisan_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Beisan Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Beisan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_al-%27Arida" title="Arab al-'Arida">Arab al-'Arida</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Arab_al-Bawati" title="Arab al-Bawati">Arab al-Bawati</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Arab_al-Safa" title="Arab al-Safa">Arab al-Safa</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Ashrafiyya" title="Al-Ashrafiyya">al-Ashrafiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bira,_Baysan" title="Al-Bira, Baysan">al-Bira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an#British_Mandate" title="Beit She'an">Beisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danna,_Baysan" title="Danna, Baysan">Danna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farwana" title="Farwana">Farwana</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Fatur" title="Al-Fatur">al-Fatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazzawiyya" title="Al-Ghazzawiyya">al-Ghazzawiyya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamidiyya" title="Al-Hamidiyya">al-Hamidiyya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamra,_Baysan" title="Al-Hamra, Baysan">al-Hamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabbul" title="Jabbul">Jabbul</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Kafra,_Baysan" title="Kafra, Baysan">Kafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawkab_al-Hawa" title="Kawkab al-Hawa">Kawkab al-Hawa</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Khunayzir" title="Al-Khunayzir">al-Khunayzir</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Masil_al-Jizl" title="Masil al-Jizl">Masil al-Jizl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Murassas" title="Al-Murassas">al-Murassas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumya" title="Qumya">Qumya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Sakhina" title="Al-Sakhina">al-Sakhina</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Samiriyya" title="Al-Samiriyya">al-Samiriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirin,_Baysan" title="Sirin, Baysan">Sirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_al-Shawk" title="Tall al-Shawk">Tall al-Shawk</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Al-Taqa" title="Khirbat Al-Taqa">al-Taqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tira,_Baysan" title="Al-Tira, Baysan">al-Tira</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Umm_%27Ajra" title="Umm 'Ajra">Umm 'Ajra</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Umm_Sabuna" title="Khirbat Umm Sabuna">Umm Sabuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubla" title="Yubla">Yubla</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Zab%27a" title="Zab'a">Zab'a</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Zawiya" title="Khirbat Zawiya">al-Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #DBF7C9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beersheba_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Beersheba Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Beersheba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Imara" title="Al-Imara">al-Imara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jammama" title="Al-Jammama">al-Jammama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khalasa" title="Al-Khalasa">al-Khalasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auja_al-Hafir" title="Auja al-Hafir">Auja al-Hafir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #DBF7C9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Gaza Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Gaza</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Suqrir" title="Arab Suqrir">Arab Suqrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara,_Gaza" title="Barbara, Gaza">Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barqa,_Gaza" title="Barqa, Gaza">Barqa</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Batani_al-Gharbi" title="Al-Batani al-Gharbi">al-Batani al-Gharbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Batani_al-Sharqi" title="Al-Batani al-Sharqi">al-Batani al-Sharqi</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Bayt_%27Affa" title="Bayt 'Affa">Bayt 'Affa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Daras" title="Bayt Daras">Bayt Daras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jirja" title="Bayt Jirja">Bayt Jirja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Tima" title="Bayt Tima">Bayt Tima</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Bil%27in,_Gaza" title="Bil'in, Gaza">Bil'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burayr" title="Burayr">Burayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Sunayd" title="Dayr Sunayd">Dayr Sunayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimra" title="Dimra">Dimra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faluja" title="Al-Faluja">al-Faluja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamama" title="Hamama">Hamama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatta,_Gaza" title="Hatta, Gaza">Hatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiribya" title="Hiribya">Hiribya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huj,_Gaza" title="Huj, Gaza">Huj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulayqat" title="Hulayqat">Hulayqat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibdis" title="Ibdis">Ibdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_al-Manshiyya" title="Iraq al-Manshiyya">Iraq al-Manshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Suwaydan" title="Iraq Suwaydan">Iraq Suwaydan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isdud" title="Isdud">Isdud</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Jaladiyya" title="Al-Jaladiyya">al-Jaladiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jiyya" title="Al-Jiyya">al-Jiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julis,_Gaza" title="Julis, Gaza">Julis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jura" title="Al-Jura">al-Jura</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Jusayr" title="Jusayr">Jusayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karatiyya" title="Karatiyya">Karatiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawfakha" title="Kawfakha">Kawfakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawkaba" title="Kawkaba">Kawkaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khisas,_Gaza" title="Al-Khisas, Gaza">al-Khisas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masmiyya_al-Kabira" title="Al-Masmiyya al-Kabira">al-Masmiyya al-Kabira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masmiyya_al-Saghira" title="Al-Masmiyya al-Saghira">al-Masmiyya al-Saghira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muharraqa" title="Al-Muharraqa">al-Muharraqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najd,_Gaza" title="Najd, Gaza">Najd</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Ni%27ilya" title="Ni'ilya">Ni'ilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qastina" title="Qastina">Qastina</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Sawafir_al-Gharbiyya" title="Al-Sawafir al-Gharbiyya">al-Sawafir al-Gharbiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sawafir_al-Shamaliyya" title="Al-Sawafir al-Shamaliyya">al-Sawafir al-Shamaliyya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Sawafir_al-Sharqiyya" title="Al-Sawafir al-Sharqiyya">al-Sawafir al-Sharqiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simsim,_Gaza" title="Simsim, Gaza">Simsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summil" title="Summil">Summil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_al-Turmus" title="Tall al-Turmus">Tall al-Turmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasur,_Gaza" title="Yasur, Gaza">Yasur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #DBF7C9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Haifa Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Haifa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Shusha,_Haifa" title="Abu Shusha, Haifa">Abu Shusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Zurayq" title="Abu Zurayq">Abu Zurayq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_al-Fuqara" title="Arab al-Fuqara">Arab al-Fuqara</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Arab_al-Nufay%27at" title="Arab al-Nufay'at">Arab al-Nufay'at</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Arab_Zahrat_al-Dumayri" title="Arab Zahrat al-Dumayri">Arab Zahrat al-Dumayri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_P%C3%A8lerin" title="Château Pèlerin">'Atlit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(village)" title="Ayn Ghazal (village)">Ayn Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Hod" title="Ein Hod">Ayn Hawd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balad_al-Sheikh" title="Balad al-Sheikh">Balad al-Sheikh</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Barrat_Qisarya" title="Barrat Qisarya">Barrat Qisarya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Burayka" title="Burayka">Burayka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Al-Burj,_Haifa" title="Khirbat Al-Burj, Haifa">al-Burj</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Butaymat" title="Al-Butaymat">al-Butaymat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daliyat_al-Rawha%27" title="Daliyat al-Rawha'">Daliyat al-Rawha'</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Al-Dumun" title="Khirbat Al-Dumun">al-Dumun</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghubayya_al-Fawqa" title="Al-Ghubayya al-Fawqa">al-Ghubayya al-Fawqa</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghubayya_al-Tahta" title="Al-Ghubayya al-Tahta">al-Ghubayya al-Tahta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawsha" title="Hawsha">Hawsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijzim" title="Ijzim">Ijzim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaba%27,_Haifa" title="Jaba', Haifa">Jaba'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jalama,_Haifa" title="Al-Jalama, Haifa">al-Jalama</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Kabara,_Haifa" title="Kabara, Haifa">Kabara</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Kafrayn" title="Al-Kafrayn">al-Kafrayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Lam" title="Kafr Lam">Kafr Lam</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Al-Kasayir" title="Khirbat Al-Kasayir">al-Kasayir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khubbayza" title="Khubbayza">Khubbayza</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Lid" title="Khirbat Lid">Lid</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Al-Manara" title="Khirbat Al-Manara">al-Manara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansi" title="Al-Mansi">al-Mansi</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-Mansura" title="Khirbat al-Mansura">al-Mansura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mazar,_Haifa" title="Al-Mazar, Haifa">al-Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naghnaghiya" title="Naghnaghiya">Naghnaghiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qannir" title="Qannir">Qannir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qira,_Haifa" title="Qira, Haifa">Qira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Qisarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Qumbaza" title="Khirbat Qumbaza">Qumbaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rihaniyya" title="Al-Rihaniyya">al-Rihaniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbarin" title="Sabbarin">Sabbarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sarafand" title="Al-Sarafand">al-Sarafand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-Sarkas" title="Khirbat al-Sarkas">al-Sarkas</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Sa%27sa%27" title="Khirbat Sa'sa'">Sa'sa'</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-Sawamir" title="Khirbat al-Sawamir">al-Sawamir</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-Shuna" title="Khirbat al-Shuna">al-Shuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sindiyana" title="Al-Sindiyana">al-Sindiyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantura" title="Tantura">al-Tantura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tira,_Haifa" title="Al-Tira, Haifa">al-Tira</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Umm_ash_Shauf" title="Umm ash Shauf">Umm ash Shauf</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Umm_az-Zinat" title="Umm az-Zinat">Umm az-Zinat</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Wa%27arat_al-Sarris" title="Wa'arat al-Sarris">Wa'arat al-Sarris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Ara,_Haifa" title="Wadi Ara, Haifa">Wadi Ara</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Yajur,_Haifa" title="Yajur, Haifa">Yajur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #DBF7C9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebron_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Hebron Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Hebron</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Ajjur" title="'Ajjur">'Ajjur</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Barqusya" title="Barqusya">Barqusya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin" title="Bayt Jibrin">Bayt Jibrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Nattif" title="Bayt Nattif">Bayt Nattif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dawayima" title="Al-Dawayima">al-Dawayima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_al-Dubban" title="Deir al-Dubban">Deir al-Dubban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Nakhkhas" title="Dayr Nakhkhas">Dayr Nakhkhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudna" title="Kudna">Kudna</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Mughallis" title="Mughallis">Mughallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubayba,_Hebron" title="Al-Qubayba, Hebron">al-Qubayba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27na" title="Ra'na">Ra'na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Safi" title="Tell es-Safi">Tell es-Safi</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Umm_Burj" title="Khirbat Umm Burj">Umm Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zekharia" title="Zekharia">az-Zakariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayta,_Hebron" title="Zayta, Hebron">Zayta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikrin" title="Zikrin">Zikrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #DBF7C9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jaffa Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Jaffa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-%27Abbasiyya" title="Al-'Abbasiyya">al-'Abbasiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kabir" title="Abu Kabir">Abu Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Kishk" title="Abu Kishk">Abu Kishk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Dajan" title="Bayt Dajan">Bayt Dajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyar_%27Adas" title="Biyar 'Adas">Biyar 'Adas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fajja" title="Fajja">Fajja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haram,_Jaffa" title="Al-Haram, Jaffa">al-Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijlil_al-Qibliyya" title="Ijlil al-Qibliyya">Ijlil al-Qibliyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijlil_al-Shamaliyya" title="Ijlil al-Shamaliyya">Ijlil al-Shamaliyya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Jammasin_al-Gharbi" title="Al-Jammasin al-Gharbi">al-Jammasin al-Gharbi</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Jammasin_al-Sharqi" title="Al-Jammasin al-Sharqi">al-Jammasin al-Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarisha" title="Jarisha">Jarisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_%27Ana" title="Kafr 'Ana">Kafr 'Ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khayriyya" title="Al-Khayriyya">al-Khayriyya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mas%27udiyya" title="Al-Mas'udiyya">al-Mas'udiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mirr" title="Al-Mirr">al-Mirr</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Muwaylih" title="Al-Muwaylih">al-Muwaylih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rantiya" title="Rantiya">Rantiya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Safiriyya" title="Al-Safiriyya">al-Safiriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salama,_Jaffa" title="Salama, Jaffa">Salama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saqiya" title="Saqiya">Saqiya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Sawalima" title="Al-Sawalima">al-Sawalima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Muwannis" title="Al-Shaykh Muwannis">al-Shaykh Muwannis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazur" title="Yazur">Yazur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #DBF7C9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jenin_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jenin Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Jenin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-Jawfa" title="Khirbat al-Jawfa">al-Jawfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mazar,_Jenin" title="Al-Mazar, Jenin">al-Mazar</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Mansi" title="Ayn al-Mansi">Ayn al-Mansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajjun" title="Lajjun">Lajjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuris" title="Nuris">Nuris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zir%27in" title="Zir'in">Zir'in</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #DBF7C9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jerusalem Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Jerusalem</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allar,_Jerusalem" title="Allar, Jerusalem">Allar</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Aqqur" title="Aqqur">Aqqur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artuf" title="Artuf">Artuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_%27Itab" title="Bayt 'Itab">Bayt 'Itab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Mahsir" title="Bayt Mahsir">Bayt Mahsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Naqquba" title="Bayt Naqquba">Bayt Naqquba</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Thul" title="Bayt Thul">Bayt Thul</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Umm_al-Mays" title="Bayt Umm al-Mays">Bayt Umm al-Mays</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Burayj" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Burayj">al-Burayj</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Aban" title="Dayr Aban">Dayr Aban</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Dayr_%27Amr" title="Dayr 'Amr">Dayr 'Amr</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Dayr_al-Hawa" title="Dayr al-Hawa">Dayr al-Hawa</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Rafat" title="Dayr Rafat">Dayr Rafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayr_al-Shaykh" title="Dayr al-Shaykh">Dayr al-Shaykh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deir_Yassin" title="Deir Yassin">Deir Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Karem" title="Ein Karem">Ayn Karim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwa" title="Ishwa">Ishwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islin" title="Islin">Islin</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Ism_Allah" title="Khirbat Ism Allah">Ism Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarash,_Jerusalem" title="Jarash, Jerusalem">Jarash</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Jura,_Jerusalem" title="Al-Jura, Jerusalem">al-Jura</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Kasla,_Jerusalem" title="Kasla, Jerusalem">Kasla</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Al-Lawz" title="Khirbat Al-Lawz">al-Lawz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifta" title="Lifta">Lifta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malha" title="Malha">al-Maliha</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Nitaf" title="Nitaf">Nitaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qabu" title="Al-Qabu">al-Qabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalunya" title="Qalunya">Qalunya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qastal,_Jerusalem" title="Al-Qastal, Jerusalem">al-Qastal</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Ras_Abu_%27Ammar" title="Ras Abu 'Ammar">Ras Abu 'Ammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sar%27a" title="Sar'a">Sar'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saris,_Jerusalem" title="Saris, Jerusalem">Saris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataf" title="Sataf">Sataf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Badr,_Jerusalem" title="Sheikh Badr, Jerusalem">Sheikh Badr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suba,_Jerusalem" title="Suba, Jerusalem">Suba</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Sufla" title="Sufla">Sufla</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-Tannur" title="Khirbat al-Tannur">al-Tannur</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-%27Umur" title="Khirbat al-'Umur">al-'Umur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Walaja" title="Al-Walaja">al-Walaja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #DBF7C9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazareth_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Nazareth Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Nazareth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mujaydil" title="Al-Mujaydil">al-Mujaydil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indur" title="Indur">Indur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27alul" title="Ma'alul">Ma'alul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Saffuriyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #DBF7C9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ramle_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Ramle Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Ramle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Fadl,_Ramle" title="Abu al-Fadl, Ramle">Abu al-Fadl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Shusha" title="Abu Shusha">Abu Shusha</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Ajanjul" title="Ajanjul">Ajanjul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqir" title="Aqir">Aqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barfiliya" title="Barfiliya">Barfiliya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Barriyya" title="Al-Barriyya">al-Barriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashshit" title="Bashshit">Bashshit</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Bayt_Far" title="Khirbat Bayt Far">Bayt Far</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jiz" title="Bayt Jiz">Bayt Jiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Nabala" title="Bayt Nabala">Bayt Nabala</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Shanna" title="Bayt Shanna">Bayt Shanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_Susin" title="Bayt Susin">Bayt Susin</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Bir_Ma%27in" title="Bir Ma'in">Bir Ma'in</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Bir_Salim" title="Bir Salim">Bir Salim</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Burj,_Ramle" title="Al-Burj, Ramle">al-Burj</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-Buwayra" title="Khirbat al-Buwayra">al-Buwayra</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Daniyal" title="Daniyal">Daniyal</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Abu_Salama" title="Dayr Abu Salama">Dayr Abu Salama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Ayyub" title="Dayr Ayyub">Dayr Ayyub</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Muhaysin" title="Dayr Muhaysin">Dayr Muhaysin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayr_Tarif" title="Dayr Tarif">Dayr Tarif</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-Duhayriyya" title="Khirbat al-Duhayriyya">al-Duhayriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haditha,_Ramle" title="Al-Haditha, Ramle">al-Haditha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idnibba" title="Idnibba">Idnibba</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Innaba" title="Innaba">Innaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilya" title="Jilya">Jilya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimzu" title="Jimzu">Jimzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharruba" title="Kharruba">Kharruba</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Khayma" title="Al-Khayma">al-Khayma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khulda" title="Khulda">Khulda</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Kunayyisa" title="Al-Kunayyisa">al-Kunayyisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrun" title="Latrun">al-Latrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lydda</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Maghar" title="Al-Maghar">al-Maghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdal_Yaba" title="Majdal Yaba">Majdal Yaba</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansura,_Ramle" title="Al-Mansura, Ramle">al-Mansura</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Mukhayzin" title="Al-Mukhayzin">al-Mukhayzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muzayri%27a" title="Al-Muzayri'a">al-Muzayri'a</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Na%27ani" title="Al-Na'ani">al-Na'ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabi_Rubin" title="Nabi Rubin">al-Nabi Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatra" title="Qatra">Qatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazaza" title="Qazaza">Qazaza</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubab" title="Al-Qubab">al-Qubab</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qubayba,_Ramle" title="Al-Qubayba, Ramle">al-Qubayba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qula" title="Qula">Qula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajad" title="Sajad">Sajad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salbit" title="Salbit">Salbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarafand_al-Amar" title="Sarafand al-Amar">Sarafand al-Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarafand_al-Kharab" title="Sarafand al-Kharab">Sarafand al-Kharab</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Saydun" title="Saydun">Saydun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahma" title="Shahma">Shahma</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Shilta" title="Shilta">Shilta</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Tina" title="Al-Tina">al-Tina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tira,_Ramle" title="Al-Tira, Ramle">al-Tira</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Umm_Kalkha" title="Umm Kalkha">Umm Kalkha</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Hunayn" title="Wadi Hunayn">Wadi Hunayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yibna" title="Yibna">Yibna</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Zakariyya" title="Khirbat Zakariyya">Zakariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarnuqa" title="Zarnuqa">Zarnuqa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #DBF7C9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Safad_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Safad Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Safad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abil_al-Qamh" title="Abil al-Qamh">Abil al-Qamh</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-%27Abisiyya" title="Al-'Abisiyya">al-'Abisiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Akbara" title="'Akbara">'Akbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma,_Safad" class="mw-redirect" title="Alma, Safad">Alma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammuqa" title="Ammuqa">Ammuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_al-Shamalina" title="Arab al-Shamalina">Arab al-Shamalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_al-Zubayd" title="Arab al-Zubayd">Arab al-Zubayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_al-Zeitun" title="Ein al-Zeitun">Ayn al-Zaytun</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Baysamun" title="Baysamun">Baysamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biriyya" title="Biriyya">Biriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Butayha" title="Al-Butayha">al-Butayha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Buwayziyya" title="Al-Buwayziyya">al-Buwayziyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallata" title="Dallata">Dallata</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Dawwara" title="Al-Dawwara">al-Dawwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayshum" title="Dayshum">Dayshum</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Dirbashiyya" title="Al-Dirbashiyya">al-Dirbashiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dirdara" title="Al-Dirdara">al-Dirdara</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Fara,_Safad" title="Fara, Safad">Fara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farradiyya" title="Farradiyya">al-Farradiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir%27im" title="Fir'im">Fir'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghabbatiyya" title="Ghabbatiyya">Ghabbatiyya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Ghuraba,_Safad" title="Ghuraba, Safad">Ghuraba</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamra%27" title="Al-Hamra'">al-Hamra'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrawi" title="Harrawi">Harrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunin" title="Hunin">Hunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Husayniyya,_Safad" title="Al-Husayniyya, Safad">al-Husayniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahula" title="Jahula">Jahula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ja%27una" title="Al-Ja'una">al-Ja'una</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubb_Yusuf" title="Jubb Yusuf">Jubb Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Bir%27im" title="Kafr Bir'im">Kafr Bir'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khalisa" title="Al-Khalisa">al-Khalisa</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khan_al-Duwayr" title="Khan al-Duwayr">Khan al-Duwayr</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Chorazin" title="Chorazin">Karraza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khisas" title="Al-Khisas">al-Khisas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiyam_al-Walid" title="Khiyam al-Walid">Khiyam al-Walid</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Kirad_al-Baqqara" title="Kirad al-Baqqara">Kirad al-Baqqara</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Kirad_al-Ghannama" title="Kirad al-Ghannama">Kirad al-Ghannama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazzaza" title="Lazzaza">Lazzaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madahil" title="Madahil">Madahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Malkiyya" title="Al-Malkiyya">Al-Malkiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallaha" title="Mallaha">Mallaha</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Manshiyya,_Safad" title="Al-Manshiyya, Safad">al-Manshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansura,_Safad" title="Al-Mansura, Safad">al-Mansura</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Mansurat_al-Khayt" title="Mansurat al-Khayt">Mansurat al-Khayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marus,_Safad" title="Marus, Safad">Marus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiron" title="Meiron">Meiron</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Muftakhira" title="Al-Muftakhira">al-Muftakhira</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Mughr_al-Khayt" title="Mughr al-Khayt">Mughr al-Khayt</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-Muntar" title="Khirbat al-Muntar">al-Muntar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nabi_Yusha%27" title="Al-Nabi Yusha'">al-Nabi Yusha'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Na%27ima" title="Al-Na'ima">al-Na'ima</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Qabba%27a" title="Qabba'a">Qabba'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedesh" title="Kedesh">Qadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaddita" title="Qaddita">Qaddita</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Qaytiyya" title="Qaytiyya">Qaytiyya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qudayriyya" title="Al-Qudayriyya">al-Qudayriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ras_al-Ahmar" title="Al-Ras al-Ahmar">al-Ras al-Ahmar</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Sabalan,_Safad" title="Sabalan, Safad">Sabalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safsaf" title="Safsaf">Safsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saliha" title="Saliha">Saliha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Salihiyya,_Palestine" title="Al-Salihiyya, Palestine">al-Salihiyya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Sammu%27i" title="Al-Sammu'i">al-Sammu'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sanbariyya" title="Al-Sanbariyya">al-Sanbariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27sa%27" title="Sa'sa'">Sa'sa'</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Shawka_al-Tahta" title="Al-Shawka al-Tahta">al-Shawka al-Tahta</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Shuna" title="Al-Shuna">al-Shuna</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Taytaba" title="Taytaba">Taytaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulayl" title="Tulayl">Tulayl</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-%27Ulmaniyya" title="Al-'Ulmaniyya">al-'Ulmaniyya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-%27Urayfiyya" title="Al-'Urayfiyya">al-'Urayfiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wayziyya" title="Al-Wayziyya">al-Wayziyya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Yarda,_Safad" title="Yarda, Safad">Yarda, Safad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahiriyya_al-Tahta" title="Al-Zahiriyya al-Tahta">al-Zahiriyya al-Tahta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zanghariyya" title="Al-Zanghariyya">al-Zanghariyya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Zawiya,_Safad" title="Zawiya, Safad">Zawiya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Zuq_al-Fawqani" title="Al-Zuq al-Fawqani">al-Zuq al-Fawqani</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Zuq_al-Tahtani" title="Al-Zuq al-Tahtani">al-Zuq al-Tahtani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #DBF7C9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tiberias_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Tiberias Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Tiberias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awlam" title="Awlam">Awlam</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Dalhamiyya" title="Al-Dalhamiyya">al-Dalhamiyya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Ghuwayr_Abu_Shusha" title="Ghuwayr Abu Shusha">Ghuwayr Abu Shusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadatha" title="Hadatha">Hadatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamma,_Tiberias" title="Al-Hamma, Tiberias">al-Hamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittin" title="Hittin">Hittin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Sabt" title="Kafr Sabt">Kafr Sabt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubya" title="Lubya">Lubya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Ma%27dhar" title="Ma'dhar">Ma'dhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdala#Al-Majdal" title="Magdala">al-Majdal</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Manara,_Palestine" title="Al-Manara, Palestine">al-Manara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Manshiyya,_Tiberias" title="Al-Manshiyya, Tiberias">al-Manshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansura,_Tiberias" title="Al-Mansura, Tiberias">al-Mansura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_ad-Din,_Palestine" title="Nasir ad-Din, Palestine">Nasir al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimrin" title="Nimrin">Nimrin</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Nuqayb" title="Al-Nuqayb">al-Nuqayb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samakh,_Tiberias" title="Samakh, Tiberias">Samakh</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Samakiyya" title="Al-Samakiyya">al-Samakiyya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Samra" title="Al-Samra">al-Samra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shajara,_Palestine" title="Al-Shajara, Palestine">al-Shajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabgha" title="Tabgha">al-Tabigha</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Ubeidiya,_Tiberias" title="Ubeidiya, Tiberias">al-'Ubaydiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaam,_Israel" title="Hamaam, Israel">Wadi Hamam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-Wa%27ra_al-Sawda%27" title="Khirbat al-Wa'ra al-Sawda'">al-Wa'ra al-Sawda'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaquq" title="Yaquq">Yaquq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #DBF7C9;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tulkarm_Subdistrict,_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Tulkarm Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine">Tulkarm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Bayt_Lid" title="Khirbat Bayt Lid">Bayt Lid</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Bayyarat_Hannun" title="Bayyarat Hannun">Bayyarat Hannun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fardisya" title="Fardisya">Fardisya</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Ghabat_Kafr_Sur" title="Ghabat Kafr Sur">Ghabat Kafr Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jalama,_Tulkarm" title="Al-Jalama, Tulkarm">al-Jalama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Saba" title="Kafr Saba">Kafr Saba</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-Majdal" title="Khirbat al-Majdal">al-Majdal</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Al-Manshiyya,_Tulkarm" title="Al-Manshiyya, Tulkarm">al-Manshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miska,_Tulkarm" title="Miska, Tulkarm">Miska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaqun" title="Qaqun">Qaqun</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Raml_Zayta" title="Raml Zayta">Raml Zayta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabsur" title="Tabsur">Tabsur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Khalid" title="Umm Khalid">Umm Khalid</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Hawarith" title="Wadi al-Hawarith">Wadi al-Hawarith</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Qabbani" title="Wadi Qabbani">Wadi Qabbani</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li class="Blofeld_stub"><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-Zababida" title="Khirbat al-Zababida">al-Zabadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbat_Zalafa" title="Khirbat Zalafa">Zalafa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cold_War" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cold_War" title="Template:Cold War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cold_War" title="Template talk:Cold War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cold_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cold War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cold_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">ANZUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Northeast Asia Treaty Organization">NEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Rio Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morgenthau_Plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hukbalahap_rebellion" title="Hukbalahap rebellion">Hukbalahap rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_political_conflict" title="Jamaican political conflict">Jamaican political conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dekemvriana" title="Dekemvriana">Dekemvriana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation <i>Priboi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation <i>Jungle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the Baltic states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation <i>Unthinkable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouzenko_Affair" title="Gouzenko Affair">Gouzenko Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">Operation <i>Masterdom</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">Operation <i>Blacklist Forty</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Plan" title="Baruch Plan">Baruch Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_Channel_incident" title="Corfu Channel incident">Corfu Channel incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits_crisis" title="Turkish Straits crisis">Turkish Straits crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restatement_of_Policy_on_Germany" title="Restatement of Policy on Germany">Restatement of Policy on Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="1947 Polish parliamentary election">1947 Polish parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Relations_Conference" title="Asian Relations Conference">Asian Relations Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_1947_crises" title="May 1947 crises">May 1947 crises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1947%E2%80%931948" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948">Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1947–1949 Palestine war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wathbah_uprising" title="Al-Wathbah uprising">Al-Wathbah uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Hyderabad" title="Annexation of Hyderabad">Annexation of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madiun_Affair" title="Madiun Affair">Madiun Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_betrayal" title="Western betrayal">Western betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1949_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="March 1949 Syrian coup d'état">March 1949 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Valuable" title="Operation Valuable">Operation Valuable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_curtain" title="Bamboo curtain">Bamboo curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War (1952–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Egyptian_revolution" title="1952 Egyptian revolution">1952 Egyptian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Intifada_(1952)" title="Iraqi Intifada (1952)">Iraqi Intifada (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_rebellion" title="Mau Mau rebellion">Mau Mau rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Madrid" title="Pact of Madrid">Pact of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Syrian coup d'état">1954 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrov_Affair" title="Petrov Affair">Petrov Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">1954 Geneva Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 Guatemalan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Tuapse" title="Capture of the Tuapse">Capture of the <i>Tuapse</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="First Taiwan Strait Crisis">First Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebel_Akhdar_War" title="Jebel Akhdar War">Jebel Akhdar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Princess" title="Kashmir Princess">Kashmir Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1955)" title="Geneva Summit (1955)">Geneva Summit (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Emergency" title="Cyprus Emergency">Cyprus Emergency</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_October" title="Polish October">Polish October</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_will_bury_you" title="We will bury you">We will bury you</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gladio" title="Operation Gladio">Operation <i>Gladio</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Crisis_of_1957" title="Syrian Crisis of 1957">Syrian Crisis of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_crisis" title="Sputnik crisis">Sputnik crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi 14 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Mosul_uprising" title="1959 Mosul uprising">1959 Mosul uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Debate" title="Kitchen Debate">Kitchen Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_U-2_incident" title="1960 U-2 incident">1960 U-2 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1960 Turkish coup d'état">1960 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Soviets_from_Albania" title="Expulsion of Soviets from Albania">Expulsion of Soviets from Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="First Iraqi–Kurdish War">First Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_War_of_Independence" title="Angolan War of Independence">Angolan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_War_of_Independence" title="Guinea-Bissau War of Independence">Guinea-Bissau War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_War_of_Independence" title="Mozambican War of Independence">Mozambican War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Porte%C3%B1azo" title="El Porteñazo">El Porteñazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Sarawak" title="Communist insurgency in Sarawak">Communist insurgency in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" title="North Yemen civil war">North Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1963 Syrian coup d'état">1963 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination of John F. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Emergency" title="Aden Emergency">Aden Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_intercommunal_violence#Crisis_of_1963–1964" title="Cypriot intercommunal violence">Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifta_War" title="Shifta War">Shifta War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Dirty_War" title="Mexican Dirty War">Mexican Dirty War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_conflict" title="Colombian conflict">Colombian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">1964 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Syrian coup d'état">1966 Syrian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Revolution" title="Argentine Revolution">Argentine Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_DMZ_Conflict" title="Korean DMZ Conflict">Korean DMZ Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12-3_incident" title="12-3 incident">12-3 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_junta" title="Greek junta">Greek junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Hong_Kong_riots" title="1967 Hong Kong riots">1967 Hong Kong riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhofar_War" title="Dhofar War">Dhofar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wadiah_War" title="Al-Wadiah War">Al-Wadiah War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Civil_War" title="Nigerian Civil War">Nigerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)#Pueblo_incident" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS <i>Pueblo</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%931971_East_Pakistan_communist_insurgency" title="1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency">1968–1971 East Pakistan communist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Malaysia_(1968%E2%80%931989)" title="Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–1989)">Communist insurgency in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1968 Peruvian coup d'état">1968 Peruvian coup d'état</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Peru" title="Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru">Revolutionary Government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1969 Sudanese coup d'état">1969 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Libyan_revolution" title="1969 Libyan revolution">1969 Libyan revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">New People's Army rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_September" title="Black September">Black September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcora_Exercise" title="Alcora Exercise">Alcora Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_Movement_(Syria)" title="Corrective Movement (Syria)">Corrective Movement (Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_insurgency_in_Thailand" title="Communist insurgency in Thailand">Communist insurgency in Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping-pong_diplomacy" title="Ping-pong diplomacy">Ping-pong diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">1971 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_revolution_(Egypt)" title="Corrective revolution (Egypt)">Corrective revolution (Egypt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1971 Sudanese coup d'état">1971 Sudanese coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen#Disputes_with_North_Yemen" title="South Yemen">North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Yemenite_War" title="First Yemenite War">First Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972%E2%80%931975_Bangladesh_insurgency" title="1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency">1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Uruguayan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Uruguayan coup d'état">1973 Uruguayan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Afghan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Afghan coup d'état">1973 Afghan coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Chilean_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1973 Chilean coup d'état">1973 Chilean coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitefsi" title="Metapolitefsi">Metapolitefsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Arms_Limitation_Talks" title="Strategic Arms Limitation Talks">Strategic Arms Limitation Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_War" title="Second Iraqi–Kurdish War">Second Iraqi–Kurdish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Turkish invasion of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_August_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">15 August 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="3 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Siege of Dhaka (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_November_1975_Bangladeshi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="7 November 1975 Bangladeshi coup d'état">Sipahi-Janata revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_conflict" title="Oromo conflict">Oromo conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Somali_coup_attempt" title="1978 Somali coup attempt">1978 Somali coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Civil_War" title="Ethiopian Civil War">Ethiopian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Indochina_War" title="Third Indochina War">Third Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation <i>Condor</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_War" title="Dirty War">Dirty War (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Argentine_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1976 Argentine coup d'état">1976 Argentine coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Egyptian–Libyan War">Egyptian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Autumn" title="German Autumn">German Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_902" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 902">Korean Air Lines Flight 902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93Tanzania_War" title="Uganda–Tanzania War">Uganda–Tanzania War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NDF_Rebellion" title="NDF Rebellion">NDF Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian%E2%80%93Libyan_War" title="Chadian–Libyan War">Chadian–Libyan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Yemenite_War" title="Second Yemenite War">Second Yemenite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Vietnamese_War" title="Sino-Vietnamese War">Sino-Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jewel_Movement" title="New Jewel Movement">New Jewel Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Herat_uprising" title="1979 Herat uprising">1979 Herat uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_to_the_River_Rhine" title="Seven Days to the River Rhine">Seven Days to the River Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struggle_against_political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1984 Summer Olympics boycott">1984 Summer Olympics boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_Demands" title="Gera Demands">Gera Demands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Civil_War_of_1980%E2%80%932000" title="Peruvian Civil War of 1980–2000">Peruvian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Civil_Wars" title="Eritrean Civil Wars">Eritrean Civil Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980 Turkish coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Bush_War" title="Ugandan Bush War">Ugandan Bush War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)" title="Gulf of Sidra incident (1981)">Gulf of Sidra incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casamance_conflict" title="Casamance conflict">Casamance conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Ethiopian%E2%80%93Somali_Border_War" title="1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War">1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndogboyosoi_War" title="Ndogboyosoi War">Ndogboyosoi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Grenada" title="United States invasion of Grenada">United States invasion of Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Able_Archer_83" title="Able Archer 83">Able Archer 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Star Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Summit_(1985)" title="Geneva Summit (1985)">1985 Geneva Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somali Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk_Summit" title="Reykjavík Summit">Reykjavík Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Black_Sea_incident" title="1986 Black Sea incident">1986 Black Sea incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_civil_war" title="South Yemen civil war">South Yemen civil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyota_War" title="Toyota War">Toyota War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Lieyu_massacre" title="1987 Lieyu massacre">1987 Lieyu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Denver" title="Operation Denver">Operation Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">1987–1989 JVP insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Resistance_Army_insurgency" title="Lord's Resistance Army insurgency">Lord's Resistance Army insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident" title="1988 Black Sea bumping incident">1988 Black Sea bumping incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solidarity" title="History of Solidarity">Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_crisis" title="Central American crisis">Central American crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RYAN" title="Operation RYAN">Operation RYAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bougainville_conflict" title="Bougainville conflict">Bougainville conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Panama" title="United States invasion of Panama">United States invasion of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Peaceful Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolian Revolution of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5540_incident" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident">Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Ping_Yu_No._5202" title="Min Ping Yu No. 5202">Min Ping Yu No. 5202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">1991 August Coup</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">Frozen conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia_conflict" title="Abkhazia conflict">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">China-Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Sino-Indian border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo_dispute" title="North Borneo dispute">North Borneo dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Foreign policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_coexistence" title="Peaceful coexistence">Peaceful coexistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulbricht_Doctrine" title="Ulbricht Doctrine">Ulbricht Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback" title="Rollback">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Agreement" title="Kinmen Agreement">Kinmen Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">American conservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Fidel_Castro" title="Politics of Fidel Castro">Castroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-worldism" title="Third-worldism">Third-worldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy#White_separatism" title="White supremacy">White separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization" title="Southeast Asia Treaty Organization">SEATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization" title="Central Treaty Organization">METO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_and_Non-Aligned_European_States" title="Neutral and Non-Aligned European States">NN States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club" title="Safari Club">Safari Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Propaganda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-communist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Izvestia" title="Izvestia">Izvestia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Moscow" title="Radio Moscow">Radio Moscow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rud%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo" title="Rudé právo">Rudé právo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trybuna_Ludu" title="Trybuna Ludu">Trybuna Ludu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Life" title="Russian Life">Soviet Life</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Pro-Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amerika_(magazine)" title="Amerika (magazine)">Amerika</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_for_Freedom" title="Crusade for Freedom">Crusade for Freedom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paix_et_Libert%C3%A9" title="Paix et Liberté">Paix et Liberté</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technological<br />competition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_arms_race" title="Nuclear arms race">Nuclear arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gar_Alperovitz" title="Gar Alperovitz">Gar Alperovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Bailey" title="Thomas A. Bailey">Thomas A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beschloss" title="Michael Beschloss">Michael Beschloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Archie Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_H._Carroll" title="Warren H. Carroll">Warren H. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Cioroianu" title="Adrian Cioroianu">Adrian Cioroianu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Costello_(historian)" title="John Costello (historian)">John Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Michael Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Cull" title="Nicholas J. Cull">Nicholas J. Cull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Willem Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._English" title="Robert D. English">Robert D. English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Feis" title="Herbert Feis">Herbert Feis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hugh_Ferrell" title="Robert Hugh Ferrell">Robert Hugh Ferrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fontaine" title="André Fontaine">André Fontaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anneli_Ute_Gabanyi" title="Anneli Ute Gabanyi">Anneli Ute Gabanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">John Lewis Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Gardner" title="Lloyd Gardner">Lloyd Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gorodetsky" title="Gabriel Gorodetsky">Gabriel Gorodetsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Halliday" title="Fred Halliday">Fred Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jussi_Hanhim%C3%A4ki" title="Jussi Hanhimäki">Jussi Hanhimäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Hearden" title="Patrick J. Hearden">Patrick J. Hearden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_Jakovina" title="Tvrtko Jakovina">Tvrtko Jakovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Tony Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Harvey Klehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Kolko" title="Gabriel Kolko">Gabriel Kolko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_LaFeber" title="Walter LaFeber">Walter LaFeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvyn_P._Leffler" title="Melvyn P. Leffler">Melvyn P. Leffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojtech_Mastny_(historian)" title="Vojtech Mastny (historian)">Vojtech Mastny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_F._Matlock_Jr." title="Jack F. Matlock Jr.">Jack F. Matlock Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._McCormick" title="Thomas J. McCormick">Thomas J. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Naftali" title="Timothy Naftali">Timothy Naftali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Oprea" title="Marius Oprea">Marius Oprea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">David S. Painter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Pickett" title="William B. Pickett">William B. Pickett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_E._Powaski" title="Ronald E. Powaski">Ronald E. Powaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_M._Rabkin" title="Yakov M. Rabkin">Yakov M. Rabkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Sarotte" title="M. E. Sarotte">M. E. Sarotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Schlesinger_Jr." title="Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.">Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Schrecker" title="Ellen Schrecker">Ellen Schrecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_Scott-Smith" title="Giles Scott-Smith">Giles Scott-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_Zhihua" title="Shen Zhihua">Shen Zhihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athan_Theoharis" title="Athan Theoharis">Athan Theoharis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Thorpe" title="Andrew Thorpe">Andrew Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vaughan" title="Patrick Vaughan">Patrick Vaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_von_Tunzelmann" title="Alex von Tunzelmann">Alex von Tunzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Appleman_Williams" title="William Appleman Williams">William Appleman Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Reed_Winkler" title="Jonathan Reed Winkler">Jonathan Reed Winkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Winnacker" title="Rudolph Winnacker">Rudolph Winnacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Young" title="Ken Young">Ken Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Espionage and<br />intelligence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Bloc_agents_in_the_United_States" title="List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States">List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Russian espionage in the United States">Russian espionage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_espionage_in_the_Soviet_Union_and_Russian_Federation" title="American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation">American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_and_the_Cultural_Cold_War" title="CIA and the Cultural Cold War">CIA and the Cultural Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_involvement_in_regime_change" title="United States involvement in regime change">United States involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_involvement_in_regime_change" title="Soviet involvement in regime change">Soviet involvement in regime change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Soviet Union–United States relations">Soviet Union–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Soviet Union–United States summits">Soviet Union–United States summits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Russia–NATO relations">Russia–NATO relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinkmanship#Cold_War" title="Brinkmanship">Brinkmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cold_War" title="Second Cold War">Second Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cold_War" title="Category:Cold War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_related_to_the_Cold_War" title="List of conflicts related to the Cold War">List of conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Cold_War" title="Timeline of the Cold War">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_persecution" title="Template talk:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades_to_Europe_and_the_Holy_Land#Crusades_against_heretics_and_schismatics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land">Crusades against schismatics</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Decline_and_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion</a> (1989)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight&oldid=1256003694">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight&oldid=1256003694</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="Category:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="Category:1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Forced_migration" title="Category:Forced migration">Forced migration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palestinians" title="Category:Palestinians">Palestinians</a></li><li><a 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