CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Taiwanese kana - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a0a71d9f-7f12-4be2-9bb8-f69876e491b2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Taiwanese_kana","wgTitle":"Taiwanese kana","wgCurRevisionId":1258073112,"wgRevisionId":1258073112,"wgArticleId":8436683,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from April 2016","All articles needing additional references","Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes","Pages with plain IPA","Articles containing Chinese-language text","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Articles containing Min Nan Chinese-language text","Pages with Taiwanese Hokkien IPA","CS1 maint: date and year", "CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)","CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)","CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)","Taiwan under Japanese rule","Kana","Transcription of Chinese","Written Hokkien","Writing systems introduced in the 19th century","1896 introductions","1896 in Taiwan","1945 disestablishments in Taiwan"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Taiwanese_kana","wgRelevantArticleId":8436683,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q708161","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022", "ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg/1200px-Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg/800px-Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1067"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg/640px-Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Taiwanese kana - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_kana"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_kana"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Taiwanese_kana rootpage-Taiwanese_kana skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Taiwanese+kana" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Taiwanese+kana" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Taiwanese+kana" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Taiwanese+kana" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Basic_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basic_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Basic rules </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Basic_rules-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Basic rules subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Basic_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone_signs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_signs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Tone signs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone_signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwanese_kana_chart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwanese_kana_chart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Taiwanese kana chart </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taiwanese_kana_chart-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Taiwanese kana chart subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Taiwanese_kana_chart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rime_chart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rime_chart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Rime chart </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rime_chart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllable_chart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable_chart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Syllable chart </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable_chart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Example </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unicode_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Unicode support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Taiwanese kana</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 5 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-5" aria-hidden="true" > 5 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2i-o%C3%A2n-g%C3%AD_kana" title="Tâi-oân-gí kana – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tâi-oân-gí kana" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%A7%8C%EC%96%B4_%EA%B0%80%EB%82%98" title="대만어 가나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대만어 가나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kana_taiwanese" title="Kana taiwanese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kana taiwanese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E8%AA%9E%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D" title="台湾語仮名 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="台湾語仮名" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E8%AA%9E%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="臺灣語假名 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="臺灣語假名" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q708161#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Taiwanese_kana" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Taiwanese_kana" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Taiwanese_kana" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&oldid=1258073112" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Taiwanese_kana&id=1258073112&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTaiwanese_kana">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTaiwanese_kana">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Taiwanese_kana&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_kana" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q708161" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Writing system for Taiwanese Hokkien</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Taiwanese_kana" title="Special:EditPage/Taiwanese kana">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Taiwanese+kana%22">"Taiwanese kana"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Taiwanese+kana%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Taiwanese+kana%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Taiwanese+kana%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Taiwanese+kana%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Taiwanese+kana%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (April 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:pink;">Taiwanese kana <div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> Syllabary </div> with some features of an <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1896–1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">Regular script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>)<ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Taiwanese kana</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hakka_kana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hakka kana (page does not exist)">Hakka kana</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E6%9D%B1%E8%AA%9E%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D" class="extiw" title="ja:広東語仮名">ja</a>; <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E8%AF%AD%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" class="extiw" title="zh:广东语假名">zh</a>]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style>Kana <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734">(411), Katakana</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Katakana</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"> This article contains <a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Taiwanese kana</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">臺灣語假名</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">台湾语假名</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Táiwānyǔ jiǎmíng</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data">T'ai2-wan1-yü3 chia3-ming2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Táiwanyǔ jiǎmíng</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tâi-oân-gí ká-bêng</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABjitai" title="Kyūjitai">Kyūjitai</a></th><td class="infobox-data">臺灣語假名</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shinjitai" title="Shinjitai">Shinjitai</a></th><td class="infobox-data">台湾語仮名</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Taiwan-go kana</td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Transliteration of Chinese">Transliteration of Chinese</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Mandarin">Modern Standard Mandarin</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Spelling conventions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Latinxua Sin Wenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale romanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Wade" title="Simplified Wade">Simplified Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Standard_Mandarin_transcription_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Standard Mandarin transcription systems">Comparison chart</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Late imperial Mandarin</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morrison_romanization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morrison romanization (page does not exist)">Morrison romanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legge_romanization" title="Legge romanization">Legge romanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal romanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Sichuanese dialect">Sichuanese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Pinyin" title="Sichuanese Pinyin">Sichuanese Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuanxua_Ladinxua_Xin_Wenz" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz">Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">General Wu</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization of Wu Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhounese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese_romanisation" title="Wenzhounese romanisation">Wenzhounese romanisation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale romanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization" title="Guangdong Romanization">Guangdong Romanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Government_Cantonese_Romanisation" title="Hong Kong Government Cantonese Romanisation">Hong Kong Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Government_Cantonese_Romanization" title="Macau Government Cantonese Romanization">Macau Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer%E2%80%93Wempe" title="Meyer–Wempe">Meyer–Wempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lau_romanisation" title="Sidney Lau romanisation">Sidney Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._L._Wong_(phonetic_symbols)" title="S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)">S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._L._Wong_(romanisation)" title="S. L. Wong (romanisation)">S. L. Wong (romanisation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Pinyin">Cantonese Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Romanization_(Cantonese)" title="Standard Romanization (Cantonese)">Standard Romanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnett%E2%80%93Chao" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnett–Chao">Barnett–Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Cantonese_romanization_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Cantonese romanization systems"> Comparison chart</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Literal_Taiwanese" title="Modern Literal Taiwanese">Modern Literal Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phofsit_Daibuun" title="Phofsit Daibuun">Phofsit Daibuun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinxua_Sin_Wenz" title="Latinxua Sin Wenz">Habhunwe Latinxua Sin Bhundzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_p%C3%ACngy%C4%ABm" title="Bbánlám pìngyīm">Bbánlám pìngyīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">Daighi tongiong pingim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Hokkien_writing_systems" title="Comparison of Hokkien writing systems">Comparison chart</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Romanization" title="Teochew Romanization">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Fuzhounese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme">Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kienning_Colloquial_Romanized" title="Kienning Colloquial Romanized">Kienning Colloquial Romanised</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian Min</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinghwa_Romanized" title="Hinghwa Romanized">Hinghwa Romanised</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Romanized">Hainan Romanised</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou dialect</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Hainanese Transliteration Scheme">Hainanese Transliteration Scheme</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang dialect</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang Min</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanized_Shaowu" title="Romanized Shaowu">Romanised Shaowu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaowu_dialect" title="Shaowu dialect">Shaowu dialect</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang-Du</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinfa" title="Pinfa">Pinfa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinfa" title="Pinfa">Pinfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagfa_Pinyim" title="Hagfa Pinyim">Hagfa Pinyim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-fa-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Pha̍k-fa-sṳ">Pha̍k-fa-sṳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Yi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Chang–Yi dialects">Chang–Yi</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinfa" title="Pinfa">Pinfa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Diasystem" title="Diasystem">Polylectal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/General_Chinese" title="General Chinese">General Chinese</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Chinese#Romanized_General_Chinese" title="General Chinese">Romanized General Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other transliterations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Chinese#Character-based_General_Chinese" title="General Chinese">Character-based General Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Chinese_characters" title="Transcription into Chinese characters">Transcription into Chinese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By place</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_name" title="Hong Kong name">Romanisation in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanisation_in_Singapore" title="Chinese language romanisation in Singapore">Romanisation in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Taiwan" title="Chinese language romanization in Taiwan">Romanisation in Taiwan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Template:Transliteration of Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Template talk:Transliteration of Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transliteration_of_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transliteration of Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg/220px-Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg/330px-Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg/440px-Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A page from the Japanese–Taiwanese Dictionary (日臺大辭典, Nittai daijiten) of 1907, by Ogawa Naoyoshi</figcaption></figure> Taiwanese kana (<a href="/wiki/Min_Nan_Chinese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Min Nan Chinese language">Min Nan Chinese</a>: タイ𚿳ヲァヌ𚿳ギイ𚿰カア𚿰ビェン𚿳, tâi oân gí ká biêng, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Help:IPA/Taiwanese Hokkien">[tai˨˦ uan˨˦ gi˥˩ ka˥˩ bieŋ˨˦]</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> that was used to write <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a> (commonly called "Taiwanese") when the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">island of Taiwan</a> was <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">under Japanese rule</a>. It functioned as a phonetic guide to <a href="/wiki/Hanzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanzi">hanzi</a>, much like <a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">furigana</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Zhuyin fuhao</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>. There were similar systems for other languages in Taiwan as well, including <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a>. The system was imposed by Japan at the time and used in a few dictionaries, as well as textbooks. The Taiwanese–Japanese Dictionary, published in 1931–32, is an example.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgawa_Naoyoshi1932-1">[1]</a> It uses various signs and <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> to identify sounds that do not exist in Japanese. The system is chiefly built for the <a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, with some consideration for the <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialects" title="Quanzhou dialects">Quanzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialects" title="Zhangzhou dialects">Zhangzhou</a> dialects of <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> also spoken in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> as well, which descendant speakers of all three of the historical major dialects of Hokkien thrived, developed, and intermixed in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> for centuries producing modern <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a> and its own specific regional dialects throughout the island (<a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Formosa</a>) and nearby smaller islands (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">Pescadores</a>). Through the system, the Office of the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Taiwan" title="Governor-General of Taiwan">Governor-General of Taiwan</a> aimed to help <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_people" title="Taiwanese people">Taiwanese people</a> learn the Japanese language, as well as help <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese people</a> learn the Taiwanese language. Linguistically speaking, however, the <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a> system was cumbersome for a language that has <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> far more complicated than Japanese. After Japanese administration ended, the system soon became obsolete. Now, only a few scholars, such as those who study the aforementioned dictionary, learn Taiwanese kana. The system underwent modification over time. This article is mainly about the last edition, used from roughly 1931. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_rules">Basic rules</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Basic rules">edit</a>]</div> Mapped sounds are mostly similar to <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a> in Japanese, with the kana ヤ, ユ, ヨ, ワ, ヰ, and ヱ not used. Each syllable is written with two or three kana (with a few exceptions). Notable differences include: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>There are six vowels in Taiwanese: ア [a], イ [i], ウ [u], エ [e], オ [ɔ], ヲ [o]. The pronunciations of ウ, オ, and ヲ are different from Japanese (which are [ɯ], [o], and [(w)o] respectively.)</li> <li>The vowel ヲ is pronounced [u] in the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> ヲア [ua] and ヲエ [ue], also their extensions such as ヲァイ [uai], ヲァッ [uat̚]. In some dialects ヲ may be pronounced [o] or [ɤ].</li> <li>In syllables with a single vowel, the kana for the vowel is repeated, like the <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowels</a> in Japanese. For example, カア [ka], キイ [ki], オオ [ɔ], ヲヲ [o].</li> <li>The small kana ァ, ィ, ゥ, ェ, ォ, 𛅦 are defined as <a href="/wiki/Short_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Short vowel">short vowels</a>. They are used to represent the second vowel in the middle of a syllable, or a final <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>. For example, キァウ [kiau], キェㇰ for [kiek̚], キァゥ [kiauʔ].</li> <li>There are two optional vowel kana for the Choân-chiu accent (<a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou dialect</a>): ウ [ɯ] and オ [ə]. For example, クウ [kɯ], オ [kə], クゥヌ [kɯn].</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>フ is pronounced [hu], not [ɸɯ] as in Japanese.</li> <li>There are six overlined kana to distinguish [t] and [ts]/[tɕ]. サ [tsa], チ [ti], ツ [tu] or [tɯ], セ [tse], ソ [tso] or [tsɔ] or [tsə], ト [tə].</li></ul> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="6" width="225">Taiwanese kana</th> <th colspan="5" width="225">Modern Japanese kana </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ̟</a>/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel#Close_back_compressed_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">ɯ̟ᵝ</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>t </th> <td>タ</td> <td>チ </td> <td>ツ</td> <td>テ</td> <td>ト </td> <td>ト </td> <td>タ</td> <td>ティ</td> <td>トゥ</td> <td>テ</td> <td>ト </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>ts/tɕ </th> <td>サ</td> <td>チ</td> <td>ツ </td> <td>セ </td> <td>ソ </td> <td>ソ </td> <td>ツァ</td> <td>チ</td> <td>ツ</td> <td>ツェ</td> <td>ツォ </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated consonants</a> [pʰ], [tʰ], [kʰ], [tsʰ]/[tɕʰ] are represented by adding an underdot to the kana. For example, ク̣ for [kʰu].</li> <li>Final <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal consonants</a> are written as ム [m], ヌ [n], ン [ŋ]. Note that ム, ヌ are pronounced [mu], [nu] when they are used as initials. For example, カヌ [kan], ヌヌ for [nun].</li> <li>The syllabic consonant [ŋ̍] is spelt (u+)ン, for example クン [kŋ̍]. Note that [ŋ̍] without a preceding vowel is written as a single ン, not ウン or ンン.</li> <li>The syllabic consonant [m̩] is spelt (u+)ム, for example フム [hm̩]. Note that [m̩] without a preceding vowel is written as a single ム, not ウム or ムム.</li> <li>Initial [ŋ] is spelt as [ɡ] with a nasal tone sign. For example, ガア𚿰 [ɡa˥˩], ガア𚿸 [ŋa˥˩].</li> <li>Final plosives (which have <a href="/wiki/No_audible_release" title="No audible release">no audible release</a>) are ㇷ゚ [p̚], ッ [t̚], ㇰ [k̚], similar to the kana used in <a href="/wiki/Ainu_language" title="Ainu language">Ainu</a>.</li> <li>Final <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stops</a> [ʔ] are represented by the short-vowel small kana (ァ, ィ, ゥ, ェ, ォ, 𛅦) at the end. For example, カァ [kaʔ], カゥ [kauʔ].</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone_signs">Tone signs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tone signs">edit</a>]</div> There are different <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tone</a> signs for normal vowels and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a>. <dl><dd><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tone number</th> <th width="50">1</th> <th width="50">2(6)</th> <th width="50">3</th> <th width="50">4</th> <th width="50">5</th> <th width="50">7</th> <th width="50">8 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Pitch</td> <td>˦</td> <td>˥˩</td> <td>˧˩</td> <td>˧</td> <td>˨˦</td> <td>˧</td> <td>˥ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Normal vowels</td> <td>None</td> <td>𚿰</td> <td>𚿱</td> <td>𚿲</td> <td>𚿳</td> <td>𚿵</td> <td>𚿶 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>Nasal vowels</td> <td>𚿷</td> <td>𚿸</td> <td>𚿹</td> <td>𚿺</td> <td>𚿻</td> <td>𚿽</td> <td>𚿾 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>á</td> <td>à</td> <td>ah</td> <td>â</td> <td>ā</td> <td>a̍h </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <ul><li>When a text is <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts" title="Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts">written vertically</a>, these signs are written on the right side of letters. Taiwanese kana is only attested in vertical orientation, so it is unknown where the signs would be placed if it were written horizontally.</li> <li>Initial consonants [m], [n], [ŋ] are always written with nasal vowel tone signs, whereas [b], [l], [ɡ] are always with normal vowels. Note that [ŋ] and [ɡ] share the same initial kana.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taiwanese_kana_chart">Taiwanese kana chart</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Taiwanese kana chart">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rime_chart">Rime chart</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rime chart">edit</a>]</div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>ア、イ </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Vowel</th> <th rowspan="2">Open syllable</th> <th colspan="3">Final nasals</th> <th colspan="4">Final plosives </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[m]</th> <th>[n]</th> <th>[ŋ]</th> <th>[p̚]</th> <th>[t̚]</th> <th>[k̚]</th> <th>[ʔ] </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[a] </th> <td>アア</td> <td>アム</td> <td>アヌ</td> <td>アン</td> <td>アㇷ゚ </td> <td>アッ</td> <td>アㇰ</td> <td>アァ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ai] </th> <td>アイ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[au] </th> <td>アウ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>アゥ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ia] </th> <td>イア</td> <td>イァム</td> <td></td> <td>イァン</td> <td>イァㇷ゚ </td> <td></td> <td>イァㇰ</td> <td>イァ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[iau] </th> <td>イァウ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>イァゥ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[i] </th> <td>イイ</td> <td>イム</td> <td>イヌ</td> <td></td> <td>イㇷ゚ </td> <td>イッ</td> <td></td> <td>イィ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[iu] </th> <td>イウ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>イゥ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ie] </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td>イェヌ</td> <td>イェン</td> <td></td> <td>イェッ</td> <td>イェㇰ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[iɔ] </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>イォン</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>イォㇰ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[io] </th> <td>イヲ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>イ𛅦 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>ウ、エ、オ、ヲ、ム、ン </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Vowel</th> <th rowspan="2">Open syllable</th> <th colspan="3">Final nasals</th> <th colspan="4">Final plosives </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[m]</th> <th>[n]</th> <th>[ŋ]</th> <th>[p̚]</th> <th>[t̚]</th> <th>[k̚]</th> <th>[ʔ] </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[u] </th> <td>ウウ</td> <td></td> <td>ウヌ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ウッ</td> <td></td> <td>ウゥ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ui] </th> <td>ウイ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ɯ] </th> <td>ウウ</td> <td></td> <td>ウン</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ɯi] </th> <td>ウイ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[e] </th> <td>エエ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>エェ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ɔ] </th> <td>オオ</td> <td>オム</td> <td></td> <td>オン</td> <td>オㇷ゚</td> <td> </td> <td>オㇰ</td> <td>オォ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ə] </th> <td>オオ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[əe] </th> <td>オエ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ua] </th> <td>ヲア</td> <td></td> <td>ヲァヌ</td> <td>ヲァン</td> <td></td> <td>ヲァッ</td> <td></td> <td>ヲァ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[uai] </th> <td>ヲァイ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ue] </th> <td>ヲエ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ヲェ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[o] </th> <td>ヲヲ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ヲ𛅦 </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[m̩] </th> <td>ム</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ム </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>[ŋ̍] </th> <td>ン</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ン </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable_chart">Syllable chart</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Syllable chart">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center" bgcolor="#F0F0F0"> <td></td> <td>None</td> <td>p</td> <td>pʰ</td> <td>b</td> <td>m</td> <td>t</td> <td>tʰ</td> <td>l</td> <td>n</td> <td>ts/tɕ</td> <td>tsʰ/tɕʰ</td> <td>s/ɕ</td> <td>dz/dʑ</td> <td>k</td> <td>kʰ</td> <td>ɡ/ŋ</td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">a</td> <td>アア</td> <td>パア</td> <td>パ̣ア</td> <td>バア</td> <td>マア </td> <td>タア</td> <td>タ̣ア</td> <td>ラア</td> <td>ナア </td> <td>サア </td> <td>サ̣ア</td> <td>サア</td> <td> </td> <td>カア</td> <td>カ̣ア</td> <td>ガア</td> <td>ハア </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">aʔ</td> <td>アァ</td> <td>パァ</td> <td>パ̣ァ</td> <td>バァ</td> <td> </td> <td>タァ</td> <td>タ̣ァ</td> <td>ラァ</td> <td>ナァ </td> <td>サァ </td> <td>サ̣ァ</td> <td>サァ</td> <td> </td> <td>カァ</td> <td>カ̣ァ</td> <td></td> <td>ハァ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ai</td> <td>アイ</td> <td>パイ</td> <td>パ̣イ</td> <td>バイ</td> <td>マイ </td> <td>タイ</td> <td>タ̣イ</td> <td>ライ</td> <td>ナイ </td> <td>サイ </td> <td>サ̣イ</td> <td>サイ</td> <td> </td> <td>カイ</td> <td>カ̣イ</td> <td>ガイ</td> <td>ハイ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">au</td> <td>アウ</td> <td>パウ</td> <td>パ̣ウ</td> <td>バウ</td> <td>マウ </td> <td>タウ</td> <td>タ̣ウ</td> <td>ラウ</td> <td>ナウ </td> <td>サウ </td> <td>サ̣ウ</td> <td>サウ</td> <td> </td> <td>カウ</td> <td>カ̣ウ</td> <td>ガウ</td> <td>ハウ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">auʔ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>パ̣ゥ</td> <td></td> <td>マゥ </td> <td>タゥ</td> <td></td> <td>ラゥ</td> <td>ナゥ </td> <td></td> <td>サ̣ゥ</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>カゥ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">am</td> <td>アム</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>タム</td> <td>タ̣ム</td> <td>ラム</td> <td> </td> <td>サム </td> <td>サ̣ム</td> <td>サム</td> <td> </td> <td>カム</td> <td>カ̣ム</td> <td>ガム</td> <td>ハム </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">an</td> <td>アヌ</td> <td>パヌ</td> <td>パ̣ヌ</td> <td>バヌ</td> <td> </td> <td>タヌ</td> <td>タ̣ヌ</td> <td>ラヌ</td> <td> </td> <td>サヌ </td> <td>サ̣ヌ</td> <td>サヌ</td> <td> </td> <td>カヌ</td> <td>カ̣ヌ</td> <td>ガヌ</td> <td>ハヌ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">aŋ</td> <td>アン</td> <td>パン</td> <td>パ̣ン</td> <td>バン</td> <td> </td> <td>タン</td> <td>タ̣ン</td> <td>ラン</td> <td> </td> <td>サン </td> <td>サ̣ン</td> <td>サン</td> <td> </td> <td>カン</td> <td>カ̣ン</td> <td>ガン</td> <td>ハン </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ap̚</td> <td>アㇷ゚</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>タㇷ゚</td> <td>タ̣ㇷ゚ </td> <td>ラㇷ゚</td> <td> </td> <td>サㇷ゚ </td> <td>サ̣ㇷ゚</td> <td>サㇷ゚</td> <td> </td> <td>カㇷ゚</td> <td>カ̣ㇷ゚ </td> <td></td> <td>ハㇷ゚ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">at̚</td> <td>アッ</td> <td>パッ</td> <td></td> <td>バッ</td> <td> </td> <td>タッ</td> <td>タ̣ッ</td> <td>ラッ</td> <td> </td> <td>サッ </td> <td>サ̣ッ</td> <td>サッ</td> <td> </td> <td>カッ</td> <td>カ̣ッ</td> <td></td> <td>ハッ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ak̚</td> <td>アㇰ</td> <td>パㇰ </td> <td>パ̣ㇰ</td> <td>バㇰ</td> <td> </td> <td>タㇰ</td> <td>タ̣ㇰ </td> <td>ラㇰ</td> <td> </td> <td>サㇰ </td> <td>サ̣ㇰ</td> <td>サㇰ</td> <td> </td> <td>カㇰ</td> <td>カ̣ㇰ </td> <td>ガㇰ</td> <td>ハㇰ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ia</td> <td>イア</td> <td>ピア</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ミア </td> <td>チア </td> <td>チ̣ア</td> <td></td> <td>ニア </td> <td>チア</td> <td>チ̣ア</td> <td>シア</td> <td>ジア </td> <td>キア</td> <td>キ̣ア</td> <td>ガア</td> <td>ヒア </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">iaʔ</td> <td>イァ</td> <td>ピァ</td> <td>ピ̣ァ</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>チァ </td> <td>チ̣ァ</td> <td>リァ</td> <td> </td> <td>チァ</td> <td>チ̣ァ</td> <td>シァ</td> <td> </td> <td>キァ</td> <td>キ̣ァ</td> <td>ガァ</td> <td>ヒァ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">iau</td> <td>イァウ</td> <td>ピァウ</td> <td>ピ̣ァウ</td> <td>ビァウ</td> <td>ミァウ </td> <td>チァウ </td> <td>チ̣ァウ</td> <td>リァウ</td> <td>ニァウ </td> <td>チァウ</td> <td>チ̣ァウ</td> <td>シァウ</td> <td>ジァウ </td> <td>キァウ</td> <td>キ̣ァウ</td> <td>ギァウ</td> <td>ヒァウ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">iauʔ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>カ̣ァゥ</td> <td>ガァゥ</td> <td>ハァゥ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">iam</td> <td>イァム</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>チァム </td> <td>チ̣ァム</td> <td>リァム</td> <td> </td> <td>チァム</td> <td>チ̣ァム</td> <td>シァム</td> <td>ジァム </td> <td>キァム</td> <td>キ̣ァム</td> <td>ギァム</td> <td>ヒァム </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">iaŋ</td> <td>イァン</td> <td>ピァン</td> <td>ピ̣ァン</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>リァン</td> <td> </td> <td>チァン</td> <td>チ̣ァン</td> <td>シァン</td> <td>ジァン </td> <td></td> <td>キ̣ァン</td> <td>ギァン</td> <td>ヒァン </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">iap̚</td> <td>イァㇷ゚</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>チァㇷ゚ </td> <td>チ̣ァㇷ゚ </td> <td>リァㇷ゚</td> <td> </td> <td>チァㇷ゚</td> <td>チ̣ァㇷ゚ </td> <td>シァㇷ゚</td> <td>ジァㇷ゚ </td> <td>キァㇷ゚</td> <td>キ̣ァㇷ゚ </td> <td>ギァㇷ゚</td> <td>ヒァㇷ゚ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">iak̚</td> <td></td> <td>ピァㇰ</td> <td>ピ̣ァㇰ</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>チァㇰ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>チ̣ァㇰ</td> <td>シァㇰ</td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>キ̣ァㇰ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">i</td> <td>イイ</td> <td>ピイ</td> <td>ピ̣イ</td> <td>ビイ</td> <td>ミイ </td> <td>チイ </td> <td>チ̣イ</td> <td>リイ</td> <td>ニイ </td> <td>チイ</td> <td>チ̣イ</td> <td>シイ</td> <td>ジイ </td> <td>キイ</td> <td>キ̣イ</td> <td>ギイ</td> <td>ヒイ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">iʔ</td> <td></td> <td>ピィ</td> <td>ピ̣ィ</td> <td>ビィ</td> <td>ミィ </td> <td>チィ </td> <td>チ̣ィ</td> <td></td> <td>ニィ </td> <td>チィ</td> <td>チ̣ィ</td> <td>シィ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>キィ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">im</td> <td>イム</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>チム </td> <td>チ̣ム</td> <td>リム</td> <td> </td> <td>チム</td> <td>チ̣ム</td> <td>シム</td> <td>ジム </td> <td>キム</td> <td>キ̣ム</td> <td>ギム</td> <td>ヒム </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">in</td> <td>イヌ</td> <td>ピヌ</td> <td>ピ̣ヌ</td> <td>ビヌ</td> <td> </td> <td>チヌ </td> <td>チ̣ヌ</td> <td>リヌ</td> <td> </td> <td>チヌ</td> <td>チ̣ヌ</td> <td>シヌ</td> <td>ジヌ </td> <td>キヌ</td> <td>キ̣ヌ</td> <td>ギヌ</td> <td>ヒヌ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ip̚</td> <td>イㇷ゚</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>リㇷ゚</td> <td> </td> <td>チㇷ゚</td> <td>チ̣ㇷ゚ </td> <td>シㇷ゚</td> <td>ジㇷ゚ </td> <td>キㇷ゚</td> <td>キ̣ㇷ゚</td> <td> </td> <td>ヒㇷ゚ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">it̚</td> <td>イッ</td> <td>ピッ</td> <td>ピ̣ッ</td> <td>ビッ</td> <td> </td> <td>チッ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>チッ</td> <td>チ̣ッ</td> <td>シッ</td> <td>ジッ </td> <td>キッ</td> <td>キ̣ッ</td> <td></td> <td>ヒッ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">iu</td> <td>イウ</td> <td>ピウ</td> <td></td> <td>ビウ</td> <td> </td> <td>チウ </td> <td>チ̣ウ</td> <td>リウ</td> <td>ニウ </td> <td>チウ</td> <td>チ̣ウ</td> <td>シウ</td> <td>ジウ </td> <td>キウ</td> <td>キ̣ウ</td> <td>ギウ</td> <td>ヒウ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">iuʔ</td> <td>イゥ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ヒゥ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ien</td> <td>イェヌ</td> <td>ピェヌ</td> <td>ピ̣ェヌ</td> <td>ビェヌ</td> <td> </td> <td>チェヌ </td> <td>チ̣ェヌ</td> <td>リェヌ</td> <td> </td> <td>チェヌ</td> <td>チ̣ェヌ</td> <td>シェヌ</td> <td>ジェヌ </td> <td>キェヌ</td> <td>キ̣ェヌ</td> <td>ギェヌ</td> <td>ヒェヌ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ieŋ</td> <td>イェン</td> <td>ピェン</td> <td>ピ̣ェン</td> <td>ビェン</td> <td> </td> <td>チェン </td> <td>チ̣ェン</td> <td>リェン</td> <td> </td> <td>チェン</td> <td>チ̣ェン</td> <td>シェン</td> <td> </td> <td>キェン</td> <td>キ̣ェン</td> <td>ギェン</td> <td>ヒェン </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">iet̚</td> <td>イェッ</td> <td>ピェッ</td> <td>ピ̣ェッ</td> <td>ビェッ</td> <td> </td> <td>チェッ </td> <td>チ̣ェッ</td> <td>リェッ</td> <td> </td> <td>チェッ</td> <td>チ̣ェッ</td> <td>シェッ</td> <td>ジェッ </td> <td>キェッ</td> <td>キ̣ェッ</td> <td>ギェッ</td> <td>ヒェッ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">iek̚</td> <td>イェㇰ</td> <td>ピェㇰ </td> <td>ピ̣ェㇰ</td> <td>ビェㇰ</td> <td> </td> <td>チェㇰ </td> <td>チ̣ェㇰ </td> <td>リェㇰ</td> <td> </td> <td>チェㇰ</td> <td>チ̣ェㇰ </td> <td>シェㇰ</td> <td></td> <td>キェㇰ</td> <td> </td> <td>ギェㇰ</td> <td>ヒェㇰ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">iɔŋ</td> <td>イォン</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>チォン </td> <td>チ̣ォン</td> <td>リォン</td> <td> </td> <td>チォン</td> <td>チ̣ォン</td> <td>シォン</td> <td>ジォン </td> <td>キォン</td> <td>キ̣ォン</td> <td>ギォン</td> <td>ヒォン </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">iɔk̚</td> <td>イォㇰ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>チォㇰ </td> <td>チ̣ォㇰ </td> <td>リォㇰ</td> <td> </td> <td>チォㇰ</td> <td>チ̣ォㇰ </td> <td>シォㇰ</td> <td>ジォㇰ </td> <td>キォㇰ</td> <td>キ̣ォㇰ </td> <td>ギォㇰ</td> <td>ヒォㇰ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">io</td> <td>イヲ</td> <td>ピヲ</td> <td>ピ̣ヲ</td> <td>ビヲ</td> <td> </td> <td>チヲ </td> <td>チ̣ヲ</td> <td>リヲ</td> <td> </td> <td>チヲ</td> <td>チ̣ヲ</td> <td>シヲ</td> <td>ジヲ </td> <td>キヲ</td> <td>キ̣ヲ</td> <td>ギヲ</td> <td>ヒヲ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ioʔ</td> <td>イ𛅦</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>チ𛅦</td> <td> </td> <td>リ𛅦</td> <td></td> <td>チ𛅦 </td> <td>チ̣𛅦</td> <td>シ𛅦</td> <td> </td> <td>キ𛅦</td> <td>キ̣𛅦 </td> <td>ギ𛅦</td> <td>ヒ𛅦 </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ui</td> <td>ウイ</td> <td>プイ</td> <td>プ̣イ</td> <td>ブイ</td> <td>ムイ </td> <td>ツイ </td> <td>ツ̣イ</td> <td>ルイ</td> <td> </td> <td>ツイ</td> <td>ツ̣イ</td> <td>スイ</td> <td> </td> <td>クイ</td> <td>ク̣イ</td> <td>グイ</td> <td>フイ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ɯi </td> <td>ウイ </td> <td>プゥイ </td> <td>プ̣ゥイ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ツゥイ </td> <td>ツ̣ゥイ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ツゥイ </td> <td>ツ̣ゥイ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>クゥイ </td> <td>ク̣ゥイ </td> <td>グゥイ </td> <td>フゥイ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">u</td> <td>ウウ</td> <td>プウ</td> <td>プ̣ウ</td> <td>ブウ</td> <td> </td> <td>ツウ </td> <td>ツ̣ウ</td> <td>ルウ</td> <td> </td> <td>ツウ</td> <td>ツ̣ウ</td> <td>スウ</td> <td>ズウ </td> <td>クウ</td> <td>ク̣ウ</td> <td>グウ</td> <td>フウ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">uʔ</td> <td>ウゥ</td> <td>プゥ</td> <td>プ̣ゥ</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>ツゥ </td> <td>ツ̣ゥ</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>ツゥ</td> <td>ツ̣ゥ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ク̣ゥ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ɯ </td> <td>ウウ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ツウ </td> <td>ツ̣ウ </td> <td>ルウ </td> <td> </td> <td>ツウ </td> <td>ツ̣ウ </td> <td>スウ </td> <td>ズウ </td> <td>クウ </td> <td>ク̣ウ </td> <td>グウ </td> <td>フウ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">un</td> <td>ウヌ</td> <td>プヌ</td> <td>プ̣ヌ</td> <td>ブヌ</td> <td> </td> <td>ツヌ </td> <td>ツ̣ヌ</td> <td>ルヌ</td> <td> </td> <td>ツヌ</td> <td>ツ̣ヌ</td> <td>スヌ</td> <td>ズヌ </td> <td>クヌ</td> <td>ク̣ヌ</td> <td>グヌ</td> <td>フヌ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ɯn </td> <td>ウン </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>スゥヌ </td> <td> </td> <td>クゥヌ </td> <td>ク̣ゥヌ </td> <td>グゥヌ </td> <td>フゥン </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ut̚</td> <td>ウッ</td> <td>プッ</td> <td>プ̣ッ</td> <td>ブッ</td> <td> </td> <td>ツッ </td> <td>ツ̣ッ</td> <td>ルッ</td> <td> </td> <td>ツッ</td> <td>ツ̣ッ</td> <td>スッ</td> <td> </td> <td>クッ</td> <td>ク̣ッ</td> <td></td> <td>フッ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ɯt̚ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>グゥッ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">m̩</td> <td>ム</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>フム </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">m̩ʔ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>フム </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ŋ̍</td> <td>ン</td> <td>プン</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ムン </td> <td>ツン </td> <td>ツ̣ン</td> <td></td> <td>ヌン </td> <td>ツン</td> <td>ツ̣ン</td> <td>スン</td> <td></td> <td>クン</td> <td>ク̣ン</td> <td></td> <td>フン </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ŋ̍ʔ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>プ̣ン</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ツ̣ン</td> <td>スン</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>フン </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">e</td> <td>エエ</td> <td>ペエ</td> <td>ペ̣エ</td> <td>ベエ</td> <td>メエ </td> <td>テエ</td> <td>テ̣エ</td> <td>レエ</td> <td>ネエ </td> <td>セエ </td> <td>セ̣エ</td> <td>セエ</td> <td> </td> <td>ケエ</td> <td>ケ̣エ</td> <td>ゲエ</td> <td>ヘエ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">eʔ</td> <td>エェ</td> <td>ペェ</td> <td></td> <td>ベェ</td> <td>メェ </td> <td>テェ</td> <td>テ̣ェ</td> <td>レェ</td> <td>ネェ </td> <td>セェ </td> <td>セ̣ェ</td> <td>セェ</td> <td> </td> <td>ケェ</td> <td>ケ̣ェ</td> <td>ゲェ</td> <td>ヘェ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ə </td> <td>オオ </td> <td>ポオ </td> <td>ポ̣オ </td> <td>ボオ </td> <td> </td> <td>トオ </td> <td>ト̣オ </td> <td>ロオ </td> <td> </td> <td>ソオ </td> <td>ソ̣オ </td> <td>ソオ </td> <td>ゾオ </td> <td>コオ </td> <td>コ̣オ </td> <td>ゴオ </td> <td>ホオ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">əʔ </td> <td>オォ </td> <td>ポォ </td> <td> </td> <td>ボォ </td> <td> </td> <td>トォ </td> <td> </td> <td>ロォ </td> <td> </td> <td>ソォ </td> <td>ソ̣ォ </td> <td>ソォ </td> <td> </td> <td>コォ </td> <td>コ̣ォ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ɔ</td> <td>オオ</td> <td>ポオ</td> <td>ポ̣オ</td> <td>ボオ</td> <td>モオ </td> <td>トオ</td> <td>ト̣オ</td> <td>ロオ</td> <td>ノオ </td> <td>ソオ </td> <td>ソ̣オ</td> <td>ソオ</td> <td> </td> <td>コオ</td> <td>コ̣オ</td> <td>ゴオ</td> <td>ホオ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ɔʔ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>モォ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ɔm</td> <td>オム</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>トム</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ソム</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ɔŋ</td> <td>オン</td> <td>ポン</td> <td>ポ̣ン</td> <td>ボン</td> <td> </td> <td>トン</td> <td>ト̣ン</td> <td>ロン</td> <td> </td> <td>ソン </td> <td>ソ̣ン</td> <td>ソン</td> <td> </td> <td>コン</td> <td>コ̣ン</td> <td>ゴン</td> <td>ホン </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ək̚ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>コォク </td> <td>コ̣ォク </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ɔk̚</td> <td>オㇰ</td> <td>ポㇰ </td> <td>ポ̣ㇰ</td> <td>ボㇰ</td> <td> </td> <td>トㇰ</td> <td>ト̣ㇰ </td> <td>ロㇰ</td> <td> </td> <td>ソㇰ </td> <td>ソ̣ㇰ</td> <td>ソㇰ</td> <td> </td> <td>コㇰ</td> <td>コ̣ㇰ </td> <td>ゴㇰ</td> <td>ホㇰ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ua</td> <td>ヲア</td> <td>ポア</td> <td>ポ̣ア</td> <td>ボア</td> <td>モア </td> <td>トア</td> <td>ト̣ア</td> <td>ロア</td> <td>ノア </td> <td>ソア </td> <td>ソ̣ア</td> <td>ソア</td> <td> </td> <td>コア</td> <td>コ̣ア</td> <td>ゴア</td> <td>ホア </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">uaʔ</td> <td>ヲァ</td> <td>ポァ</td> <td>ポ̣ァ</td> <td>ボァ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ト̣ァ</td> <td>ロァ</td> <td> </td> <td>ソァ </td> <td>ソ̣ァ</td> <td>ソァ</td> <td>ゾァ </td> <td>コァ</td> <td>コ̣ァ</td> <td></td> <td>ホァ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">uai</td> <td>ヲァイ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>ソァイ</td> <td></td> <td>ソァイ</td> <td> </td> <td>コァイ</td> <td>コ̣ァイ</td> <td></td> <td>ホァイ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">uan</td> <td>ヲァヌ</td> <td>ポァヌ</td> <td>ポ̣ァヌ</td> <td>ボァヌ</td> <td> </td> <td>トァヌ</td> <td>ト̣ァヌ</td> <td>ロァヌ</td> <td> </td> <td>ソァヌ </td> <td>ソ̣ァヌ</td> <td>ソァヌ</td> <td> </td> <td>コァヌ</td> <td>コ̣ァヌ</td> <td>ゴァヌ</td> <td>ホァヌ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">uaŋ</td> <td>ヲァン</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td></td> <td>ソ̣ァン</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">uat̚</td> <td>ヲァッ</td> <td>ポァッ</td> <td>ポ̣ァッ</td> <td>ボァッ</td> <td> </td> <td>トァッ</td> <td>ト̣ァッ</td> <td>ロァッ</td> <td> </td> <td>ソァッ</td> <td></td> <td>ソァッ</td> <td> </td> <td>コァッ</td> <td>コ̣ァッ</td> <td>ゴァッ</td> <td>ホァッ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ue</td> <td>ヲエ</td> <td>ポエ</td> <td>ポ̣エ</td> <td>ボエ</td> <td> </td> <td>トエ</td> <td></td> <td>ロエ</td> <td></td> <td>ソエ </td> <td>ソ̣エ</td> <td>ソエ</td> <td>ゾエ </td> <td>コエ</td> <td>コ̣エ</td> <td>ゴエ</td> <td>ホエ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">ueʔ</td> <td>ヲェ</td> <td>ポェ</td> <td>ポ̣ェ</td> <td>ボェ</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ソェ</td> <td> </td> <td>コェ</td> <td>コ̣ェ</td> <td>ゴェ</td> <td>ホェ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">əe </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>トォエ </td> <td>ト̣ォエ </td> <td>ロォエ </td> <td> </td> <td>ソォエ </td> <td>ソ̣ォエ </td> <td>ソォエ </td> <td> </td> <td>コォエ </td> <td>コ̣ォエ </td> <td>ゴォエ </td> <td>ホォエ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">o</td> <td>ヲヲ</td> <td>ポヲ</td> <td>ポ̣ヲ</td> <td>ボヲ</td> <td> </td> <td>トヲ</td> <td>ト̣ヲ</td> <td>ロヲ</td> <td> </td> <td>ソヲ </td> <td>ソ̣ヲ</td> <td>ソヲ</td> <td> </td> <td>コヲ</td> <td>コ̣ヲ</td> <td>ゴヲ</td> <td>ホヲ </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#F0F0F0">oʔ</td> <td>ヲ𛅦</td> <td>ポ𛅦 </td> <td>ポ̣𛅦</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ト𛅦 </td> <td>ト̣𛅦</td> <td>ロ𛅦</td> <td> </td> <td>ソ𛅦 </td> <td>ソ̣𛅦</td> <td>ソ𛅦</td> <td> </td> <td>コ𛅦</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ホ𛅦 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>Tone signs are always needed for a syllable.</li> <li>[ɡ] always takes normal vowel tone signs; [m], [n], [ŋ] always take nasal vowel tone signs.</li> <li>Some spellings are not clear. 仔(á) was sometimes written as ア rather than アア. 的(ê) was sometimes written as エ rather than エエ.</li> <li>[ɔ] is spelt with オ, such as in オオ, ポオ, イオ, ピオ, and so on.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Example">edit</a>]</div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td align="right">Audio File:</td> <td><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Taiwanese_Kana_Example.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Taiwanese_Kana_Example.ogg/Taiwanese_Kana_Example.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Taiwanese_Kana_Example.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Taiwanese kana: </td> <td>シェヌシイ𚿷 コン𚿰、ハㇰ𚿶 シェン チァム𚿵 チァム𚿵 チ̣ア𚿷。 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>:</td> <td>[ ɕjæn˧ ɕĩ˥ kɔŋ˥˩ hak̚˧ ɕjəŋ˥ tjam˧ tjam˧ tʰjã˥ ] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>:</td> <td>Sian-siⁿ kóng, ha̍k-seng tiām-tiām thiaⁿ. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a>:</td> <td>Sian-sinn kóng, ha̍k-sing tiām-tiām thiann. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese character">Traditional Chinese</a>:</td> <td>先生講、學生恬恬聽。 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">Translation:</td> <td>A teacher is speaking. Students are quietly listening. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode_support">Unicode support</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Unicode support">edit</a>]</div> Amongst <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">software</a>/<a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">encodings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mojikyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Mojikyo">Mojikyo</a> fully supports the system. Unicode has been able to represent small ku (ㇰ) and small pu (ㇷ゚) <a href="/wiki/Katakana_Phonetic_Extensions" title="Katakana Phonetic Extensions">since Unicode 3.2</a>, small katakana <a href="/wiki/Wo_(kana)" title="Wo (kana)">wo</a> (𛅦) <a href="/wiki/Small_Kana_Extension" title="Small Kana Extension">since Unicode 12.0</a>, and tone signs <a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-B" title="Kana Extended-B">since Unicode 14.0 (2021)</a>. It also requires the use of the <a href="/wiki/Overline" title="Overline">combining overline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)#Underdot" title="Dot (diacritic)">combining dot below</a> with kana to represent overlined and underdotted kana (like so: チ̅, ツ̣). Font support for these small kana and for sensible rendering of these uncommon combining sequences is in practice limited; overlines are simulated in the tables above using markup. <table class="wikitable nounderlines" style="border-collapse:collapse;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:inherit;font-size:large;font-family:sans-serif,'FRBTaiwaneseKana','Nishiki-teki';text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"><a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-B" title="Kana Extended-B">Kana Extended-B</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_U1AFF0_as_of_Unicode_version">[1]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_U1AFF0_grey">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1AFF0.pdf">Official Unicode Consortium code chart</a> (PDF) </td></tr> <tr style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small"> <td style="width:45pt"> </td> <td style="width:20pt">0</td> <td style="width:20pt">1</td> <td style="width:20pt">2</td> <td style="width:20pt">3</td> <td style="width:20pt">4</td> <td style="width:20pt">5</td> <td style="width:20pt">6</td> <td style="width:20pt">7</td> <td style="width:20pt">8</td> <td style="width:20pt">9</td> <td style="width:20pt">A</td> <td style="width:20pt">B</td> <td style="width:20pt">C</td> <td style="width:20pt">D</td> <td style="width:20pt">E</td> <td style="width:20pt">F </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small">U+1AFFx </td> <td title="U+1AFF0: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-2">𚿰 </td> <td title="U+1AFF1: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-3">𚿱 </td> <td title="U+1AFF2: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-4">𚿲 </td> <td title="U+1AFF3: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-5">𚿳 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1AFF5: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-7">𚿵 </td> <td title="U+1AFF6: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN TONE-8">𚿶 </td> <td title="U+1AFF7: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-1">𚿷 </td> <td title="U+1AFF8: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-2">𚿸 </td> <td title="U+1AFF9: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-3">𚿹 </td> <td title="U+1AFFA: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-4">𚿺 </td> <td title="U+1AFFB: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-5">𚿻 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td> <td title="U+1AFFD: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-7">𚿽 </td> <td title="U+1AFFE: KATAKANA LETTER MINNAN NASALIZED TONE-8">𚿾 </td> <td title="Reserved" style="background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#c8ccd1);color:inherit;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17" style="background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:inherit;font-size:small;text-align:left">Notes <dl><dd>1.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_U1AFF0_as_of_Unicode_version">^</a> As of Unicode version 16.0</dd> <dd>2.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_U1AFF0_grey">^</a> Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOgawa_Naoyoshi1932-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOgawa_Naoyoshi1932_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOgawa_Naoyoshi1932">Ogawa Naoyoshi (1932)</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOgawa_Naoyoshi1932" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Ogawa Naoyoshi, ed. (1931–1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1218326"><bdi lang="ja">臺日大辭典. 上卷</bdi></a> [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese and Taiwanese Hokkien). Vol. 1. Taihoku: Governor-General of Taiwan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8.+%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%B7&rft.place=Taihoku&rft.pub=Governor-General+of+Taiwan&rft.date=1931%2F1932&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Finfo%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F1218326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+kana" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Ogawa Naoyoshi, ed. (1931–1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/1218365"><bdi lang="ja">臺日大辭典. 下卷</bdi></a> [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese and Taiwanese Hokkien). Vol. 2. Taihoku: Governor-General of Taiwan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8.+%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%B7&rft.place=Taihoku&rft.pub=Governor-General+of+Taiwan&rft.date=1931%2F1932&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.ndl.go.jp%2Finfo%3Andljp%2Fpid%2F1218365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+kana" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgawa_NaoyoshiAng_Ui-jin1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Ogawa Naoyoshi; <a href="/wiki/Ang_Ui-jin" title="Ang Ui-jin">Ang Ui-jin</a>, eds. (1993) [1931–1932]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taigi.fhl.net/dict/gm.php?fn=A/A0001.png"><bdi lang="ja">臺日大辭典〈上卷〉</bdi></a> [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]. 閩南語經典辭書彙編 (in Japanese, Chinese, and Taiwanese Hokkien). Vol. 1. 武陵. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9573506211" title="Special:BookSources/9573506211"><bdi>9573506211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8%E3%80%88%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%B7%E3%80%89&rft.series=%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8%E8%BE%AD%E6%9B%B8%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8&rft.pub=%E6%AD%A6%E9%99%B5&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9573506211&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaigi.fhl.net%2Fdict%2Fgm.php%3Ffn%3DA%2FA0001.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+kana" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgawa_NaoyoshiAng_Ui-jin1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Ogawa Naoyoshi; <a href="/wiki/Ang_Ui-jin" title="Ang Ui-jin">Ang Ui-jin</a>, eds. (1993) [1931–1932]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taigi.fhl.net/dict/gm.php?fn=B/B0001.png"><bdi lang="ja">臺日大辭典〈下卷〉</bdi></a> [Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary]. 閩南語經典辭書彙編 (in Japanese, Chinese, and Taiwanese Hokkien). Vol. 2. 武陵. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/957350622X" title="Special:BookSources/957350622X"><bdi>957350622X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8%E3%80%88%E4%B8%8B%E5%8D%B7%E3%80%89&rft.series=%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8%E8%BE%AD%E6%9B%B8%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8&rft.pub=%E6%AD%A6%E9%99%B5&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=957350622X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaigi.fhl.net%2Fdict%2Fgm.php%3Ffn%3DB%2FB0001.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+kana" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taigi.fhl.net/dict/"><bdi lang="zh">台語辭典(台日大辭典台語譯本)查詢</bdi></a> [Taiwanese Dictionary (translation of Taiwanese-Japanese Dictionary) search] (in Taiwanese Hokkien). Retrieved 6 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8%28%E5%8F%B0%E6%97%A5%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%AD%AF%E6%9C%AC%29%E6%9F%A5%E8%A9%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaigi.fhl.net%2Fdict%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+kana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChun-Hui_Chen2002" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chun-Hui Chen (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw/ETD-db/ETD-search/getfile?URN=etd-0730102-160424&filename=etd-0730102-160424.pdf"><bdi lang="zh">《訂正臺灣十五音字母詳解》音系研究</bdi></a> [Phonetic study on The revised guide of 15 Taiwanese letters] (PDF) (Master's thesis) (in Chinese). National Sun Yat-sen University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%E3%80%8A%E8%A8%82%E6%AD%A3%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E8%A9%B3%E8%A7%A3%E3%80%8B+%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.inst=National+Sun+Yat-sen+University&rft.date=2002-06&rft.au=Chun-Hui+Chen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetd.lib.nsysu.edu.tw%2FETD-db%2FETD-search%2Fgetfile%3FURN%3Detd-0730102-160424%26filename%3Detd-0730102-160424.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+kana" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lîm, Chùn-io̍k. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taigi.fhl.net/dict/2.pdf">《台日大辭典》索引羅馬字對照表</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_language" title="Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_language" title="Template talk:Chinese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Major groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun_dialect" title="Changchun dialect">Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_dialect" title="Harbin dialect">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Mandarin" title="Shenyang Mandarin">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_dialect" title="Taz dialect">Taz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Jilu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_dialect" title="Tianjin dialect">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_dialect" title="Jinan dialect">Jinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiaoliao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_dialect" title="Dalian dialect">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao_dialect" title="Qingdao dialect">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai_dialect" title="Weihai dialect">Weihai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongping_dialect" title="Dongping dialect">Dongping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangou_language" title="Gangou language">Gangou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong_dialect" title="Guanzhong dialect">Guanzhong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi'an dialect">Xi'an</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang_dialect" title="Luoyang dialect">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou_dialect" title="Xuzhou dialect">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu-Chongqing_dialect" title="Chengdu-Chongqing dialect">Chengdu–Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjiang_dialect" title="Minjiang dialect">Minjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_dialect" title="Leshan dialect">Leshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renshou%E2%80%93Fushun_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renshou–Fushun Mandarin (page does not exist)">Renshou–Fushun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zigong_dialect" title="Zigong dialect">Zigong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_dialect" title="Kunming dialect">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_dialect" title="Wuhan dialect">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gui%E2%80%93Liu_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gui–Liu Mandarin (page does not exist)">Gui–Liu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuming_Mandarin" title="Wuming Mandarin">Wuming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Jianghuai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantong dialect">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Lanzhou dialect</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:兰州话">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urumqi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urumqi dialect (page does not exist)">Urumqi dialect</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:乌鲁木齐话">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junjiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinjiang_Mandarin" title="Qinjiang Mandarin">Qinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyami language">Gyami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect" title="Zhangjiakou–Hohhot dialect">Zhangjiakou–Hohhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi-Yan_dialect" title="Zhi-Yan dialect">Zhi–Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi_dialect" title="Wuxi dialect">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_dialect" title="Changzhou dialect">Changzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_dialect" title="Shaoxing dialect">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinxiang_dialect" title="Jinxiang dialect">Jinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyin_dialect" title="Jiangyin dialect">Jiangyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadi_dialect" title="Shadi dialect">Shadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_Wu" title="Taizhou Wu">Taizhou Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_dialect" title="Taizhou dialect">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_dialect" title="Tiantai dialect">Tiantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Oujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui%27an_dialect" title="Rui'an dialect">Rui'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wencheng_dialect" title="Wencheng dialect">Wencheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou_Wu" title="Wuzhou Wu">Wuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Qu_Wu" title="Chu–Qu Wu">Chu–Qu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan_dialect" title="Jiangshan dialect">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtian_dialect" title="Qingtian dialect">Qingtian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou_Wu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou Wu dialects">Xuanzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuancheng dialect">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji-She&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji-She (page does not exist)">Ji-She</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%A9%E6%AD%99%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:绩歙片">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiu-Yi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiu-Yi (page does not exist)">Xiu-Yi</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E9%BB%9F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:休黟片">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi-De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qi-De (page does not exist)">Qi-De</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%81%E5%A9%BA%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:祁婺片">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Yanzhou</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8C%E5%8D%A0%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:旌占片">zh</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jing-Zhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jing-Zhan (page does not exist)">Jing-Zhan</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:严州片">zh</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang–Du</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang dialect">Nanchang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi%E2%80%93Liu_Gan" title="Yi–Liu Gan">Yi–Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying%E2%80%93Yi_Gan" title="Ying–Yi Gan">Ying–Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%E2%80%93Tong_Gan" title="Da–Tong Gan">Da–Tong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">Changyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Loushao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuangfeng_dialect" title="Shuangfeng dialect">Shuangfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang_dialect" title="Xiangxiang dialect">Xiangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang_dialect" title="Wugang dialect">Wugang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%E2%80%93Xu_Xiang" title="Ji–Xu Xiang">Ji–Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Quan_Xiang" title="Yong–Quan Xiang">Yong–Quan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyang_dialect" title="Qiyang dialect">Qiyang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houguan_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houguan language group (page does not exist)">Houguan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu%E2%80%93Ning_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fu–Ning language group (page does not exist)">Fu–Ning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Pedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Malaysian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyan Min">Longyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banqiao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banqiao dialect (page does not exist)">Banqiao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhua_dialect" title="Wuhua dialect">Wuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingzhou_dialect" title="Tingzhou dialect">Tingzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changting_dialect" title="Changting dialect">Changting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_Hakka" title="Raoping Hakka">Raoping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yuehai_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuehai dialects">Yuehai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Guangzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiguan_dialect" title="Xiguan dialect">Xiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang_dialect" title="Jiujiang dialect">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiqi_dialect" title="Shiqi dialect">Shiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Weitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapeng_dialect" title="Dapeng dialect">Dapeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Siyi_Yue" title="Siyi Yue">Siyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinhui_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinhui dialect (page does not exist)">Xinhui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao%E2%80%93Yang_Yue" title="Gao–Yang Yue">Gao–Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulou_Yue" title="Goulou Yue">Goulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%E2%80%93Hua_Yue" title="Wu–Hua Yue">Wu–Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Xun_Yue" title="Yong–Xun Yue">Yong–Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo%E2%80%93Guang_Yue" title="Luo–Guang Yue">Luo–Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%E2%80%93Lian_Yue" title="Qin–Lian Yue">Qin–Lian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongdao_Pinghua" title="Tongdao Pinghua">Tongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younian_dialect" title="Younian dialect">Younian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Yongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guandao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guandao dialect (page does not exist)">Guandao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Rongjiang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Chinese" title="Mai Chinese">Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">Shehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheni_language" title="Yeheni language">Yeheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai-Long</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people#Language" title="Chuanqing people">Laobeizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/350px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="785" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/525px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/700px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="920" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_national_standards_of_Chinese" title="Comparison of national standards of Chinese">Standard forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Standard_Chinese" title="Sichuanese Standard Chinese">Sichuanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_National_Pronunciation" title="Old National Pronunciation">Old National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Classifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Idioms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiehouyu" title="Xiehouyu">Xiehouyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese input methods for computers">Input</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biaoxingma_method" title="Biaoxingma method">Biaoxingma</a></li> <li>Boshiamy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangjie_input_method" title="Cangjie input method">Cangjie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Cangjie" title="Simplified Cangjie">Simplified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKC_Chinese_Input_System" title="CKC Chinese Input System">CKC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_method" title="Dayi method">Dayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin method">Pinyin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pinyin_IME" title="Microsoft Pinyin IME">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin" title="Sogou Pinyin">Sogou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_count_method" title="Stroke count method">Stroke count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubi_method" title="Wubi method">Wubi (Wang Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengma_method" title="Zhengma method">ZhengMa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Middle Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gan_Chinese" title="History of Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Literary forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabets" title="Dungan alphabets">Written Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_characters" title="Sichuanese characters">Written Sichuanese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Logographic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Script_styles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Script_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Script styles">Script styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Phonetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language#Writing_system" title="Dungan language">Dungan Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Bopomofo">Cantonese Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Taiwanese Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_varieties_of_Chinese" title="List of varieties of Chinese">List of varieties of Chinese</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Min_Chinese" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Min_Chinese" title="Template:Min Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Min_Chinese" title="Template talk:Min Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Min_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Min Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Min_Chinese" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min Chinese</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Houguan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiapu_dialect" title="Xiapu dialect">Xiapu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Min_Languages.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A map showing the geographical distribution of the primary varieties of Min Chinese."><img alt="A map showing the geographical distribution of the primary varieties of Min Chinese." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/150px-Min_Languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/225px-Min_Languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/300px-Min_Languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1800" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialects" title="Quanzhou dialects">Quanzhou dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui%27an_dialect" title="Hui'an dialect">Hui'an dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongchun_dialect" title="Yongchun dialect">Yongchun dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialects" title="Zhangzhou dialects">Zhangzhou dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_dialect" title="Longyan dialect">Longyan dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_colloquial_speech" title="Banana colloquial speech">Banana colloquial speech</a></li></ul></li> <li>Northern <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> Hokkien <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_Peranakan_Hokkien" title="Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien">Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine Hokkien</a></li> <li>Southern <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> Hokkien <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singaporean Hokkien</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datian_Min" title="Datian Min">Datian Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houlu_dialect" title="Houlu dialect">Houlu dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian Min</a> (Hinghwa)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyou_dialect" title="Xianyou dialect">Xianyou dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaowu_dialect" title="Shaowu dialect">Shaowu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangle_dialect" title="Jiangle dialect">Jiangle dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanming_dialect" title="Sanming dialect">Sanming dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaxian_dialect" title="Shaxian dialect">Shaxian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%27an_dialect" title="Yong'an dialect">Yong'an dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Writing_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Romanization" title="Teochew Romanization">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Romanized">Hainan Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinghwa_Romanized" title="Hinghwa Romanized">Hinghwa Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kienning_Colloquial_Romanized" title="Kienning Colloquial Romanized">Kienning Colloquial Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Taiwanese Romanization System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">Daighi tongiong pingim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_p%C3%ACngy%C4%ABm" title="Bbánlám pìngyīm">Bbánlám pìngyīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme">Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Hainanese Transliteration Scheme">Hainanese Transliteration Scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0n-l%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Hàn-lô">Hàn-lô</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Min language">Proto-Min</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rime dictionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Lin_Bayin" title="Qi Lin Bayin">Qi Lin Bayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhou_Ba_Yin" title="Jianzhou Ba Yin">Jianzhou Ba Yin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Taiwan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Template:Languages of Taiwan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Template talk:Languages of Taiwan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Taiwan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Taiwan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages of Taiwan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Formosan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atayalic_languages" title="Atayalic languages">Atayalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Truku language">Truku</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rukaic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babuza_language" title="Babuza language">Babuza</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Favorlang_language" title="Favorlang language">Favorlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taokas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taokas language">Taokas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Papora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Hoanya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Arikun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Lloa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazeh_language" title="Pazeh language">Pazeh</a> <ul><li>Kaxabu</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulon_language" title="Kulon language">Kulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketagalan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketagalan language">Ketagalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basay_language" title="Basay language">Basay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luilang_language" title="Luilang language">Luilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makatao_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makatao language">Makatao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qauqaut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Qauqaut language">Qauqaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_language" title="Sakizaya language">Sakizaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraya_language" title="Siraya language">Siraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taivoan_language" title="Taivoan language">Taivoan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Batanic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sinitic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhounese">Fuzhounese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian dialect</a> (Wuqiu dialect)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwanese Hakka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dabu_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dabu dialect (page does not exist)">Dabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Raoping dialect">Raoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhao'an dialect">Zhao'an</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japonic Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Auxiliary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilan_Creole_Japanese" title="Yilan Creole Japanese">Yilan Creole Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&oldid=1258073112">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&oldid=1258073112</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Category:Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan under Japanese rule</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kana" title="Category:Kana">Kana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Transcription_of_Chinese" title="Category:Transcription of Chinese">Transcription of Chinese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Written_Hokkien" title="Category:Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writing_systems_introduced_in_the_19th_century" title="Category:Writing systems introduced in the 19th century">Writing systems introduced in the 19th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1896_introductions" title="Category:1896 introductions">1896 introductions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1896_in_Taiwan" title="Category:1896 in Taiwan">1896 in Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1945_disestablishments_in_Taiwan" title="Category:1945 disestablishments in Taiwan">1945 disestablishments in Taiwan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2016" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2016">Articles needing additional references from April 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scripts_with_ISO_15924_four-letter_codes" title="Category:Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes">Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Min_Nan_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Min Nan Chinese-language text">Articles containing Min Nan Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Taiwanese_Hokkien_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Taiwanese Hokkien IPA">Pages with Taiwanese Hokkien IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">CS1 maint: date and year</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Japanese-language_script_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)">CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_foreign_language_sources_(ISO_639-2)" title="Category:CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)">CS1 foreign language sources (ISO 639-2)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Chinese-language_sources_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)">CS1 Chinese-language sources (zh)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Chinese-language_script_(zh)" title="Category:CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)">CS1 uses Chinese-language script (zh)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 00:44 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_kana&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-c8xbz","wgBackendResponseTime":144,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.384","walltime":"2.652","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20560,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":763363,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2459,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":63121,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2198.530 1 -total"," 46.71% 1026.983 1163 Template:Lang"," 8.13% 178.704 233 Template:IPA"," 7.68% 168.835 23 Template:Navbox"," 6.68% 146.845 1 Template:Chinese"," 5.37% 117.967 1 Template:Infobox_writing_system"," 5.11% 112.400 1 Template:Infobox"," 4.83% 106.247 4 Template:Cite_book"," 4.59% 100.842 1 Template:RCL"," 4.20% 92.318 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.483","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":28268741,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFChun-Hui_Chen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgawa_Naoyoshi1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgawa_NaoyoshiAng_Ui-jin1993\"] = 2,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Chinese language\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 231,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox writing system\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1163,\n [\"Languages of Taiwan\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Min Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 2,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 1,\n [\"RCL\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"SpecialChars\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unicode chart Kana Extended-B\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","320","24.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","200","15.4"],["?","140","10.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","10.8"],["type","80","6.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","3.1"],["(for generator)","40","3.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.1"],["memo_lookup \u003CModule:Unicode_data:289\u003E","40","3.1"],["\u003Cstrict.lua:26\u003E","20","1.5"],["[others]","240","18.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-xm7xs","timestamp":"20241124164239","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Taiwanese kana","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwanese_kana","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q708161","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q708161","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-12-14T16:13:08Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T00:44:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4b\/Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg","headline":"writing system for Taiwanese Hokkien based on katakana, used during the colonial era (1896\u20131945)"}</script> </body> </html>