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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Deindustrialisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deindustrialisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Industrial policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Industrial labour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_on_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_on_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Effects on slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_on_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_20th_century_social_science_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_20th_century_social_science_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Use in 20th century social science and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_20th_century_social_science_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_bibliography_of_industrial_society_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_bibliography_of_industrial_society_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Selected bibliography of industrial society theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_bibliography_of_industrial_society_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Industrial society</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="مجتمع صناعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجتمع صناعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99naye_c%C9%99miyy%C9%99ti" title="Sənaye cəmiyyəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sənaye cəmiyyəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Індустрыяльнае грамадства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Індустрыяльнае грамадства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societat_industrial" title="Societat industrial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Societat industrial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_spole%C4%8Dnost" title="Industriální společnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Industriální společnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrisamfund" title="Industrisamfund – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Industrisamfund" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industriegesellschaft" title="Industriegesellschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Industriegesellschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industriaal%C3%BChiskond" title="Industriaalühiskond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Industriaalühiskond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociedad_industrial" title="Sociedad industrial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sociedad industrial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_socio" title="Industria socio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Industria socio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="جامعه صنعتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جامعه صنعتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_industrielle" title="Société industrielle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Société industrielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EC%97%85%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C" title="산업사회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산업사회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C" title="औद्योगिक समाज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="औद्योगिक समाज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_industriale" title="Società industriale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Società industriale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%AA" title="חברה מתועשת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חברה מתועשת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pramonin%C4%97_visuomen%C4%97" title="Pramoninė visuomenė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pramoninė visuomenė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri%C3%ABle_samenleving" title="Industriële samenleving – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Industriële samenleving" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%A3%E6%A5%AD%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="産業社会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="産業社会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrisamfunn" title="Industrisamfunn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Industrisamfunn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrisamfunn" title="Industrisamfunn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Industrisamfunn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spo%C5%82ecze%C5%84stwo_przemys%C5%82owe" title="Społeczeństwo przemysłowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Społeczeństwo przemysłowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Индустриальное общество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индустриальное общество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoq%C3%ABria_industriale" title="Shoqëria industriale – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shoqëria industriale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_society" title="Industrial society – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Industrial society" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri%C3%A1lna_spolo%C4%8Dnos%C5%A5" title="Industriálna spoločnosť – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Industriálna spoločnosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Индустријско друштво – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индустријско друштво" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teollisuusyhteiskunta" title="Teollisuusyhteiskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teollisuusyhteiskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrisamh%C3%A4lle" title="Industrisamhälle – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Industrisamhälle" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanayi_toplumu" title="Sanayi toplumu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sanayi toplumu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Індустріальне суспільство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індустріальне суспільство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_c%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87p" title="Xã hội công nghiệp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xã hội công nghiệp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="工業社會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="工業社會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q917614#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_society" title="View the 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Society driven by the use of technology to enable mass production</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_and_Northwestern_railroad_locomotive_shop_fsac.1a34676u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chicago_and_Northwestern_railroad_locomotive_shop_fsac.1a34676u.jpg/230px-Chicago_and_Northwestern_railroad_locomotive_shop_fsac.1a34676u.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chicago_and_Northwestern_railroad_locomotive_shop_fsac.1a34676u.jpg/345px-Chicago_and_Northwestern_railroad_locomotive_shop_fsac.1a34676u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Chicago_and_Northwestern_railroad_locomotive_shop_fsac.1a34676u.jpg/460px-Chicago_and_Northwestern_railroad_locomotive_shop_fsac.1a34676u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4628" data-file-height="6808" /></a><figcaption>Chicago and Northwestern railroad locomotive shop in the 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, an <b>industrial society</b> is a society driven by the use of <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">machinery</a> to enable <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a>, supporting a <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">large population</a> with a high capacity for <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labour</a>. Such a structure developed in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> in the period of time following the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, and replaced the <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarian societies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_history#Pre-modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">pre-modern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_society" title="Pre-industrial society">pre-industrial</a> age. Industrial societies are generally <a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">mass societies</a>, and may be succeeded by an <a href="/wiki/Information_society" title="Information society">information society</a>. They are often contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Traditional_society" title="Traditional society">traditional societies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-slang_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slang-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">Industrial</a> societies use external energy sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>, to increase the rate and scale of production.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production of food is shifted to large commercial farms where the products of industry, such as <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvesters" class="mw-redirect" title="Combine harvesters">combine harvesters</a> and fossil fuel-based <a href="/wiki/Fertilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilizers">fertilizers</a>, are used to decrease required human labor while increasing production. No longer needed for the production of food, excess labor is moved into these <a href="/wiki/Factories" class="mw-redirect" title="Factories">factories</a> where <a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">mechanization</a> is utilized to further increase efficiency. As populations grow, and <a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">mechanization</a> is further refined, often to the level of <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a>, many workers shift to expanding <a href="/wiki/Service_industries" title="Service industries">service industries</a>. </p><p>Industrial society makes <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> desirable, in part so that workers can be closer to centers of production, and the <a href="/wiki/Service_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Service industry">service industry</a> can provide labor to workers and those that benefit financially from them, in exchange for a piece of production profits with which they can buy goods. This leads to the rise of very large cities and surrounding <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburb</a> areas with a high rate of <a href="/wiki/Economic_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic activity">economic activity</a>. </p><p>These <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban centers</a> require the input of external energy sources in order to overcome the <a href="/wiki/Diminishing_returns" title="Diminishing returns">diminishing returns</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of agricultural consolidation, due partially to the lack of nearby <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>, associated transportation and storage costs, and are otherwise unsustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes the reliable availability of the needed energy resources high priority in industrial government policies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_development">Industrial development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_society&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Industrial development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunda_tsemenditehas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kunda_tsemenditehas.jpg/220px-Kunda_tsemenditehas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kunda_tsemenditehas.jpg/330px-Kunda_tsemenditehas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Kunda_tsemenditehas.jpg/440px-Kunda_tsemenditehas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1923" data-file-height="1082" /></a><figcaption>A factory, a traditional symbol of the industrial development (a <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/Kunda,_Estonia" title="Kunda, Estonia">Kunda, Estonia</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in Europe and North America, followed by further <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> throughout the world in the 20th century, most economies were largely agrarian. Basics were often made within the household and most other manufacturing was carried out in smaller <a href="/wiki/Workshop" title="Workshop">workshops</a> by <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a> with limited specialization or machinery.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Europe during the late Middle Ages, artisans in many towns formed <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> to self-regulate their trades and collectively pursue their business interests. Economic historian <a href="/wiki/Sheilagh_Ogilvie" title="Sheilagh Ogilvie">Sheilagh Ogilvie</a> has suggested the guilds further restrained the quality and productivity of manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some evidence, however, that even in ancient times, large economies such as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman empire">Roman empire</a> or Chinese <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> had developed <a href="/wiki/Factories" class="mw-redirect" title="Factories">factories</a> for more centralized production in certain industries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the Industrial Revolution, the manufacturing sector became a major part of European and North American economies, both in terms of labor and production, contributing possibly a third of all economic activity. Along with rapid advances in technology, such as <a href="/wiki/Steam_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam power">steam power</a> and mass <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> production, the new manufacturing drastically reconfigured previously <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> economies. Even today, industrial manufacturing is significant to many developed and semi-developed economies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deindustrialisation">Deindustrialisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_society&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Deindustrialisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deindustrialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Deindustrialisation">Deindustrialisation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clark%27s_Sector_Model.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Clark%27s_Sector_Model.png/450px-Clark%27s_Sector_Model.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Clark%27s_Sector_Model.png 1.5x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Colin_Clark_(economist)" title="Colin Clark (economist)">Colin Clark</a>'s sector model of an economy undergoing technological change. In later stages, the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Quaternary sector of the economy">Quaternary sector of the economy</a> grows.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically certain manufacturing industries have gone into a decline due to various economic factors, including the development of replacement technology or the loss of competitive advantage. An example of the former is the decline in <a href="/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage">carriage</a> manufacturing when the <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> was mass-produced. </p><p>A recent trend has been the migration of prosperous, industrialized nations towards a <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">post-industrial society</a>. This has come with a major shift in labor and production away from manufacturing and towards the <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">service sector</a>, a process dubbed <i><a href="/wiki/Tertiarization" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiarization">tertiarization</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, since the late 20th century, rapid changes in communication and information technology (sometimes called an <a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">information revolution</a>) have allowed sections of some economies to specialize in a <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary sector">quaternary sector</a> of knowledge and information-based services. For these and other reasons, in a post-industrial society, manufacturers can and often do relocate their industrial operations to lower-cost regions in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Off-shoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-shoring">off-shoring</a>. </p><p>Measurements of manufacturing industries outputs and economic effect are not historically stable. Traditionally, success has been<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (January 2022)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> measured in the number of jobs created<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2022)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Industrial_society#Dubious" title="Talk:Industrial society">discuss</a></i>]</sup>. The reduced number of employees in the manufacturing sector has been assumed to result from a decline in the competitiveness of the sector, or the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Lean_manufacturing" title="Lean manufacturing">lean manufacturing</a> process. </p><p>Related to this change is the upgrading of the <a href="/wiki/Quality_(business)" title="Quality (business)">quality</a> of the product being manufactured. While it is possible to produce a low-technology product with low-skill labour, the ability to manufacture high-technology products well is dependent on a highly skilled staff. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_policy">Industrial policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_society&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Industrial policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_policy" title="Industrial policy">Industrial policy</a></div> <p>Today, as industry is an important part of most societies and nations, many governments will have at least some role in planning and regulating industry. This can include issues such as <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">industrial pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financing" class="mw-redirect" title="Financing">financing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">labour law</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_labour">Industrial labour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_society&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Industrial labour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">industrial sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_organizational_psychology" title="Industrial and organizational psychology">industrial and organizational psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_district" title="Industrial district">industrial district</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_park" title="Industrial park">industrial park</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Industrial_society" title="Special:EditPage/Industrial society">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worker_9.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Worker_9.JPG/220px-Worker_9.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Worker_9.JPG/330px-Worker_9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Worker_9.JPG/440px-Worker_9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption>An industrial worker amidst heavy steel components (KINEX BEARINGS, <a href="/wiki/Byt%C4%8Da" title="Bytča">Bytča</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, c. 1995–2000)</figcaption></figure> <p>In an industrial society, industry employs a major part of the population. This occurs typically in the manufacturing sector. A labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and other working conditions. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rank_and_file" class="extiw" title="wikt:rank and file">rank and file</a> members) and negotiates labour contracts with employers. This <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">movement</a> first rose among industrial workers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_on_slavery">Effects on slavery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_society&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Effects on slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient Mediterranean cultures relied on <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> throughout their economy. While <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a> largely supplanted the practice in Europe during the Middle Ages, several European powers reintroduced slavery extensively in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, particularly for the harshest labor in their <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonies</a>. The Industrial revolution played a central role in the later <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of slavery">abolition of slavery</a>, partly because domestic manufacturing's new economic dominance undercut interests in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the new industrial methods required a complex <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Division of labor">division of labor</a> with less worker supervision, which may have been incompatible with forced labor.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War">War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_society&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg/220px-Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg/330px-Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg/440px-Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4345" data-file-height="3498" /></a><figcaption>The assembly plant of the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Aircraft_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Aircraft Corporation">Bell Aircraft Corporation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wheatfield,_New_York" title="Wheatfield, New York">Wheatfield, New York</a>, United States, 1944) producing <a href="/wiki/P-39_Airacobra" class="mw-redirect" title="P-39 Airacobra">P-39 Airacobra</a> fighters</figcaption></figure> <p>The Industrial Revolution changed warfare, with <a href="/wiki/Mass-produced" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass-produced">mass-produced</a> weaponry and supplies, machine-powered transportation, <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Total_war" title="Total war">total war</a> concept and <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>. Early instances of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">industrial warfare</a> were the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, but its full potential showed during the <a href="/wiki/World_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="World wars">world wars</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Military-industrial_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Military-industrial complex">military-industrial complex</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arms_industries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arms industries (page does not exist)">arms industries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Military industry">military industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_warfare" title="Modern warfare">modern warfare</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_20th_century_social_science_and_politics">Use in 20th century social science and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_society&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Use in 20th century social science and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>“Industrial society” took on a more specific meaning after World War II in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the internationalization of sociology through organizations like <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, and the spread of American <a href="/wiki/Industrial_relations" title="Industrial relations">industrial relations</a> to Europe. The cementation of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>’s position as a world power inspired reflection on whether the sociological association of highly-developed industrial economies with <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> required updating. The transformation of capitalist societies in Europe and the United States to state-managed, regulated welfare capitalism, often with significant sectors of <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">nationalized industry</a>, also contributed to the impression that they might be evolving beyond capitalism, or toward some sort of “convergence” common to all “types” of industrial societies, whether capitalist or communist.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State management, <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>, institutionalized <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a>, and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">tertiary sector</a> were taken as common markers of industrial society. </p><p>The “industrial society” paradigm of the 1950s and 1960s was strongly marked by the unprecedented economic growth in Europe and the United States after World War II, and drew heavily on the work of economists like <a href="/wiki/Colin_Clark_(economist)" title="Colin Clark (economist)">Colin Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman_Rostow" class="mw-redirect" title="Walt Whitman Rostow">W.W. Rostow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fourasti%C3%A9" title="Jean Fourastié">Jean Fourastié</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fusion of sociology with <a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">development economics</a> gave the industrial society paradigm strong resemblances to <a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">modernization theory</a>, which achieved major influence in social science in the context of postwar <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">development</a> of <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">post-colonial</a> states.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French sociologist <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Raymond Aron</a>, who gave the most developed definition to the concept of “industrial society” in the 1950s, used the term as a comparative method to identify common features of the Western capitalist and Soviet-style communist societies.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sociologists, including <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Daniel Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Bendix" title="Reinhard Bendix">Reinhard Bendix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralf_Dahrendorf" title="Ralf Dahrendorf">Ralf Dahrendorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Friedmann" title="Georges Friedmann">Georges Friedmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alain_Touraine" title="Alain Touraine">Alain Touraine</a>, used similar ideas in their own work, though with sometimes very different definitions and emphases. The principal notions of industrial-society theory were also commonly expressed in the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformists</a> in European <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social-democratic</a> parties who advocated a turn away from <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and an end to <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> politics.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of its association with non-Marxist modernization theory and American <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anticommunist</a> organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom" title="Congress for Cultural Freedom">Congress for Cultural Freedom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> “industrial society” theory was often criticized by left-wing sociologists and Communists as a <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> ideology that aimed to justify the postwar status quo and undermine opposition to capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some left-wing thinkers like <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a>, Serge Mallet, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> used aspects of industrial society theory in their critiques of capitalism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography_of_industrial_society_theory">Selected bibliography of industrial society theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_society&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography of industrial society theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adorno, Theodor. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/adorno/1968/late-capitalism.htm">Late Capitalism or Industrial Society</a>?" (1968)</li> <li>Aron, Raymond. <i>Dix-huit leçons sur la société industrielle</i>. Paris: Gallimard, 1961.</li> <li>Aron, Raymond. <i>La lutte des classes: nouvelles leçons sur les sociétés industrielles</i>. Paris: Gallimard, 1964.</li> <li>Bell, Daniel. <i>The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties.</i> New York: Free Press, 1960.</li> <li>Dahrendorf, Ralf. <i>Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1959.</li> <li>Gorz, André. <i>Stratégie ouvrière et néo-capitalisme</i>. Paris: Seuil, 1964.</li> <li>Friedmann, Georges. <i>Le Travail en miettes.</i> Paris: Gallimard, 1956.</li> <li>Kaczynski, Theodore J. "<a href="/wiki/Unabomber_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Unabomber Manifesto">Industrial Society and its Future</a>". Berkeley, CA: Jolly Roger Press, 1995.</li> <li>Kerr, Clark, et al. <i>Industrialism and Industrial Man.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960.</li> <li>Lipset, Seymour Martin. <i>Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics.</i> Garden City, NJ: Doubleday, 1959.</li> <li>Marcuse, Herbert. <i>One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society</i>. Boston: Beacon Press, 1964.</li> <li>Touraine, Alain. <i>Sociologie de l'action</i>. Paris: Seuil, 1965.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_society&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">Developed country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">Food industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">Industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">Post-industrial society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">Newly industrialized country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanization" title="Mechanization">Mechanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopian_future" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian future">Dystopian future</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Industrial_society&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-slang-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-slang_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Langlois, Traditions: Social, In: Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, Editor(s)-in-Chief, <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences</i>, Pergamon, Oxford, 2001, pages 15829-15833, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-043076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-043076-8">978-0-08-043076-8</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-043076-7%2F02028-3">10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/02028-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B7MRM-4MT09VJ-4PM/2/1eb81ee3e63af98afa7a48ecacfb64a6">Online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/98/04717398/0471739898.pdf">"Chapter 1: Energy Fundamentals, Energy Use in an Industrial Society"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-04</span></span>. <q>Before the advent of the Industrial Revolution, [...] [m]ost manufacturing was done in homes or small, rural shops, using hand tools or simple machines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY.com&rft.atitle=Industrial+Revolution+-+Facts+%26+Summary+-+HISTORY.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Findustrial-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgilvie2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ogilvie, Sheilagh (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cesifo-group.de/DocDL/cesifo_wp820.pdf">"Guilds, efficiency, and social capital: evidence from German proto-industry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Economic History Review</i>. <b>57</b> (2): 286–333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2004.00279.x">10.1111/j.1468-0289.2004.00279.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F76314">10419/76314</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154328341">154328341</a>. <q>The empirical findings cast doubt on views that guilds existed because they were efficient institutional solutions to market failures relating to product quality, training, and innovation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=Guilds%2C+efficiency%2C+and+social+capital%3A+evidence+from+German+proto-industry&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=286-333&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F76314&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154328341%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.2004.00279.x&rft.aulast=Ogilvie&rft.aufirst=Sheilagh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cesifo-group.de%2FDocDL%2Fcesifo_wp820.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCormick2002" class="citation cs2">McCormick, Michael, ed. 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European University Studies: Economics and Management – ISSN 0531-7339. Vol. 2805. Peter Lang. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820454306" title="Special:BookSources/9780820454306"><bdi>9780820454306</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Tertiarization', the quantitative shift of economic relevance from agricultural and especially industrial production [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Sector+as+a+Job+Machine%3F%3A+Conditions%2C+Potentials%2C+and+Policies+for+Job+Creation+in+German+Nonprofit+Organizations&rft.series=European+University+Studies%3A+Economics+and+Management+%E2%80%93+ISSN+0531-7339&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780820454306&rft.aulast=Betzelt&rft.aufirst=Sigrid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO9FeBjiQN00C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPujolar2018" class="citation book cs1">Pujolar, Joan (2018). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2019</span>. <q><i>Tertiarization</i> refers to the dominance of so-called third- or tertiary-sector production in the economy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Post-Nationalism+and+Language+Commodification&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Language+Policy+and+Planning&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=487&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780190458898&rft.aulast=Pujolar&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVnpVDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarley2011" class="citation journal cs1">Harley, Charles (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802040411/https://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/12739/harley113.pdf">"Slavery, the British Atlantic Economy and the Industrial Revolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Working Paper</i>: 7–8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economics.ox.ac.uk/materials/papers/12739/harley113.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-08-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-11</span></span>. <q>As the Industrial Revolution proceeded, the main focus of economic attention shifted to the new industries created by Britain's technological prominence. These industries looked not for protection but for an opening of export markets. As the political economy shifted, the West Indian interest became vulnerable to their opponents. The slave trade was abolished in 1807 and slavery eventually abolished in 1833.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Working+Paper&rft.atitle=Slavery%2C+the+British+Atlantic+Economy+and+the+Industrial+Revolution&rft.pages=7-8&rft.date=2011-09&rft.aulast=Harley&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economics.ox.ac.uk%2Fmaterials%2Fpapers%2F12739%2Fharley113.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLagerlöf2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lagerlöf, Nils-Petter (2006-08-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/372/1/MPRA_paper_372.pdf">"Slavery and other property rights"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <q>Some argue that slavery died out due to the rise of industrial production modes, involving a larger number of work tasks, thus making slavery more costly in terms of supervision.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Slavery+and+other+property+rights&rft.date=2006-08-30&rft.aulast=Lagerl%C3%B6f&rft.aufirst=Nils-Petter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2F372%2F1%2FMPRA_paper_372.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+society" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrick2006" class="citation book cs1">Brick, Howard (2006). <i>Transcending Capitalism: Visions of a New Society in Modern American Thought</i>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcending+Capitalism%3A+Visions+of+a+New+Society+in+Modern+American+Thought&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Brick&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChirat2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chirat, Alexandre (2019). "La société industrielle d'Aron et Galbraith : des regards croisés pour une vision convergente ?". <i>Cahiers d'économie politique</i>. <b>76</b> (1): 47–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fcep.076.0047">10.3917/cep.076.0047</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199311563">199311563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+d%27%C3%A9conomie+politique&rft.atitle=La+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+industrielle+d%27Aron+et+Galbraith+%3A+des+regards+crois%C3%A9s+pour+une+vision+convergente+%3F&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-87&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3917%2Fcep.076.0047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199311563%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chirat&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilman2003" class="citation book cs1">Gilman, Nils (2003). <i>Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mandarins+of+the+Future%3A+Modernization+Theory+in+Cold+War+America&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Gilman&rft.aufirst=Nils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAron1961" class="citation book cs1">Aron, Raymond (1961). <i>Dix-huit leçons sur la société industrielle</i>. 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New York: Free Press. pp. chapter ten.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Hundred+Years+of+Socialism%3A+The+West+European+Left+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=chapter+ten&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Sassoon&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScot-Smith2002" class="citation journal cs1">Scot-Smith, Giles (2002). "The Congress for Cultural Freedom, the End of Ideology and the 1955 Milan Conference: 'Defining the Parameters of Discourse'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 437–455. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00220094020370030601">10.1177/00220094020370030601</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153804847">153804847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+Congress+for+Cultural+Freedom%2C+the+End+of+Ideology+and+the+1955+Milan+Conference%3A+%27Defining+the+Parameters+of+Discourse%27&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=437-455&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00220094020370030601&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153804847%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Scot-Smith&rft.aufirst=Giles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiddens1982" class="citation book cs1">Giddens, Anthony (1982). <i>Sociology: A Short But Critical Introduction</i>. London: Macmillan Education. pp. 31–40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology%3A+A+Short+But+Critical+Introduction&rft.place=London&rft.pages=31-40&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Giddens&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndustrial+society" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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