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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_carriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_carriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Roman carriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_carriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Chinese_carriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Chinese_carriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ancient Chinese carriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Chinese_carriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_carriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_carriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Medieval carriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_carriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Coach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_development_of_the_coach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_development_of_the_coach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Later development of the coach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_development_of_the_coach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Demise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Body</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undercarriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undercarriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Undercarriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undercarriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fittings,_furnishings_and_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fittings,_furnishings_and_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Fittings, furnishings and appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fittings,_furnishings_and_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carriage_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carriage_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Carriage terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carriage_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competitive_driving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competitive_driving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Competitive driving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competitive_driving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carriage_museums_and_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carriage_museums_and_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Carriage museums and collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carriage_museums_and_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_horse-drawn_carriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_horse-drawn_carriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Types of horse-drawn carriages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_horse-drawn_carriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carriage</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rytuig" title="Rytuig – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rytuig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84" title="مركبة خيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مركبة خيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carruaxe" title="Carruaxe – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carruaxe" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareta" title="Kareta – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kareta" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Карэта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карэта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karro%C3%B1s" title="Karroñs – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karroñs" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carruatge" title="Carruatge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carruatge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagen" title="Wagen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wagen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5ld" title="Tõld – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tõld" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B1" title="Άμαξα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άμαξα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carruaje" title="Carruaje – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carruaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88arego" title="Ĉarego – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉarego" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karroza" title="Karroza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karroza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%87" title="کالسکه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالسکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiture_(hippomobile)" title="Voiture (hippomobile) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Voiture (hippomobile)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Лелейк – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Лелейк" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D6%84" title="Ծածկակառք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծածկակառք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoso" title="Karoso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karoso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereta_kuda" title="Kereta kuda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kereta kuda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrozza" title="Carrozza – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carrozza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%94" title="כרכרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כרכרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Күйме – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күйме" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kariete" title="Kariete – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kariete" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hint%C3%B3" title="Hintó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hintó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кочија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кочија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="टांगा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टांगा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedati" title="Pedati – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pedati" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%B8" title="キャリッジ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キャリッジ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoca" title="Karoca – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karoca" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carruagem" title="Carruagem – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carruagem" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C4%83sur%C4%83" title="Trăsură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Trăsură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Карета – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriage" title="Carriage – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carriage" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кочија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кочија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valjakkovaunu" title="Valjakkovaunu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valjakkovaunu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Карета – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карета" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%A6%E5%8E%A2" title="车厢 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="车厢" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%A2" title="דראשקע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דראשקע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Generally horse-drawn means of transport</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about wheeled vehicle for humans moved by horses. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Carriage_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Carriage (disambiguation)">Carriage (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_of_Buckingham_Palace,_Londres_cropped_straightened.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Horse_of_Buckingham_Palace%2C_Londres_cropped_straightened.jpg/220px-Horse_of_Buckingham_Palace%2C_Londres_cropped_straightened.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Horse_of_Buckingham_Palace%2C_Londres_cropped_straightened.jpg/330px-Horse_of_Buckingham_Palace%2C_Londres_cropped_straightened.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Horse_of_Buckingham_Palace%2C_Londres_cropped_straightened.jpg/440px-Horse_of_Buckingham_Palace%2C_Londres_cropped_straightened.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2460" data-file-height="1768" /></a><figcaption>A carriage in London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concours_national_d%27attelage_%C3%A9lite_Rennes_2014-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Concours_national_d%27attelage_%C3%A9lite_Rennes_2014-1.jpg/220px-Concours_national_d%27attelage_%C3%A9lite_Rennes_2014-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Concours_national_d%27attelage_%C3%A9lite_Rennes_2014-1.jpg/330px-Concours_national_d%27attelage_%C3%A9lite_Rennes_2014-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Concours_national_d%27attelage_%C3%A9lite_Rennes_2014-1.jpg/440px-Concours_national_d%27attelage_%C3%A9lite_Rennes_2014-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4440" data-file-height="2622" /></a><figcaption>Competitive driving in Rennes, France</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sal%C3%A3o_Nobre,_Museu_Nacional_dos_Coches,_Lisboa,_Portugal.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sal%C3%A3o_Nobre%2C_Museu_Nacional_dos_Coches%2C_Lisboa%2C_Portugal.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Sal%C3%A3o_Nobre%2C_Museu_Nacional_dos_Coches%2C_Lisboa%2C_Portugal.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sal%C3%A3o_Nobre%2C_Museu_Nacional_dos_Coches%2C_Lisboa%2C_Portugal.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Sal%C3%A3o_Nobre%2C_Museu_Nacional_dos_Coches%2C_Lisboa%2C_Portugal.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sal%C3%A3o_Nobre%2C_Museu_Nacional_dos_Coches%2C_Lisboa%2C_Portugal.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Sal%C3%A3o_Nobre%2C_Museu_Nacional_dos_Coches%2C_Lisboa%2C_Portugal.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1765" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Coach_Museum" title="National Coach Museum">National Coach Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>carriage</b> is a two- or four-wheeled <a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">horse-drawn vehicle</a> for passengers. Second-hand private carriages were common public transport, the equivalent of modern cars used as taxis. Carriage <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspension (vehicle)">suspensions</a> are by leather strapping or, on those made in recent centuries, steel springs. Two-wheeled carriages are usually owner-driven. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Coach_(carriage)" title="Coach (carriage)">Coaches</a> are a special category within carriages. They are carriages with four corner posts and a fixed roof. Two-wheeled war chariots and transport vehicles such as four-wheeled <a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">wagons</a> and two-wheeled <a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">carts</a> were forerunners of carriages.<sup id="cite_ref-tarr_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tarr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, horse-drawn carriages are occasionally used for public parades by royalty and for traditional formal ceremonies. Simplified modern versions are made for tourist transport in warm countries and for those cities where tourists expect open horse-drawn carriages to be provided. Simple metal sporting versions are still made for the sport known as competitive driving. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herrschaftliche_Kutsche.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Herrschaftliche_Kutsche.JPG/220px-Herrschaftliche_Kutsche.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Herrschaftliche_Kutsche.JPG/330px-Herrschaftliche_Kutsche.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Herrschaftliche_Kutsche.JPG/440px-Herrschaftliche_Kutsche.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Coach of a noble family, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1870</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>carriage</i> (abbreviated <i>carr</i> or <i>cge</i>) is from <a href="/wiki/Old_Northern_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Northern French">Old Northern French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">cariage</i></span>, to carry in a vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>car</i>, then meaning a kind of two-wheeled cart for goods, also came from Old Northern French about the beginning of the 14th century<sup id="cite_ref-OED_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (probably derived from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">carro</i></span>, a car<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); it is also used for <a href="/wiki/Railway_carriage" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway carriage">railway carriages</a> and in the US around the end of the 19th century, early cars (automobiles) were briefly called <i><a href="/wiki/Horseless_carriage" title="Horseless carriage">horseless carriages</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some horse carts found in <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> graves show hints that their platforms were suspended elastically.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four-wheeled wagons were used in <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a>, and their form known from excavations suggests that the basic construction techniques of wheel and undercarriage (that survived until the age of the motor car) were established then.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First prototyped in the <a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">3rd millennium BC</a>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Bullock_cart" title="Bullock cart">bullock cart</a></i> is a large two-wheeled cart pulled by oxen or buffalo. It includes a sturdy wooden pole between the oxen, a <a href="/wiki/Yoke" title="Yoke">yoke</a> connecting a pair of oxen, a wooden platform for passengers or cargo, and large steel rimmed wooden wheels.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two-wheeled carriage models have been discovered from the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilisation">Indus valley civilization</a> including twin horse drawn covered carriages resembling <a href="/wiki/Ekka_(carriage)" title="Ekka (carriage)">ekka</a> from various sites such as <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo Daro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chanhudaro" title="Chanhudaro">Chanhu Daro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest recorded sort of carriage was the <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a>, reaching Mesopotamia as early as 1900 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-tarr_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tarr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="this exact quote is not in the book; needs page number(s) for concept (December 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Used typically for warfare by Egyptians, the Near Easterners and Europeans, it was essentially a two-wheeled light basin carrying one or two standing passengers, drawn by one to two horses. The chariot was revolutionary and effective because it delivered fresh warriors to crucial areas of battle with swiftness. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_carriage">Roman carriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roman carriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstruction_of_a_Roman_traveling_carriage_richly_decorated_with_bronze_fittings,_Romisch-Germanisches_Museum,_Cologne_(8115675659).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Reconstruction_of_a_Roman_traveling_carriage_richly_decorated_with_bronze_fittings%2C_Romisch-Germanisches_Museum%2C_Cologne_%288115675659%29.jpg/220px-Reconstruction_of_a_Roman_traveling_carriage_richly_decorated_with_bronze_fittings%2C_Romisch-Germanisches_Museum%2C_Cologne_%288115675659%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Reconstruction_of_a_Roman_traveling_carriage_richly_decorated_with_bronze_fittings%2C_Romisch-Germanisches_Museum%2C_Cologne_%288115675659%29.jpg/330px-Reconstruction_of_a_Roman_traveling_carriage_richly_decorated_with_bronze_fittings%2C_Romisch-Germanisches_Museum%2C_Cologne_%288115675659%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Reconstruction_of_a_Roman_traveling_carriage_richly_decorated_with_bronze_fittings%2C_Romisch-Germanisches_Museum%2C_Cologne_%288115675659%29.jpg/440px-Reconstruction_of_a_Roman_traveling_carriage_richly_decorated_with_bronze_fittings%2C_Romisch-Germanisches_Museum%2C_Cologne_%288115675659%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4246" data-file-height="3183" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of a Roman traveling carriage richly decorated with bronze fittings, <a href="/wiki/Romisch-Germanisches_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Romisch-Germanisches Museum">Romisch-Germanisches Museum</a>, Cologne</figcaption></figure> <p>First century BC <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Romans</a> used sprung wagons for overland journeys.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that Roman carriages employed some form of suspension on chains or leather straps, as indicated by carriage parts found in excavations. In 2021 archaeologists discovered the remains of a ceremonial four wheel carriage, a pilentum, near the ancient Roman city of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>. It is thought the pilentum may have been used in ceremonies such as weddings. The find has been described as being "in an excellent state of preservation".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Chinese_carriage">Ancient Chinese carriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient Chinese carriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though the exact date of when the Chinese started to use carriages is largely unknown, early oracle bone inscriptions discovered in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> province show that the carriage had already developed into many different forms. The earliest archaeological evidence of chariots in China, a chariot burial site discovered in 1933 at Hougang, <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> province, dates to the rule of King <a href="/wiki/Wu_Ding" title="Wu Ding">Wu Ding</a> of the late <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250 BCE</span>). <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle bone inscription">Oracle bone inscriptions</a> suggest that the western enemies of the Shang used limited numbers of chariots in battle, but the Shang themselves used them only as mobile command-vehicles and in royal hunts.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Shang dynasty, members of the royal family were buried with a complete household and servants, including a chariot, horses, and a charioteer. A Shang chariot was often drawn by two horses, but four-horse variants are occasionally found in burials. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Gernet" title="Jacques Gernet">Jacques Gernet</a> claims that the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>, which conquered the Shang ca. 1046 BCE, made more use of the chariot than did the Shang and "invented a new kind of harness with four horses abreast".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crew consisted of an archer, a driver, and sometimes a third warrior who was armed with a spear or <a href="/wiki/Dagger-axe" title="Dagger-axe">dagger-axe</a>. From the 8th to 5th centuries BCE the Chinese use of chariots reached its peak. Although chariots appeared in greater numbers, infantry often defeated charioteers in battle. </p><p>Massed-chariot warfare became all but obsolete after the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring-States Period</a> (476–221 BCE). The main reasons were increased use of the <a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">crossbow</a>, use of long halberds up to 18 feet (5.49 m) long and pikes up to 22 feet (6.71 m) long, and the adoption of standard cavalry units, and the adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Mounted_archer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mounted archer">mounted archery</a> from nomadic cavalry, which were more effective. Chariots would continue to serve as command posts for officers during the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> (221–206 BCE) and the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (206 BCE–220 CE), while armored chariots were also used during the Han dynasty against the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a> Confederation in the <a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Han–Xiongnu War">Han–Xiongnu War</a> (133 BC to 89 CE), specifically at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobei" title="Battle of Mobei">Battle of Mobei</a> (119 BCE). </p><p>Before the Han dynasty, the power of Chinese states and dynasties was often measured by the number of chariots they were known to have. A country of a thousand chariots ranked as a medium country, and a country of ten thousand chariots ranked as a huge and powerful country.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_carriage">Medieval carriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Medieval carriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kobelwagen,_Jean_Le_Tavernier,_nach_1455.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kobelwagen%2C_Jean_Le_Tavernier%2C_nach_1455.jpg/170px-Kobelwagen%2C_Jean_Le_Tavernier%2C_nach_1455.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kobelwagen%2C_Jean_Le_Tavernier%2C_nach_1455.jpg/255px-Kobelwagen%2C_Jean_Le_Tavernier%2C_nach_1455.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Kobelwagen%2C_Jean_Le_Tavernier%2C_nach_1455.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>Horse-drawn wagon, c. 1455</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_two-tiered_carriage_drawn_by_four_elephants.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/A_two-tiered_carriage_drawn_by_four_elephants.jpg/220px-A_two-tiered_carriage_drawn_by_four_elephants.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/A_two-tiered_carriage_drawn_by_four_elephants.jpg/330px-A_two-tiered_carriage_drawn_by_four_elephants.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/A_two-tiered_carriage_drawn_by_four_elephants.jpg/440px-A_two-tiered_carriage_drawn_by_four_elephants.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption>A two-tiered carriage drawn by four elephants</figcaption></figure> <p>The medieval carriage was typically a four-wheeled wagon type, with a rounded top ("tilt") similar in appearance to the <a href="/wiki/Conestoga_Wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Conestoga Wagon">Conestoga Wagon</a> familiar from the United States. Sharing the traditional form of wheels and undercarriage known since the Bronze Age, it very likely also employed the pivoting fore-axle in continuity from the ancient world. Suspension (on chains) is recorded in visual images and written accounts from the 14th century ("chars branlant" or rocking carriages), and was in widespread use by the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Munby_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munby-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carriages were largely used by royalty, aristocrats (and especially by women), and could be elaborately decorated and gilded. These carriages were usually on four wheels and were drawn by two to four horses depending on their size and status. Wood and iron were the primary materials needed to build a carriage and carriages that were used by non-royalty were covered by plain leather. </p><p>Another form of carriage was the <a href="/wiki/Pageant_wagon" title="Pageant wagon">pageant wagon</a> of the 14th century. Historians debate the structure and size of pageant wagons; however, they are generally miniature house-like structures that rest on four to six wheels depending on the size of the wagon. The pageant wagon is significant because up until the 14th century most carriages were on two or three wheels; the chariot, rocking carriage, and baby carriage are two examples of carriages which pre-date the pageant wagon. Historians also debate whether or not pageant wagons were built with pivotal axle systems, which allowed the wheels to turn. Whether it was a four- or six-wheel pageant wagon, most historians maintain that pivotal axle systems were implemented on pageant wagons because many roads were often winding with some sharp turns. Six wheel pageant wagons also represent another innovation in carriages; they were one of the first carriages to use multiple pivotal axles. Pivotal axles were used on the front set of wheels and the middle set of wheels. This allowed the horse to move freely and steer the carriage in accordance with the road or path. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coach">Coach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coach_(carriage)" title="Coach (carriage)">Coach (carriage)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">Stagecoach</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stage_wagon" title="Stage wagon">Stage wagon</a></div> <p>One of the great innovations in carriage history was the invention of the suspended carriage or the <i>chariot branlant</i> (though whether this was a Roman or medieval innovation remains uncertain). The "chariot branlant" of medieval illustrations was suspended by chains rather than leather straps as had been believed.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suspension, whether on chains or leather, might provide a smoother ride since the carriage body no longer rested on the axles, but could not prevent swinging (branlant) in all directions. It is clear from illustrations (and surviving examples) that the medieval suspended carriage with a round tilt was a widespread European type, referred to by any number of names (car, currus, char, chariot).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 14th century England carriages, like the one illustrated in the Luttrell Psalter, would still have been a quite rare means of aristocratic transport, and they would have been very costly until the end of the century. They would have had four six-spoke six-foot high wheels that were linked by greased axles under the body of the coach, and did not necessarily have any suspension. The chassis was made from oak beam and the barrel shaped roof was covered in brightly painted leather or cloth. The interior would include seats, beds, cushions, tapestries and even rugs. They would be pulled by four to five horses.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under King <a href="/wiki/Mathias_Corvinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathias Corvinus">Mathias Corvinus</a> (1458–90), who enjoyed fast travel, the Hungarians developed fast road transport, and the town of <a href="/wiki/Kocs" title="Kocs">Kocs</a> between <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> became an important post-town, and gave its name to the new vehicle type.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest illustrations of the Hungarian "Kochi-wagon" do not indicate any suspension, a body with high sides of lightweight wickerwork, and typically drawn by three horses in harness. Later models were considerably lighter and famous for a single horse being able to draw many passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg/220px-Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg/330px-Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg/440px-Grand_Gala_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>"The Grand Gala Berlin", a coach constructed in Rome for pontiff <a href="/wiki/Leo_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XII">Leo XII</a> in the years 1824–1826. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory XVI">Gregory XVI</a> requested some important modifications.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koets_Brussel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Koets_Brussel.jpg/250px-Koets_Brussel.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Koets_Brussel.jpg/375px-Koets_Brussel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Koets_Brussel.jpg/500px-Koets_Brussel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption>A Gala Coupé, ca. 1750–1770; <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Art_and_History" title="Royal Museums of Art and History">Royal Museums of Art and History</a>, Brussels</figcaption></figure> <p>The Hungarian coach spread across Europe, initially rather slowly, in part due to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ippolito_d%27Este_of_Ferrara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ippolito d'Este of Ferrara (page does not exist)">Ippolito d'Este of Ferrara</a> (1479–1529), nephew of Mathias' queen <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatrix of Aragon">Beatrix of Aragon</a>, who as a very junior Archbishopric of <a href="/wiki/Esztergom" title="Esztergom">Esztergom</a> developed a taste for Hungarian riding and took his carriage and driver back to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then rather suddenly, in around 1550, the "coach" made its appearance throughout the major cities of Europe, and the new word entered the vocabulary of all their languages.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the new "coach" seems to have been a fashionable concept (fast road travel for men) as much as any particular type of vehicle, and there is no obvious technological change that accompanied the innovation, either in the use of suspension (which came earlier), or the adoption of springs (which came later). As its use spread throughout Europe in the late 16th century, the coach's body structure was ultimately changed, from a round-topped tilt to the "four-poster" carriages that became standard everywhere by c.1600.<sup id="cite_ref-Munby_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munby-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_development_of_the_coach">Later development of the coach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later development of the coach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Pollard_-_The_London-Faringdon_Coach_passing_Buckland_House,_Berkshire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/James_Pollard_-_The_London-Faringdon_Coach_passing_Buckland_House%2C_Berkshire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/250px-James_Pollard_-_The_London-Faringdon_Coach_passing_Buckland_House%2C_Berkshire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/James_Pollard_-_The_London-Faringdon_Coach_passing_Buckland_House%2C_Berkshire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/375px-James_Pollard_-_The_London-Faringdon_Coach_passing_Buckland_House%2C_Berkshire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/James_Pollard_-_The_London-Faringdon_Coach_passing_Buckland_House%2C_Berkshire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/500px-James_Pollard_-_The_London-Faringdon_Coach_passing_Buckland_House%2C_Berkshire_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4794" data-file-height="3433" /></a><figcaption>The London-Farringdon coach, 1835</figcaption></figure> <p>The coach had doors in the side, with an iron step protected by leather that became the "boot" in which servants might ride. The driver sat on a seat at the front, and the most important occupant sat in the back facing forwards. The earliest coaches can be seen at Veste Coburg, Lisbon, and the Moscow Kremlin, and they become a commonplace in European art. It was not until the 17th century that further innovations with steel springs and glazing took place, and only in the 18th century, with better road surfaces, was there a major innovation with the introduction of the steel <a href="/wiki/Spring_(device)" title="Spring (device)">C-spring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many innovations were proposed, and some patented, for new types of suspension or other features. It was only from the 18th century that changes to steering systems were suggested, including the use of the '<a href="/wiki/Fifth_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth wheel">fifth wheel</a>' substituted for the pivoting fore-axle, and on which the carriage turned. Another proposal came from <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a>, a young English doctor who was driving a carriage about 10,000 miles a year to visit patients all over England. Darwin found two essential problems or shortcomings of the commonly used light carriage or Hungarian carriage. First, the front wheels were turned by a pivoting front axle, which had been used for years, but these wheels were often quite small and hence the rider, carriage and horse felt the brunt of every bump on the road. Secondly, he recognized the danger of overturning. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Front_axle_assembly" title="Front axle assembly">pivoting front axle</a> changes a carriage's base from a rectangle to a triangle because the wheel on the inside of the turn is able to turn more sharply than the outside front wheel. Darwin suggested a fix for these insufficiencies by proposing a principle in which the two front wheels turn (independently of the front axle) about a centre that lies on the extended line of the back axle. This idea was later patented in 1818 as <a href="/wiki/Ackermann_steering" class="mw-redirect" title="Ackermann steering">Ackermann steering</a>. Darwin argued that carriages would then be easier to pull and less likely to overturn. </p><p>Carriage use in North America came with the establishment of European settlers. Early colonial horse tracks quickly grew into roads especially as the colonists extended their territories southwest. Colonists began using carts as these roads and trading increased between the north and south. Eventually, carriages or coaches were sought to transport goods as well as people. As in Europe, chariots, coaches and/or carriages were a mark of status. The tobacco planters of the South were some of the first Americans to use the carriage as a form of human transportation. As the tobacco farming industry grew in the southern colonies so did the frequency of carriages, coaches and wagons. Upon the turn of the 18th century, wheeled vehicle use in the colonies was at an all-time high. Carriages, coaches and wagons were being taxed based on the number of wheels they had. These taxes were implemented in the South primarily as the South had superior numbers of horses and wheeled vehicles when compared to the North. Europe, however, still used carriage transportation far more often and on a much larger scale than anywhere else in the world. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naghs_Jahan_Horses.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Naghs_Jahan_Horses.JPG/250px-Naghs_Jahan_Horses.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Naghs_Jahan_Horses.JPG/375px-Naghs_Jahan_Horses.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Naghs_Jahan_Horses.JPG/500px-Naghs_Jahan_Horses.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Tourists horse-drawn taxis in <a href="/wiki/Naghsh-i_Jahan_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Naghsh-i Jahan Square">Naghsh-i Jahan Square</a>, Esfahan.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demise">Demise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Demise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carriages and coaches began to disappear as use of steam propulsion began to generate more and more interest and research. Steam power quickly won the battle against animal power as is evident by a newspaper article written in England in 1895 entitled "Horseflesh vs. Steam".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The article highlights the death of the carriage as the main means of transportation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Today">Today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Today, carriages are still used for day-to-day transport in the United States by some minority groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>. They are also still used in tourism as vehicles for <a href="/wiki/Sightseeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sightseeing">sightseeing</a> in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, Vienna, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock, Arkansas</a>. </p><p>The most complete working collection of carriages can be seen at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mews" title="Royal Mews">Royal Mews</a> in London where a large selection of vehicles is in regular use. These are supported by a staff of liveried coachmen, footmen and <a href="/wiki/Postillion" class="mw-redirect" title="Postillion">postillions</a>. The horses earn their keep by supporting the work of the Royal Household, particularly during ceremonial events. Horses pulling a large carriage known as a "covered brake" collect the Yeoman of the Guard in their distinctive red uniforms from St James's Palace for Investitures at Buckingham Palace; High Commissioners or Ambassadors are driven to their audiences with the King and Queen in <a href="/wiki/Landau_(carriage)" title="Landau (carriage)">landaus</a>; visiting heads of state are transported to and from official arrival ceremonies and members of the Royal Family are driven in Royal Mews coaches during Trooping the Colour, the Order of the Garter service at Windsor Castle and carriage processions at the beginning of each day of Royal Ascot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body">Body</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Body"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabethboweslyonandkinggeorgeincanada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Elizabethboweslyonandkinggeorgeincanada.jpg/250px-Elizabethboweslyonandkinggeorgeincanada.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Elizabethboweslyonandkinggeorgeincanada.jpg/375px-Elizabethboweslyonandkinggeorgeincanada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Elizabethboweslyonandkinggeorgeincanada.jpg/500px-Elizabethboweslyonandkinggeorgeincanada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon">Queen Elizabeth</a> in a landau with footmen and a postillion, riding on the near wheel horse, controlling both teams of horses. Canada, 1939</figcaption></figure> <p>Carriages may be enclosed or open, depending on the type.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top cover for the body of a carriage, called the <i>head</i> or <i>hood</i>, is often flexible and designed to be folded back when desired. Such a folding top is called a <i>bellows top</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Calash" class="mw-redirect" title="Calash">calash</a></i>. A <i>hoopstick</i> forms a light framing member for this kind of hood. The top, roof or second-story compartment of a closed carriage, especially a diligence, was called an <i>imperial</i>. A closed carriage may have side windows called <i>quarter lights</i> (British) as well as windows in the doors, hence a "glass coach". On the forepart of an open carriage, a screen of wood or leather called a <i><a href="/wiki/Dashboard" title="Dashboard">dashboard</a></i> intercepts water, mud or snow thrown up by the heels of the horses. The dashboard or carriage top sometimes has a projecting sidepiece called a <i>wing</i> (British). A <i>foot iron</i> or <i>footplate</i> may serve as a carriage step. </p><p>A carriage driver sits on a <i>box</i> or <i>perch</i>, usually elevated and small. When at the front, it is known as a <i>dickey box</i>, a term also used for a seat at the back for servants. A <a href="/wiki/Footman" title="Footman">footman</a> might use a small platform at the rear called a <i>footboard</i> or a seat called a <i><a href="/wiki/Rumble_seat" title="Rumble seat">rumble</a></i> behind the body. Some carriages have a moveable seat called a <i>jump seat</i>. Some seats had an attached backrest called a <i>lazyback</i>. </p><p>The shafts of a carriage were called <i>limbers</i> in English dialect. <i>Lancewood</i>, a tough elastic wood of various trees, was often used especially for carriage shafts. A <i>holdback</i>, consisting of an iron catch on the shaft with a looped strap, enables a horse to back or hold back the vehicle. The end of the tongue of a carriage is suspended from the collars of the harness by a bar called the <i>yoke</i>. At the end of a <a href="/wiki/Trace_(tack)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trace (tack)">trace</a>, a loop called a <i>cockeye</i> attaches to the carriage. </p><p>In some carriage types, the body is suspended from several leather straps called <i>braces</i> or <i>thoroughbraces</i>, attached to or serving as springs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undercarriage">Undercarriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Undercarriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Front_axle_assembly" title="Front axle assembly">Front axle assembly</a></div> <p>Beneath the carriage body is the <i>undergear</i> or <i>undercarriage</i> (or simply <i>carriage</i>), consisting of the running gear and chassis.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wheels and axles, in distinction from the body, are the <i>running gear</i>. The wheels revolve upon bearings or a spindle at the ends of a bar or beam called an <i>axle</i> or <i>axletree</i>. Most carriages have either one or two axles. On a four-wheeled vehicle, the forward part of the running gear, or <i>forecarriage</i>, is arranged to permit the front axle to turn independently of the fixed rear axle. In some carriages a <a href="/wiki/Dropped_axle" title="Dropped axle">dropped axle</a>, bent twice at a right angle near the ends, allows for a low body with large wheels. A guard called a <i>dirtboard</i> keeps dirt from the axle arm. </p><p>Several structural members form parts of the chassis supporting the carriage body. The fore axletree and the splinter bar above it (supporting the springs) are united by a piece of wood or metal called a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Futchel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Futchel (page does not exist)">futchel</a>, which forms a socket for the pole that extends from the front axle. For strength and support, a rod called the <i><a href="/wiki/Backstay" title="Backstay">backstay</a></i> may extend from either end of the rear axle to the reach, the pole or rod joining the hind axle to the forward bolster above the front axle. </p><p>A skid called a <i>drag</i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dragshoe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dragshoe (page does not exist)">dragshoe</a></i>, <i>shoe</i> or <i>skidpan</i> retards the motion of the wheels. A London patent of 1841 describes one such apparatus: "An iron-shod beam, slightly longer than the radius of the wheel, is hinged under the axle so that when it is released to strike the ground the forward momentum of the vehicle wedges it against the axle". The original feature of this modification was that instead of the usual practice of having to stop the carriage to retract the beam and so lose useful momentum the chain holding it in place is released (from the driver's position) so that it is allowed to rotate further in its backwards direction, releasing the axle. A system of "pendant-levers" and straps then allows the beam to return to its first position and be ready for further use.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A catch or block called a <i>trigger</i> may be used to hold a wheel on an incline. </p><p>A horizontal wheel or segment of a wheel called a <i><a href="/wiki/Fifth_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth wheel">fifth wheel</a></i> sometimes forms an extended support to prevent the carriage from tipping; it consists of two parts rotating on each other about the kingbolt or perchbolt above the fore axle and beneath the body. A block of wood called a <i>headblock</i> might be placed between the fifth wheel and the forward spring. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fittings,_furnishings_and_appointments"><span id="Fittings.2C_furnishings_and_appointments"></span>Fittings, furnishings and appointments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fittings, furnishings and appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, the word <i>fittings</i> referred to metal elements such as bolts and brackets, <i>furnishings</i> leaned more to leatherwork and upholstery or referred to metal buckles on harness, and <i>appointments</i> were things brought to a carriage but not part of it, however all of these words have blended together over time and are often used interchangeably to mean the smaller components or parts of a carriage or equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-walrond79_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walrond79-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 7">: 7 </span></sup> All the shiny metal fittings on a vehicle should be one color, such as brass (yellow) or nickel (white), and should match the buckle color of any harness used with the vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-walrond79_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walrond79-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 130">: 130 </span></sup> Early bodies of <a href="/wiki/Horseless_carriage" title="Horseless carriage">horseless carriages</a> were constructed by coachmakers using the same parts used in carriages and coaches, and some horse carriage terminology has survived in modern automobiles. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"We must not forget that the early railway carriages were basically mail-coaches on iron wheels, and the early motor-cars differed from the horse-drawn wagonette or coupe only in so far that there was no horse tied to it." —László Tarr in <i>The History of the Carriage</i> <sup id="cite_ref-tarr_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tarr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 295">: 295 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <ul><li>Upholstery: Seats might be <a href="/wiki/Upholstery" title="Upholstery">upholstered</a> using leather, broadcloth, or plush fabrics. Elegant carriages might have upholstery-lined walls and ceilings, and button-tucked velvet seats trimmed with gold braid.<sup id="cite_ref-delin_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delin-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 6">: 6 </span></sup></li> <li>Carriage lamps: First used around 1700, <a href="/wiki/Oil_lamp" title="Oil lamp">oil-powered lamps</a> were used throughout the 1800s, though abandoned in favor of candles in the late 1800s, as oil was messy. Lamps are mounted on <i>lamp brackets</i> and are removable for storage, daily wick trimming, or during daylight hours.<sup id="cite_ref-walrond79_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walrond79-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 171–2">: 171–2 </span></sup></li> <li>Boot: Any of several box-like parts of a carriage used for storage of small items. A boot may be found under the coachman's seat, under the passenger's seat, or behind the body of the carriage between the rear wheels. This led to the use of the term <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(car)" title="Trunk (car)">boot</a> in British English for the main storage compartment of an automobile.<sup id="cite_ref-walrond79_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walrond79-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 32">: 32 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smith_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 184">: 184 </span></sup></li> <li>Whip socket: Tubular holder for a whip usually mounted on the dashboard or to the right of the driver.<sup id="cite_ref-walrond79_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walrond79-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 295">: 295 </span></sup></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="whip"></span>Whip: A long whip composed of a stiff stick (called the <i>stock</i>), a long flexible thong, and a short lash. The length should be appropriate for the distance from the driver (who is also called a <i>Whip</i>) to the shoulder of the forwardmost horse. With a small pony and cart a whip of overall length of 7 or 8 feet might be appropriate, whereas driving a team of four horses might require an overall length of 17 feet. Driving whips are not "cracked" to make noise, but are a communication aid used by touching the lash on or near the shoulder of the horse.<sup id="cite_ref-walrond79_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-walrond79-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 294">: 294 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hrh_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrh-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 9">: 9 </span></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanket" title="Blanket">Blankets</a>: in cold weather, blankets for the driver and passengers and often <a href="/wiki/Horse_blanket" title="Horse blanket">horse blankets</a> as well may be carried in a boot.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carriage_terminology">Carriage terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Carriage terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The carriage driver is called a <i>whip</i>. A person whose business was to drive a carriage was a <i><a href="/wiki/Coachman" title="Coachman">coachman</a></i>. A person dressed in <a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">livery</a> is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Footman" title="Footman">footman</a></i>. An attendant on horseback called an <i>outrider</i>. A <i>carriage starter</i> directed the flow of vehicles taking on passengers at the curbside. A <i>hackneyman</i> hired out horses and carriages. </p><p>Upper-class people of wealth and social position, those wealthy enough to keep carriages, were referred to as <i>carriage folk</i> or <i>carriage trade</i>. </p><p>Carriage passengers often used a <i>lap robe</i> as a blanket or similar covering for their legs, lap and feet. </p><p>A horse especially bred for carriage use by appearance and stylish action is called a <i>carriage horse</i>; one for use on a road is a <i>road horse</i>. One such breed is the <i><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Bay" title="Cleveland Bay">Cleveland Bay</a></i>, uniformly <a href="/wiki/Bay_(horse)" title="Bay (horse)">bay</a> in color, of good conformation and strong constitution. Horses were broken in using a bodiless carriage frame called a <i>break</i> or <i>brake</i>. </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Carriage_dog" title="Carriage dog">carriage dog</a></i> or <i>coach dog</i> is bred for running beside a carriage. </p><p>A roofed structure that extends from the entrance of a building over an adjacent driveway and that shelters callers as they get in or out of their vehicles is known as a <i>carriage porch</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Porte_cochere" class="mw-redirect" title="Porte cochere">porte cochere</a></i>. An outbuilding for a carriage is a <i>coach house</i>, which was often combined with accommodation for a <a href="/wiki/Groom" class="mw-redirect" title="Groom">groom</a> or other servants. </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Livery_stable" class="mw-redirect" title="Livery stable">livery stable</a></i> kept horses and usually carriages for hire. A range of stables, usually with <i><a href="/wiki/Carriage_house" title="Carriage house">carriage houses</a></i> (<i>remises</i>) and living quarters built around a yard, court or street, is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Mews" title="Mews">mews</a></i>. </p><p>A kind of dynamometer called a <i>peirameter</i> indicates the power necessary to haul a carriage over a road or track. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Examples of carriages</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HansomCab.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hansom cab and driver adding character to period filming"><img alt="Hansom cab and driver adding character to period filming" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/HansomCab.jpg/340px-HansomCab.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/HansomCab.jpg/511px-HansomCab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/HansomCab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hansom_cab" title="Hansom cab">Hansom cab</a> and driver adding character to period filming</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 271.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 269.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WeddingCarriage.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bride descending from a decorated wedding carriage"><img alt="Bride descending from a decorated wedding carriage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/WeddingCarriage.JPG/404px-WeddingCarriage.JPG" decoding="async" width="270" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/WeddingCarriage.JPG/607px-WeddingCarriage.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/WeddingCarriage.JPG/808px-WeddingCarriage.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2829" data-file-height="1786" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bride" title="Bride">Bride</a> descending from a decorated wedding carriage</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teddy_Roosevelt%27s_carriage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="President Theodore Roosevelt's brougham"><img alt="President Theodore Roosevelt's brougham" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Teddy_Roosevelt%27s_carriage.jpg/340px-Teddy_Roosevelt%27s_carriage.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Teddy_Roosevelt%27s_carriage.jpg/511px-Teddy_Roosevelt%27s_carriage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Teddy_Roosevelt%27s_carriage.jpg/680px-Teddy_Roosevelt%27s_carriage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>'s brougham</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competitive_driving">Competitive driving</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Competitive driving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_carriage_at_FEI_European_Dressage_Championship_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Horse_carriage_at_FEI_European_Dressage_Championship_02.jpg/220px-Horse_carriage_at_FEI_European_Dressage_Championship_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Horse_carriage_at_FEI_European_Dressage_Championship_02.jpg/330px-Horse_carriage_at_FEI_European_Dressage_Championship_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Horse_carriage_at_FEI_European_Dressage_Championship_02.jpg/440px-Horse_carriage_at_FEI_European_Dressage_Championship_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>A 'marathon wagon' at the 2017 FEI European Championships</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Driving_(horse)#Competitive_sports" title="Driving (horse)">Driving (horse) § Competitive sports</a></div> <p>In most European and English-speaking countries, driving is a competitive equestrian sport. Many <a href="/wiki/Horse_show" title="Horse show">horse shows</a> host driving competitions for a particular style of driving, breed of horse, or type of vehicle. Show vehicles are usually carriages, <a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">carts</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Buggy_(carriage)" title="Buggy (carriage)">buggies</a> and, occasionally, <a href="/wiki/Sulky" title="Sulky">sulkies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">wagons</a>. Modern high-technology carriages are made purely for competition by companies such as Bennington Carriages.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in England. Terminology varies: the simple, lightweight two- or four-wheeled show vehicle common in many nations is called a "cart" in the US, but a "carriage" in Australia. </p><p>Internationally, there is intense competition in the all-round test of driving: <a href="/wiki/Combined_driving" title="Combined driving">combined driving</a>, also known as <i>horse-driving trials</i>, an equestrian discipline regulated by the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_%C3%89questre_Internationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Équestre Internationale">Fédération Équestre Internationale</a> (International Equestrian Federation) with national organizations representing each member country. World championships are conducted in alternate years, including single-horse, horse pairs and four-in-hand championships. The <a href="/wiki/World_Equestrian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="World Equestrian Games">World Equestrian Games</a>, held at four-year intervals, also includes a four-in-hand competition. </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Pony" title="Pony">pony</a> drivers, the World Combined Pony Championships are held every two years and include singles, pairs and four-in-hand events. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carriage_museums_and_collections">Carriage museums and collections</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Carriage museums and collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Argentina</dt></dl> <ul><li>Muhfit (Museo Histórico Fuerte Independencia Tandil), <a href="/wiki/Tandil" title="Tandil">Tandil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Australia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cobb_%26_Co_Museum" title="Cobb & Co Museum">Cobb & Co Museum</a> – National Carriage Collection, <a href="/wiki/Queensland_Museum" title="Queensland Museum">Queensland Museum</a>, Toowoomba, Queensland.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Trust_of_Australia_(Victoria)" title="National Trust of Australia (Victoria)">National Trust of Australia (Victoria)</a> Carriage Collection</li></ul> <dl><dt>Austria</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Carriage_Museum" title="Imperial Carriage Museum">Imperial Carriage Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nbrunn_Palace" title="Schönbrunn Palace">Schönbrunn Palace</a> in Vienna<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kutschenmuseum in <a href="/wiki/Laa_an_der_Thaya" title="Laa an der Thaya">Laa an der Thaya</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Belgium</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornem_Castle" title="Bornem Castle">Bornem Castle</a> Carriage collection in <a href="/wiki/Bornem" title="Bornem">Bornem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage_Museum_Bree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carriage Museum Bree (page does not exist)">Carriage Museum Bree</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijtuigmuseum_Bree" class="extiw" title="nl:Rijtuigmuseum Bree">nl</a>]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Bree,_Belgium" title="Bree, Belgium">Bree</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>De Groom Carriage Center Bruges in <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></li> <li>Koetsen Verdonckt in <a href="/wiki/Maarkedal" title="Maarkedal">Maarkedal</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Art_and_History" title="Royal Museums of Art and History">Royal Museum of Art and History</a> in Brussels</li></ul> <dl><dt>Brazil</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MHN03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/MHN03.jpg/220px-MHN03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/MHN03.jpg/330px-MHN03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/MHN03.jpg/440px-MHN03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Permanent exhibit featuring carriages of the imperial era at the National Historical Museum of Brazil</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museu_Imperial" class="mw-redirect" title="Museu Imperial">Imperial Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Petrópolis">Petrópolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Museum_(Brazil)" title="National Historical Museum (Brazil)">National Historical Museum</a> in Rio de Janeiro</li></ul> <dl><dt>Canada</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Carriage_Factory_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Campbell Carriage Factory Museum">Campbell Carriage Factory Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sackville,_New_Brunswick" title="Sackville, New Brunswick">Sackville, New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_Landing_Historical_Settlement" title="Kings Landing Historical Settlement">Kings Landing Historical Settlement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_New_Brunswick" title="Prince William, New Brunswick">Prince William, New Brunswick</a> — large collection of horse and oxen drawn vehicles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remington_Carriage_Museum" title="Remington Carriage Museum">Remington Carriage Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cardston,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardston, Alberta">Cardston, Alberta</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Denmark</dt></dl> <ul><li>Royal Carriage Museum, <a href="/wiki/Christiansborg_Palace" title="Christiansborg Palace">Christiansborg Palace</a> in Copenhagen</li></ul> <dl><dt>Egypt</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carriage_Museum_(Egypt)" title="Carriage Museum (Egypt)">Carriage Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Citadel" title="Cairo Citadel">Cairo Citadel</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>France</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apremont-sur-Allier" title="Apremont-sur-Allier">Apremont-sur-Allier</a>, Musée des calèches (<a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berry</a>)</li> <li>Bourg, Musée Au temps des calèches (<a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cazes-Mondenard" title="Cazes-Mondenard">Cazes-Mondenard</a>, Musée de l'Attelage et du corbillard Yvan Quercy (<a href="/wiki/Quercy" title="Quercy">Quercy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chambord" title="Château de Chambord">Château de Chambord</a>. Carriage room of the Count of Chambord in <a href="/wiki/Chambord,_Loir-et-Cher" title="Chambord, Loir-et-Cher">Chambord, Loir-et-Cher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cussac-Fort-M%C3%A9doc" title="Cussac-Fort-Médoc">Cussac-Fort-Médoc</a>, Musée du cheval du château Lanessan (<a href="/wiki/Guyenne" title="Guyenne">Guyenne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Fleix" title="Le Fleix">Le Fleix</a>, Musée de l’hippomobile André Clament (<a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigord" title="Périgord">Périgord</a>)</li> <li>Les Épesses, Musée de la voiture à cheval (<a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a>, Bas-<a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcigny" title="Marcigny">Marcigny</a>, Musée de la voiture à cheval (<a href="/wiki/Bourgogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgogne">Bourgogne</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Car_and_Tourism_Museum" title="National Car and Tourism Museum">National Car and Tourism Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Château de Compiègne">Château de Compiègne</a> in <a href="/wiki/Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Compiègne">Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plouay" title="Plouay">Plouay</a>. Musée du conservatoire breton de la voiture hippomobile (<a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>)</li> <li>Sacy-le-grand, Musée du cheval de trait (<a href="/wiki/Picardie" class="mw-redirect" title="Picardie">Picardie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Auvent" title="Saint-Auvent">Saint-Auvent</a>, musée Au temps jadis (<a href="/wiki/Limousin" title="Limousin">Limousin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rignan" title="Sérignan">Sérignan</a>, Musée de l’attelage et du cheval (<a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vaux-le-Vicomte" class="mw-redirect" title="Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte">Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte</a>, Musée des Equipages (<a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerie_des_Carrosses" title="Galerie des Carrosses">Galerie des Carrosses</a> at <a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%89curie" title="Grande Écurie">Grande Écurie</a> in Versailles<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Germany</dt></dl> <ul><li>Hesse Museum of Carriages and Sleighs in <a href="/wiki/Lohfelden" title="Lohfelden">Lohfelden</a> near Kassel<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marstallmuseum" title="Marstallmuseum">Marstallmuseum</a> of Carriages and Sleighs in the former Royal Stables, <a href="/wiki/Nymphenburg_Palace" title="Nymphenburg Palace">Nymphenburg Palace</a>, Munich<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_Museum" title="Romano-Germanic Museum">Romano-Germanic Museum</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Italy</dt></dl> <ul><li>Collection at <a href="/wiki/CastelBrando" title="CastelBrando">CastelBrando</a> near <a href="/wiki/Cison_di_Valmarino" title="Cison di Valmarino">Cison di Valmarino</a></li> <li>Museo "Le Carrozze d'Epoca", Rome.</li> <li>Museo Civico delle Carrozze d'Epoca di Codroipo.</li> <li>Museo Civico delle Carrozze d'Epoca, San Martino, Udine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Buonaccorsi" title="Palazzo Buonaccorsi">Museo della Carrozza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macerata" title="Macerata">Macerata</a></li> <li>Museo delle Carrozze del Quirinale, Rome.</li> <li>Museum of Coaches at <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Farnese,_Piacenza" title="Palazzo Farnese, Piacenza">Palazzo Farnese, Piacenza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a></li> <li>Carriage exhibit of the Grand Ducal court at <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Pitti" title="Palazzo Pitti">Palazzo Pitti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></li> <li>Museo delle Carrozze, Catanzaro.</li> <li>Carriage collection at <a href="/wiki/Villa_Barbaro" title="Villa Barbaro">Villa Barbaro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maser,_Veneto" title="Maser, Veneto">Maser, Veneto</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Carriage collection at <a href="/wiki/Villa_Pignatelli" title="Villa Pignatelli">Villa Pignatelli</a> in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Japan</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_state_carriages" class="extiw" title="simple:Japan state carriages">Japanese Imperial Household Agency</a>, Tokyo</li></ul> <dl><dt>Netherlands</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationaal_Rijtuigmuseum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nationaal Rijtuigmuseum (page does not exist)">Nationaal Rijtuigmuseum</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationaal_Rijtuigmuseum" class="extiw" title="nl:Nationaal Rijtuigmuseum">nl</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Leek,_Groningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Leek, Groningen">Leek</a> in <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(province)" title="Groningen (province)">Groningen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Poland</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Lancut_084.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/1_Lancut_084.jpg/220px-1_Lancut_084.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/1_Lancut_084.jpg/330px-1_Lancut_084.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/1_Lancut_084.jpg/440px-1_Lancut_084.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Exhibit of carriages in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cut_Castle" title="Łańcut Castle">Łańcut Castle</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koz%C5%82%C3%B3wka_Palace" title="Kozłówka Palace">Kozłówka Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Koz%C5%82%C3%B3wka,_Lublin_Voivodeship" title="Kozłówka, Lublin Voivodeship">Kozłówka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cut_Castle" title="Łańcut Castle">Łańcut Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%84cut" title="Łańcut">Łańcut</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carriages_of_the_%C5%81a%C5%84cut_Castle" title="Commons Logo"><img alt="Commons Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carriages_of_the_%C5%81a%C5%84cut_Castle" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carriages of the Łańcut Castle">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pa%C5%82ac_w_Rogalinie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pałac w Rogalinie (page does not exist)">Pałac w Rogalinie</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%82ac_w_Rogalinie" class="extiw" title="pl:Pałac w Rogalinie">pl</a>]</span> in <a href="/wiki/Rogalin" title="Rogalin">Rogalin</a><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Portugal</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geraz_do_Lima_Carriage_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Geraz do Lima Carriage museum">Geraz do Lima Carriage museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Viana_do_Castelo" title="Viana do Castelo">Viana do Castelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coach_Museum" title="National Coach Museum">National Coach Museum</a> (<span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Museu Nacional dos Coches</i></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Spain</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage_Museum_(Seville)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carriage Museum (Seville) (page does not exist)">Carriage Museum (Seville)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_de_Carruajes_(Sevilla)" class="extiw" title="es:Museo de Carruajes (Sevilla)">es</a>]</span>, Seville</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igualada_Muleteer%27s_Museum" title="Igualada Muleteer's Museum">Igualada Muleteer's Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Igualada" title="Igualada">Igualada</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sweden</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulriksdal_Palace" title="Ulriksdal Palace">Ulriksdal Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edsviken" title="Edsviken">Edsviken</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Switzerland</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Historical_Museum" title="Basel Historical Museum">Basel Historical Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Turkey</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tofa%C5%9F_Museum_of_Cars_and_Anatolian_Carriages" title="Tofaş Museum of Cars and Anatolian Carriages">Tofaş Museum of Cars and Anatolian Carriages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>United Kingdom</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alnwick_Castle" title="Alnwick Castle">Alnwick Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alnwick" title="Alnwick">Alnwick, Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Court" title="Arlington Court">Arlington Court & The National Trust's Carriage Collection</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Devon" title="Arlington, Devon">Arlington, Devon</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire, Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Boswell_Romany_Museum" title="Gordon Boswell Romany Museum">Gordon Boswell Romany Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spalding,_Lincolnshire" title="Spalding, Lincolnshire">Spalding, Lincolnshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossman_Collection" title="Mossman Collection">Mossman Carriage Collection</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luton" title="Luton">Luton, Bedfordshire</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mews" title="Royal Mews">Royal Mews</a> at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> in London<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandringham_House" title="Sandringham House">Sandringham House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sandringham,_Norfolk" title="Sandringham, Norfolk">Sandringham, Norfolk</a></li> <li>Swingletree Carriage Collection of John Parker in <a href="/wiki/Diss,_Norfolk" title="Diss, Norfolk">Diss, Norfolk</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrwhitt-Drake_Museum_of_Carriages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrwhitt-Drake Museum of Carriages">Tyrwhitt-Drake Museum of Carriages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maidstone" title="Maidstone">Maidstone, Kent</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>United States</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_Camp_Museum" title="Angels Camp Museum">Angels Camp Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Angels_Camp,_California" title="Angels Camp, California">Angels Camp, California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carriage_Museum_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriage Museum of America">Carriage Museum of America</a>, Lexington, Kentucky<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Carriage_Museum_%26_Resort" title="Florida Carriage Museum & Resort">Florida Carriage Museum & Resort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Weirsdale,_Florida" title="Weirsdale, Florida">Weirsdale, Florida</a> (formerly <i>Austin Carriage Museum</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forney_Transportation_Museum" title="Forney Transportation Museum">Forney Transportation Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver, Colorado</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Frick_Pittsburgh" title="The Frick Pittsburgh">Frick Car & Carriage Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>, preserving carriages owned by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Frick" title="Henry Clay Frick">Henry Clay Frick</a> and his family<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesee_Country_Village_and_Museum" title="Genesee Country Village and Museum">Genesee Country Village and Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wheatland,_New_York" title="Wheatland, New York">Wheatland, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granger_Homestead" title="Granger Homestead">Granger Homestead and Carriage Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canandaigua,_New_York" title="Canandaigua, New York">Canandaigua, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harness_Racing_Museum_%26_Hall_of_Fame" title="Harness Racing Museum & Hall of Fame">Harness Racing Museum & Hall of Fame</a> in <a href="/wiki/Goshen_(village),_New_York" title="Goshen (village), New York">Goshen, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Ford Museum">Henry Ford Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dearborn,_Michigan" title="Dearborn, Michigan">Dearborn, Michigan</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Barn_and_Annex" title="Horseshoe Barn and Annex">Horseshoe Barn and Annex</a> at <a href="/wiki/Shelburne_Museum" title="Shelburne Museum">Shelburne Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shelburne,_Vermont" title="Shelburne, Vermont">Shelburne, Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Reeves_House_and_Carriage_House" title="Jeremiah Reeves House and Carriage House">Jeremiah Reeves House and Carriage House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dover,_Ohio" title="Dover, Ohio">Dover, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island_Museum_of_American_Art,_History,_and_Carriages" title="Long Island Museum of American Art, History, and Carriages">Long Island Museum of American Art, History, and Carriages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stony_Brook,_New_York" title="Stony Brook, New York">Stony Brook, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maymont" title="Maymont">Maymont</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morven_Park" title="Morven Park">Morven Park</a>'s Winmill Carriage Museum in <a href="/wiki/Leesburg,_Virginia" title="Leesburg, Virginia">Leesburg, Virginia</a></li> <li>Northwest Carriage Museum in <a href="/wiki/Raymond,_Washington" title="Raymond, Washington">Raymond, Washington</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Village_(Utah)#Carriage_Hall" title="Pioneer Village (Utah)">Pioneer Village</a> in <a href="/wiki/Farmington,_Utah" title="Farmington, Utah">Farmington, Utah</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Hill_Manor" title="Rose Hill Manor">Robert H. Renneberger Carriage Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland" title="Frederick, Maryland">Frederick, Maryland</a></li> <li>Robert Thomas Carriage Museum in <a href="/wiki/Blackstone,_Virginia" title="Blackstone, Virginia">Blackstone, Virginia</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Skyline Farm Carriage Museum, North Yarmouth, Maine<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Thrasher Carriage Collection at Allegany Museum in <a href="/wiki/Cumberland,_Maryland" title="Cumberland, Maryland">Cumberland, Maryland</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_Kentucky" title="Washington, Kentucky">Washington, Kentucky</a> Carriage Museum<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Wade_House" title="Sylvanus Wade House">Wesley Jung Carriage Museum</a> on <a href="/wiki/Wade_House_Historic_Site" title="Wade House Historic Site">Wade House Historic Site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenbush,_Wisconsin" title="Greenbush, Wisconsin">Greenbush, Wisconsin</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Heiss_House_and_Buggy_Shop" title="William A. Heiss House and Buggy Shop">William A. Heiss House and Buggy Shop</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mifflinburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Mifflinburg, Pennsylvania">Mifflinburg, Pennsylvania</a>; includes 19th century carriage factory<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_horse-drawn_carriages">Types of horse-drawn carriages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Types of horse-drawn carriages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Carriages" title="Category:Carriages">Category:Carriages</a></div> <p>Numerous varieties of horse-drawn carriages existed, Arthur Ingram's <i>Horse Drawn Vehicles since 1760 in Colour</i> lists 325 types with a short description of each. By the early 19th century one's choice of carriage was only in part based on practicality and performance; it was also a status statement and subject to changing fashions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">Driving (horse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">Horse harness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coach_(carriage)" title="Coach (carriage)">Coach (carriage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">Wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseless_carriage" title="Horseless carriage">Horseless carriage</a> (term for early automobiles)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tarr-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tarr_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tarr_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tarr_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTarr1969" class="citation book cs1">Tarr, László (1969). <i>The History of the Carriage</i>. New York: Arco Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0668018712" title="Special:BookSources/0668018712"><bdi>0668018712</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL5682797M">5682797M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Carriage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Arco+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL5682797M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0668018712&rft.aulast=Tarr&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piggott, Stuart. <i>Wagon, Chariot and Carriage: Symbol the Status in the History of Transport</i>. Thames and Hudson, London, 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i> 1933: Car, Carriage</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedgwood1855" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hensleigh_Wedgwood" title="Hensleigh Wedgwood">Wedgwood, Hensleigh</a> (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3924121;view=1up;seq=81">"On False Etymologies"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Philological Society</i> (6): 71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Philological+Society&rft.atitle=On+False+Etymologies&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=71&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Wedgwood&rft.aufirst=Hensleigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b3924121%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaimund_Karl2003" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Raimund Karl (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411122510/http://www.ausgegraben.org/modules/Static_Docs/data/WKS/WKS3.pdf">"Überlegungen zum Verkehr in der eisenzeitlichen Keltiké"</a> [Deliberations on Traffic in the Ironage Celtic Culture] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Universität Wien. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ausgegraben.org/modules/Static_Docs/data/WKS/WKS3.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%9Cberlegungen+zum+Verkehr+in+der+eisenzeitlichen+Keltik%C3%A9&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4t+Wien&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Raimund+Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ausgegraben.org%2Fmodules%2FStatic_Docs%2Fdata%2FWKS%2FWKS3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiggott1983" class="citation book cs1">Piggott, Stuart (1983). <i>The Earliest Wheeled Transport</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801416043" title="Special:BookSources/0801416043"><bdi>0801416043</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earliest+Wheeled+Transport&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0801416043&rft.aulast=Piggott&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPare1992" class="citation book cs1">Pare, C.F.E (1992). <i>Wagons and Wagon-Graves of the Early Iron Age in Central Europe</i>. Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0947816356" title="Special:BookSources/0947816356"><bdi>0947816356</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wagons+and+Wagon-Graves+of+the+Early+Iron+Age+in+Central+Europe&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0947816356&rft.aulast=Pare&rft.aufirst=C.F.E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=be94f905-efb3-46bb-8792-d4e12c60ad78">"Bullock carts"</a>. <i>Singapore Infopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Singapore+Infopedia&rft.atitle=Bullock+carts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlb.gov.sg%2Fmain%2Farticle-detail%3Fcmsuuid%3Dbe94f905-efb3-46bb-8792-d4e12c60ad78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolpert1994" class="citation book cs1">Wolpert, Stanley (1994). <i>An Introduction to India</i>. Penguin Books India. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140168709" title="Special:BookSources/9780140168709"><bdi>9780140168709</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24238499M">24238499M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+India&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24238499M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780140168709&rft.aulast=Wolpert&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiggott1970" class="citation journal cs1">Piggott, Stuart (1970). "Copper Vehicle-Models in the Indus Civilization". <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>102</b> (2): 200–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00128394">10.1017/S0035869X00128394</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203212">25203212</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163967541">163967541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Copper+Vehicle-Models+in+the+Indus+Civilization&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=200-202&rft.date=1970&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163967541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25203212%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00128394&rft.aulast=Piggott&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJochen_Garbsch1986" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jochen Garbsch (June 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080424224047/http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~arch/mitt/mitt040.htm">"Restoration of a Roman travelling wagon and of a wagon from the Hallstadt bronze culture"</a> (in German). Leibniz-Rechenzentrum München. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~arch/mitt/mitt040.htm">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(.HTML)</span> on 24 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Restoration+of+a+Roman+travelling+wagon+and+of+a+wagon+from+the+Hallstadt+bronze+culture&rft.pub=Leibniz-Rechenzentrum+M%C3%BCnchen&rft.date=1986-06&rft.au=Jochen+Garbsch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrz-muenchen.de%2F~arch%2Fmitt%2Fmitt040.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56222992">"Pompeii: Archaeologists unveil ceremonial chariot discovery"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 27 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pompeii%3A+Archaeologists+unveil+ceremonial+chariot+discovery&rft.date=2021-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-56222992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaughnessy1988" class="citation journal cs1">Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1988). "Historical Perspectives on The Introduction of The Chariot Into China". <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>. <b>48</b> (1): 189–237. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2719276">10.2307/2719276</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2719276">2719276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=Historical+Perspectives+on+The+Introduction+of+The+Chariot+Into+China&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=189-237&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2719276&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2719276%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shaughnessy&rft.aufirst=Edward+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGernet1996" class="citation book cs1">Gernet, Jacques (1996). <i>A History of Chinese Civilization</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-49781-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-49781-7"><bdi>0-521-49781-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chinese+Civilization&rft.pages=51&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-49781-7&rft.aulast=Gernet&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Mencius · Liang Hui Huang (King the Hui of Liang, Hui is a posthumous name) Volume One] 'The kingslayer of a country of ten thousands chariots, must be the house of thousand chariots. The kingslayer of a country of thousand chariots, must be the house of hundred chariots.' [Zhao Qi's note] Zhao Qi's note: ' Ten thousands chariots, is the son of heaven (King of Zhou).'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Zhan Guo Ce·Zhao Ce] 'Nowadays, Kingdom of Qin is a country of ten thousands chariots, Kingdom of Liang (Kingdom of Wei, 'Da Liang' is the capital of Wei) is also a country of ten thousands chariots.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munby-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Munby_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munby_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunby2008" class="citation cs2">Munby, Julian (2008), "From Carriage to Coach: What Happened?", in Bork, Robert; Kahn, Andrea (eds.), <i>The Art, Science, and Technology of Medieval Travel</i>, Ashgate, pp. 41–53</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Carriage+to+Coach%3A+What+Happened%3F&rft.btitle=The+Art%2C+Science%2C+and+Technology+of+Medieval+Travel&rft.pages=41-53&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Munby&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Léon marquis De Laborde. <i>Glossaire français du Moyen Age</i>. Labitte, Paris, 1872. p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunby2008" class="citation cs2">Munby, Julian (2008), "From Carriage to Coach: What Happened?", in Bork, Robert; Kahn, Andrea (eds.), <i>The Art, Science, and Technology of Medieval Travel</i>, Ashgate, p. 45</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Carriage+to+Coach%3A+What+Happened%3F&rft.btitle=The+Art%2C+Science%2C+and+Technology+of+Medieval+Travel&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Munby&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortimer2009" class="citation book cs1">Mortimer, Ian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/timetravellersgu0000mort_p5o4"><i>The time traveller's guide to medieval England : a handbook for visitors to the fourteenth century</i></a>. London: Vintage. pp. 133–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84595-099-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84595-099-6"><bdi>978-1-84595-099-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+time+traveller%27s+guide+to+medieval+England+%3A+a+handbook+for+visitors+to+the+fourteenth+century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=133-134&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84595-099-6&rft.aulast=Mortimer&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimetravellersgu0000mort_p5o4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/coach">"coach"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CollinsDictionary.com" class="mw-redirect" title="CollinsDictionary.com">CollinsDictionary.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CollinsDictionary.com&rft.atitle=coach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcoach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-OED-Coach" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=Coach">"Coach"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 1933.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coach&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1933&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foed.com%2Fsearch%3FsearchType%3Ddictionary%26q%3DCoach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/coach-horse-drawn-vehicle">"coach (horse-drawn vehicle)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=coach+%28horse-drawn+vehicle%29&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fcoach-horse-drawn-vehicle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunby2008" class="citation cs2">Munby, Julian (2008), "From Carriage to Coach: What Happened?", in Bork, Robert; Kahn, Andrea (eds.), <i>The Art, Science, and Technology of Medieval Travel</i>, Ashgate, p. 51</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Carriage+to+Coach%3A+What+Happened%3F&rft.btitle=The+Art%2C+Science%2C+and+Technology+of+Medieval+Travel&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Munby&rft.aufirst=Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Etymology for <i>Coach</i> in <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, Second Edition. Oxford University Press, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraus1912" class="citation book cs1">Straus, Ralph (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46216"><i>Carriages & Coaches: Their History & Their Evolution</i></a>. London: Martin Secker. pp. 204 ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carriages+%26+Coaches%3A+Their+History+%26+Their+Evolution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=204+ff&rft.pub=Martin+Secker&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Straus&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F46216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mechanical Road Carriages: Horseflesh V. Steam. The British Medical Journal, Vol. 2, No. 1823 (7 December 1895), pp. 1434–1435. BMJ Publishing Group</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2509017">"Mechanical Road Carriages: Horseflesh v. Steam"</a>. <i>British Medical Journal</i>. <b>2</b> (1823): 1434–1435. 7 December 1895. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1447">0007-1447</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2509017">2509017</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20755870">20755870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Mechanical+Road+Carriages%3A+Horseflesh+v.+Steam&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1823&rft.pages=1434-1435&rft.date=1895-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2509017%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0007-1447&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20755870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2509017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liveryone.net/parts.shtml">"Horse Carriage Parts Horse Drawn Vehicle"</a>. Great Northern Livery Company, Inc. 30 October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horse+Carriage+Parts+Horse+Drawn+Vehicle&rft.pub=Great+Northern+Livery+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liveryone.net%2Fparts.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liveryone.net/gear.shtml">"Basic Carriage Gear Horse Drawn Vehicles"</a>. Great Northern Livery Company, Inc. 2 November 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Basic+Carriage+Gear+Horse+Drawn+Vehicles&rft.pub=Great+Northern+Livery+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2003-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liveryone.net%2Fgear.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patent 9020, 7 July 1841, awarded to Thomas Fuller, a coach-builder of <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-walrond79-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-walrond79_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walrond79_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walrond79_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walrond79_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walrond79_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-walrond79_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalrond1979" class="citation book cs1">Walrond, Sallie (1979). <i>The Encyclopaedia of Driving</i>. Country Life Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0600331822" title="Special:BookSources/0600331822"><bdi>0600331822</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4175648M">4175648M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Driving&rft.pub=Country+Life+Books&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL4175648M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0600331822&rft.aulast=Walrond&rft.aufirst=Sallie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-delin-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-delin_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelin_Carriage_Company1911" class="citation book cs1">Delin Carriage Company (1911). <i>Vehicles, Harness, Saddles: Direct to you—on approval. (catalog)</i>. Cincinnati: n.p. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26197453M">26197453M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vehicles%2C+Harness%2C+Saddles%3A+Direct+to+you%E2%80%94on+approval.+%28catalog%29&rft.place=Cincinnati&rft.pub=n.p.&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26197453M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Delin+Carriage+Company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smith_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1988" class="citation book cs1">Smith, D.J.M. (1988). <i>A Dictionary of Horse Drawn Vehicles</i>. J. A. Allen & Co. Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851314686" title="Special:BookSources/0851314686"><bdi>0851314686</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11597864M">11597864M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Horse+Drawn+Vehicles&rft.pub=J.+A.+Allen+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL11597864M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0851314686&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=D.J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hrh-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hrh_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHRH_the_Duke_of_Edinburgh2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">HRH the Duke of Edinburgh</a> (2005). <i>30 Years On and Off the Box Seat</i>. J. A. Allen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0851318983" title="Special:BookSources/0851318983"><bdi>0851318983</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11598049M">11598049M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=30+Years+On+and+Off+the+Box+Seat&rft.pub=J.+A.+Allen&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL11598049M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0851318983&rft.au=HRH+the+Duke+of+Edinburgh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bennington.co.uk">"Bennington Carriages homepage"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bennington+Carriages+homepage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bennington.co.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlejandro" class="citation web cs1">Alejandro, Campitelli. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museodelfuerte.org.ar/">"MUHFIT – Museo Hístorico Fuerte Independencia Tandil"</a>. <i>museodelfuerte.org.ar</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=museodelfuerte.org.ar&rft.atitle=MUHFIT+%E2%80%93+Museo+H%C3%ADstorico+Fuerte+Independencia+Tandil&rft.aulast=Alejandro&rft.aufirst=Campitelli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseodelfuerte.org.ar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museum.qld.gov.au/cobb-and-co-museum/whats-on/national-carriage-collection">"National Carriage Collection"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Museum_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland Museum Network">Queensland Museum Network</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queensland+Museum+Network&rft.atitle=National+Carriage+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.qld.gov.au%2Fcobb-and-co-museum%2Fwhats-on%2Fnational-carriage-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110326031006/http://www.khm.at/en/museum-of-carriages-and-department-of-court-uniforms/">"Museum of Carriages and Department of Court Uniforms"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khm.at/en/museum-of-carriages-and-department-of-court-uniforms/">the original</a> on 26 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+of+Carriages+and+Department+of+Court+Uniforms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khm.at%2Fen%2Fmuseum-of-carriages-and-department-of-court-uniforms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.websteiner.com/kutschenmuseum23.html">"Carriage museum Laa"</a>. October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carriage+museum+Laa&rft.date=2023-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.websteiner.com%2Fkutschenmuseum23.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kutschenmuseum-laa.at/">Kutschenmuseums Laa an der Thaya</a></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laa.at/system/web/fotogalerie.aspx?detailonr=227251502-1097&menuonr=221584468&noseo=1">Kutschenmuseum besucht von LR Teschl-Hofmeister</a></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rijtuigmuseum.be/?lang=en">"Carriage Museum Bree"</a>. <i>Rijtuigmuseum Bree</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rijtuigmuseum+Bree&rft.atitle=Carriage+Museum+Bree&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rijtuigmuseum.be%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maarkedal.be/nl/toerisme/uitstapjes/koetsenmuseum-verdonckt">"Carriage museum Verdonckt"</a>. <i>Municipality of Maarkedal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Municipality+of+Maarkedal&rft.atitle=Carriage+museum+Verdonckt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maarkedal.be%2Fnl%2Ftoerisme%2Fuitstapjes%2Fkoetsenmuseum-verdonckt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.okv.be/museum/koetsen-verdonckt">"Koetsen Verdonckt"</a>. <i>OKV</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OKV&rft.atitle=Koetsen+Verdonckt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.okv.be%2Fmuseum%2Fkoetsen-verdonckt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041222031104/http://www.chateauversailles.fr/en/141_The_Stables.php">"The Versailles Stables"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chateauversailles.fr/en/141_The_Stables.php">the original</a> on 22 December 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Versailles+Stables&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chateauversailles.fr%2Fen%2F141_The_Stables.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180808171343/http://kutschenmuseum.de/">"kutschenmuseum.de"</a>. <i>www.kutschenmuseum.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kutschenmuseum.de/">the original</a> on 8 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kutschenmuseum.de&rft.atitle=kutschenmuseum.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kutschenmuseum.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schloesser.bayern.de/englisch/palace/objects/ny_marst.htm">Museum of Carriages and Sleighs</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.villadimaser.it/carrozze/">"The Carriages Collection"</a>. <i>Villa di Maser</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Villa+di+Maser&rft.atitle=The+Carriages+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.villadimaser.it%2Fcarrozze%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rijtuigmuseum.nl/engels/index.htm">Nationaal Rijtuigmuseum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619080920/http://www.rijtuigmuseum.nl/engels/index.htm">Archived</a> 19 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zamek-lancut.pl/en-us/stables-and-carriage-house">"Stables and Carriage House"</a>. <i>Castle-Museum in Łańcut</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Castle-Museum+in+%C5%81a%C5%84cut&rft.atitle=Stables+and+Carriage+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zamek-lancut.pl%2Fen-us%2Fstables-and-carriage-house&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rogalin.mnp.art.pl/en/page/carriage-house-and-stable">"Pałac w Rogalinie. Oddział Muzeum Narodowego w Poznaniu"</a> [Palace in Rogalin. Branch of the National Museum in Poznań]. <i>Muzeum Pałac w Rogalinie</i> (in Polish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muzeum+Pa%C5%82ac+w+Rogalinie&rft.atitle=Pa%C5%82ac+w+Rogalinie.+Oddzia%C5%82+Muzeum+Narodowego+w+Poznaniu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frogalin.mnp.art.pl%2Fen%2Fpage%2Fcarriage-house-and-stable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305011540/http://www.museudoscoches-ipmuseus.pt/en/coleccao.htm">"NCM – Collection"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museudoscoches-ipmuseus.pt/en/coleccao.htm">the original</a> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NCM+%E2%80%93+Collection.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museudoscoches-ipmuseus.pt%2Fen%2Fcoleccao.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-arlington-carriage-list.pdf">National Trust Carriage Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121205215/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-arlington-carriage-list.pdf">Archived</a> 21 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.luton.gov.uk/internet/Leisure_and_culture/Museums_and_galleries/Stockwood%20Park/The%20Mossman%20Carriage%20Collection">Mossman Collection Website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080422020121/http://www.luton.gov.uk/internet/Leisure_and_culture/Museums_and_galleries/Stockwood%20Park/The%20Mossman%20Carriage%20Collection">Archived</a> 22 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalinsight.gov.uk/output/Page5023.asp">Royal Mews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517111142/http://www.royalinsight.gov.uk/output/Page5023.asp">Archived</a> 17 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchumer2010" class="citation web cs1">Schumer, Tracy (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highmindedhorseman.com/2010/10/01/five-days-at-swingletree">"Five Days at Swingletree"</a>. <i>highmindedhorseman.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=highmindedhorseman.com&rft.atitle=Five+Days+at+Swingletree&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.aulast=Schumer&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highmindedhorseman.com%2F2010%2F10%2F01%2Ffive-days-at-swingletree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180520054721/http://www.swingletree.co.uk/carriages(1).htm">"Swingletree Carriage Collection"</a>. <i>www.swingletree.co.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swingletree.co.uk/carriages(1).htm">the original</a> on 20 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.swingletree.co.uk&rft.atitle=Swingletree+Carriage+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swingletree.co.uk%2Fcarriages%281%29.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140716233913/http://www.museum.maidstone.gov.uk/tyrwhittdrake/">"The Tyrwhitt-Drake Museum of Carriages"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.maidstone.gov.uk/tyrwhittdrake/">the original</a> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tyrwhitt-Drake+Museum+of+Carriages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.maidstone.gov.uk%2Ftyrwhittdrake%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carriagemuseumlibrary.org/">"Carriage Museum of America"</a>. <i>carriagemuseumlibrary.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=carriagemuseumlibrary.org&rft.atitle=Carriage+Museum+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarriagemuseumlibrary.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fcmr.org/">"Florida Carriage Museum & Resort"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Florida+Carriage+Museum+%26+Resort&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffcmr.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forneymuseum.org/">"Forney Museum of Transportation"</a>. <i>www.forneymuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.forneymuseum.org&rft.atitle=Forney+Museum+of+Transportation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forneymuseum.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefrickpittsburgh.org/carandcarriagemuseum">"Car and Carriage Museum"</a>. <i>The Frick Pittsburgh</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Frick+Pittsburgh&rft.atitle=Car+and+Carriage+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefrickpittsburgh.org%2Fcarandcarriagemuseum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehenryford.org/exhibits/collections/Collections/transportation/horsedrawn.asp">Horse Drawn Vehicles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608212611/http://www.thehenryford.org/exhibits/collections/Collections/transportation/horsedrawn.asp">Archived</a> 8 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nwcarriagemuseum.org/about-us/">"Northwest Carriage Museum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northwest+Carriage+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnwcarriagemuseum.org%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180520054047/http://www.farmingtonstar.com/carriagehall.html">"Carriage Hall"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farmingtonstar.com/carriagehall.html">the original</a> on 20 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carriage+Hall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farmingtonstar.com%2Fcarriagehall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrystal2010" class="citation news cs1">Krystal, Becky (23 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/04/22/AR2010042202125.html">"The Robert Thomas Carriage Museum in Blackstone, Va"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Robert+Thomas+Carriage+Museum+in+Blackstone%2C+Va.&rft.date=2010-04-23&rft.aulast=Krystal&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2010%2F04%2F22%2FAR2010042202125.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100419030754/http://www.blackstonemuseums.9f.com/cmuseum.html">"A Step Back In time"</a>. <i>Robert Thomas Carriage Museum</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackstonemuseums.9f.com/cmuseum.html">the original</a> on 19 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Robert+Thomas+Carriage+Museum&rft.atitle=A+Step+Back+In+time&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackstonemuseums.9f.com%2Fcmuseum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skylinefarm.org/">"SkylineFarm"</a>. <i>www.skylinefarm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.skylinefarm.org&rft.atitle=SkylineFarm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skylinefarm.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alleganymuseum.org/thrasher-carriage-collection/">"Thrasher Carriage Collection"</a>. <i>Allegany Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Allegany+Museum&rft.atitle=Thrasher+Carriage+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falleganymuseum.org%2Fthrasher-carriage-collection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509125222/http://www.washingtonky.com/carriage_museum.htm">"The Carriage Museum"</a>. <i>www.washingtonky.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonky.com/carriage_museum.htm">the original</a> on 9 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.washingtonky.com&rft.atitle=The+Carriage+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonky.com%2Fcarriage_museum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wadehouse.wisconsinhistory.org/">"Wade House - Wisconsin Historical Society - Home"</a>. <i>Wade House</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wade+House&rft.atitle=Wade+House+-+Wisconsin+Historical+Society+-+Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwadehouse.wisconsinhistory.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buggymuseum.org/">"Mifflinburg Buggy Museum"</a>. <i>www.buggymuseum.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.buggymuseum.org&rft.atitle=Mifflinburg+Buggy+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buggymuseum.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bean, Heike, & Sarah Blanchard (authors), Joan Muller (illustrator), <i>Carriage Driving: A Logical Approach Through Dressage Training</i>, Howell Books, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-7299-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-7299-9">978-0-7645-7299-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerkebile1977" class="citation book cs1">Berkebile, Donald H. (1977). <i>American Carriages, Sleighs, Sulkies, and Carts: 168 illustrations from Victorian sources</i>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486233286" title="Special:BookSources/0486233286"><bdi>0486233286</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL4886678M">4886678M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Carriages%2C+Sleighs%2C+Sulkies%2C+and+Carts%3A+168+illustrations+from+Victorian+sources&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL4886678M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0486233286&rft.aulast=Berkebile&rft.aufirst=Donald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Boyer, Marjorie Nice. "Mediaeval Suspended Carriages". <i>Speculum</i>, v34 n3 (July 1959): 359–366.</li> <li>Boyer, Marjorie Nice. <i>Mediaeval Suspended Carriages</i>. Cambridge, Mass.: The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1959. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/493631378">493631378</a>.</li> <li>Bristol Wagon Works Co., <i>Bristol Wagon & Carriage Illustrated Catalog, 1900</i>, Dover Publications, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-28123-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-28123-0">978-0-486-28123-0</a></li> <li>Elkhart Manufacturing Co., <i>Horse-Drawn Carriage Catalog, 1909</i> (Dover Pictorial Archives), Dover Publications, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41531-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-41531-4">978-0-486-41531-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelton1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Felton_(coachmaker)" title="William Felton (coachmaker)">Felton, William</a> (1996) [1796]. <i>A Treatise on Carriages</i> (Reprint of both volumes). Astragal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1879335700" title="Special:BookSources/1879335700"><bdi>1879335700</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL21753408M">21753408M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+Carriages&rft.pub=Astragal+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL21753408M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=1879335700&rft.aulast=Felton&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treatiseoncarria01felt/">Original Vol I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treatiseoncarria02felt/">Original Vol II</a>)</li> <li>Hutchins, Daniel D., <i>Wheels Across America: Carriage Art & Craftsmanship</i>, Tempo International Publishing Company, 1st edition, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9745106-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9745106-0-6">978-0-9745106-0-6</a></li> <li>Ingram, Arthur, <i>Horse Drawn Vehicles since 1760 in Colour</i>, Blandford Press, 1977. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-0820-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7137-0820-2">978-0-7137-0820-2</a></li> <li>King-Hele, Desmond. "Erasmus Darwin's Improved Design for Steering Carriages—And Cars". <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London</i>, 56, no. 1 (2002): 41–62.</li> <li>Kinney, Thomas A., <i>The Carriage Trade: Making Horse-Drawn Vehicles in America</i> (Studies in Industry and Society), The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7946-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-7946-3">978-0-8018-7946-3</a></li> <li>Lawrence, Bradley & Pardee, <i>Carriages and Sleighs: 228 Illustrations from the 1862 Lawrence, Bradley & Pardee Catalog</i>, Dover Publications, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-40219-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-40219-2">978-0-486-40219-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museums_at_Stony_Brook" class="mw-redirect" title="Museums at Stony Brook">Museums at Stony Brook</a>, <i>The Carriage Collection</i>, Museums, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943924-09-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-943924-09-0">978-0-943924-09-0</a></li> <li>Nelson Alan H. "Six-Wheeled Carts: An Underview". <i>Technology and Culture</i>, v13 n3 (July 1972): 391–416.</li> <li>Richardson, M. T., <i>Practical Carriage Building</i>, Astragal Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-879335-50-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-879335-50-9">978-1-879335-50-9</a></li> <li>Ryder, Thomas (author), Rodger Morrow (editor), <i>The Coson Carriage Collection at Beechdale</i>, <a href="/wiki/Carriage_Association_of_America" title="Carriage Association of America">Carriage Association of America</a>, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21311481">21311481</a>.</li> <li>Wackernagel, Rudolf H., <i>Wittelsbach State and Ceremonial Carriages: Coaches, Sledges and Sedan Chairs in the Marstallmuseum Schloss Nymphenburg</i>, Arnoldsche Verlagsanstalt GmbH, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-925369-86-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-925369-86-5">978-3-925369-86-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalrond1980" class="citation book cs1">Walrond, Sallie (1980). <i>Looking at Carriages</i>. Pelham Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0720712823" title="Special:BookSources/0720712823"><bdi>0720712823</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3828623M">3828623M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+at+Carriages&rft.pub=Pelham+Books&rft.date=1980&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3828623M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0720712823&rft.aulast=Walrond&rft.aufirst=Sallie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarriage" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ware, I. D., <i>Coach-Makers' Illustrated Hand-Book, 1875: Containing Complete Instructions in All the Different Branches of Carriage Building</i>, Astragal Press, 2nd edition, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-879335-61-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-879335-61-5">978-1-879335-61-5</a></li> <li>Westermann, William Linn. "On Inland Transportation and Communication in Antiquity". <i>Political Science Quarterly</i>, v43 n3 (September 1928): 364–387.</li> <li>"Colonial Roads and Wheeled Vehicles". <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>, v8 n1 (July 1899): 37–42. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4907170562">4907170562</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carriage&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/carriage" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/carriage">carriage</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carriages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carriages">Carriages</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Carriage" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Carriage">Carriage</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080202021801/http://libmedia.cc.stonybrook.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=%2Fp3006coll5&CISOPTR=976&REC=1"><i>19th century American carriages: Their manufacture, decoration and use</i>.</a> By Museums at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 1987. Long Island Digital Books Project, CONTENTdm Collection, Stony Brook University, Southampton, New York.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080511043752/http://www.english.uncc.edu/arauch/Transport.html">19th Century Transportation-Carriages.</a> University of North Carolina at Charlotte.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217234841/http://www.likesbooks.com/carriages.html">All About Romance Novels – Carriages in Regency & Victorian Times.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070822101846/http://www.car-nection.com/yann/Dbas_txt/Sty_apdx.htm">Appendix to Cadillac "Styling" section (coaching terminology).</a> The Classic Car-Nection: Yann Saunders, Cadillac Database. Drawings and text</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026130812/http://www.caaonline.com/caa_content.asp?PageType=Dept&Key=15">CAAOnline: Carriage Tour</a> <a href="/wiki/Carriage_Association_of_America" title="Carriage Association of America">Carriage Association of America</a>. Photos and text.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu">Calisphere – A World of Digital Resources.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110123185824/http://www.calisphere.universityofcalifornia.edu/">Archived</a> 23 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Search <i>carriage</i>. University of California. Hundreds of photos.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/46216"><i>Carriages & Coaches: Their History & Their Evolution</i></a> by Ralph Straus, 1912, London.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117235320/http://library.thinkquest.org/J0111463/carriagehouse.htm">Carriage House</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117235324/http://library.thinkquest.org/J0111463/carriageparts.htm">Carriage parts.</a> ThinkQuest Library. Illustrations and text.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071119172640/http://www.colonialcarriage.com/">Colonial Carriage Works – America's Finest Selection of Horse Drawn Vehicles.</a> Columbus, Wisconsin.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rack1.ul.cs.cmu.edu/is/driving"><i>Driving for Pleasure, Or The Harness Stable and its Appointments</i> by Francis Underhill, 1896.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325134705/http://rack1.ul.cs.cmu.edu/is/driving/">Archived</a> 25 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Carnegie Mellon University. A comprehensive overview, with photographs of horse-drawn carriages in use at the turn of the 19th century. Full text free to read, with free full text search.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f5oDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1076&vq=XXIII&source=gbs_search_r&cad=0_1"><i>An Encyclopædia of Domestic Economy, Comprising Subjects Connected with the Interests of Every Individual</i>..., by Thomas Webster and William Parkes, 1855.</a> Book XXIII, Carriages. Google Book Search.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishpleasure01adamgoog"><i>English Pleasure Carriages: Their Origin, History, Varieties, Materials, Construction, Defects, Improvements, and Capabilities: With an Analysis of the Construction of Common Roads and Railroads, and the Public Vehicles Used on Them; Together with Descriptions of New Inventions</i> by William Bridges Adams, 1837.</a> Google Book Search.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071231082512/http://www.guildofmodelwheelwrights.org/newsite03/vehicles/pas_4wheel.html">Four wheeled vehicles.</a> The Guild of Model Wheelwrights.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/ImageGalaxy/imageGalaxy_collResult.cfm?term=Carriages%20and%20Sleighs">Galaxy of Images | Smithsonian Institution Libraries.</a> Carriages and sleighs.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622030910/http://www.georgianindex.net/horse_and_carriage/carriages.html">Georgian Index – Carriages.</a> Georgian Index. Illustrations and text.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historycoaches00athegoog"><i>The History of Coaches</i>, by George Athelstane Thrupp, 1877.</a> Google Book Search.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/galleries/Transportation/horse-drawn_transportation.htm">Horse-drawn Transportation Clipart etc.</a> Educational Technology Clearinghouse, University of South Florida. Drawings.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130720043616/http://www.jasnanorcal.org/ink9.htm">JASNA Northern California Region.</a> Jane Austen Society of North America. Illustrations and text.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arnkarnk.plus.com">The Kinross Carriageworks, Stirling (Scotland), 1802–1966.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexiqueducheval.net/lexique_attelage_engl.html">Lexique du cheval! Lexikon of Carriage driving</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lookup.lib.hku.hk/lookup/bib/B31436833"><i>Modern carriages</i>, by W. Gilbey, 1905.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> The University of Hong Kong Libraries, China–America Digital Academic Library (CADAL).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031200653/http://www.guildofmodelwheelwrights.org/newsite03/vehicles/pas_2whl1.html">Passenger Vehicles</a> The Guild of Model Wheelwrights. Illustrations and text.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?x9=CARTS+AND+CARRIAGES">Science and Society Picture Library – Search</a> Illustrations and text.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071118042237/http://www.txtransportationmuseum.org/Horse.htm">TTM web</a> Texas Transportation Museum, San Antonio. Photos and text.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1871/10/29/archives/wheeled-vehicles.html">Wheeled vehicles.</a> The New York Times, 29 October 1871, page 2.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Horse-drawn_vehicles_and_carriages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicles</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">carriages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Four-wheeled<br />carriages and coaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araba_(carriage)" title="Araba (carriage)">Araba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barouche" title="Barouche">Barouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_(carriage)" title="Berlin (carriage)">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brake_(carriage)" title="Brake (carriage)">Brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britzka" title="Britzka">Britzka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brougham_(carriage)" title="Brougham (carriage)">Brougham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckboard" title="Buckboard">Buckboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buggy_(carriage)" title="Buggy (carriage)">Buggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calash" class="mw-redirect" title="Calash">Calash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariole" title="Cariole">Cariole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carryall" title="Carryall">Carryall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaise" title="Chaise">Chaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charabanc" title="Charabanc">Charabanc</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_(carriage)" title="Clarence (carriage)">Clarence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coach_(carriage)" title="Coach (carriage)">Coach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concord_coach" title="Concord coach">Concord coach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9_(carriage)" title="Coupé (carriage)">Coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diligence_(vehicle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diligence (vehicle)">Diligence</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dos-%C3%A0-dos_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dos-à-dos (carriage)">Dos-à-dos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drag (carriage)">Drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droshky" title="Droshky">Droshky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiacre_(carriage)" title="Fiacre (carriage)">Fiacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_(carriage)" title="Fly (carriage)">Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-in-hand_(carriage)" title="Four-in-hand (carriage)">Four-in-hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Hackney carriage</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearse#History" title="Hearse">Hearse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herdic" title="Herdic">Herdic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsebus" title="Horsebus">Horsebus/Omnibus</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_(carriage)" title="Jingle (carriage)">Jingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karozzin" title="Karozzin">Karozzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibitka" title="Kibitka">Kibitka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau_(carriage)" title="Landau (carriage)">Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_coach" title="Mail coach">Mail coach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_carriage" title="Marathon carriage">Marathon carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Drag">Park Drag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(carriage)" title="Phaeton (carriage)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_chaise" title="Post chaise">Post chaise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_Coach" class="mw-redirect" title="Road Coach">Road Coach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockaway_(carriage)" title="Rockaway (carriage)">Rockaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runabout_(carriage)" title="Runabout (carriage)">Runabout (carriage)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociable_(carriage)" title="Sociable (carriage)">Sociable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_phaeton" class="mw-redirect" title="Spider phaeton">Spider phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">Stagecoach</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_wagon" title="Stage wagon">Stage wagon</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_coach" title="State coach">State coach</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_coach" title="Gold coach">Gilded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey_(carriage)" title="Surrey (carriage)">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantass" title="Tarantass">Tarantass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triga_(chariot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triga (chariot)">Triga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(carriage)" title="Victoria (carriage)">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vis-%C3%A0-vis_(carriage)" title="Vis-à-vis (carriage)">Vis-à-vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vozok" title="Vozok">Vozok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagonette" title="Wagonette">Wagonette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Two-wheeled<br />carriages and carts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandy_(carriage)" title="Bandy (carriage)">Bandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabriolet_(carriage)" title="Cabriolet (carriage)">Cabriolet</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_cart" title="Cape cart">Cape cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cart" title="Cart">Cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariot_(carriage)" title="Chariot (carriage)">Chariot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biga_(chariot)" title="Biga (chariot)">Biga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triga_(chariot)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triga (chariot)">Triga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">Quadriga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasse-mar%C3%A9e_(cart)" title="Chasse-marée (cart)">Chasse-marée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cidomo" title="Cidomo">Cidomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croydon_(carriage)" title="Croydon (carriage)">Croydon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curricle" title="Curricle">Curricle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogcart" title="Dogcart">Dogcart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dokar">Dokar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekka_(carriage)" title="Ekka (carriage)">Ekka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(horse-drawn)" title="Float (horse-drawn)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gari_(vehicle)" title="Gari (vehicle)">Gari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharry" title="Gharry">Gharry</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig_(carriage)" title="Gig (carriage)">Gig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governess_cart" title="Governess cart">Governess cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansom_cab" title="Hansom cab">Hansom cab</a> ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunting_car" title="Jaunting car">Jaunting car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalesa" title="Kalesa">Kalesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbers_and_caissons" title="Limbers and caissons">Limbers and caissons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralli_car" title="Ralli car">Ralli car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_cart" title="Red River cart">Red River cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-horse_shay" class="mw-redirect" title="One-horse shay">Shay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cart" title="Sicilian cart">Sicilian cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjees" title="Sjees">Sjees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprung_cart" title="Sprung cart">Sprung cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanhope_(carriage)" title="Stanhope (carriage)">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulky" title="Sulky">Sulky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanga_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanga (carriage)">Tanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilbury_(carriage)" title="Tilbury (carriage)">Tilbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_(carriage)" title="Trap (carriage)">Trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbrel" title="Tumbrel">Tumbrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-wheeled_calash" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-wheeled calash">Two-wheeled calash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un-sprung_cart" class="mw-redirect" title="Un-sprung cart">Un-sprung cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volante_(carriage)" title="Volante (carriage)">Volante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_(carriage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey (carriage)">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-wheeled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sled" title="Sled">Sled/sleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travois" title="Travois">Travois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troika_(driving)" title="Troika (driving)">Troika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wagons & freight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuckwagon" title="Chuckwagon">Chuckwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_wagon" title="Conestoga wagon">Conestoga wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covered_wagon" title="Covered wagon">Covered wagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(horse-drawn)" title="Float (horse-drawn)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorry_(horse-drawn)" title="Lorry (horse-drawn)">Lorry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telega" title="Telega">Telega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolley_(horse-drawn)" title="Trolley (horse-drawn)">Trolley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolley_and_lift_van" title="Trolley and lift van">Trolley and lift van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardo_(Romani_wagon)" title="Vardo (Romani wagon)">Vardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">Wagon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carriage_builder" class="mw-redirect" title="Carriage builder">Vehicle construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coachbuilder#Horse-drawn_origins" title="Coachbuilder">Coachbuilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_axle_assembly" title="Front axle assembly">Front axle assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammercloth" title="Hammercloth">Hammercloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaft_bow" title="Shaft bow">Shaft bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swingletree" title="Swingletree">Swingletree/singletree</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Undercarriage">Undercarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wainwright_(occupation)" title="Wainwright (occupation)">Wainwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelwright" title="Wheelwright">Wheelwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whippletree_(mechanism)" title="Whippletree (mechanism)">Whippletree/double tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">Harness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bearing_rein" class="mw-redirect" title="Bearing rein">Bearing rein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blinkers_(horse_tack)" title="Blinkers (horse tack)">Blinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastplate_(tack)#Harness" title="Breastplate (tack)">Breast collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeching_(tack)" title="Breeching (tack)">Breeching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle#Harness_bridles" title="Bridle">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_collar" title="Horse collar">Collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crupper" title="Crupper">Crupper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_brass" title="Horse brass">Horse brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rein#Harness_reins" title="Rein">Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harness_saddle" title="Harness saddle">Saddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terret" title="Terret">Terret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(tack)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trace (tack)">Trace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coachman" title="Coachman">Coachman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footman" title="Footman">Footman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postilion" title="Postilion">Postilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">Livery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_(horse)" title="Driving (horse)">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draft_horse" title="Draft horse">Draft horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_club" title="Driving club">Driving club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandem#Horse_driving" title="Tandem">Tandem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_carriage_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="List of carriage museums">Museums and collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_use_of_roadways" title="Equestrian use of roadways">Equestrian use of roadways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carriages" title="Category:Carriages">Carriages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carts" title="Category:Carts">Carts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coachbuilders" title="Category:Coachbuilders">Coachbuilders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carriage_museums" title="Category:Carriage museums">Carriage museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horse_driving" title="Category:Horse driving">Horse driving</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carriages" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Carriages">Images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>‡ indicates vehicles that were used historically in public transport services</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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