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<li id="toc-Industrial_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Industrial Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assembly_line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assembly_line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Assembly line</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assembly_line-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historically_significant_factories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historically_significant_factories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historically significant factories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historically_significant_factories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siting_the_factory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siting_the_factory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Siting the factory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siting_the_factory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governing_the_factory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governing_the_factory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Governing the factory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governing_the_factory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shadow_factories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shadow_factories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Shadow factories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shadow_factories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Factory</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabr%C3%A9k" title="Pabrék – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Pabrék" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabriek" title="Fabriek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fabriek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9" title="مصنع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مصنع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrica" title="Fabrica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Fabrica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabric%C3%A2" title="Fabricâ – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Fabricâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1brica" title="Fábrica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fábrica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mba%27eapopyha" title="Mba'eapopyha – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mba'eapopyha" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrik" title="Fabrik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fabrik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="فابریکا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فابریکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="কারখানা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কারখানা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang-ti%C3%BB%E2%81%BF" title="Kang-tiûⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kang-tiûⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фабрика – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Фабрика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фабрыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фабрыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabrika" title="Pabrika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pabrika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Завод – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Завод" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrika" title="Fabrika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fabrika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A0brica" title="Fàbrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fàbrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Хапрăк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хапрăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tov%C3%A1rna" title="Továrna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Továrna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffatri" title="Ffatri – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffatri" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrik" title="Fabrik – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fabrik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrik" title="Fabrik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fabrik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabrik" title="Vabrik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vabrik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Εργοστάσιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εργοστάσιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A0brica" title="Fàbrica – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Fàbrica" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Тевдаз – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Тевдаз" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1brica" title="Fábrica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fábrica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabriko" title="Fabriko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fabriko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrika" title="Fabrika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fabrika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="کارخانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارخانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usine" title="Usine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Usine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabryk" title="Fabryk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fabryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabriche" title="Fabriche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Fabriche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarcha" title="Monarcha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Monarcha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factoraidh" title="Factoraidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Factoraidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1brica" title="Fábrica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fábrica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%9E%A5" title="공장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A1%D5%A2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ֆաբրիկա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆաբրիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="कारखाना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कारखाना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvornica" title="Tvornica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tvornica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrikerio" title="Fabrikerio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fabrikerio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabrik" title="Pabrik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pabrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrica" title="Fabrica – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fabrica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suliu%C4%A1vik" title="Suliuġvik – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Suliuġvik" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umkhando" title="Umkhando – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umkhando" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verksmi%C3%B0ja" title="Verksmiðja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Verksmiðja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabbrica" title="Fabbrica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fabbrica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%AA" title="בית חרושת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בית חרושת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A6%A5%EA%A6%A7%EA%A6%BF%EA%A6%B6%EA%A6%8F%EA%A7%80" title="ꦥꦧꦿꦶꦏ꧀ – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="ꦥꦧꦿꦶꦏ꧀" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಕಾರಖಾನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾರಖಾನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фабрика – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фабрика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwanda" title="Kiwanda – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kiwanda" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izin" title="Izin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Izin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izin" title="Izin – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Izin" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karxane" title="Karxane – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Karxane" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Завод – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Завод" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ໂຮງງານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂຮງງານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrica_(officina)" title="Fabrica (officina) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fabrica (officina)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%ABpn%C4%ABca" title="Rūpnīca – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rūpnīca" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrick" title="Fabrick – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fabrick" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamykla" title="Gamykla – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gamykla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%A1r" title="Gyár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фабрика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фабрика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="कारखाना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कारखाना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%86%D9%87" title="کارخنه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کارخنه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilang" title="Kilang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kilang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AA" title="ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯥꯁꯪ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯥꯁꯪ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabrik" title="Pabrik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pabrik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6" title="စက်ရုံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စက်ရုံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabriek" title="Fabriek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fabriek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%A0%B4" title="工場 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="工場" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrikk" title="Fabrikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fabrikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrikk" title="Fabrikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fabrikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usina" title="Usina – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Usina" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrika" title="Fabrika – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fabrika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਾਰਖ਼ਾਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਖ਼ਾਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabryka" title="Fabryka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fabryka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1brica" title="Fábrica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fábrica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrika" title="Fabrika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Fabrika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabric%C4%83" title="Fabrică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fabrică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phawrika" title="Phawrika – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Phawrika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фабрика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фабрика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrika" title="Fabrika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fabrika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A0bbrica" title="Fàbbrica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fàbbrica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory" title="Factory – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Factory" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tov%C3%A1re%C5%88" title="Továreň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Továreň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovarna" title="Tovarna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tovarna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95" title="کارخانە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کارخانە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фабрика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фабрика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrika" title="Fabrika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fabrika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehdas" title="Tehdas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tehdas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrik" title="Fabrik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fabrik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabrika" title="Pabrika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pabrika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="தொழிற்சாலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொழிற்சாலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="కర్మాగారం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కర్మాగారం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="โรงงาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรงงาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Корхона – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Корхона" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrika" title="Fabrika – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fabrika" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Фабрика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фабрика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81" title="کارخانہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کارخانہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_m%C3%A1y" title="Nhà máy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà máy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrike" title="Fabrike – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Fabrike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabrika" title="Pabrika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pabrika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%8E%82" title="工厂 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="工厂" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Factories&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Factories">Factories</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Facility where goods are industrially made, or processed</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about places of manufacture. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Factory_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Factory (disambiguation)">Factory (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolfsburg_VW-Werk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wolfsburg_VW-Werk.jpg/250px-Wolfsburg_VW-Werk.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wolfsburg_VW-Werk.jpg/375px-Wolfsburg_VW-Werk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Wolfsburg_VW-Werk.jpg/500px-Wolfsburg_VW-Werk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>factory</b>, <b>manufacturing plant</b> or <b>production plant</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Industry_(manufacturing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry (manufacturing)">industrial</a> facility, often a complex consisting of several buildings filled with <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_industrial_machinery" title="Outline of industrial machinery">machinery</a>, where workers <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacture</a> items or operate machines which <a href="/wiki/Process_Manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Process Manufacturing">process</a> each item into another. They are a critical part of modern <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">economic production</a>, with the majority of the world's <a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">goods</a> being created or processed within factories. </p><p>Factories arose with the introduction of machinery during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> and space requirements became too great for <a href="/wiki/Putting-out_system" title="Putting-out system">cottage industry</a> or workshops. Early factories that contained small amounts of machinery, such as one or two <a href="/wiki/Spinning_mule" title="Spinning mule">spinning mules</a>, and fewer than a dozen workers have been called "glorified workshops".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most modern factories have large <a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">warehouses</a> or warehouse-like facilities that contain heavy equipment used for <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly line</a> production. Large factories tend to be located with access to multiple modes of transportation, some having <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highway</a> and water loading and unloading facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some countries like Australia, it is common to call a factory building a "<a href="/wiki/Shed" title="Shed">Shed</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Factories may either make discrete <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">products</a> or some type of <a href="/wiki/Continuous_production" title="Continuous production">continuously produced</a> material, such as <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulp and paper">pulp and paper</a>, or refined <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">oil products</a>. Factories manufacturing chemicals are often called <i><a href="/wiki/Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">plants</a></i> and may have most of their equipment – <a href="/wiki/Storage_tank" title="Storage tank">tanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pressure_vessel" title="Pressure vessel">pressure vessels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reactor" title="Chemical reactor">chemical reactors</a>, pumps and piping – outdoors and operated from <a href="/wiki/Control_room" title="Control room">control rooms</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Oil refineries</a> have most of their equipment outdoors. </p><p>Discrete products may be <a href="/wiki/Final_good" title="Final good">final goods</a>, or parts and sub-assemblies which are made into final products elsewhere. Factories may be supplied parts from elsewhere or make them from <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a>. Continuous production industries typically use heat or <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> to transform streams of raw materials into finished products. </p><p>The term <i>mill</i> originally referred to the <a href="/wiki/Gristmill" title="Gristmill">milling of grain</a>, which usually used natural resources such as water or wind power until those were displaced by <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam power</a> in the 19th century. Because many processes like spinning and weaving, <a href="/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)" title="Rolling (metalworking)">iron rolling</a>, and paper manufacturing were originally powered by water, the term survives as in <i>steel mill</i>, <i>paper mill</i>, etc. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zilina_zapalkaren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zilina_zapalkaren.jpg/250px-Zilina_zapalkaren.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zilina_zapalkaren.jpg/375px-Zilina_zapalkaren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zilina_zapalkaren.jpg/500px-Zilina_zapalkaren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed historical factory in <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDilina" title="Žilina">Žilina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>) for production of safety matches. Originally built in 1915 for the business firm <i>Wittenberg and son</i>.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factory&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_the_entrance_to_the_Arsenal_by_Canaletto,_1732.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/View_of_the_entrance_to_the_Arsenal_by_Canaletto%2C_1732.jpg/220px-View_of_the_entrance_to_the_Arsenal_by_Canaletto%2C_1732.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/View_of_the_entrance_to_the_Arsenal_by_Canaletto%2C_1732.jpg/330px-View_of_the_entrance_to_the_Arsenal_by_Canaletto%2C_1732.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/View_of_the_entrance_to_the_Arsenal_by_Canaletto%2C_1732.jpg/440px-View_of_the_entrance_to_the_Arsenal_by_Canaletto%2C_1732.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1292" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Arsenal" title="Venetian Arsenal">Venetian Arsenal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a>, 1732.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WaterMill_Interior_MotionBlur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/WaterMill_Interior_MotionBlur.jpg/220px-WaterMill_Interior_MotionBlur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/WaterMill_Interior_MotionBlur.jpg/330px-WaterMill_Interior_MotionBlur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/WaterMill_Interior_MotionBlur.jpg/440px-WaterMill_Interior_MotionBlur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Lyme_Regis" title="Lyme Regis">Lyme Regis</a> watermill, UK (14th century).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> considered production during ancient and medieval times as never warranting classification as factories, with methods of production and the contemporary economic situation incomparable to modern or even pre-modern developments of industry. In ancient times, the earliest production limited to the household, developed into a separate endeavor independent to the place of inhabitation with production at that time only beginning to be characteristic of industry, termed as "unfree shop industry", a situation caused especially under the reign of the Egyptian pharaoh, with slave employment and no differentiation of skills within the slave group comparable to modern definitions as <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to translations of Demosthenes and Herodotus, <a href="/wiki/Naucratis" title="Naucratis">Naucratis</a> was a, or the only, factory in the entirety of ancient <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A source of 1983 (Hopkins), states the largest factory production in ancient times was of 120 slaves within fourth century BC Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An article within the New York Times article dated 13 October 2011 states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"In African Cave, Signs of an Ancient Paint Factory" – (John Noble Wilford)</p></blockquote> <p>... discovered at <a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a>, a cave on the south coast of South Africa where 100,000-year-old tools and ingredients were found with which <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human">early modern humans</a> mixed an <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paint</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although The <i>Cambridge Online Dictionary</i> definition of factory states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>a building or set of buildings where large amounts of goods are made using machines<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>elsewhere: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> ... the utilization of machines presupposes social cooperation and the division of labour </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>von Mises<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The first machine is stated by one source to have been traps used to assist with the capturing of animals, corresponding to the machine as a mechanism operating independently or with very little force by interaction from a human, with a capacity for use repeatedly with operation exactly the same on every occasion of functioning.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">wheel</a> was invented <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000 BC</span>, the spoked wheel <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span>. The <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> began approximately 1200–1000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other sources define machinery as a means of production.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeology provides a date for the earliest city as 5000 BC as Tell Brak (Ur <i>et al.</i> 2006), therefore a date for cooperation and factors of demand, by an increased community size and population to make something like factory level production a conceivable necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeologist Bonnet, unearthed the foundations of numerous <a href="/wiki/Workshop" title="Workshop">workshops</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kerma" title="Kerma">Kerma</a> proving that as early as 2000 BC Kerma was a large urban capital.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Watermill" title="Watermill">watermill</a> was first made in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a> some time before 350 BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (September 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Selin_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selin-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the third century BC, <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Byzantium" title="Philo of Byzantium">Philo of Byzantium</a> describes a water-driven wheel in his technical treatises. Factories producing <a href="/wiki/Garum" title="Garum">garum</a> were common in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Barbegal_aqueduct_and_mills" title="Barbegal aqueduct and mills">Barbegal aqueduct and mills</a> are an industrial complex from the second century AD found in southern France. By the time of the fourth century AD, there was a water-milling installation with a capacity to grind 28 tons of grain per day,<sup id="cite_ref-Hill2013_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a rate sufficient to meet the needs of 80,000 persons, in the Roman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The large population increase in medieval Islamic cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>'s 1.5 million population, led to the development of large-scale factory milling installations with higher productivity to feed and support the large growing population. A tenth-century grain-processing factory in the Egyptian town of <a href="/wiki/Bilbays" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilbays">Bilbays</a>, for example, milled an estimated 300 tons of grain and flour per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Hill2013_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both watermills and <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">windmills</a> were widely used in the Islamic world at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Lucas-65_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucas-65-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Arsenal" title="Venetian Arsenal">Venice Arsenal</a> also provides one of the first examples of a factory in the modern sense of the word. Founded in 1104 in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, several hundred years before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, it <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produced</a> ships on <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly lines</a> using <a href="/wiki/American_system_of_manufacturing" title="American system of manufacturing">manufactured parts</a>. The Venice Arsenal apparently produced nearly one ship every day and, at its height, employed 16,000 people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (December 2010)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_Revolution">Industrial Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factory&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Industrial Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Factory_system" title="Factory system">Factory system</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cromford_1771_mill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cromford_1771_mill.jpg/220px-Cromford_1771_mill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cromford_1771_mill.jpg/330px-Cromford_1771_mill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Cromford_1771_mill.jpg/440px-Cromford_1771_mill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cromford_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromford mill">Cromford mill</a> as it is today.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ty%C3%B6p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_p%C3%A4%C3%A4ttyy_Tampellassa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ty%C3%B6p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_p%C3%A4%C3%A4ttyy_Tampellassa.jpg/220px-Ty%C3%B6p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_p%C3%A4%C3%A4ttyy_Tampellassa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ty%C3%B6p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_p%C3%A4%C3%A4ttyy_Tampellassa.jpg/330px-Ty%C3%B6p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_p%C3%A4%C3%A4ttyy_Tampellassa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ty%C3%B6p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_p%C3%A4%C3%A4ttyy_Tampellassa.jpg/440px-Ty%C3%B6p%C3%A4iv%C3%A4_p%C3%A4%C3%A4ttyy_Tampellassa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Working day ends at <a href="/wiki/Tampella" title="Tampella">Tampella</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>, Finland in 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the earliest factories was <a href="/wiki/John_Lombe" title="John Lombe">John Lombe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Derby_Industrial_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Derby Industrial Museum">water-powered silk mill</a> at <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>, operational by 1721. By 1746, an integrated <a href="/wiki/Brass_mill" title="Brass mill">brass mill</a> was working at <a href="/wiki/Warmley" title="Warmley">Warmley</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>. Raw material went in at one end, was <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelted</a> into brass and was turned into pans, pins, wire, and other goods. Housing was provided for workers on site. <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a> in Staffordshire and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Boulton" title="Matthew Boulton">Matthew Boulton</a> at his <a href="/wiki/Soho_Manufactory" title="Soho Manufactory">Soho Manufactory</a> were other prominent early industrialists, who employed the factory system. </p><p>The factory system began widespread use somewhat later when <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> <a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">spinning</a> was mechanized. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Arkwright" title="Richard Arkwright">Richard Arkwright</a> is the person credited with inventing the prototype of the modern factory. After he patented his <a href="/wiki/Water_frame" title="Water frame">water frame</a> in 1769, he established <a href="/wiki/Cromford_Mill" title="Cromford Mill">Cromford Mill</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>, England, significantly expanding the village of <a href="/wiki/Cromford" title="Cromford">Cromford</a> to accommodate the migrant workers new to the area. The factory system was a new way of organizing <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">workforce</a> made necessary by the development of machines which were too large to house in a worker's cottage. Working hours were as long as they had been for the farmer, that is, from dawn to dusk, six days per week. Overall, this practice essentially reduced skilled and unskilled workers to replaceable commodities. Arkwright's factory was the first successful cotton spinning factory in the world; it showed unequivocally the way ahead for industry and was widely copied. </p><p>Between 1770 and 1850 mechanized factories supplanted traditional artisan shops as the predominant form of manufacturing institution, because the larger-scale factories enjoyed a significant technological and supervision advantage over the small artisan shops.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest factories (using the <a href="/wiki/Factory_system" title="Factory system">factory system</a>) developed in the cotton and wool textiles industry. Later generations of factories included mechanized shoe production and manufacturing of machinery, including machine tools. After this came factories that supplied the railroad industry included rolling mills, foundries and locomotive works, along with agricultural-equipment factories that produced cast-steel plows and reapers. Bicycles were mass-produced beginning in the 1880s. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nasmyth,_Gaskell_and_Company" title="Nasmyth, Gaskell and Company">Nasmyth, Gaskell and Company's Bridgewater Foundry</a>, which began operation in 1836, was one of the earliest factories to use modern materials handling such as cranes and rail tracks through the buildings for handling heavy items.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large scale <a href="/wiki/Electrification" title="Electrification">electrification</a> of factories began around 1900 after the development of the <a href="/wiki/AC_motor" title="AC motor">AC motor</a> which was able to run at constant speed depending on the number of poles and the current electrical frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first larger motors were added to <a href="/wiki/Line_shaft" title="Line shaft">line shafts</a>, but as soon as small horsepower motors became widely available, factories switched to unit drive. Eliminating <a href="/wiki/Line_shaft" title="Line shaft">line shafts</a> freed factories of layout constraints and allowed factory layout to be more efficient. Electrification enabled sequential <a href="/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">automation</a> using <a href="/wiki/Relay_logic" title="Relay logic">relay logic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assembly_line">Assembly line</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factory&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Assembly line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">Assembly line</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Factory_Automation_Robotics_Palettizing_Bread.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Factory_Automation_Robotics_Palettizing_Bread.jpg/220px-Factory_Automation_Robotics_Palettizing_Bread.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Factory_Automation_Robotics_Palettizing_Bread.jpg/330px-Factory_Automation_Robotics_Palettizing_Bread.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Factory_Automation_Robotics_Palettizing_Bread.jpg/440px-Factory_Automation_Robotics_Palettizing_Bread.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3417" data-file-height="2563" /></a><figcaption>Factory automation with industrial robots for palletizing food products like bread and toast at a bakery in Germany.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> further revolutionized the factory concept in the early 20th century, with the innovation of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a>. Highly specialized laborers situated alongside a series of rolling ramps would build up a product such as (in Ford's case) an <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a>. This concept dramatically decreased production costs for virtually all manufactured goods and brought about the age of <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the mid - to late 20th century, industrialized countries introduced next-generation factories with two improvements: </p> <ol><li>Advanced <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical</a> methods of <a href="/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">quality control</a>, pioneered by the American mathematician <a href="/wiki/W._Edwards_Deming" title="W. Edwards Deming">William Edwards Deming</a>, whom his home country initially ignored. Quality control turned Japanese factories into world leaders in <a href="/wiki/Cost-effectiveness_analysis" title="Cost-effectiveness analysis">cost-effectiveness</a> and production quality.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial robots</a> on the factory floor, introduced in the late 1970s. These computer-controlled welding arms and grippers could perform simple tasks such as attaching a car door quickly and flawlessly 24 hours a day. This too cut costs and improved speed.</li></ol> <p>Some speculation<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as to the future of the factory includes scenarios with <a href="/wiki/Rapid_prototyping" title="Rapid prototyping">rapid prototyping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbital</a> zero-<a href="/wiki/Gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitation">gravity</a> facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some scepticism about the development of the factories of the future if the robotic industry is not matched by a higher technological level of the people who operate it. According to some authors, the four basic pillars of the factories of the future are strategy, technology, people and habitability, which would take the form of a kind of "laboratory factories", with management models that allow "producing with quality while experimenting to do it better tomorrow".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historically_significant_factories">Historically significant factories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factory&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historically significant factories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Highland_park_plant_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Highland_park_plant_1.jpg/220px-Highland_park_plant_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Highland_park_plant_1.jpg/330px-Highland_park_plant_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Highland_park_plant_1.jpg/440px-Highland_park_plant_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Highland Park Ford plant, c. 192</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Arsenal" title="Venetian Arsenal">Venetian Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromford_Mill" title="Cromford Mill">Cromford Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombe%27s_Mill" title="Lombe's Mill">Lombe's Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soho_Manufactory" title="Soho Manufactory">Soho Manufactory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Block_Mills" title="Portsmouth Block Mills">Portsmouth Block Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slater_Mill_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Slater Mill Historic Site">Slater Mill Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Mills" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowell Mills">Lowell Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_Armory" title="Springfield Armory">Springfield Armory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Armory" title="Harpers Ferry Armory">Harpers Ferry Armory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasmyth,_Gaskell_and_Company" title="Nasmyth, Gaskell and Company">Nasmyth, Gaskell and Company</a> also called the Bridgewater Foundry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_Locomotive_Works" title="Baldwin Locomotive Works">Baldwin Locomotive Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_Ford_Plant" title="Highland Park Ford Plant">Highland Park Ford Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_River_Rouge_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford River Rouge Complex">Ford River Rouge Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawthorne_Works" title="Hawthorne Works">Hawthorne Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalingrad_Tractor_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalingrad Tractor Plant">Stalingrad Tractor Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_Shirtwaist_Factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Triangle Shirtwaist Factory">Triangle Shirtwaist Factory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siting_the_factory">Siting the factory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factory&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Siting the factory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WomanFactory1940s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WomanFactory1940s.jpg/220px-WomanFactory1940s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WomanFactory1940s.jpg/330px-WomanFactory1940s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/WomanFactory1940s.jpg/440px-WomanFactory1940s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7296" data-file-height="5656" /></a><figcaption>A factory worker in 1942 <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a>, United States.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the advent of <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">mass transportation</a>, factories' needs for ever-greater concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Labourer" class="mw-redirect" title="Labourer">labourers</a> meant that they typically grew up in an urban setting or fostered their own <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>. Industrial <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slums</a> developed, and reinforced their own development through the interactions between factories, as when one factory's output or waste-product became the raw materials of another factory (preferably nearby). <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railways</a> grew as factories spread, each clustering around sources of cheap energy, available materials and/or mass markets. The exception proved the rule: even <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">greenfield</a> factory sites such as <a href="/wiki/Bournville" title="Bournville">Bournville</a>, founded in a rural setting, developed their own housing and profited from convenient communications systems.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a> curbed some of the worst excesses of <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>'s factory-based society, labourers of <a href="/wiki/Factory_Acts" title="Factory Acts">Factory Acts</a> leading the way in Britain. <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">Trams</a>, automobiles and <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">town planning</a> encouraged the separate development of industrial suburbs and residential suburbs, with labourers commuting between them. </p><p>Though factories dominated the Industrial Era, the growth in the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">service sector</a> eventually began to dethrone them:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (December 2010)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the focus of labour, in general, shifted to central-city office towers or to semi-rural campus-style establishments, and many factories stood deserted in local <a href="/wiki/Rust_Belt" title="Rust Belt">rust belts</a>. </p><p>The next blow to the traditional factories came from <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>. Manufacturing processes (or their logical successors, <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly</a> plants) in the late 20th century re-focussed in many instances on <a href="/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Economic Zone">Special Economic Zones</a> in developing countries or on <a href="/wiki/Maquiladora" title="Maquiladora">maquiladoras</a> just across the national boundaries of industrialized states. Further re-location to the least industrialized nations appears possible as the benefits of <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">out-sourcing</a> and the lessons of flexible location apply in the future.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (December 2010)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governing_the_factory">Governing the factory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factory&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Governing the factory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management</a> theory developed in response to the need to control factory processes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (December 2010)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Assumptions on the <a href="/wiki/Hierarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchies">hierarchies</a> of unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled laborers and their supervisors and managers still linger on; however an example of a more contemporary approach to handle design applicable to manufacturing facilities can be found in <a href="/wiki/Socio-technical_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-technical systems">Socio-Technical Systems (STS)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shadow_factories">Shadow factories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factory&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Shadow factories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_shadow_factories" title="British shadow factories">British shadow factories</a></div> <p>In Britain, a <b>shadow factory</b> is one of a number of manufacturing sites built in dispersed locations in times of war to reduce the risk of disruption due to enemy <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing" title="Strategic bombing">air-raids</a> and often with the dual purpose of increasing manufacturing capacity. Before World War II Britain had built many <a href="/wiki/British_shadow_factories" title="British shadow factories">shadow factories</a>. </p><p>Production of the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a> at its parent company's base at <a href="/wiki/Woolston,_Southampton" title="Woolston, Southampton">Woolston, Southampton</a> was vulnerable to enemy attack as a high-profile target and was well within range of <i><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i> bombers. Indeed, on 26 September 1940 this facility was completely destroyed by an enemy bombing raid. <a href="/wiki/Supermarine" title="Supermarine">Supermarine</a> had already established a plant at <a href="/wiki/Castle_Bromwich" title="Castle Bromwich">Castle Bromwich</a>; this action prompted them to further disperse Spitfire production around the country with many premises being requisitioned by the British Government.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Connected to the Spitfire was production of its equally important <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Rolls-Royce Merlin</a> engine, <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce</a>'s main <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aero engine</a> facility was located at <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a>, the need for increased output was met by building new factories in <a href="/wiki/Bentley_Crewe" title="Bentley Crewe">Crewe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> and using a purpose-built factory of <a href="/wiki/Ford_of_Britain" title="Ford of Britain">Ford of Britain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Park" title="Trafford Park">Trafford Park</a> <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factory&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herten_-_Zeche_Ewald_12_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zeche Ewald in Herten, exterior (2011)"><img alt="Zeche Ewald in Herten, exterior (2011)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Herten_-_Zeche_Ewald_12_ies.jpg/175px-Herten_-_Zeche_Ewald_12_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Herten_-_Zeche_Ewald_12_ies.jpg/263px-Herten_-_Zeche_Ewald_12_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Herten_-_Zeche_Ewald_12_ies.jpg/350px-Herten_-_Zeche_Ewald_12_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zeche Ewald in <a href="/wiki/Herten" title="Herten">Herten</a>, exterior (2011)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Herten_-_Zeche_Ewald_14_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zeche Ewald in Herten, interior (2011)"><img alt="Zeche Ewald in Herten, interior (2011)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Herten_-_Zeche_Ewald_14_ies.jpg/175px-Herten_-_Zeche_Ewald_14_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Herten_-_Zeche_Ewald_14_ies.jpg/263px-Herten_-_Zeche_Ewald_14_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Herten_-_Zeche_Ewald_14_ies.jpg/350px-Herten_-_Zeche_Ewald_14_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zeche Ewald in <a href="/wiki/Herten" title="Herten">Herten</a>, interior (2011)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fox_Brothers,_Coldharbour_Mill,_Uffculme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_97156.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coldharbour Mill textile factory, built in 1799."><img alt="Coldharbour Mill textile factory, built in 1799." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fox_Brothers%2C_Coldharbour_Mill%2C_Uffculme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_97156.jpg/90px-Fox_Brothers%2C_Coldharbour_Mill%2C_Uffculme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_97156.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fox_Brothers%2C_Coldharbour_Mill%2C_Uffculme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_97156.jpg/135px-Fox_Brothers%2C_Coldharbour_Mill%2C_Uffculme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_97156.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fox_Brothers%2C_Coldharbour_Mill%2C_Uffculme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_97156.jpg/180px-Fox_Brothers%2C_Coldharbour_Mill%2C_Uffculme_-_geograph.org.uk_-_97156.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="614" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coldharbour_Mill_Working_Wool_Museum" title="Coldharbour Mill Working Wool Museum">Coldharbour Mill</a> textile factory, built in 1799.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolph_Menzel_-_Eisenwalzwerk_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adolph von Menzel: Moderne Cyklopen"><img alt="Adolph von Menzel: Moderne Cyklopen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Adolph_Menzel_-_Eisenwalzwerk_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/175px-Adolph_Menzel_-_Eisenwalzwerk_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Adolph_Menzel_-_Eisenwalzwerk_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/263px-Adolph_Menzel_-_Eisenwalzwerk_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Adolph_Menzel_-_Eisenwalzwerk_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/350px-Adolph_Menzel_-_Eisenwalzwerk_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2199" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Adolph_von_Menzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Adolph von Menzel">Adolph von Menzel</a>: <i>Moderne Cyklopen</i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Lanark_buildings_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New Lanark mill"><img alt="New Lanark mill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/New_Lanark_buildings_2009.jpg/168px-New_Lanark_buildings_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/New_Lanark_buildings_2009.jpg/251px-New_Lanark_buildings_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/New_Lanark_buildings_2009.jpg/335px-New_Lanark_buildings_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3473" data-file-height="2491" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a> mill</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Workers_in_the_fuse_factory_Woolwich_Arsenal_Flickr_4615367952_d40a18ec24_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Workers in the fuse factory, Woolwich Arsenal late 1800s"><img alt="Workers in the fuse factory, Woolwich Arsenal late 1800s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Workers_in_the_fuse_factory_Woolwich_Arsenal_Flickr_4615367952_d40a18ec24_o.jpg/175px-Workers_in_the_fuse_factory_Woolwich_Arsenal_Flickr_4615367952_d40a18ec24_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Workers_in_the_fuse_factory_Woolwich_Arsenal_Flickr_4615367952_d40a18ec24_o.jpg/263px-Workers_in_the_fuse_factory_Woolwich_Arsenal_Flickr_4615367952_d40a18ec24_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Workers_in_the_fuse_factory_Woolwich_Arsenal_Flickr_4615367952_d40a18ec24_o.jpg/350px-Workers_in_the_fuse_factory_Woolwich_Arsenal_Flickr_4615367952_d40a18ec24_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Workers in the fuse factory, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arsenal" title="Royal Arsenal">Woolwich Arsenal</a> late 1800s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The assembly plant of the Bell Aircraft Corporation at Wheatfield, New York, United States, 1944"><img alt="The assembly plant of the Bell Aircraft Corporation at Wheatfield, New York, United States, 1944" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg/149px-Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg/224px-Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg/298px-Airacobra_P39_Assembly_LOC_02902u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4345" data-file-height="3498" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The assembly plant of the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Aircraft_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Aircraft Corporation">Bell Aircraft Corporation</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wheatfield,_New_York" title="Wheatfield, New York">Wheatfield, New York</a>, United States, 1944</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Rouge_tool_and_die8b00276r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior of the Rouge Tool & Die works, 1944"><img alt="Interior of the Rouge Tool & Die works, 1944" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/River_Rouge_tool_and_die8b00276r.jpg/159px-River_Rouge_tool_and_die8b00276r.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/River_Rouge_tool_and_die8b00276r.jpg/238px-River_Rouge_tool_and_die8b00276r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/River_Rouge_tool_and_die8b00276r.jpg/317px-River_Rouge_tool_and_die8b00276r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="378" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_River_Rouge_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford River Rouge Complex">Rouge</a> Tool & Die works, 1944</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyundai_car_assembly_line.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hyundai's Assembly line (about 2005)"><img alt="Hyundai's Assembly line (about 2005)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hyundai_car_assembly_line.jpg/160px-Hyundai_car_assembly_line.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hyundai_car_assembly_line.jpg/239px-Hyundai_car_assembly_line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hyundai_car_assembly_line.jpg/319px-Hyundai_car_assembly_line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2144" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company" title="Hyundai Motor Company">Hyundai</a>'s Assembly line (about 2005)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniscon_Kotkan_tehdas_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Danisco Sweeteners factory in Kotka, Finland (2015)"><img alt="Danisco Sweeteners factory in Kotka, Finland (2015)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Daniscon_Kotkan_tehdas_1.jpg/160px-Daniscon_Kotkan_tehdas_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Daniscon_Kotkan_tehdas_1.jpg/240px-Daniscon_Kotkan_tehdas_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Daniscon_Kotkan_tehdas_1.jpg/320px-Daniscon_Kotkan_tehdas_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Danisco" title="Danisco">Danisco Sweeteners</a> factory in <a href="/wiki/Kotka" title="Kotka">Kotka</a>, Finland (2015)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apmisc-MSFC-6870792.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First stages of Saturn V rockets being manufactured at the NASA Michoud rocket factory in the 1960s"><img alt="A large horizontal rocket with USA painted on the side inside of a manufacturing facility" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Apmisc-MSFC-6870792.jpg/151px-Apmisc-MSFC-6870792.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Apmisc-MSFC-6870792.jpg/227px-Apmisc-MSFC-6870792.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Apmisc-MSFC-6870792.jpg/303px-Apmisc-MSFC-6870792.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="2360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First stages of <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rockets being manufactured at the NASA <a href="/wiki/Michoud_Assembly_Facility" title="Michoud Assembly Facility">Michoud rocket factory</a> in the 1960s</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASA_SSPF_factory_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Space station modules being manufactured in the Space Station Processing Facility"><img alt="Space station modules being manufactured in the Space Station Processing Facility" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NASA_SSPF_factory_panorama.jpg/175px-NASA_SSPF_factory_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NASA_SSPF_factory_panorama.jpg/263px-NASA_SSPF_factory_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/NASA_SSPF_factory_panorama.jpg/350px-NASA_SSPF_factory_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9651" data-file-height="2556" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Space station modules being manufactured in the <a href="/wiki/Space_Station_Processing_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Station Processing Facility">Space Station Processing Facility</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ThyssenKrupp_Duisburg_016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A ladle pouring molten steel into a Basic Oxygen Furnace for secondary steelmaking, inside a steel mill factory in Germany"><img alt="A ladle pouring molten steel into a Basic Oxygen Furnace for secondary steelmaking, inside a steel mill factory in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ThyssenKrupp_Duisburg_016.jpg/160px-ThyssenKrupp_Duisburg_016.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ThyssenKrupp_Duisburg_016.jpg/240px-ThyssenKrupp_Duisburg_016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ThyssenKrupp_Duisburg_016.jpg/320px-ThyssenKrupp_Duisburg_016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A ladle pouring molten steel into a <a href="/wiki/Basic_Oxygen_Furnace" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic Oxygen Furnace">Basic Oxygen Furnace</a> for secondary steelmaking, inside a <a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">steel mill</a> factory in Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 205px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:At_Boeing%27s_Everett_factory_near_Seattle_(9130160595).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Airplanes being manufactured at the Boeing Everett Factory assembly line"><img alt="Airplanes being manufactured at the Boeing Everett Factory assembly line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/At_Boeing%27s_Everett_factory_near_Seattle_%289130160595%29.jpg/175px-At_Boeing%27s_Everett_factory_near_Seattle_%289130160595%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/At_Boeing%27s_Everett_factory_near_Seattle_%289130160595%29.jpg/263px-At_Boeing%27s_Everett_factory_near_Seattle_%289130160595%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/At_Boeing%27s_Everett_factory_near_Seattle_%289130160595%29.jpg/350px-At_Boeing%27s_Everett_factory_near_Seattle_%289130160595%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3861" data-file-height="2574" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Airplanes being manufactured at the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Everett_Factory" title="Boeing Everett Factory">Boeing Everett Factory</a> assembly line</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factory&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_shadow_factories" title="British shadow factories">British shadow factories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_town" title="Company town">Company town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Factory farming">Factory farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_system" title="Factory system">Factory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">Factory (trading post)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_railway" title="Industrial railway">Industrial railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_production_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of production topics">List of production topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockout_(industry)" title="Lockout (industry)">Lockout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_layout_study" title="Plant layout study">Plant layout study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_factory" title="Software factory">Software factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerhouse_(instrumental)" title="Powerhouse (instrumental)">Powerhouse (instrumental)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factory&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLandes1969" class="citation book cs1">Landes, David. S. (1969). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unbound_Prometheus" title="The Unbound Prometheus">The Unbound Prometheus</a>: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present</i>. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-09418-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-09418-6"><bdi>0-521-09418-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unbound+Prometheus%3A+Technological+Change+and+Industrial+Development+in+Western+Europe+from+1750+to+the+Present&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Press+Syndicate+of+the+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-521-09418-6&rft.aulast=Landes&rft.aufirst=David.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHozdić2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hozdić, Elvis (2015). "Smart Factory for Industry 4.0: A review". <i>International Journal of Modern Manufacturing Technologies</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 28–35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Modern+Manufacturing+Technologies&rft.atitle=Smart+Factory+for+Industry+4.0%3A+A+review&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=28-35&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Hozdi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Elvis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200310223303/https://www.assetbuilding.com.au/industrial-commercial-buildings/industrial-sheds/">"What Are Industrial Sheds?"</a>. <i>Asset Building</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.assetbuilding.com.au/industrial-commercial-buildings/industrial-sheds/">the original</a> on 10 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asset+Building&rft.atitle=What+Are+Industrial+Sheds%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.assetbuilding.com.au%2Findustrial-commercial-buildings%2Findustrial-sheds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_R._Love&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John R. Love (page does not exist)">John R. Love</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGTYmsryhDcC&dq=ancient+factory+production&pg=PA129">Antiquity and Capitalism: Max Weber and the Sociological Foundations of Roman Civilization</a> Routledge, 25 April 1991 Retrieved 12 July 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415047501" title="Special:BookSources/0415047501">0415047501</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(secondary) JG Douglas, N Douglas – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zs-dXU0-24cC&dq=ancient+factory+production&pg=PT262">Ancient Households of the Americas: Conceptualizing What Households Do</a> O'Reilly Media, Inc., 15 April 2012 Retrieved 12 July 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1457117444" title="Special:BookSources/1457117444">1457117444</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M Weber – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S4BJKqVYjrEC&dq=history+of+factory+production&pg=PA162">General Economic History</a> Transaction Publishers, 1981 Retrieved 12 July 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0878556907" title="Special:BookSources/0878556907">0878556907</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a>, Robert Whiston – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1GcNAAAAYAAJ&dq=Nancratis+factory&pg=PA498">Demosthenes, Volume 2</a> Whittaker and Company, 1868 Retrieved 12 July 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Rawlinson" title="George Rawlinson">George Rawlinson</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jgTAAAAQAAJ&dq=history+of+ancient+factories&pg=PA229"><i>History of Herodotus</i></a> John Murray 1862 Retrieved 12 July 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(secondary) (E.Hughes ed) Oxford Companion to Philosophy – <i>techne</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(P Garnsey, K Hopkins, C. 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Whittaker) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UY0zhHU9tzkC&q=ancient+trade">– <i>Trade in the Ancient Economy</i></a> University of California Press, 1983 Retrieved 12 July 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520048032" title="Special:BookSources/0520048032">0520048032</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Noble_Wilford2011" class="citation news cs1">John Noble Wilford (13 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/science/14paint.html">"In African Cave, Signs of an Ancient Paint Factory"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+African+Cave%2C+Signs+of+an+Ancient+Paint+Factory&rft.date=2011-10-13&rft.au=John+Noble+Wilford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F10%2F14%2Fscience%2F14paint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/factory">"factory definition, meaning - what is factory in the British English Dictionary & Thesaurus – Cambridge Dictionaries Online"</a>. <i>cambridge.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cambridge.org&rft.atitle=factory+definition%2C+meaning+-+what+is+factory+in+the+British+English+Dictionary+%26+Thesaurus+%E2%80%93+Cambridge+Dictionaries+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fbritish%2Ffactory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">L von Mises</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IKBUHIV2c3gC&dq=history+of+machines&pg=PA111">Theory and History</a> Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2007 Retrieved 2012-07-12 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1933550198" title="Special:BookSources/1933550198">1933550198</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E Bautista Paz, M Ceccarelli, J Echávarri Otero, JL Muñoz Sanz – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cyL5_DRL1O0C&q=history+of+machines">A Brief Illustrated History of Machines and Mechanisms</a> Springer, 12 May 2010 Retrieved 12 July 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9048125111" title="Special:BookSources/9048125111">9048125111</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">JW Humphrey – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b76EBrop0sEC&q=ancient+technology">Ancient Technology</a> Greenwood Publishing Group, 30 September 2006 Retrieved 12 July 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313327637" title="Special:BookSources/0313327637">0313327637</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WJ Hamblin – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5IQQir5eFEC&q=history+of+ancient+war">Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC: Holy Warriors at the Dawn of History</a> Taylor & Francis, 12 April 2006 Retrieved 12 July 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415255880" title="Special:BookSources/0415255880">0415255880</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMantoux2000" class="citation book cs1">Mantoux, Paul (2000). <i>The Industrial Revolution in Eighteenth Century: An Outline of the Beginnings of the Modern Factory System in England</i>. 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University of California San Diego.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Understanding+the+role+of+production+and+craft+specialization+in+ancient+socio-economic+systems%3A+toward+the+integration+of+spatial+analysis%2C+3D+modeling+and+virtual+reality+in+archaeology&rft.inst=University+of+California+San+Diego&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Knabb&rft.aufirst=Kyle+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F0j23r3mr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2003" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Charles (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8aLb5pnm1j4C&pg=PA318"><i>Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415121828" title="Special:BookSources/9780415121828"><bdi>9780415121828</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Cities%3A+The+Archaeology+of+Urban+Life+in+the+Ancient+Near+East+and+Egypt%2C+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415121828&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8aLb5pnm1j4C%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grzymski, K. (2008). Book review: The Nubian pharaohs: Black kings on the Nile. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></i>, Online Publications: Book Review. Retrieved from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105144009/http://www.ajaonline.org/sites/default/files/04_Grzymski.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajaonline.org/sites/default/files/04_Grzymski.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajaonline.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F04_Grzymski.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selin-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Selin_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelin2013" class="citation book cs1">Selin, Helaine (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GzjpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA282"><i>Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Science & Business Media">Springer Science & Business Media</a>. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401714167" title="Special:BookSources/9789401714167"><bdi>9789401714167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+History+of+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine+in+Non-Westen+Cultures&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789401714167&rft.aulast=Selin&rft.aufirst=Helaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzjpCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorschel-Dan2019" class="citation web cs1">Borschel-Dan, Amanda (16 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/factory-for-romans-favorite-funky-fish-sauce-discovered-near-ashkelon/">"Factory for Romans' favorite funky fish sauce discovered near Ashkelon"</a>. <i>www.timesofisrael.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Factory+for+Romans%27+favorite+funky+fish+sauce+discovered+near+Ashkelon&rft.date=2019-12-16&rft.aulast=Borschel-Dan&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Ffactory-for-romans-favorite-funky-fish-sauce-discovered-near-ashkelon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill2013-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hill2013_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill2013_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hill" title="Donald Hill">Hill, Donald</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oMceAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA163"><i>A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 163–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317761570" title="Special:BookSources/9781317761570"><bdi>9781317761570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Engineering+in+Classical+and+Medieval+Times&rft.pages=163-166&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781317761570&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoMceAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">TK Derry, (TI Williams ed) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PoAJbWm3nEUC&dq=history+of+the+water+mill&pg=PA252">A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900</a> Courier Dover Publications, 24 March 1993 Retrieved 12 July 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486274721" title="Special:BookSources/0486274721">0486274721</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Pacey – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X7e8rHL1lf4C&dq=History+of+the+water-mill&pg=PA10">Technology in World Civilization: A Thousand-Year History</a> MIT Press, 1 July 1991 Retrieved 12 July 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262660725" title="Special:BookSources/0262660725">0262660725</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">WM Sumner – <i>Cultural development in the Kur River Basin, Iran: an archaeological analysis of settlement patterns</i> University of Pennsylvania., 1972 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZS1WAAAAYAAJ">[1]</a> Retrieved 12 July 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucas-65-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lucas-65_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Lucas (2006), <i>Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology</i>, p. 65, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14649-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14649-0">90-04-14649-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFALTEKAR2005" class="citation book cs1">ALTEKAR, RAHUL V. 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Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120328594" title="Special:BookSources/9788120328594"><bdi>9788120328594</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SUPPLY+CHAIN+MANAGEMENT%3A+CONCEPTS+AND+CASES&rft.pub=PHI+Learning+Pvt.+Ltd.&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=9788120328594&rft.aulast=ALTEKAR&rft.aufirst=RAHUL+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgEErKbg_LQQC%26q%3DThe%2BVenice%2BArsenal%2Bapparently%2Bproduced%2Bnearly%2Bone%2Bship%2Bevery%2Bday%2Band%252C%2Bat%2Bits%2Bheight%252C%2Bemployed%2B16%252C000%2Bpeople%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarglin1974" class="citation journal cs1">Marglin, Stephen A. (1 July 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/marglin/files/review_of_radical_political_economics-1974-marglin-60-112_0.pdf">"What Do Bosses Do?: The Origins and Functions of Hierarchy in Capitalist Production"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Review of Radical Political Economics</i>. <b>6</b> (60): 60–112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F048661347400600206">10.1177/048661347400600206</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153641564">153641564</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Radical+Political+Economics&rft.atitle=What+Do+Bosses+Do%3F%3A+The+Origins+and+Functions+of+Hierarchy+in+Capitalist+Production&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=60&rft.pages=60-112&rft.date=1974-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F048661347400600206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153641564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marglin&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fmarglin%2Ffiles%2Freview_of_radical_political_economics-1974-marglin-60-112_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMussonRobinson1969" class="citation book cs1">Musson; Robinson (1969). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencetechnolog00aemu"><i>Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution</i></a></span>. University of Toronto Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencetechnolog00aemu/page/491">491–95</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802016379" title="Special:BookSources/9780802016379"><bdi>9780802016379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Technology+in+the+Industrial+Revolution&rft.pages=491-95&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780802016379&rft.au=Musson&rft.au=Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencetechnolog00aemu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunterBryantBryant,_Lynwood1991" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Louis C.; Bryant, Lynwood; Bryant, Lynwood (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofindustr00hunt"><i>A History of Industrial Power in the United States, 1730–1930, Vol. 3: The Transmission of Power</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-08198-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-08198-9"><bdi>0-262-08198-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Industrial+Power+in+the+United+States%2C+1730%E2%80%931930%2C+Vol.+3%3A+The+Transmission+of+Power&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+London&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-262-08198-9&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Louis+C.&rft.au=Bryant%2C+Lynwood&rft.au=Bryant%2C+Lynwood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofindustr00hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBob_Casey,_John_&_Horace_Dodge2010" class="citation web cs1">Bob Casey, John & Horace Dodge (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehenryford.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/default-document-library/henryfordandinnovation.pdf?sfvrsn=0">"Henry Ford and Innovation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Henry Ford</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Henry+Ford&rft.atitle=Henry+Ford+and+Innovation&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Bob+Casey%2C+John+%26+Horace+Dodge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehenryford.org%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fdefault-document-library%2Fdefault-document-library%2Fhenryfordandinnovation.pdf%3Fsfvrsn%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickensKellyWilliams2013" class="citation web cs1">Dickens, Phill; Kelly, Michael; Williams, John R. (October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/277164/ep6-technology-trends-relevant-to-manufacturing.pdf">"What are the significant trends shaping technology relevant to manufacturing?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Government Office for Science UK</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+Office+for+Science+UK&rft.atitle=What+are+the+significant+trends+shaping+technology+relevant+to+manufacturing%3F&rft.date=2013-10&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=Phill&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Michael&rft.au=Williams%2C+John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F277164%2Fep6-technology-trends-relevant-to-manufacturing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishman2017" class="citation web cs1">Fishman, Charles (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/future-zero-gravity-living-is-here-180963243/">"The Future of Zero-Gravity Living Is Here"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Future+of+Zero-Gravity+Living+Is+Here&rft.date=2017-06&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Ffuture-zero-gravity-living-is-here-180963243%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Javier_Borda" title="Javier Borda">Javier Borda</a>, <i>Hombre y Tecnología: 4.0 y más</i> (Man and Technology: 4.0 and beyond)<i>.</i> Sisteplant Publishers, 2018. ISBN 978-84-09-02350-9 (in Spanish)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elmundo.es/economia/2014/10/13/543b8288e2704e25238b456e.html">"El escéptico de la Industria 4.0: 'Personas frente a robots'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>ELMUNDO</i> (in Spanish). 13 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ELMUNDO&rft.atitle=El+esc%C3%A9ptico+de+la+Industria+4.0%3A+%27Personas+frente+a+robots%27&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Feconomia%2F2014%2F10%2F13%2F543b8288e2704e25238b456e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bvt.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/The-Bournville-Story.pdf">"The Bournville Story"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bournville Village Trust</i>. 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bournville+Village+Trust&rft.atitle=The+Bournville+Story&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bvt.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F03%2FThe-Bournville-Story.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price 1986, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pugh 2000, pp. 192-198.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factory&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Needham, Joseph (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 1</i>. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.</li> <li>Thomas, Dublin(1995). "Transforming Women's Work page: New England Lives in the Industrial Revolution 77, 118" Cornell University Press.</li> <li>Price, Alfred. <i>The Spitfire Story: Second edition</i>. London: Arms and Armour Press Ltd., 1986. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85368-861-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85368-861-3">0-85368-861-3</a>.</li> <li>Pugh, Peter. <i>The Magic of a Name – The Rolls-Royce Story – The First 40 Years</i>. Cambridge, England. Icon Books Ltd, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84046-151-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84046-151-9">1-84046-151-9</a></li> <li>Thomas, Dublin(1981). "Women at Work: The Transformation of Work and Community in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1826–1860: pp. 86–107" New York: Columbia University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiggs,_Lindy1996" class="citation book cs1">Biggs, Lindy (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rationalfactorya0000bigg"><i>The rational factory: architecture, technology, and work in America's age of mass production</i></a></span>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5261-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5261-9"><bdi>978-0-8018-5261-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+rational+factory%3A+architecture%2C+technology%2C+and+work+in+America%27s+age+of+mass+production&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5261-9&rft.au=Biggs%2C+Lindy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frationalfactorya0000bigg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factory&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Christian, Gallope, D (1987) "Are the classical management functions useful in describing managerial processes?" Academy of Management Review. v 12 n 1, pp. 38–51</li> <li>Peterson, T (2004) "Ongoing legacy of R.L. Katz: an updated typology of management skills", Management Decision. v 42 n10, pp. 1297–1308</li> <li>Mintzberg, H (1975) "The manager's job: Folklore and fact", Harvard Business Review, v 53 n 4, July – August, pp. 49–61</li> <li>Hales, C (1999) "Why do managers do what they do? Reconciling evidence and theory in accounts of managerial processes", British Journal of Management, v 10 n4, pp. 335–50</li> <li>Mintzberg, H (1994) "Rounding out the Managers job", Sloan Management Review, v 36 n 1 pp. 11–26.</li> <li>Rodrigues, C (2001) "Fayol's 14 principles then and now: A plan for managing today's organizations effectively", Management Decision, v 39 n10, pp. 880–89</li> <li>Twomey, D. F. (2006) "Designed emergence as a path to enterprise", Emergence, Complexity & Organization, Vol. 8 Issue 3, pp. 12–23</li> <li>McDonald, G (2000) Business ethics: practical proposals for organisations Journal of Business Ethics. v 25(2) pp. 169–85</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Factory&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/factory" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:factory">factory</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Factories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Factories">Factories</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mill"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mill">"Mill" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mill&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUhl2016" class="citation journal cs1">Uhl, Karsten (2 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-ego.eu/uhlk-2015-en">"Work Spaces: From the Early–Modern Workshop to the Modern Factory"</a>. <i>European History Online</i>. Mainz: Leibniz Institute of European History (IEG).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+History+Online&rft.atitle=Work+Spaces%3A+From+the+Early%E2%80%93Modern+Workshop+to+the+Modern+Factory&rft.date=2016-05-02&rft.aulast=Uhl&rft.aufirst=Karsten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieg-ego.eu%2Fuhlk-2015-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFactory" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_workplaces" title="Template:Aspects of workplaces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aspects_of_workplaces" title="Template talk:Aspects of workplaces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aspects_of_workplaces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aspects of workplaces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aspects_of_workplaces" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aspects of <a href="/wiki/Workplace" title="Workplace">workplaces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absenteeism" title="Absenteeism">Absenteeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_aggression" title="Workplace aggression">Aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pattern" title="Anti-pattern">Anti-pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_impact_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Workplace impact of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_climate" title="Organisation climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_surveillance_in_the_workplace" title="Computer surveillance in the workplace">Computer surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_conflict" title="Organizational conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_freak" title="Control freak">Control freak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterproductive_work_behavior" title="Counterproductive work behavior">Counterproductive behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coworking" title="Coworking">Coworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear#In_the_workplace" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_deviance" title="Workplace deviance">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(business)" title="Diversity (business)">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_overtime" title="Effects of overtime">Effects of overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">Emotional labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace" title="Emotions in the workplace">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_assistance_program" title="Employee assistance program">Employee assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_engagement" title="Employee engagement">Employee engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_experience_design" title="Employee experience design">Employee experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_monitoring" title="Employee monitoring">Employee monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_morale" title="Employee morale">Employee morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_recognition" title="Employee recognition">Employee recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_silence" title="Employee silence">Employee silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_surveys" title="Employee surveys">Employee surveys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment#In_workplace_management" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaluation_(workplace)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaluation (workplace)">Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminisation_of_the_workplace" title="Feminisation of the workplace">Feminisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generations_in_the_workforce" title="Generations in the workforce">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goofing_off" title="Goofing off">Goofing off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossip#Workplace_gossip" title="Gossip">Gossip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_at_work" title="Happiness at work">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_promotion" title="Workplace health promotion">Health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_surveillance" title="Workplace health surveillance">Health surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostile_work_environment" title="Hostile work environment">Hostile work environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_humor" title="Office humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace intervention">Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_jargon" title="Corporate jargon">Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick_the_cat" title="Kick the cat">Kick the cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_up_kick_down" title="Kiss up kick down">Kiss up kick down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_listening" title="Workplace listening">Listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_in_the_workplace" title="Machiavellianism in the workplace">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause_in_the_workplace" title="Menopause in the workplace">Menopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromanagement" title="Micromanagement">Micromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_politics" title="Workplace politics">Office politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_law" title="Parkinson's law">Parkinson's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_appraisal" title="Performance appraisal">Performance appraisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_clash#In_the_workplace" title="Personality clash">Personality clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_phobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace phobia">Phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology_in_the_workplace" title="Positive psychology in the workplace">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_privacy" title="Workplace privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probation_(workplace)" title="Probation (workplace)">Probation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">Profanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_of_working_life" title="Quality of working life">Quality of working life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_bee_syndrome" title="Queen bee syndrome">Queen bee syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_race" title="Rat race">Rat race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace relationships">Relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_revenge" title="Workplace revenge">Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_robotics_safety" title="Workplace robotics safety">Robotics safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_conflict" title="Role conflict">Role conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_spirituality" title="Workplace spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_strategy" title="Workplace strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_leader" title="Toxic leader">Toxic leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_development" title="Professional development">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnover_(employment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnover (employment)">Turnover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_undermining" title="Social undermining">Undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_violence" title="Workplace violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_workplace" title="Virtual workplace">Virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_wellness" title="Workplace wellness">Wellness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93family_conflict" title="Work–family conflict">Work–family conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workload" title="Workload">Workload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Workplace harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workwear" title="Workwear">Workwear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters" title="Headquarters">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job" class="mw-redirect" title="Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_sharing" title="Job sharing">Job sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office" title="Office">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">Remote work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> Templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_corporations" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4250288-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85046823">United 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