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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracing_the_original_tombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Tracing the original tombs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracing_the_original_tombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constantine's_basilica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constantine's_basilica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Constantine's basilica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constantine's_basilica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_excavation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_excavation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern excavation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_excavation-sublist" class="cdx-button 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<span>Donation of nine bone fragments in 2019</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Donation_of_nine_bone_fragments_in_2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jerusalem_ossuaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerusalem_ossuaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Jerusalem ossuaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jerusalem_ossuaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nearby_papal_tombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nearby_papal_tombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Nearby papal tombs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nearby_papal_tombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="قبر القديس بطرس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قبر القديس بطرس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99s_Pyotrun_m%C9%99zar%C4%B1" title="Müqəddəs Pyotrun məzarı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müqəddəs Pyotrun məzarı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomba_de_Sant_Pere" title="Tomba de Sant Pere – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tomba de Sant Pere" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrusgrab" title="Petrusgrab – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Petrusgrab" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Τάφος του Αποστόλου Πέτρου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τάφος του Αποστόλου Πέτρου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumba_de_San_Pedro" title="Tumba de San Pedro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tumba de San Pedro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombo_de_Sankta_Petro" title="Tombo de Sankta Petro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tombo de Sankta Petro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Petriren_hilobia" title="San Petriren hilobia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="San Petriren hilobia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombe_de_saint_Pierre" title="Tombe de saint Pierre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tombe de saint Pierre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makam_Santo_Petrus" title="Makam Santo Petrus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Makam Santo Petrus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomba_di_Pietro" title="Tomba di Pietro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tomba di Pietro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гроб на Свети Петар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гроб на Свети Петар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAmulo_de_S%C3%A3o_Pedro" title="Túmulo de São Pedro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Túmulo de São Pedro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="புனித பேதுரு கல்லறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புனித பேதுரு கல்லறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint_Peter%27s_tomb&params=41.9022_N_12.4533_E_type:landmark_dim:40"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°54′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°27′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.9022°N 12.4533°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.9022; 12.4533</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Site under St. Peter's Basilica to memorialize the location of St. Peter's grave</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baldaquin_Bernin_Saint-Pierre_Vatican.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Baldaquin_Bernin_Saint-Pierre_Vatican.jpg/220px-Baldaquin_Bernin_Saint-Pierre_Vatican.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Baldaquin_Bernin_Saint-Pierre_Vatican.jpg/330px-Baldaquin_Bernin_Saint-Pierre_Vatican.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Baldaquin_Bernin_Saint-Pierre_Vatican.jpg/440px-Baldaquin_Bernin_Saint-Pierre_Vatican.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="2456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_baldachin" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter's baldachin">St. Peter's baldachin</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Bernini</a>, in the modern St. Peter's Basilica. Saint Peter's tomb lies directly below this structure.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Followers_of_Jesus" title="Category:Followers of Jesus">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> in the Bible</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail from El Greco"><img alt="Detail from El Greco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg/135px-El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg/203px-El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg/270px-El_Greco_-_Las_l%C3%A1grimas_de_San_Pedro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_of_Peter" title="Confession of Peter">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_ear_of_a_servant" title="Healing the ear of a servant">Servant's ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_Peter" title="Denial of Peter">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Peter" title="Restoration of Peter">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_vision_of_a_sheet_with_animals" title="Peter's vision of a sheet with animals">Vision of a sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Peter" title="Liberation of Peter">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Antioch" title="Incident at Antioch">Incident at Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">2 Peter</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Saint_Peter" title="Cross of Saint Peter">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_of_Peter" title="Sword of Peter">Sword</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tomb</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quo_vadis%3F" title="Quo vadis?">Quo vadis?</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_and_Judaism" title="Saint Peter and Judaism">In Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_in_Islam" title="Peter in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peter" title="Template:Peter"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Peter" title="Template talk:Peter"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Peter" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Peter"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Saint Peter's tomb</b> is a site under <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> that includes several graves and a structure said by Vatican authorities to have been built to memorialize the location of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>'s grave. St. Peter's tomb is alleged near the west end of a complex of mausoleums, the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Necropolis" title="Vatican Necropolis">Vatican Necropolis</a>, that date between about AD 130 and AD 300.<sup id="cite_ref-Guarducci_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guarducci-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complex was partially torn down and filled with earth to provide a foundation for the building of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Saint Peter's Basilica">first St. Peter's Basilica</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> in about AD 330. Though many bones have been found at the site of the 2nd-century shrine, as the result of two campaigns of archaeological excavation, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> stated in December 1950 that none could be confirmed to be Saint Peter's with absolute certainty.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the discovery of bones that had been transferred from a second tomb under the monument, on June 26, 1968, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> said that the <a href="/wiki/Relics" class="mw-redirect" title="Relics">relics</a> of Saint Peter had been identified in a manner considered convincing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only <a href="/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence" title="Circumstantial evidence">circumstantial evidence</a> was provided to support the claim.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grave allegedly lies at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Aedicula" title="Aedicula">aedicula</a> beneath the floor. The remains of four individuals and several farm animals were found in this grave.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2011chap.9_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2011chap.9-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1953, after the initial archeological efforts had been completed, another set of bones were found that were said to have been removed without the archeologists' knowledge from a niche (<i><a href="/wiki/Loculus_(architecture)" title="Loculus (architecture)">loculus</a></i>) in the north side of a graffiti wall that abuts the red wall on the right of the aedicula. Subsequent testing indicated that these were the bones of a 60- to 70-year-old man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2011_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2011-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Margherita_Guarducci" title="Margherita Guarducci">Margherita Guarducci</a> argued that these were the remains of Saint Peter and that they had been moved into a niche in the graffiti wall from the grave under the aedicula "at the time of Constantine, after the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_the_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of the church">peace of the church</a>" (313).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antonio Ferrua, the archaeologist who headed the excavation that uncovered what the Catholic Church says is Saint Peter's Tomb, said that he was not convinced that the bones that were found were those of Saint Peter.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_of_Peter_at_Vatican_Hill">Death of Peter at Vatican Hill</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter%27s_tomb&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Death of Peter at Vatican Hill"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest reference to Saint Peter's death is in a letter of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Clement</a>, bishop of Rome, to the Corinthians (<a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement"><i>1 Clement</i></a>, a.k.a. <i>Letter to the Corinthians</i>, written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 96</span> AD). The historian <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, a contemporary of Constantine, wrote that Peter "came to Rome, and was crucified with his head downwards," attributing this information to the much earlier theologian <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, who died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 254</span> AD.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Peter's martyrdom is traditionally depicted in religious iconography as <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_St._Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross of St. Peter">crucifixion with his head pointed downward</a>. </p><p>Eusebius, in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_(Eusebius)" title="Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius)">Church History</a></i>, explains that the burial sites of Saints Peter and Paul were still known in his time. Eusebius supports this account with information from <a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a>, an early 3rd century Christian writer who lived during the time of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Pope Zephyrinus</a>. In a debate with <a href="/wiki/Proclus_(Montanist)" title="Proclus (Montanist)">Proclus</a>, a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism">Phrygian heresy</a>, Caius claims he can show the burial places of Peter and Paul at the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Hill" title="Vatican Hill">Vatican</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Via_Ostiensis" title="Via Ostiensis">Ostian Way</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is, therefore, recorded that Paul was beheaded in Rome itself, and that Peter likewise was crucified under Nero. This account of Peter and Paul is substantiated by the fact that their names are preserved in the cemeteries of that place even to the present day.<br /><br /> It is confirmed likewise by Caius, a member of the Church, who arose under Zephyrinus, bishop of Rome. He, in a published disputation with Proclus, the leader of the Phrygian heresy, speaks as follows concerning the places where the sacred corpses of the aforesaid apostles are laid: "But I can show the trophies of the apostles. For if you will go to the Vatican or to the Ostian way, you will find the trophies of those who laid the foundations of this church."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Eusebius, Church History, Book II, Chapter 25</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Peter's place and manner of death are also mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 160-220</span>) in <i>Scorpiace</i>, where the death is said to take place during the Christian persecutions by Nero. <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> (56–117) describes the persecution of Christians in his Annals, though he does not specifically mention Peter.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "They were torn by dogs and perished, or were nailed to crosses, or were doomed to the flames and burnt." Furthermore, Tertullian says these events took place in the imperial gardens near the <a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Nero" title="Circus of Nero">Circus of Nero</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_Rome" title="Great Fire of Rome">Great Fire of Rome</a> destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a> and most of the rest of the city in the year 64 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crucifixion_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_(c.1600).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Crucifixion of St. Peter by Caravaggio, 1600–01"><img alt="Crucifixion of St. Peter by Caravaggio, 1600–01" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Crucifixion_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_%28c.1600%29.jpg/256px-Crucifixion_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_%28c.1600%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Crucifixion_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_%28c.1600%29.jpg/384px-Crucifixion_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_%28c.1600%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Crucifixion_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_%28c.1600%29.jpg/512px-Crucifixion_of_Saint_Peter-Caravaggio_%28c.1600%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8180" data-file-height="10537" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_St._Peter_(Caravaggio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucifixion of St. Peter (Caravaggio)">Crucifixion of St. Peter</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, 1600–01</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 390.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 388.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_Circus_Neronis_and_St._Peters.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="An early interpretation of the relative locations of the circus of Nero, and the medieval and current Basilicas of St. Peter."><img alt="An early interpretation of the relative locations of the circus of Nero, and the medieval and current Basilicas of St. Peter." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Plan_of_Circus_Neronis_and_St._Peters.gif/583px-Plan_of_Circus_Neronis_and_St._Peters.gif" decoding="async" width="389" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Plan_of_Circus_Neronis_and_St._Peters.gif/874px-Plan_of_Circus_Neronis_and_St._Peters.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Plan_of_Circus_Neronis_and_St._Peters.gif 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An early interpretation of the relative locations of the circus of Nero, and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Saint Peter's Basilica">medieval</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter's Basilica">current</a> Basilicas of St. Peter.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 282px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Circus_of_Nero.png" class="mw-file-description" title="One possible modern interpretation[15]"><img alt="One possible modern interpretation[15]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Circus_of_Nero.png/420px-Circus_of_Nero.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Circus_of_Nero.png/630px-Circus_of_Nero.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Circus_of_Nero.png/840px-Circus_of_Nero.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="984" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One possible modern interpretation<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tracing_the_original_tombs">Tracing the original tombs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter%27s_tomb&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tracing the original tombs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a> mentions the burial place of Peter as Rome when he wrote to the Church of Rome in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Pope Soter</a> (died 174), thanking the Romans for their financial help. "You have thus by such an admonition bound together the planting of Peter and of Paul at Rome and Corinth. For both of them planted and likewise taught us in our Corinth. And they taught together in like manner in Italy, and suffered martyrdom at the same time."<sup id="cite_ref-schaff_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schaff-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MosaicOfSaintPeter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/MosaicOfSaintPeter.jpg/220px-MosaicOfSaintPeter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e7/MosaicOfSaintPeter.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Fourth century glass mosaic of Saint Peter, located at the Catacombs of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thecla" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thecla">Saint Thecla</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Catholic tradition holds that the bereaved <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> followed their usual custom in burying him as near as possible to the scene of his suffering. According to Catholic lore, he was laid in ground that belonged to Christian proprietors, by the side of a well-known road leading out of the city, the <a href="/wiki/Via_Cornelia" title="Via Cornelia">Via Cornelia</a> (site of a known pagan and Christian cemetery) on the hill called Vaticanus. The actual tomb was an underground vault, approached from the road by a descending staircase, and the body reposed in a <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> of stone in the center of this vault.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Book of Popes</i> mentions that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Pope Anacletus</a> built a "sepulchral monument" over the underground tomb of Saint Peter shortly after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-popes_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a small chamber or oratory over the tomb, where three or four persons could kneel and pray over the grave. The pagan Roman Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a>, mentions in 363 A.D. in his work <i>Three Books Against the Galileans</i> that the tomb of Saint Peter was a place of worship, albeit secretly.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is evidence of the existence of the tomb (trophoea, i.e., <i><a href="/wiki/Trophy" title="Trophy">trophies</a></i>, as signs or memorials of victory) at the beginning of the 3rd century, in the words of the <a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">priest Caius</a> refuting the <a href="/wiki/Montanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Montanist">Montanist</a> traditions of a certain Proclus: "But I can show the trophies of the Apostles. For if you will go to the Vatican, or to the <a href="/wiki/Via_Ostiensis" title="Via Ostiensis">Ostian way</a>, you will find the trophies of those who laid the foundations of this church."<sup id="cite_ref-schaff_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schaff-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tombs were the objects of <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> during the ages of persecution, and it will be found recorded in certain <i><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Martyrs" title="Acts of the Martyrs">Acts of the Martyrs</a></i> that they were seized while praying at the tombs of the Apostles.<sup id="cite_ref-CathEncy_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CathEncy-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Valerian_(Roman_emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valerian (Roman emperor)">Valerian</a>, Christian persecution was particularly severe. The remains of the dead, and particularly the Christian dead, had lost their usual protections under Roman law. Some have conjectured that the remains of Peter and Paul may have been removed temporarily from their original tombs in order to preserve them from desecration by the Romans. They may have been removed secretly by night and hidden in the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_San_Sebastiano" title="Catacombs of San Sebastiano">Catacombs of St Sebastian</a> in 258 AD, being returned to their original tombs in 260 when Valerian's reign ended. However, no evidence exists to verify these claims.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constantine's_basilica"><span id="Constantine.27s_basilica"></span>Constantine's basilica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter%27s_tomb&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Constantine's basilica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rom,_Vatikan,_Petrusgrab_unterhalb_des_Papstaltars_des_Petersdoms_in_den_Vatikanischen_Grotten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rom%2C_Vatikan%2C_Petrusgrab_unterhalb_des_Papstaltars_des_Petersdoms_in_den_Vatikanischen_Grotten.jpg/250px-Rom%2C_Vatikan%2C_Petrusgrab_unterhalb_des_Papstaltars_des_Petersdoms_in_den_Vatikanischen_Grotten.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rom%2C_Vatikan%2C_Petrusgrab_unterhalb_des_Papstaltars_des_Petersdoms_in_den_Vatikanischen_Grotten.jpg/375px-Rom%2C_Vatikan%2C_Petrusgrab_unterhalb_des_Papstaltars_des_Petersdoms_in_den_Vatikanischen_Grotten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rom%2C_Vatikan%2C_Petrusgrab_unterhalb_des_Papstaltars_des_Petersdoms_in_den_Vatikanischen_Grotten.jpg/500px-Rom%2C_Vatikan%2C_Petrusgrab_unterhalb_des_Papstaltars_des_Petersdoms_in_den_Vatikanischen_Grotten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3748" data-file-height="2504" /></a><figcaption>The floor above <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>'s tomb<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>When the Church was once more at peace under <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, Christians were able at last to build edifices suitable for the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Mass">Mass</a>. The resting places of the relics of the Apostles were naturally among the first to be selected as the sites of great <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilicas</a>. The emperor supplied funds for these buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-CathEncy_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CathEncy-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 320 and 327, Constantine built a five-aisled basilica atop the early Christian necropolis that was purported to be Peter's resting place.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the Vatican Hill was leveled to provide a firm foundation for the first St. Peter's Basilica. The altar of the Basilica was planned to be located directly over the tomb. The matter was complicated by the upper chamber or memoria above the vault. This upper chamber had become endeared to the Romans during the ages of persecution, and they were unwilling that it should be destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-CathEncy_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CathEncy-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The memoria was turned into the Chapel of the Confession. Above that was the main floor of the Basilica, with the raised altar directly over the Chapel of the Confession. </p><p>The <i>Book of Popes</i> details certain adornments that Constantine apparently added to Saint Peter's tomb at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-popes_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popes-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sarcophagus itself is said to have been enclosed on all sides with bronze, measuring five feet (1.5 m) in each dimension. On top of that was laid a gold cross weighing 150 pounds (68 kg) and featuring an inscription, which translates from Latin as "Constantine Augustus and Helena Augusta This House Shining with Like Royal Splendor a Court Surrounds." However, any treasures that may have been present at the tomb are presumed to have been taken by the <a href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</a> during their <a href="/wiki/Arab_raid_against_Rome" title="Arab raid against Rome">Sack of the church in 846</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The skull of Saint Peter is claimed to reside in the <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a> since at least the ninth century, alongside the skull of Saint Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_excavation">Modern excavation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter%27s_tomb&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern excavation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A tomb had been discovered at the beginning of the 16th century, when the foundations were being laid for the four twisted columns of <a href="/wiki/Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a>'s "Confessio".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of Constantine's <a href="/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Old St. Peter's Basilica">Old St. Peter's Basilica</a> and of foundations for <a href="/wiki/Bernini" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernini">Bernini</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Baldacchino" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldacchino">Baldacchino</a></i> destroyed most of the vaulting of these semi-subterranean burial chambers. Among them was the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Julii" title="Tomb of the Julii">Tomb of the Julii</a>" with mosaics that appeared to be Christian. </p><p>The burial chambers were uncovered again in 1939 as workmen dug a tomb for <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next ten years, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Kaas" title="Ludwig Kaas">Ludwig Kaas</a> oversaw an archaeological excavation of the <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> mausoleum complex under the foundations of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Necropolis" title="Vatican Necropolis">Vatican Necropolis</a>), dating to the 2nd and 3rd centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No mausoleum had ever been built directly beneath the present high altar of St Peter's, which did however contain shallow burials, one dated by an impressed tile to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>; subsequently they had been attended with care, as later burials clustered round but did not encroach upon the space.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a small niched monument built into a wall <i>ca.</i> 160. The discoveries made the pages of <i><a href="/wiki/Life_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Life Magazine">Life</a></i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint_Peter's_relics_allegedly_discovered_in_1942"><span id="Saint_Peter.27s_relics_allegedly_discovered_in_1942"></span>Saint Peter's relics allegedly discovered in 1942</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter%27s_tomb&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Saint Peter's relics allegedly discovered in 1942"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1942, the Administrator of St. Peter's, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Kaas" title="Ludwig Kaas">Ludwig Kaas</a>, found remains in a second tomb in the monument. Being concerned that these presumed relics of a saint would not be accorded the respect they deserved, and having little understanding of correct archeological procedures, he secretly ordered these remains stored elsewhere for safe keeping. </p><p>After Kaas's death, <a href="/wiki/Margherita_Guarducci" title="Margherita Guarducci">Margherita Guarducci</a> discovered these relics by chance. She informed <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> of her belief that these remains were those of Saint Peter.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anthropological tests on the relics fragmented was done by Professor Venerando Correnti of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Palermo" title="University of Palermo">Palermo University</a> in 1962, the results suggested that the bone fragments belong to a man who was a 60–70 years old and of robust physique.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The examinations suggested that the feet of the person were viciously cut as Romans did to crucified corpses because it was easier than removing nails.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 26, 1968, Pope Paul VI announced that the relics of Saint Peter had been discovered,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though only <a href="/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence" title="Circumstantial evidence">circumstantial evidence</a> supports this claim. This includes nearby graffiti of Saint Peter's name, claiming that he was buried there.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 24, 2013, a portion of these relics were displayed publicly for the first time, after <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> celebrated the closing 'Year of Faith' Mass.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Donation_of_nine_bone_fragments_in_2019">Donation of nine bone fragments in 2019</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter%27s_tomb&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Donation of nine bone fragments in 2019"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 2, 2019, it was announced that Pope Francis had transferred nine bone fragments to Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_I_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Bartholomew I of Constantinople">Bartholomew of Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-braveandbold_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braveandbold-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bartholomew, the highest ranking hierarch of the Eastern Orthodox Christian Church, described the gesture as "brave and bold."<sup id="cite_ref-braveandbold_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-braveandbold-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope Francis has said his decision was born "out of prayer" and intended as a sign of the ongoing work towards communion between the Orthodox and Catholic Churches.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Saint Peter's remains still reside in Rome, preserved under the high altar of St Peter's Basilica.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jerusalem_ossuaries">Jerusalem ossuaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter%27s_tomb&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Jerusalem ossuaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1953, two Franciscan friars discovered hundreds of 1st century ossuaries stored in a cave on the <a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives" title="Mount of Olives">Mount of Olives</a> near <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. The archaeologists claimed to have discovered the earliest physical evidence of a Christian community in Jerusalem, and that some of the ossuaries were inscribed with names congruent with many commonly found in the Bible; the name inscribed on one ossuary, for instance, was interpreted as reading <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">'Shimon Bar Yonah'</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שמעון בר יונה</span></span>, "Simon, the Son of Jonah").<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, several scholars, both Protestant and Catholic, disputed that the tomb belonged to Peter, one of the reasons being that there was no inscription referring to him as <span title="Classical Syriac-language text"><span lang="syc-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">'Cefa'</span></span> (<span title="Classical Syriac-language text"><span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܟܹ݁ܐܦ݂ܵܐ</span></span>) or "Peter".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Stephen Pfann of the University of the Holy Land says the inscription actually reads as <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">'Shimon Barzillai'</i></span>, the Barzillai being a famous family in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 43 inscriptions discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Dominus_Flevit" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominus Flevit">Dominus Flevit</a> cemetery between May 1953 and June 1955 were published with photographs by P. B. Bagatti and J. T. Milik in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nearby_papal_tombs">Nearby papal tombs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter%27s_tomb&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nearby papal tombs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graves_near_Saint_Peter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/Graves_near_Saint_Peter.jpg/220px-Graves_near_Saint_Peter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/82/Graves_near_Saint_Peter.jpg/330px-Graves_near_Saint_Peter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/82/Graves_near_Saint_Peter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>A seventeenth-century map of the papal tombs thought to have been placed near Peter's</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_extant_papal_tombs" title="List of extant papal tombs">List of extant papal tombs</a></div> <p>Very little is known about the burial of Peter's immediate successors, prior to the period when popes are known with relative certainty to have been buried in the various <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">Catacombs of Rome</a>. Burial near Peter, on Vatican Hill, is attributed to: <a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Pope Linus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Pope Anacletus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Pope Evaristus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Pope Telesphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Pope Hyginus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pope Pius I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Pope Anicetus</a> (later transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Catacomb_of_Callixtus" title="Catacomb of Callixtus">Catacomb of Callixtus</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Pope Victor I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reardon_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reardon-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Epigraphic evidence exists only for Linus, with the discovery of a burial slab marked "Linus" in 1615; however, the slab is broken such that it could have once read "Aquilinius" or "Anullinus".<sup id="cite_ref-Reardon_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reardon-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With three exceptions, each pope before Anicetus, the first pope known to have been entombed in the Catacombs, is traditionally regarded as having been buried near Peter. A notable exception is <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Pope Clement I</a>, who was traditionally regarded as having been martyred in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> near <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reardon_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reardon-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the original tombs of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Pope Alexander I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Pope Sixtus I</a> are unknown, although there are several churches positing mutually contradictory claims of translation.<sup id="cite_ref-Reardon_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reardon-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter%27s_tomb&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two books were written about the tomb and bones of St. Peter: <i>The Bones of St Peter</i> by John Evangelist Walsh and <i>The Fisherman's Tomb</i> by John O'Neill.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2017, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>'S <i>Finding Jesus Faith Fact Forgery</i> show featured the story of St. Peter's bones and tomb in its 5th episode from season 2.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tomb makes an appearance in the 2009 film <i><a href="/wiki/Angels_%26_Demons_(film)" title="Angels & Demons (film)">Angels & Demons</a></i> in which a container hidden within the tomb holding <a href="/wiki/Antimatter" title="Antimatter">antimatter</a> is set to explode, destroying <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> and symbolically Catholicism itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter%27s_tomb&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A portion of the aedicula that was part of Peter's tomb rose above level of this floor and was made into the Niche of the Pallium<sup id="cite_ref-WebbPage17_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebbPage17-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can be seen in the center of the image.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter%27s_tomb&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Guarducci-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guarducci_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuarducci" class="citation web cs1">Guarducci, Margherita. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429160005/http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Necropolis/MG/TheTombofStPeter-4.htm">"THE TOMB OF ST. PETER"</a>. Hawthorn Books. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Necropolis/MG/TheTombofStPeter-4.htm#necropolis">the original</a> on 29 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+TOMB+OF+ST.+PETER&rft.pub=Hawthorn+Books&rft.aulast=Guarducci&rft.aufirst=Margherita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saintpetersbasilica.org%2FNecropolis%2FMG%2FTheTombofStPeter-4.htm%23necropolis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger T. O'Callaghan, Roger ., "Vatican Excavations and the Tomb of Peter", <i>The Biblical Archaeologist</i> <b>16</b>.4 (December 1953) p.71. Of the coins found with the bones, in a hollow beneath the niche of the earliest shrine on the site "one was of the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> (138–161), six were from the years 168–185, and more than forty were from the years 285–325,".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/it/audiences/1968/documents/hf_p-vi_aud_19680626.html">"Udienza generale, 26 giugno 1968 | Paolo VI"</a>. <i>Vatican.va</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican.va&rft.atitle=Udienza+generale%2C+26+giugno+1968+%7C+Paolo+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpaul-vi%2Fit%2Faudiences%2F1968%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-vi_aud_19680626.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2013" class="citation web cs1">Schultz, Colin (25 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/are-these-the-bones-of-saint-peter-180947833/">"Are These the Bones of Saint Peter?"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Are+These+the+Bones+of+Saint+Peter%3F&rft.date=2013-11-25&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fare-these-the-bones-of-saint-peter-180947833%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2011chap.9-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2011chap.9_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2011">Walsh 2011</a>, chap.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalsh2011-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalsh2011_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalsh2011">Walsh 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuarducci" class="citation web cs1">Guarducci, Margherita. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090507135933/http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Docs/RemainsofPeter.htm">"The Remains of Peter"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Docs/RemainsofPeter.htm">the original</a> on 7 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Remains+of+Peter&rft.aulast=Guarducci&rft.aufirst=Margherita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saintpetersbasilica.org%2FDocs%2FRemainsofPeter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-may-29-me-passing29.1-story.html">"Antonio Ferrua, 102; Archeologist Credited as Finding St. Peter's Tomb"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. 29 May 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Antonio+Ferrua%2C+102%3B+Archeologist+Credited+as+Finding+St.+Peter%27s+Tomb&rft.date=2003-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2003-may-29-me-passing29.1-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KgpGs1wdle4C">Eusebius—the Church History, (Paul L. Maier, ed.), Kregel Academic, 1999</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780825433283" title="Special:BookSources/9780825433283">9780825433283</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip2024" class="citation book cs1">Philip, Schaff (3 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vii.xxvi.html"><i>Philip Schaff: NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Classics_Ethereal_Library" title="Christian Classics Ethereal Library">Christian Classics Ethereal Library</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610250627" title="Special:BookSources/9781610250627"><bdi>9781610250627</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+Schaff%3A+NPNF2-01.+Eusebius+Pamphilius%3A+Church+History%2C+Life+of+Constantine%2C+Oration+in+Praise+of+Constantine&rft.pub=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.date=2024-07-03&rft.isbn=9781610250627&rft.aulast=Philip&rft.aufirst=Schaff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf201.iii.vii.xxvi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Christian_Biography_and_Literature_to_the_End_of_the_Sixth_Century/Proclus,_a_Montanist_Teacher">"Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century/Proclus, a Montanist Teacher - Wikisource, the free online library"</a>. <i>en.wikisource.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=Dictionary+of+Christian+Biography+and+Literature+to+the+End+of+the+Sixth+Century%2FProclus%2C+a+Montanist+Teacher+-+Wikisource%2C+the+free+online+library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FDictionary_of_Christian_Biography_and_Literature_to_the_End_of_the_Sixth_Century%2FProclus%2C_a_Montanist_Teacher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm">"CHURCH FATHERS: Church History, Book II (Eusebius)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Advent" title="New Advent">New Advent</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=CHURCH+FATHERS%3A+Church+History%2C+Book+II+%28Eusebius%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelius_Tacitus1895" class="citation book cs1">Cornelius Tacitus (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hc8_AAAAYAAJ"><i>Annals of Tacitus</i></a>. Macmillan and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+of+Tacitus&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.&rft.date=1895&rft.au=Cornelius+Tacitus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhc8_AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liverani, Paolo (2016). Claudio Parisi Presicce; Laura Petacco (eds.). Un destino di marginalità: storia e topografia dell'area vaticana nell'antichità. La Spina: dall’Agro vaticano a via della Conciliazione (in Italian). Rome. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-492-3320-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-492-3320-9">978-88-492-3320-9</a> p 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100305113143/http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/images.htm">Outline of St. Peter's, Old St. Peter's, and Circus of Nero</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schaff-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schaff_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schaff_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff1904" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_84AXAAAAYAAJ"><i>A select library of Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian church</i></a>. The Christian literature company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+select+library+of+Nicene+and+post-Nicene+fathers+of+the+Christian+church&rft.pub=The+Christian+literature+company&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_84AXAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barnes-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barnes_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/stpeterinromehis00barn#page/n7/mode/2up">Barnes, Arthur Staplyton. <i>St. Peter in Rome and His Tomb on the Vatican Hill</i>, Swan Sonnenschein & Co., London, 1900</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popes-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-popes_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popes_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofpopesliber00loom"><i>The book of the popes (Liber pontificalis)</i></a>. Columbia University Press. 1916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+the+popes+%28Liber+pontificalis%29&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofpopesliber00loom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulian_(Emperor_of_Rome)2004" class="citation book cs1">Julian (Emperor of Rome) (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5PYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Julian's against the Galileans</i></a>. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781591021988" title="Special:BookSources/9781591021988"><bdi>9781591021988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Julian%27s+against+the+Galileans&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781591021988&rft.au=Julian+%28Emperor+of+Rome%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5PYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CathEncy-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CathEncy_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CathEncy_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CathEncy_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1912" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Barnes, Arthur (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13374a.htm">"Tomb of St. Peter"</a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tomb+of+St.+Peter&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F13374a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WebbPage17-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WebbPage17_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb2001" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Matilda (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hUN1K78QMskC&q=niche+of+the+palliums+aedicula&pg=PA17"><i>The churches and catacombs of early Christian Rome: a comprehensive guide</i></a>. Sussex Academic Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902210-57-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-902210-57-3"><bdi>1-902210-57-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+churches+and+catacombs+of+early+Christian+Rome%3A+a+comprehensive+guide&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-902210-57-3&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Matilda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhUN1K78QMskC%26q%3Dniche%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bpalliums%2Baedicula%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pope/hd_pope.htm">"The Papacy and the Vatican Palace", In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, Department of European Paintings, New York, (October 2002)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanciani1899" class="citation book cs1">Lanciani, Rodolfo Amedeo (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_bTQqAAAAYAAJ"><i>The destruction of ancient Rome</i></a>. Macmillan company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+destruction+of+ancient+Rome&rft.pub=Macmillan+company&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Lanciani&rft.aufirst=Rodolfo+Amedeo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_bTQqAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuming1870" class="citation journal cs1">Cuming, H. Syer (December 1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UDAGAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA272">"Notes on a group of reliquaries"</a>. <i>Journal of the British Archaeological Association</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Archaeological+Association&rft.atitle=Notes+on+a+group+of+reliquaries&rft.date=1870-12&rft.aulast=Cuming&rft.aufirst=H.+Syer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUDAGAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/stpetrtomb.htm">Bartoloni, Bruno. "All the Mystery Surrounding St Peter's Tomb", <i>L'Osservatore Romano</i>, Weekly Edition in English, 29 August 2012, p.6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaas1950" class="citation magazine cs1">Kaas, Msg. Ludwig (27 March 1950). "Bold Adventure Gets Rich Return". <i>Life</i>. pp. 79–85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Bold+Adventure+Gets+Rich+Return&rft.pages=79-85&rft.date=1950-03-27&rft.aulast=Kaas&rft.aufirst=Msg.+Ludwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507234956/http://archaeology.about.com/od/churches/ig/Great-Churches-of-the-World/St--Peter-s-Basilica--Rome.htm">"St. Peter's Basilica, Rome – Archaeology and the Great Churches of the World"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archaeology.about.com/od/churches/ig/Great-Churches-of-the-World/St--Peter-s-Basilica--Rome.htm">the original</a> on 7 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Peter%27s+Basilica%2C+Rome+%E2%80%93+Archaeology+and+the+Great+Churches+of+the+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchaeology.about.com%2Fod%2Fchurches%2Fig%2FGreat-Churches-of-the-World%2FSt--Peter-s-Basilica--Rome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Officially published as <i>Esplorazioni sotto la Confessione de San Pietro in Vaticano</i>, B.M. Apollonj,, A. Ferrua SJ, E. Josi, E. Kirschbaum SJ, eds., 2 vols. (Vatican City) 1951; the results were assessed in Roger T. O'Callaghan, "Recent Excavations underneath the Vatican Crypts", in <i>The Biblical Archaeologist</i> <b>12</b> (1949:1–23) and "Vatican Excavations and the Tomb of Peter", <i>The Biblical Archaeologist</i> <b>16</b>.4 (December 1953:70–87).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the "open area P'. (O'Callaghan 1953:76).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagazine1950" class="citation book cs1">Magazine, Time (27 March 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BFMEAAAAMBAJ&q=Life+Magazine+March+27,+1950"><i>LIFE</i></a>. Time Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LIFE&rft.pub=Time+Inc&rft.date=1950-03-27&rft.aulast=Magazine&rft.aufirst=Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBFMEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DLife%2BMagazine%2BMarch%2B27%2C%2B1950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/are-they-relics-of-st-peter-the-vatican-says-it-doesn-t-matter-8960451.html">"Are they relics of St Peter? The Vatican says it doesn't matter"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 26 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226012730/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/are-they-relics-of-st-peter-the-vatican-says-it-doesn-t-matter-8960451.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Are+they+relics+of+St+Peter%3F+The+Vatican+says+it+doesn%27t+matter&rft.date=2013-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fare-they-relics-of-st-peter-the-vatican-says-it-doesn-t-matter-8960451.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=wlc-fac-pubs">"Saint Peter's Bones: A History of His Findings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota State University">Minnesota State University</a> (Mankato)</i>. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210102041043/https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1019&context=wlc-fac-pubs">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minnesota+State+University+%28Mankato%29&rft.atitle=Saint+Peter%27s+Bones%3A+A+History+of+His+Findings&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1019%26context%3Dwlc-fac-pubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/j99AhFGnils">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131124154943/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j99AhFGnils&gl=US&hl=en">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j99AhFGnils">"Pope Francis holds relics of St. Peter, as he celebrates closing 'Year of Faith' Mass"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 24 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+holds+relics+of+St.+Peter%2C+as+he+celebrates+closing+%27Year+of+Faith%27+Mass&rft.date=2013-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dj99AhFGnils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/sciencemain/pope-puts-st-peters-relics-display-reviving-scientific-debate-2D11650786">"Pope puts St. Peter's relics on display, reviving scientific debate"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 24 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Pope+puts+St.+Peter%27s+relics+on+display%2C+reviving+scientific+debate&rft.date=2013-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fsciencemain%2Fpope-puts-st-peters-relics-display-reviving-scientific-debate-2D11650786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-braveandbold-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-braveandbold_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-braveandbold_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCindy_Wooden2019" class="citation news cs1">Cindy Wooden (2 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025194659/https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/07/02/pope-gives-relics-of-st-peter-to-orthodox-patriarch/">"Pope gives relics of St. Peter to Orthodox patriarch"</a>. Catholic News Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cruxnow.com/vatican/2019/07/02/pope-gives-relics-of-st-peter-to-orthodox-patriarch/">the original</a> on 25 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pope+gives+relics+of+St.+Peter+to+Orthodox+patriarch&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft.au=Cindy+Wooden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcruxnow.com%2Fvatican%2F2019%2F07%2F02%2Fpope-gives-relics-of-st-peter-to-orthodox-patriarch%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockhaus" class="citation web cs1">Brockhaus, Hannah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/42253/pope-francis-explains-decision-to-give-relics-of-st-peter-to-orthodox">"Pope Francis explains decision to give relics of St. Peter to Orthodox"</a>. <i>Catholic News Agency</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Pope+Francis+explains+decision+to+give+relics+of+St.+Peter+to+Orthodox&rft.aulast=Brockhaus&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fnews%2F42253%2Fpope-francis-explains-decision-to-give-relics-of-st-peter-to-orthodox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicherald.co.uk/the-inexplicable-transfer-of-st-peters-relics-to-constantinople/">"The inexplicable transfer of St Peter's relics to Constantinople"</a>. <i>Catholic Herald</i>. 24 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=The+inexplicable+transfer+of+St+Peter%27s+relics+to+Constantinople&rft.date=2019-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicherald.co.uk%2Fthe-inexplicable-transfer-of-st-peters-relics-to-constantinople%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Secrets of the 12 Disciples</i>, Channel 4, transmitted on 23 March 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. B. Bagatti, J. T. Milik, Gli Scavi del "Dominus Flevit" – Parte I – La necropoli del periodo romano (Gerusalemme: Tipografia dei PP. Francescani, 1958).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531180139/http://www.uhl.ac/en/projects/talpiot-tomb/shimon-barzillai">"Pfann, Stephen. "The final resting place of Simon Peter and the family of Barzillai", University of the Holy Land, 2007"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uhl.ac/en/projects/talpiot-tomb/shimon-barzillai/">the original</a> on 31 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pfann%2C+Stephen.+%22The+final+resting+place+of+Simon+Peter+and+the+family+of+Barzillai%22%2C+University+of+the+Holy+Land%2C+2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uhl.ac%2Fen%2Fprojects%2Ftalpiot-tomb%2Fshimon-barzillai%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. B. Bagatti, J. T. Milik, <i>Gli Scavi del "Dominus Flevit" – Parte I – La necropoli del periodo romano</i> (Gerusalemme: Tipografia dei PP. Francescani, 1958).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reardon-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reardon_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reardon_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reardon_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reardon_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReardon2004" class="citation book cs1">Reardon, Wendy J. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathsofpopes00wend"><i>The Deaths of the Popes</i></a></span>. Macfarland & Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-1527-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-1527-4"><bdi>0-7864-1527-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Deaths+of+the+Popes&rft.pub=Macfarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7864-1527-4&rft.aulast=Reardon&rft.aufirst=Wendy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathsofpopes00wend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh" class="citation web cs1">Walsh, John Evangelist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201051340/https://www.sophiainstitute.com/products/item/bones-of-st-peter-the">"Bones of St Peter, The"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Institute_Press" title="Sophia Institute Press">Sophia Institute Press</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sophiainstitute.com/products/item/bones-of-st-peter-the">the original</a> on 1 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sophia+Institute+Press&rft.atitle=Bones+of+St+Peter%2C+The&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=John+Evangelist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sophiainstitute.com%2Fproducts%2Fitem%2Fbones-of-st-peter-the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181201051543/https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/Article/TabId/535/ArtMID/13567/ArticleID/26622/Book-tells-about-behind-the-scenes-search-for-St-Peters-bones.aspx">"Book tells about behind-the-scenes search for St. Peter's bones"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/OSV_Newsweekly" class="mw-redirect" title="OSV Newsweekly">OSV Newsweekly</a></i>. 13 September 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/Article/TabId/535/ArtMID/13567/ArticleID/26622/Book-tells-about-behind-the-scenes-search-for-St-Peters-bones.aspx">the original</a> on 1 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OSV+Newsweekly&rft.atitle=Book+tells+about+behind-the-scenes+search+for+St.+Peter%27s+bones&rft.date=2018-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osv.com%2FOSVNewsweekly%2FArticle%2FTabId%2F535%2FArtMID%2F13567%2FArticleID%2F26622%2FBook-tells-about-behind-the-scenes-search-for-St-Peters-bones.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/videos/world/2017/03/27/finding-jesus-bones-of-saint-peter-1.cnn/video/playlists/finding-jesus/">"Is Peter the most important apostle?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cable_News_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable News Network">Cable News Network</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Turner_Broadcasting_System,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.">Turner Broadcasting System, Inc.</a><span class="reference-accessdate"> Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cable+News+Network&rft.atitle=Is+Peter+the+most+important+apostle%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2Fvideos%2Fworld%2F2017%2F03%2F27%2Ffinding-jesus-bones-of-saint-peter-1.cnn%2Fvideo%2Fplaylists%2Ffinding-jesus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/finding-jesus-faith-fact-forgery/episode-5-season-2/the-bones-of-st-peter/769845/">"Finding Jesus: Faith, Fact, Forgery"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TV_Guide" title="TV Guide">TV Guide</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_Interactive_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="CBS Interactive Inc.">CBS Interactive Inc.</a> 2 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TV+Guide&rft.atitle=Finding+Jesus%3A+Faith%2C+Fact%2C+Forgery&rft.date=2017-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvguide.com%2Ftvshows%2Ffinding-jesus-faith-fact-forgery%2Fepisode-5-season-2%2Fthe-bones-of-st-peter%2F769845%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter%27s_tomb&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2011" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, John E. (2011) [1982]. <i>The Bones of St. Peter</i>. Sophia Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933184753" title="Special:BookSources/978-1933184753"><bdi>978-1933184753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bones+of+St.+Peter&rft.pub=Sophia+Institute+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1933184753&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaint+Peter%27s+tomb" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter%27s_tomb&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Domine_Quo_Vadis" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Domine Quo Vadis">Church of Domine Quo Vadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal tombs">Papal tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_tombs_in_Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica">Papal tombs in Old St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli" title="San Pietro in Vincoli">San Pietro in Vincoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Vatican City-related articles">Index of Vatican City-related articles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Peter%27s_tomb&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Necropolis/Scavi-map.htm">Map of the Vatican Necropolis</a>- Interactive Map of the Tombs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm16028.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/107497"><i>The Vatican: spirit and art of Christian Rome</i></a>, a book from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on this tomb (p. 51–54)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/various/basiliche/necropoli/scavi_english.html">Virtual Tour of Vatican Necropolis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Confessio/Confessio.htm">The Confessio before St Peter's Tomb</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint_Peter%27s_tomb&params=41.9022_N_12.4533_E_type:landmark_dim:40"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">41°54′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°27′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">41.9022°N 12.4533°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">41.9022; 12.4533</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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See">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicar_General_for_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar General for Vatican City">Vicar General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Vatican_City" title="Law of Vatican City">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Vatican_City" title="Crime in Vatican City">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Law_of_Vatican_City_State" title="Fundamental Law of Vatican City State">Fundamental Law</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Cardinal Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parolin" title="Pietro Parolin">Pietro Parolin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Vatican_City#Executive" title="Politics of Vatican City">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Camera" title="Apostolic Camera">Apostolic Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_commission" title="Pontifical commission">Commissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_for_Vatican_City_State" title="Pontifical Commission for Vatican City State">For Vatican City State</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_council" title="Pontifical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_(Roman_Curia)" title="Congregation (Roman Curia)">Congregations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_in_Vatican_City" title="Military in Vatican City">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Gendarmerie_of_Vatican_City" title="Corps of Gendarmerie of Vatican City">Corps of Gendarmerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Firefighters_of_the_Vatican_City_State" title="Corps of Firefighters of the Vatican City State">Corps of Firefighters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vatican_City" title="Economy of Vatican City">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Works_of_Religion" title="Institute for the Works of Religion">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_euro_coins" title="Vatican euro coins">Vatican euro coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Communications" title="Vatican City">Communications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.va" title=".va">.va [Internet domain]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poste_Vaticane" title="Poste Vaticane">Poste Vaticane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Vatican_City" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Vatican City">Postage stamps and postal history</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_for_the_Economy" title="Secretariat for the Economy">Secretariat for the Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Vatican_City" title="Tourism in Vatican City">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Vatican_City" title="Transport in Vatican City">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_Heliport" title="Vatican City Heliport">Heliport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Railway" title="Vatican Railway">Rail</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Culture" title="Vatican City">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Advanced_Technology_Telescope" title="Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope">AT telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Observatory" title="Vatican Observatory">observatory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Vatican_City" title="Architecture of Vatican City">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archives_in_Vatican_City" title="List of archives in Vatican City">Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Apostolic_Archive" title="Vatican Apostolic Archive">Apostolic Archive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Climate_Forest" title="Vatican Climate Forest">Climate Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Demographics" title="Vatican City">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vatican_City" title="Languages of Vatican City">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Film_Library" title="Vatican Film Library">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vatican_City" title="Music of Vatican City">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistine_Chapel_Choir" title="Sistine Chapel Choir">Sistine Chapel Choir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philatelic_and_Numismatic_Office_of_the_Vatican_City_State" title="Philatelic and Numismatic Office of the Vatican City State">Philatelic and Numismatic Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Vatican_City" title="Public holidays in Vatican City">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Media" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#fff200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Vatican_City" title="Category:Mass media in Vatican City">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Information_Service" title="Vatican Information Service">Vatican Information Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li> <li><a 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