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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Geographical differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opponents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opponents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Opponents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Монтанизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Монтанизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanismus" title="Montanismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Montanismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanisme" title="Montanisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Montanisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanismus" title="Montanismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Montanismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanismus" title="Montanismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Montanismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Montanism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μοντανισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοντανισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanismo" title="Montanismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Montanismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanismo" title="Montanismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Montanismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanismo" title="Montanismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Montanismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="مونتانیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مونتانیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanisme" title="Montanisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Montanisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanismo" title="Montanismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Montanismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%AC%ED%83%80%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%8C" title="몬타누스파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="몬타누스파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanisme" title="Montanisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Montanisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanismo" title="Montanismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Montanismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="מונטניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מונטניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მონტანიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მონტანიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanizmas" title="Montanizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Montanizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanizmus" title="Montanizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Montanizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="മോണ്ടനിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മോണ്ടനിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanisme" title="Montanisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Montanisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B9%E6%B4%BE" title="モンタノス派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モンタノス派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanisme" title="Montanisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Montanisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montani%C5%9Bci" title="Montaniści – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Montaniści" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanismo" title="Montanismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Montanismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Montanism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Монтанизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монтанизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanizmus" title="Montanizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Montanizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Монтанизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Монтанизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanizam" title="Montanizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Montanizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanolaisuus" title="Montanolaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Montanolaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanism" title="Montanism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Montanism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="மொந்தானியக் கொள்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மொந்தானியக் கொள்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montanizm" title="Montanizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Montanizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Монтанізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Монтанізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E4%BB%96%E5%8A%AA%E6%B4%BE" title="孟他努派 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="孟他努派" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q138681#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the unrelated Catholic philosophy emphasizing the authority of the Pope, see <a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acts-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Acts-2.jpg/220px-Acts-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Acts-2.jpg/330px-Acts-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Acts-2.jpg/440px-Acts-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="1139" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">The Apostles</a> receiving the <a href="/wiki/Paraclete" title="Paraclete">Paraclete</a> in <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Montanus" title="Montanus">Montanus</a>, the founder of Montanism, claimed to also received the Paraclete.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of<br />Christian theology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium"><img alt="Malmesbury Abbey's 1407 Bible from Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/220px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/330px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg/440px-Bible.malmesbury.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Background</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity in early Christian theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity">Template:History of Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterology" title="Paterology">Paterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatology" title="Pneumatology">Pneumatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_hermeneutics" title="Biblical hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_hermeneutics" title="Theological hermeneutics">Theological hermeneutics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="African American biblical hermeneutics">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_biblical_hermeneutics" title="Asian American biblical hermeneutics">Asian American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_theology" title="Philosophical theology">Philosophical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Persecution and tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical theology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_creeds" title="Ecumenical creeds">Ecumenical Creeds</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Definition" title="Chalcedonian Definition">Chalcedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasian_Creed" title="Athanasian Creed">Athanasian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><br /> <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Post-Nicene development</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">Heresy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Byzantine Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory 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data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Template:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Template talk:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christian_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christian theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Montanism</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span></span>/</a></span></span>), known by its adherents as the <b>New Revelation</b>, was an <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity#Early_Christianity_(c._31/33–324)" title="History of Christianity">early Christian movement</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_2nd_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in the 2nd century">late 2nd century</a>, later referred to by the name of its founder, <a href="/wiki/Montanus" title="Montanus">Montanus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montanism held views about the basic tenets of <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> similar to those of the wider <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a>, but it was labelled a <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heresy</a> for its belief in new <a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">prophetic figures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prophetic movement called for a reliance on the spontaneity of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> and a more conservative personal ethic.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Montanism originated in <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, a province of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, and flourished throughout the region,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to the movement being referred to elsewhere as <b>Cataphrygian</b> (meaning it was "from Phrygia") or simply as <b>Phrygian</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were sometimes also called <b>Pepuzians</b> after the town of <a href="/wiki/Pepuza" title="Pepuza">Pepuza</a>, which they regarded as the <a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">new Jerusalem</a>. Sometimes the Pepuzians were distinguished from other Montanists for despising those not living in the new Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-cathen_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Montanist movement spread rapidly to other regions in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> before Christianity was generally tolerated or became legal following the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Serdica" title="Edict of Serdica">Edict of Serdica</a> in 311. It persisted in some isolated places into the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Montanists did not want to separate themselves from the wider Christian Church, and the Christian theologian <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> even recorded an event where a bishop almost declared Montanism as <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodox</a>, however changing his mind later.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some contemporary Christian theologians have drawn parallels between Montanism and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">modern-day Protestant movements</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic movement</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostals</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robeck413_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robeck413-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montanism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars debate as to when Montanus first began his prophetic activity, having chosen dates varying from c. AD 135 to as late as AD 177.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevett19962–7_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevett19962–7-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montanus was a recent convert when he first began prophesying, supposedly during the proconsulate of Gratus in a village in <a href="/wiki/Mysia" title="Mysia">Mysia</a> named Ardabau; no <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> and village so named have been identified, however.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200912,_19_note_8_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200912,_19_note_8-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some accounts claim that before his conversion to Christianity, Montanus was a priest of <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200919_note_2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200919_note_2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed he was a prophet of God and that the <a href="/wiki/Paraclete" title="Paraclete">Paraclete</a> spoke through him.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Montanus proclaimed the towns of <a href="/wiki/Pepuza" title="Pepuza">Pepuza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tymion" title="Tymion">Tymion</a> in west-central Phrygia as the site of the <a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a>, making the larger—Pepuza—his headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-cathen_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200915–18_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200915–18-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phrygia as a source for this new movement was not arbitrary. Hellenization was slow to take root in Phrygia, unlike many of the surrounding eastern regions of the Roman Empire. This sense of difference, while simultaneously having easy access to the rest of the Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/Christian_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian world">Christian world</a>, encouraged the foundation of this separate sect of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200944_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200944-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Montanus had two female colleagues, <a href="/wiki/Prisca_(Prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisca (Prophet)">Prisca</a> (sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Priscilla" title="Priscilla">Priscilla</a>, the diminutive form of her name) and <a href="/wiki/Maximilla" title="Maximilla">Maximilla</a>, who likewise claimed the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. Their popularity even exceeded Montanus' own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200989_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200989-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The Three" spoke in ecstatic visions and urged their followers to fast and to pray, so that they might share these revelations. Their followers claimed they received the prophetic gift from the prophets Quadratus and Ammia of <a href="/wiki/Ala%C5%9Fehir" title="Alaşehir">Philadelphia</a>, figures believed to have been part of a line of prophetic succession stretching all the way back to <a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a> (1st century AD) and to the daughters of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip the Evangelist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200937,_40–41_notes_6–8_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200937,_40–41_notes_6–8-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In time, the New Prophecy spread from Montanus's native Phrygia across the Christian world, to <a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_Antiquity#Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="North Africa during Antiquity">Africa</a> and to <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The response to the New Prophecy split the Christian communities, and the <a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">proto-orthodox</a> clergy mostly fought to suppress it. Opponents believed that evil spirits possessed the Phrygian prophets, and both Maximilla and Priscilla were the targets of failed <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcisms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200931–32_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200931–32-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The churches of Asia Minor pronounced the prophecies <a href="/wiki/Sacrilege" title="Sacrilege">profane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Excommunicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Excommunicated">excommunicated</a> New Prophecy adherents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200925_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200925-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 177, <a href="/wiki/Apollinaris_Claudius" title="Apollinaris Claudius">Apollinarius</a>, Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Hierapolis" title="Hierapolis">Hierapolis</a>, presided over a <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> which condemned the New Prophecy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200921–23_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200921–23-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaders of the churches of <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lyons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vienne,_Is%C3%A8re" title="Vienne, Isère">Vienne</a> in Gaul responded to the New Prophecy in 177. Their decision was communicated to the churches in Asia and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleuterus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Eleuterus">Pope Eleuterus</a>, but it is not known what this consisted of, only that it was "prudent and most orthodox".<sup id="cite_ref-cathen_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely they called for moderation in dealing with the movement. </p><p>There was real doubt at Rome, and its bishop (either Eleuterus or <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a>) even wrote letters in support of Montanism, although he was later persuaded by <a href="/wiki/Praxeas" title="Praxeas">Praxeas</a> to recall them.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevett199658–59_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevett199658–59-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 193, an anonymous writer found the church at <a href="/wiki/Ancyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancyra">Ancyra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a> torn in two, and opposed the "false prophecy" there.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually, Montanist teachings came to be regarded as <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> by the orthodox <a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a> for a number of reasons. The clash of basic beliefs between the movement's proponents and the greater Christian world was likely enough for such conflict to occur. Additionally, in the opinion of anti-Montanists, the movement's penchant for dramatic public displays by its adherents brought unwanted attention to the still fledgling religion. Thus, fears concerning the appearance of Montanist practices to their non-Christian rulers fueled anti-Montanist sentiment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevett199643_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevett199643-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The imperial government carried out sporadic executions of Christians under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>, circa AD 161–180, which coincides with the spread of Montanism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is no clear evidence as to what happened to Montanus. One of the most widespread stories at the time, as stated by an anonymous associate of <a href="/wiki/Apollinaris_Claudius" title="Apollinaris Claudius">Apollinarius</a>, is that he hanged himself, as did Maximilla, although he does not exclude the possibility of them dying some other way.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was never a uniform excommunication of New Prophecy adherents, and in many places they maintained their standing within the orthodox community. This was the case at <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>. While not without tension, the church there avoided <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a> over the issue. There were women prophesying at Carthage, and prophecy was considered a genuine <a href="/wiki/Charism" class="mw-redirect" title="Charism">charism</a>. It was the responsibility of the council of elders to test all prophecy and to determine genuine revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009128_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009128-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, undoubtedly the best-known defender of the New Prophecy, believed that the claims of Montanus were genuine beginning c. 207.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200998_note_1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200998_note_1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He believed in the validity of the New Prophecy and admired the movement's discipline and ascetic standards. Debates continue as to whether Tertullian decisively left the orthodox Church and joined a separate Montanist sect or remained an early proto-orthodox Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200998_note_1_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200998_note_1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JLG-Nontrinitarians_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JLG-Nontrinitarians-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although what became the orthodox Christian Church prevailed against Montanism within a few generations, inscriptions in the Tembris valley of northern <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>, dated between 249 and 279, openly proclaim allegiance to the New Prophecy. Speros Vryonis considers these inscriptions remarkable in that they are the only set of inscriptions which openly reveal the religious affiliations of the deceased before the period of toleration, when Christians dared not to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Vryonis-57_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vryonis-57-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 3rd century, a new prophetess appeared in Pepuza, <a href="/wiki/Quintilla" title="Quintilla">Quintilla</a>. Her followers, the Quintillians, were regarded as an important Montanist sect into the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevett1996167–170_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevett1996167–170-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A letter of <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Marcella" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Marcella">Marcella</a>, written in 385, refutes the claims of Montanists that had been troubling her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJerome385Letter_41_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJerome385Letter_41-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of "Tertullianists" may have continued at Carthage. The anonymous author of <i><a href="/wiki/Praedestinatus" title="Praedestinatus">Praedestinatus</a></i> records that a preacher came to Rome in 388 where he made many converts and obtained the use of a church for his congregation on the grounds that the martyrs to whom it was dedicated had been Montanists.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was obliged to flee after the victory of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>. </p><p>In his own time, <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a> (354–430) records that the Tertullianist group had dwindled to almost nothing and, finally, was reconciled to the church and handed over its basilica.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not certain whether these Tertullianists were in all respects "Montanist" or not. In 530 Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a> expelled Montanist clergy from Constantinople. In 550, on the orders of Justinian, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Ephesus" title="John of Ephesus">John of Ephesus</a> led an expedition to <a href="/wiki/Pepuza" title="Pepuza">Pepuza</a> to destroy the Montanist shrine there, which was based on the tombs of Montanus, Priscilla and Maximilla.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Montanist sect in Galatia, the <a href="/wiki/Tascodrugites" title="Tascodrugites">Tascodrugites</a>, is attested around 600 by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_of_Constantinople" title="Timothy of Constantinople">Timothy of Constantinople</a> and in the 9th century by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_the_Studite" title="Theodore the Studite">Theodore the Studite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1999211–212_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu1999211–212-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sect called "Montanist" existed in the 8th century; the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a> ordered the conversion and baptism of its members. These Montanists refused, locked themselves in their houses of worship, <a href="/wiki/Mass_suicide" title="Mass suicide">set the buildings on fire and perished</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vryonis-57_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vryonis-57-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montanism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because much of what is known about Montanism comes from anti-Montanist sources, it is difficult to know what they actually believed and how those beliefs differed from the Christian mainstream of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee20091–3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee20091–3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Prophecy was also a diverse movement, and what Montanists believed varied by location and time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009118_note_5_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009118_note_5-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montanism was particularly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocalypse of John">Apocalypse of John</a> (also known as the Book of Revelation).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200920_note_21_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200920_note_21-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In John's Gospel, Jesus promised to send the <a href="/wiki/Paraclete" title="Paraclete">Paraclete</a> or Holy Spirit, from which Montanists believed their prophets derived inspiration. In the Apocalypse, John was taken by an angel to the top of a mountain where he sees the <a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a> descend to earth. Montanus identified this mountain as being located in Phrygia near Pepuza.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200967_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200967-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Followers of the New Prophecy called themselves <i>spiritales</i> ("spiritual people") in contrast to their opponents whom they termed <i>psychici</i> ("carnal, natural people"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (August 2021)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009110_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009110-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecstatic_prophecy">Ecstatic prophecy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montanism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecstatic prophecy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the name "New Prophecy" implied, Montanism was a movement focused around prophecy, specifically the prophecies of the movement's founders which were believed to contain the Holy Spirit's revelation for the present age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200968_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200968-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prophecy itself was not controversial within 2nd-century Christian communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Ash_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ash-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJerome385Letter_41.2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJerome385Letter_41.2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the New Prophecy, as described by <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a>, departed from Church tradition:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200912,_37_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200912,_37-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And he [Montanus] became beside himself, and being suddenly in a sort of frenzy and <a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">ecstasy</a>, he raved, and began to babble and utter strange things, prophesying in a manner contrary to the constant custom of the Church handed down by tradition from the beginning.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Eusebius of Caesarea<sup id="cite_ref-EccHist5.16.7_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EccHist5.16.7-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>According to opponents, the Montanist prophets did not speak as messengers of God, but believed they became fully possessed by God and spoke as God.<sup id="cite_ref-cathen_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A prophetic utterance by Montanus described this possessed state: "Lo, the man is as a lyre, and I fly over him as a pick. The man sleepeth, while I watch." Thus, the Phrygians were seen as false prophets because they acted irrationally and were not in control of their senses.<sup id="cite_ref-Epiphanius48.3-4_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epiphanius48.3-4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A criticism of Montanism was that its followers claimed their revelation received directly from the Holy Spirit could supersede the authority of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> or anyone else.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some of his prophecies, Montanus apparently, and somewhat like the <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracles</a> of the Greco-Roman world, spoke in the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">first person</a> as God: "I am the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200912_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200912-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many early Christians understood this to be Montanus claiming himself to be God. However, scholars agree that these words of Montanus exemplify the general practice of religious prophets to speak as the passive mouthpieces of the divine, and to claim divine inspiration (similar to modern prophets stating "Thus saith the Lord"). That practice occurred in Christian as well as in pagan circles with some degree of frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelikan1956101_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelikan1956101-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200993_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200993-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_beliefs">Other beliefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montanism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other beliefs and practices (or alleged beliefs and practices) of Montanism are as follows: </p> <ul><li>In <i>On the Resurrection of the Flesh</i>, Tertullian wrote that the Holy Spirit through the New Prophecy cleared up the ambiguities of scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-TertullianRes_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TertullianRes-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009111_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009111-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new prophecies did not contain new doctrinal content, but mandated strict ethical standards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009129_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009129-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To the mainstream Christian Church, Montanists appeared to believe that the new prophecies superseded and fulfilled the doctrines proclaimed by the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cathen_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Montanists were alleged to have believed in the power of apostles and prophets to forgive <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009123_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009123-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adherents also believed that <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian martyrs">martyrs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">confessors</a> also possessed this power. The mainstream Church believed that God forgave sins through <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyters</a> (and those martyrs recognized by legitimate <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> authority).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200991_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200991-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Montanists recognized women as bishops and presbyters.<sup id="cite_ref-Epiphanius49.2.5_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epiphanius49.2.5-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Women and girls were forbidden to wear ornaments, and virgins were required to wear <a href="/wiki/Christian_head_covering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian head covering">veils</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There was a divide between <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitarian</a> Montanists and <a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchian</a> Montanists, both beliefs existing inside Montanism.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An emphasis on ethical rigorism and <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>. These included prohibitions against remarriage following divorce or the death of a spouse. They also emphasized keeping <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasts</a> strictly and added new fasts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200913–15_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200913–15-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Montanus provided salaries for those who preached his doctrine, which orthodox writers claimed was promoting <a href="/wiki/Gluttony" title="Gluttony">gluttony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some of the Montanists were also "<a href="/wiki/Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodeciman</a>" ("fourteeners"), preferring to celebrate Easter on the Hebrew calendar date of 14 <a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a>, regardless of what day of the week it landed on. Mainstream Christians held that Easter should be commemorated on the Sunday following 14 Nisan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevett1996202_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevett1996202-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, uniformity in this matter had not yet been fully achieved when the Montanist movement began; <a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a>, for example, was a quartodeciman, and St. <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> convinced <a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor</a>, then Bishop of Rome, to refrain from making the issue of the date of <a href="/wiki/Easter#Date" title="Easter">Easter</a> a divisive one.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the Catholic Church established a fixed way of calculating Easter according to the Julian (and later the Gregorian) calendar.</li> <li>Montanists believed in <a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">premillennialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>That the <a href="/wiki/Lapsi_(Christianity)" title="Lapsi (Christianity)">Lapsi</a> cannot be restored back into fellowship.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstatic</a> form of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Limited distinction between the <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Discouragement of <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_differences">Geographical differences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montanism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geographical differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It appears that North African Montanism and the form of Montanism in Anatolia had many differences. The Montanists in North Africa believed that the New Testament was the supreme rule of Christian life and theology, and bishops were successors of the apostles and held much similar theology as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>, while Montanus himself had different views.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opponents">Opponents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montanism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Opponents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Origen indirectly addresses montanism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montanism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic-Prophetic_Movement" title="Apostolic-Prophetic Movement">Apostolic-Prophetic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artotyrite" title="Artotyrite">Artotyrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascitans" title="Ascitans">Ascitans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Job" title="Testament of Job">Testament of Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraseas" title="Thraseas">Thraseas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montanism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Claim made in <i>Dialogue Between a Montanist and an Orthodox</i> (4.4) and possibly alluded to by <a href="/wiki/St._Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Jerome">St. Jerome</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJerome385Letter_41_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJerome385Letter_41-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montanism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLaing2014" class="citation web cs1">Laing, Jim (7 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200916222045/https://transformedblog.westernseminary.edu/2014/01/07/5-things-to-know-about-montanism/">"5 Things to Know About Montanism"</a>. <i>Transformed</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transformedblog.westernseminary.edu/2014/01/07/5-things-to-know-about-montanism/">the original</a> on 16 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transformed&rft.atitle=5+Things+to+Know+About+Montanism&rft.date=2014-01-07&rft.aulast=Laing&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftransformedblog.westernseminary.edu%2F2014%2F01%2F07%2F5-things-to-know-about-montanism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/resource/55975/montanism">"Montanism"</a>. <i>Catholic News Agency</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. 10. Robert Appleton<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Montanists&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F10521a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradshaw" class="citation journal cs1">Bradshaw, Robert I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earlychurch.org.uk/article_montanism.html">"Montanism: Heresy or Healthy Revival?"</a>. <i>Early Christianity</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Early+Christianity&rft.atitle=Montanism%3A+Heresy+or+Healthy+Revival%3F&rft.aulast=Bradshaw&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearlychurch.org.uk%2Farticle_montanism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinder2012" class="citation book cs1">Binder, Stephanie E. (13 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WSkyAQAAQBAJ&dq=Tertullianists&pg=PA56"><i>Tertullian, On Idolatry and Mishnah Avodah Zarah: Questioning the Parting of the Ways between Christians and Jews</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23548-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-23548-9"><bdi>978-90-04-23548-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tertullian%2C+On+Idolatry+and+Mishnah+Avodah+Zarah%3A+Questioning+the+Parting+of+the+Ways+between+Christians+and+Jews&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft.isbn=978-90-04-23548-9&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWSkyAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTertullianists%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1970" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Josephine M. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pentecostalexper0000ford"><i>The Pentecostal Experience</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Paulist_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulist Press">Paulist Press</a>. pp. 50–53 – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pentecostal+Experience&rft.pages=50-53&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Josephine+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpentecostalexper0000ford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robeck413-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robeck413_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobeck2010" class="citation journal cs1">Robeck, Cecil M Jr. (2010). "Montanism and Present Day 'Prophets'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Pneuma:_The_Journal_of_the_Society_for_Pentecostal_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies">Pneuma: The Journal of the Society for Pentecostal Studies</a></i>. <b>32</b> (3): 413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157007410x531934">10.1163/157007410x531934</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pneuma%3A+The+Journal+of+the+Society+for+Pentecostal+Studies&rft.atitle=Montanism+and+Present+Day+%27Prophets%27&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=413&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157007410x531934&rft.aulast=Robeck&rft.aufirst=Cecil+M+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apostolic.edu/oneness-pentecostal-origins/">"Oneness Pentecostal Origins by Thomas Weisser"</a>. 16 May 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oneness+Pentecostal+Origins+by+Thomas+Weisser&rft.date=1996-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apostolic.edu%2Foneness-pentecostal-origins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Labriolle1913" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Labriolle, Pierre (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jlNAAAAMAAJ"><i>La crise montaniste</i></a>. Bibliothèque de la Fondation Thiers (in French). Vol. 31. Leroux<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+crise+montaniste&rft.series=Biblioth%C3%A8que+de+la+Fondation+Thiers&rft.pub=Leroux&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=de+Labriolle&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9jlNAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevett19962–7-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevett19962–7_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrevett1996">Trevett 1996</a>, p. 2–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200912,_19_note_8-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200912,_19_note_8_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, pp. 12, 19 note 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200919_note_2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200919_note_2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, p. 19 note 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJerome385Letter_41-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJerome385Letter_41_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJerome385Letter_41_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJerome385">Jerome 385</a>, Letter 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200915–18-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200915–18_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, pp. 15–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200944-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200944_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, pp. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200989-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200989_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200937,_40–41_notes_6–8-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200937,_40–41_notes_6–8_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, pp. 37, 40–41 notes 6–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200931–32-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200931–32_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200925-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200925_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200921–23-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200921–23_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, pp. 21–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTertullian" class="citation cs2">Tertullian, <i>Adversus Praxean</i>, c. 1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adversus+Praxean&rft.pages=c.+1&rft.au=Tertullian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevett199658–59-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevett199658–59_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrevett1996">Trevett 1996</a>, pp. 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted by Eusebius 5.16.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevett199643-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevett199643_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrevett1996">Trevett 1996</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of the Church">The History of the Church</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>. p. 162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Church&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.au=Eusebius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009128-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009128_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200998_note_1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200998_note_1_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200998_note_1_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, p. 98 note 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JLG-Nontrinitarians-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JLG-Nontrinitarians_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justo L. González, <i>The Story of Christianity: The <a href="/wiki/Early_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church">Early Church</a> to the Present Day,</i> Prince Press, 1984, Vol. 1, pp. 159-161• Jaroslav Pelikan, <i>The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine,</i> The University of Chicago Press, 1971, Vol. 1, pp. 181–199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vryonis-57-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vryonis-57_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vryonis-57_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vryonis, <i>Decline of Medieval Hellenism</i>, p. 57 and notes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevett1996167–170-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevett1996167–170_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrevett1996">Trevett 1996</a>, pp. 167–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTertullian" class="citation cs2">Tertullian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/tertullianistae/praedestinatus.htm"><i>Praedestinatus</i></a>, v. 1 c. 86</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praedestinatus&rft.pages=v.+1+c.+86&rft.au=Tertullian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ftertullianistae%2Fpraedestinatus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTertullian" class="citation cs2">Tertullian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/tertullianistae/de_haeresibus.htm"><i>De haeresibus</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+haeresibus&rft.au=Tertullian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ftertullianistae%2Fde_haeresibus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell2005_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2005">Mitchell 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELieu1999211–212-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELieu1999211–212_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLieu1999">Lieu 1999</a>, pp. 211–212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee20091–3-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee20091–3_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009118_note_5-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009118_note_5_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, p. 118 note 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200920_note_21-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200920_note_21_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, p. 20 note 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200967-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200967_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009110-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009110_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200968-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200968_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, pp. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ash-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ash_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsh1976" class="citation cs2">Ash, James L Jr (June 1976), "The Decline of Ecstatic Prophecy in the Early Church", <i>Theological Studies</i>, <b>37</b> (2): 236, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004056397603700202">10.1177/004056397603700202</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53551663">53551663</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+Ecstatic+Prophecy+in+the+Early+Church&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=236&rft.date=1976-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F004056397603700202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53551663%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ash&rft.aufirst=James+L+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJerome385Letter_41.2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJerome385Letter_41.2_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJerome385">Jerome 385</a>, Letter 41.2: "we tell them [Montanists] that we do not so much reject prophecy—for this is attested by the passion of the Lord—as refuse to receive prophets whose utterances fail to accord with the Scriptures old and new".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200912,_37-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200912,_37_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, pp. 12, 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EccHist5.16.7-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EccHist5.16.7_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEusebius_of_Caesarea" class="citation cs2">Eusebius of Caesarea, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm">"Chapter 16. The Circumstances related of Montanus and his False Prophets."</a>, <i>Ecclesiastical History</i>, vol. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+16.+The+Circumstances+related+of+Montanus+and+his+False+Prophets.&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+History&rft.au=Eusebius+of+Caesarea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250105.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epiphanius48.3-4-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Epiphanius48.3-4_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epiphanius, <a href="/wiki/Panarion" title="Panarion"><i>Against Heresies</i></a>, 48.3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Placher,_William_C." class="mw-redirect" title="Placher, William C.">Placher, William C.</a> <i>A History of Christian Theology: an introduction</i>. Westminster John Knox Press, 1983, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200912-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200912_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelikan1956101-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelikan1956101_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelikan1956">Pelikan 1956</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200993-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200993_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TertullianRes-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TertullianRes_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertullian, <i>On the Resurrection of the Flesh</i>, 63.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009111-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009111_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009129-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009129_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, pp. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009123-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2009123_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, pp. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200991-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200991_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epiphanius49.2.5-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Epiphanius49.2.5_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epiphanius, <a href="/wiki/Panarion" title="Panarion"><i>Against Heresies</i></a>, 49.2.5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kienzle, Beverly Mayne; Walker, Professor Pamela J.; Walker, Pamela J. (30 April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bPaxru2EMQgC&dq=montanism+women+preachers&pg=PA34"><i>Women Preachers and Prophets Through Two Millennia of Christianity</i>.</a> University of California Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20922-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20922-0">978-0-520-20922-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1921" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)/Montanism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Montanism">"Montanism" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Montanism&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=P.+F.+Collier+%26+Son+Company&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Montanism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Montanism">"Montanism" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Montanism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee200913–15-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee200913–15_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2009">Tabbernee 2009</a>, pp. 13–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History, 5, 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevett1996202-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevett1996202_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrevett1996">Trevett 1996</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History, 5, 23–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosterFessenden2007" class="citation book cs1">Foster, K. Neill; Fessenden, David E. (1 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xaVvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT14"><i>Essays on Premillennialism: A Modern Reaffirmation of an Ancient Doctrine</i></a>. Moody Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60066-959-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60066-959-0"><bdi>978-1-60066-959-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Premillennialism%3A+A+Modern+Reaffirmation+of+an+Ancient+Doctrine&rft.pub=Moody+Publishers&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-60066-959-0&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=K.+Neill&rft.au=Fessenden%2C+David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxaVvBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohlePress" class="citation book cs1">Pohle, Rev Joseph; Press, Aeterna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p3YkDwAAQBAJ&dq=Montanus+teachings&pg=PT2047"><i>Rev. Joseph Pohle Collection [9 Books]</i></a>. Aeterna Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rev.+Joseph+Pohle+Collection+%5B9+Books%5D&rft.pub=Aeterna+Press&rft.aulast=Pohle&rft.aufirst=Rev+Joseph&rft.au=Press%2C+Aeterna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp3YkDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMontanus%2Bteachings%26pg%3DPT2047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIII2009" class="citation book cs1">III, H. W. Crocker (25 February 2009). <i>Triumph: The Power and the Glory of the Catholic Church</i>. Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-56077-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-56077-3"><bdi>978-0-307-56077-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumph%3A+The+Power+and+the+Glory+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=2009-02-25&rft.isbn=978-0-307-56077-3&rft.aulast=III&rft.aufirst=H.+W.+Crocker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/hierarchy-of-the-early-church">"Hierarchy of the Early Church"</a>. <i>Catholic Answers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>H. The Hierarchy as an Ecclesiastical Institution.—(I) The utterance of Tertullian (De exhort. cast. vii), declaring that the difference between the priests and the laity was due to ecclesiastical institution, and that therefore any layman in the absence of a priest could offer sacrifice, baptize, and act as priest, is based on Montanistic theories and contradicts earlier teachings of Tertullian (e.g., De baptismo, xvii). (2)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Answers&rft.atitle=Hierarchy+of+the+Early+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fhierarchy-of-the-early-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillen2020" class="citation book cs1">Killen, W. D. (29 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M-PzDwAAQBAJ&dq=Montanism+infant+baptism&pg=PA286"><i>The Ancient Church</i></a>. BoD – Books on Demand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7523-6403-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7523-6403-3"><bdi>978-3-7523-6403-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Church&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2020-07-29&rft.isbn=978-3-7523-6403-3&rft.aulast=Killen&rft.aufirst=W.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM-PzDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMontanism%2Binfant%2Bbaptism%26pg%3DPA286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montanism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome385" class="citation cs2">Jerome (385), Schaff (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf206.v.XLI.html"><i>To Marcella</i></a> (Letter), CCEL</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Marcella&rft.pub=CCEL&rft.date=385&rft.au=Jerome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf206.v.XLI.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabriolle1913" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Labriolle" title="Pierre de Labriolle">Labriolle, Pierre</a> (1913), <i>La Crise Montaniste</i> (in French), Paris: Leroux</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Crise+Montaniste&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Leroux&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Labriolle&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieu1999" class="citation book cs1">Lieu, Samuel N. C. (1999). <i>Manichaeism in Mesopotamia and the Roman East</i> (2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manichaeism+in+Mesopotamia+and+the+Roman+East&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Lieu&rft.aufirst=Samuel+N.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Stephen (2005). "An Apostle to Ankara from the New Jerusalem: Montanists and Jews in Late Roman Asia Minor". <i>Scripta Classica Israelica</i>. <b>24</b>: 207–223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scripta+Classica+Israelica&rft.atitle=An+Apostle+to+Ankara+from+the+New+Jerusalem%3A+Montanists+and+Jews+in+Late+Roman+Asia+Minor&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=207-223&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelikan1956" class="citation cs2">Pelikan, Jaroslav (1956), "Montanism and Its Trinitarian Significance", <i>Church History</i>, <b>25</b> (2), Cambridge University Press: 99–109, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3161195">10.2307/3161195</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3161195">3161195</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162580581">162580581</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Church+History&rft.atitle=Montanism+and+Its+Trinitarian+Significance&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=99-109&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162580581%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3161195%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3161195&rft.aulast=Pelikan&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabbernee2009" class="citation cs2">Tabbernee, William (2009), <i>Prophets and Gravestones: An Imaginative History of Montanists and Other Early Christians</i>, Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-937-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-937-9"><bdi>978-1-56563-937-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophets+and+Gravestones%3A+An+Imaginative+History+of+Montanists+and+Other+Early+Christians&rft.place=Peabody%2C+MA&rft.pub=Hendrickson&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-56563-937-9&rft.aulast=Tabbernee&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevett1996" class="citation cs2">Trevett, Christine (1996), <i>Montanism: Gender, Authority and the New Prophecy</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-41182-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-41182-3"><bdi>0-521-41182-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montanism%3A+Gender%2C+Authority+and+the+New+Prophecy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-41182-3&rft.aulast=Trevett&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThonemann2013" class="citation cs2">Thonemann, Peter, ed. (2013), <i>Roman Phrygia: Culture and Society</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03128-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03128-9"><bdi>978-1-107-03128-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Phrygia%3A+Culture+and+Society&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03128-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montanism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Groh, Dennis E. 1985. "Utterance and exegesis: Biblical interpretation in the Montanist crisis," in Groh and Jewett, <i>The Living Text</i> (New York) pp 73–95.</li> <li>Heine, R.E., 1987 "The Role of the Gospel of John in the Montanist controversy," in <i>Second Century</i> v. 6, pp 1–18.</li> <li>Heine, R.E., 1989. "The Gospel of John and the Montanist debate at Rome," in <i>Studia Patristica</i> 21, pp 95–100.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1987" class="citation cs2">Metzger, Bruce (1987), <i>The Canon of the New Testament. Its Origin, Development, and Significance</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. 99–106, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19826954-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19826954-4"><bdi>0-19826954-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canon+of+the+New+Testament.+Its+Origin%2C+Development%2C+and+Significance&rft.pages=99-106&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-19826954-4&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGowan2006" class="citation cs2">McGowan, Andrew B (2006), "Tertullian and the 'Heretical' Origins of the 'Orthodox' Trinity", <i>Journal of Early Christian Studies</i>, <b>14</b> (4): 437–57, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fearl.2007.0005">10.1353/earl.2007.0005</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170419082">170419082</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Early+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=Tertullian+and+the+%27Heretical%27+Origins+of+the+%27Orthodox%27+Trinity&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=437-57&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fearl.2007.0005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170419082%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McGowan&rft.aufirst=Andrew+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPelikan1977" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Pelikan, Jaroslav (1977), <i>The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Christian Doctrine</i>, vol. I <i>The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition, 100–600</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Christian+Tradition%3A+A+History+of+the+Development+of+Christian+Doctrine&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Pelikan&rft.aufirst=Jaroslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabbernee1997" class="citation cs2">Tabbernee, William (1997), <i>Montanist Inscriptions and Testimonia: Epigraphic Sources Illustrating the History of Montanism</i>, Patristic Monograph Series, Georgia: Mercer University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montanist+Inscriptions+and+Testimonia%3A+Epigraphic+Sources+Illustrating+the+History+of+Montanism&rft.place=Georgia&rft.series=Patristic+Monograph+Series&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Tabbernee&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschmann2005" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hirschmann, Vera-Elisabeth (2005), <i>Horrenda Secta. Untersuchungen zum fruеhchristlichen Montanismus und seinen Verbindungen zur paganen Religion Phrygiens</i> (in German), Stuttgart: Franz Steiner</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Horrenda+Secta.+Untersuchungen+zum+fru%D0%B5hchristlichen+Montanismus+und+seinen+Verbindungen+zur+paganen+Religion+Phrygiens&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hirschmann&rft.aufirst=Vera-Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2006" class="citation cs2">Butler, Rex (2006), <i>The New Prophecy and "New Visions": Evidence of Montanism in The Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas</i>, Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Prophecy+and+%22New+Visions%22%3A+Evidence+of+Montanism+in+The+Passion+of+Perpetua+and+Felicitas&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=The+Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Rex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montanism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Montanism"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Montanism">"Montanism" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Montanism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings" class="citation cs2">Jennings, Daniel R, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://danielrjennings.org/AncientReferencesToMontanism.html"><i>Ancient & Medieval References To Montanism</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+%26+Medieval+References+To+Montanism&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdanielrjennings.org%2FAncientReferencesToMontanism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span>. An extensive listing of references by 67 ancient and medieval writers to the Montanists.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/montanism.php"><i>Montanism</i></a>, UK: Early Church</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montanism&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Early+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychurch.org.uk%2Fmontanism.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMontanism" class="Z3988"></span>. Extensive bibliography and on-line articles.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="Template talk:Montanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Montanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Montanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Montanism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Montanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montanus" title="Montanus">Montanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintilla" title="Quintilla">Quintilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilla" title="Maximilla">Maximilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisca_(prophet)" title="Prisca (prophet)">Prisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclus_(Montanist)" title="Proclus (Montanist)">Proclus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus_(Montanist)" title="Blastus (Montanist)">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miltiades_(Christian)" title="Miltiades (Christian)">Miltiades</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themiso" title="Themiso">Themiso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novatian" title="Novatian">Novatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatianism" title="Novatianism">Novatianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artotyrite" title="Artotyrite">Artotyrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascitans" title="Ascitans">Ascitans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beliefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuationism">Continuationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_gift" title="Spiritual gift">Spiritual gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Premillennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">Ordination of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem#Montanism" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodecimanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepuza" title="Pepuza">Pepuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tymion" title="Tymion">Tymion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Job" title="Testament of Job">Testament of Job</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Christianity" title="Template talk:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Christianity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">Spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">2nd and 3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_5th_century" title="Christianity in the 5th century">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_6th_century" title="Christianity in the 6th century">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_7th_century" title="Christianity in the 7th century">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_8th_century" title="Christianity in the 8th century">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_9th_century" title="Christianity in the 9th century">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_10th_century" title="Christianity in the 10th century">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_11th_century" title="Christianity in the 11th century">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_12th_century" title="Christianity in the 12th century">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_13th_century" title="Christianity in the 13th century">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_14th_century" title="Christianity in the 14th century">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_15th_century" title="Christianity in the 15th century">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_16th_century" title="Christianity in the 16th century">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_17th_century" title="Christianity in the 17th century">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_18th_century" title="Christianity in the 18th century">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_19th_century" title="Christianity in the 19th century">19th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_20th_century" title="Christianity in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_21st_century" title="Christianity in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins and<br />Apostolic Age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_background_of_the_New_Testament" title="Historical background of the New Testament">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">General epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene<br />period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_in_early_Christian_theology" title="Diversity in early Christian theology">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoptionism" title="Adoptionism">Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Montanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Roman_Africa_province" title="Christianity in the Roman Africa province">Early African</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman state religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Constantinople I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Ephesus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">Non-Chalcedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">Papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Development of primacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Eastern Orthodox opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fourth Council of the Lateran">Lateran IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_patronage_of_Julius_II" title="Art patronage of Julius II">Art patronage of Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_Protestant_Reformation_and_Counter-Reformation" title="Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Xavier</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Monastery dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_rock" title="Mass rock">Mass rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priest_hole" title="Priest hole">priest holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Neo-Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Neo-Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">Vatican I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesial_community" title="Ecclesial community">Ecclesial community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">Eastern<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#History" title="Icon">Icons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iconodulism" title="Iconodulism">Iconodulism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Greece" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_history" title="Coptic history">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Timeline of Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Slavs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bohemia" title="Christianization of Bohemia">Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Moravia" title="Christianization of Moravia">Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Poland" title="Christianization of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Brethren" title="Apostolic Brethren">Apostolic Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinian">Dulcinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism#Early_Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Early Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Five Ways</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Papacy" title="Avignon Papacy">Avignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Papal Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Reformation" title="Bohemian Reformation">Bohemian Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Hus" title="Jan Hus">Hus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synods</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation#Politics" title="Counter-Reformation">Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory_in_the_Early_Modern_period#Christian_resistance_theories_of_the_early_modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory in the Early Modern period">Resistance theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Reformation" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymnody_of_continental_Europe" title="Hymnody of continental Europe">Hymnody of continental Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_and_material_principles_of_theology" title="Formal and material principles of theology">Formal and material principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lutheranism" title="History of Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Melanchthon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Concord" title="Book of Concord">Book of Concord</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramental_union" title="Sacramental union">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_art" title="Lutheran art">Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Reformed_Christianity" title="History of Reformed Christianity">Calvinism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Dort" title="Synod of Dort">Dort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_orthodoxy" title="Reformed orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Anglicanism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_English_Reformation" title="Timeline of the English Reformation">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement" title="Elizabethan Religious Settlement">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">39 Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Church music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist_theology" title="Anabaptist theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Grebel" title="Conrad Grebel">Grebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Brethren" title="Swiss Brethren">Swiss Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs%27_Synod" title="Martyrs' Synod">Martyrs' Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menno_Simons" title="Menno Simons">Menno Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smyth_(English_theologian)" title="John Smyth (English theologian)">Smyth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_Mirror" title="Martyrs Mirror">Martyrs Mirror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ausbund" title="Ausbund">Ausbund</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1640–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edict_of_toleration#Early_modern_period" title="Edict of toleration">Edicts of toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millerism" title="Millerism">Millerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_thesis" title="Merton thesis">Fostering of early experimental science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Lutherans" title="Old Lutherans">Old Lutherans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">1789–present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">Camp meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="History of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="History of the Latter Day Saint movement">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="History of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Finnish Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Great_Awakening" title="Third Great Awakening">Third Great Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">Gospel music</a></li> <li><a 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theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Protestantism" title="History of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Beliefs_condemned_as_heretical_by_the_Catholic_Church_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Template talk:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs_condemned_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Beliefs condemned by the Catholic Church"><abbr title="Edit this 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href="/wiki/Semi-Arianism" title="Semi-Arianism">Semi-Arianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidicomarianite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidicomarianite">Antidicomarianites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audianism" title="Audianism">Audianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docetism" title="Docetism">Docetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcellions" title="Circumcellions">Circumcellions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collyridianism" title="Collyridianism">Collyridianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology#In_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebionites" title="Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchites" title="Euchites">Euchites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscillianism" title="Priscillianism">Priscillianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naassenes" title="Naassenes">Naassenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophites" title="Ophites">Ophites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sethianism" title="Sethianism">Sethianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_of_Cagliari" title="Lucifer of Cagliari">Luciferianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Macedonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcionism" title="Marcionism">Marcionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Melchisedechians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Modalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchianism" title="Monarchianism">Monarchianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athinganoi" title="Athinganoi">Athinganoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modalistic_Monarchianism" title="Modalistic Monarchianism">Modalistic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Montanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novatianism" title="Novatianism">Novatianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patripassianism" title="Patripassianism">Patripassianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagianism" title="Pelagianism">Pelagianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumatomachi" title="Pneumatomachi">Pneumatomachians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Denial of the virgin birth of Jesus">Psilanthropism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">Subordinationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinianism" title="Valentinianism">Valentinianism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire."><img alt="This 1711 illustration for the Index Librorum Prohibitorum depicts the Holy Ghost supplying the book burning fire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/100px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/150px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg/200px-Titelkupfer_Index_librorum_prohibitorum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1975" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnoldists" title="Arnoldists">Arnoldism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Church" title="Bosnian Church">Bosnian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Catharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinians" title="Dulcinians">Dulcinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Fraticelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Free_Spirit" title="Brethren of the Free Spirit">Free Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliati" title="Humiliati">Humiliati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impanation" title="Impanation">Impanation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephines" title="Josephines">Josephines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollardy" title="Lollardy">Lollardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migetians" title="Migetians">Migetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasagians" title="Pasagians">Pasagians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Adoptionism" title="Spanish Adoptionism">Spanish Adoptionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taborites" 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