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class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12968837 coauthored" data-work_id="12968837" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12968837/Kinyras_The_Divine_Lyre_Hellenic_Studies_70_Full_electronic_text">Kinyras: The Divine Lyre (Hellenic Studies 70). Full electronic text.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Dear Friends and Colleagues, Kinyras: The Divine Lyre is also available online through the CHS website: <a href="http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/6329" rel="nofollow">http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/6329</a>. The web version, however, does not have page numbers, so that internal... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12968837" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Dear Friends and Colleagues, <br /> <br />Kinyras: The Divine Lyre is also available online through the CHS website: <a href="http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/6329" rel="nofollow">http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/6329</a>. The web version, however, does not have page numbers, so that internal cross-references cannot be easily followed. 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class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5330609/J%C4%99zyk_fenicki_brat_bli%C5%BAniak_hebrajskiego_Phoenician_language_twin_brother_of_Hebrew_">Język fenicki – brat bliźniak hebrajskiego [Phoenician language – twin brother of Hebrew]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Phoenician language – twin brother of Hebrew" – Phoenician and hebrew are very similar languages if one compares phonetics, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary. We can conclude that this are not two separate lenguages, but dialects of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5330609" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Phoenician language – twin brother of Hebrew" – <br /> <br />Phoenician and hebrew are very similar languages if one compares phonetics, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary. We can conclude that this are not two separate lenguages, but dialects of former canaanite language, its two parallel developements. Therefore, in studying one of them, comparision with another is very useful. <br /> <br />Keywords: Phoenician language, Hebrew language, Phoenician alphabet, Phoenicia, Byblos, Tyre, Sidon</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5330609" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3d933ddbe2d7becf2a11590eceeb4a19" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77506397,"asset_id":5330609,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77506397/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4215378" href="https://upjp2.academia.edu/MarcinMajewski">Marcin Majewski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4215378" type="text/json">{"id":4215378,"first_name":"Marcin","last_name":"Majewski","domain_name":"upjp2","page_name":"MarcinMajewski","display_name":"Marcin Majewski","profile_url":"https://upjp2.academia.edu/MarcinMajewski?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4215378/1659455/19608357/s65_marcin.majewski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5330609 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5330609"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5330609, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5330609", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_5330609 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5330609; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_5330609"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_5330609 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5330609"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5330609; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5330609]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5330609").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5330609").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5330609"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2063" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Language">Hebrew Language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2063" type="text/json">{"id":2063,"name":"Hebrew Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Language?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3017" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3017" type="text/json">{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17926" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician">Phoenician</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17926" type="text/json">{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32992" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Hebrew_Languages_And_Linguistics_">Biblical Hebrew (Languages And Linguistics)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="32992" type="text/json">{"id":32992,"name":"Biblical Hebrew (Languages And Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Hebrew_Languages_And_Linguistics_?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5330609]'), work: {"id":5330609,"title":"Język fenicki – brat bliźniak hebrajskiego [Phoenician language – twin brother of Hebrew]","created_at":"2013-12-05T06:22:30.324-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5330609/J%C4%99zyk_fenicki_brat_bli%C5%BAniak_hebrajskiego_Phoenician_language_twin_brother_of_Hebrew_?f_ri=17926","dom_id":"work_5330609","summary":"Phoenician language – twin brother of Hebrew\" – \r\n\r\nPhoenician and hebrew are very similar languages if one compares phonetics, morphology, syntax, and vocabulary. We can conclude that this are not two separate lenguages, but dialects of former canaanite language, its two parallel developements. Therefore, in studying one of them, comparision with another is very useful.\r\n \r\nKeywords: Phoenician language, Hebrew language, Phoenician alphabet, Phoenicia, Byblos, Tyre, Sidon","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":77506397,"asset_id":5330609,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4215378,"first_name":"Marcin","last_name":"Majewski","domain_name":"upjp2","page_name":"MarcinMajewski","display_name":"Marcin Majewski","profile_url":"https://upjp2.academia.edu/MarcinMajewski?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4215378/1659455/19608357/s65_marcin.majewski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2063,"name":"Hebrew Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Language?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":32992,"name":"Biblical Hebrew (Languages And Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biblical_Hebrew_Languages_And_Linguistics_?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":100364,"name":"Phoenician Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_Language?f_ri=17926"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40648015" data-work_id="40648015" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40648015/_Material_Culture_and_Ethnic_Identity_in_Hellenistic_Period_Galilee_Kh_el_Eika_as_a_Case_Study_">“Material Culture and Ethnic Identity in Hellenistic-Period Galilee: Kh. el-‘Eika as a Case Study”</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Historical sources regarding Hellenistic-period Galilee are few and ambiguous and do not provide a clear picture about the identity of its population. Rich Hellenistic strata were uncovered at sites on the boarders of Galilee – mainly at... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40648015" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Historical sources regarding Hellenistic-period Galilee are few and ambiguous and do not provide a clear picture about the identity of its population. Rich Hellenistic strata were uncovered at sites on the boarders of Galilee – mainly at Scythopolis in the south and Tel Anafa and Kedesh up north (belonging already to the Phoenician realm). Very little is known, however, about the inner parts of Galilee in this period. While we have ample evidence for a dense Jewish population in the area in the Early Roman period, we do not know if and how it relates to that of the Hellenistic era. This information is imperative for understanding the ethnic and cultural background in which Second Temple period Judaism and early Christianity developed in the Galilee.<br />The Hellenistic Galilee Project was initiated by a team of the Hebrew University, in an attempt to shed light on these questions through an investigation of the material culture and settlement dynamics in the Galilee in the period under discussion. The research includes an excavation of a key site called Khirbet el-‘Eika, in the Eastern Lower Galilee, and a survey of Hellenistic period sites between the Mediterranean coast and the Sea of Galilee. The material culture revealed at Khirbet el-‘Eika points to a population with close ties to the Phoenician coast, most likely gentile. The site came to a sudden end in a dramatic destruction and the rich assemblage of artifacts allowed us to pinpoint this event to ca. 145/4 BCE. Furthermore, newly published excavations, as well as the results of our survey, point to additional Galilean sites that seem to have been abandoned in the mid-2nd century BCE and this hitherto unknown occasion seems to be a wide phenomenon. The paper discusses the political situation, the settlement patterns and the material culture in the Galilee during the Hellenistic period and the transition of the region from a Phoenician-oriented to a Hasmonean-controlled area.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40648015" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12664489" href="https://huji.academia.edu/uzileibner">uzi leibner</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12664489" type="text/json">{"id":12664489,"first_name":"uzi","last_name":"leibner","domain_name":"huji","page_name":"uzileibner","display_name":"uzi leibner","profile_url":"https://huji.academia.edu/uzileibner?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12664489/13524023/14703478/s65_uzi.leibner.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40648015 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40648015"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40648015, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40648015", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40648015 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40648015; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40648015"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40648015 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40648015"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40648015; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40648015]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40648015").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40648015").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40648015"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17926" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician">Phoenician</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17926" type="text/json">{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="31854" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hellenistic_Roman_and_Byzantine_Archaeology_in_the_Land_of_Israel">Hellenistic Roman and Byzantine Archaeology in the Land of Israel</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="31854" type="text/json">{"id":31854,"name":"Hellenistic Roman and Byzantine Archaeology in the Land of Israel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hellenistic_Roman_and_Byzantine_Archaeology_in_the_Land_of_Israel?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="262142" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hasmonaean_period">Hasmonaean period</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="262142" type="text/json">{"id":262142,"name":"Hasmonaean period","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hasmonaean_period?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="354326" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Galilee">Galilee</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="354326" type="text/json">{"id":354326,"name":"Galilee","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Galilee?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40648015]'), work: {"id":40648015,"title":"“Material Culture and Ethnic Identity in Hellenistic-Period Galilee: Kh. el-‘Eika as a Case Study”","created_at":"2019-10-17T01:48:39.765-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40648015/_Material_Culture_and_Ethnic_Identity_in_Hellenistic_Period_Galilee_Kh_el_Eika_as_a_Case_Study_?f_ri=17926","dom_id":"work_40648015","summary":"Historical sources regarding Hellenistic-period Galilee are few and ambiguous and do not provide a clear picture about the identity of its population. Rich Hellenistic strata were uncovered at sites on the boarders of Galilee – mainly at Scythopolis in the south and Tel Anafa and Kedesh up north (belonging already to the Phoenician realm). Very little is known, however, about the inner parts of Galilee in this period. While we have ample evidence for a dense Jewish population in the area in the Early Roman period, we do not know if and how it relates to that of the Hellenistic era. This information is imperative for understanding the ethnic and cultural background in which Second Temple period Judaism and early Christianity developed in the Galilee.\nThe Hellenistic Galilee Project was initiated by a team of the Hebrew University, in an attempt to shed light on these questions through an investigation of the material culture and settlement dynamics in the Galilee in the period under discussion. The research includes an excavation of a key site called Khirbet el-‘Eika, in the Eastern Lower Galilee, and a survey of Hellenistic period sites between the Mediterranean coast and the Sea of Galilee. The material culture revealed at Khirbet el-‘Eika points to a population with close ties to the Phoenician coast, most likely gentile. The site came to a sudden end in a dramatic destruction and the rich assemblage of artifacts allowed us to pinpoint this event to ca. 145/4 BCE. Furthermore, newly published excavations, as well as the results of our survey, point to additional Galilean sites that seem to have been abandoned in the mid-2nd century BCE and this hitherto unknown occasion seems to be a wide phenomenon. The paper discusses the political situation, the settlement patterns and the material culture in the Galilee during the Hellenistic period and the transition of the region from a Phoenician-oriented to a Hasmonean-controlled area.\n","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12664489,"first_name":"uzi","last_name":"leibner","domain_name":"huji","page_name":"uzileibner","display_name":"uzi leibner","profile_url":"https://huji.academia.edu/uzileibner?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12664489/13524023/14703478/s65_uzi.leibner.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":31854,"name":"Hellenistic Roman and Byzantine Archaeology in the Land of Israel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hellenistic_Roman_and_Byzantine_Archaeology_in_the_Land_of_Israel?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":262142,"name":"Hasmonaean period","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hasmonaean_period?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":354326,"name":"Galilee","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Galilee?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7500283" data-work_id="7500283" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7500283/Tofets_y_sacrificio_infantil_en_el_mundo_fenicio">Tofets y sacrificio infantil en el mundo fenicio</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7500283" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="78027d2c8e94d59037dd5655c87a1ec7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34069600,"asset_id":7500283,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34069600/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3710175" href="https://ugr.academia.edu/GemaNegrilloPerez">Gema N E G R I L L O Pérez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3710175" type="text/json">{"id":3710175,"first_name":"Gema","last_name":"Pérez","domain_name":"ugr","page_name":"GemaNegrilloPerez","display_name":"Gema N E G R I L L O Pérez","profile_url":"https://ugr.academia.edu/GemaNegrilloPerez?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3710175/1325002/4396767/s65_gema.p_rez.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7500283 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7500283"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7500283, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7500283", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7500283]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7500283").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7500283").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7500283"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8570" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_sacrifice_Anthropology_Of_Religion_">Human sacrifice (Anthropology Of Religion)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8570" type="text/json">{"id":8570,"name":"Human sacrifice (Anthropology Of Religion)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_sacrifice_Anthropology_Of_Religion_?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9836" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_Childhood">Archaeology of Childhood</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9836" type="text/json">{"id":9836,"name":"Archaeology of Childhood","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_Childhood?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17926" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician">Phoenician</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17926" type="text/json">{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="42197" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iron_Age">Iron Age</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="42197" type="text/json">{"id":42197,"name":"Iron Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iron_Age?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7500283]'), work: {"id":7500283,"title":"Tofets y sacrificio infantil en el mundo fenicio","created_at":"2014-06-29T17:59:49.264-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7500283/Tofets_y_sacrificio_infantil_en_el_mundo_fenicio?f_ri=17926","dom_id":"work_7500283","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34069600,"asset_id":7500283,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3710175,"first_name":"Gema","last_name":"Pérez","domain_name":"ugr","page_name":"GemaNegrilloPerez","display_name":"Gema N E G R I L L O Pérez","profile_url":"https://ugr.academia.edu/GemaNegrilloPerez?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3710175/1325002/4396767/s65_gema.p_rez.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8570,"name":"Human sacrifice (Anthropology Of Religion)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_sacrifice_Anthropology_Of_Religion_?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":9836,"name":"Archaeology of Childhood","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_Childhood?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":42197,"name":"Iron Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iron_Age?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40155572" data-work_id="40155572" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40155572/Writing_and_Society_in_Ancient_Cyprus">Writing and Society in Ancient Cyprus</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">From its first adoption of writing at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age, ancient Cyprus was home to distinctive scripts and writing habits, often setting it apart from other areas of the Mediterranean and Near East. This... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40155572" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">From its first adoption of writing at the beginning of the Late Bronze Age, ancient Cyprus was home to distinctive scripts and writing habits, often setting it apart from other areas of the Mediterranean and Near East. This well-illustrated volume is the first to explore the development and importance of Cypriot writing over a period of more than 1,500 years in the second and first millennia BC. Five themed chapters deal with issues ranging from the acquisition of literacy and the adaptation of new writing systems to the visibility of writing and its role in the marking of identities. The agency of Cypriots in shaping the island's literate landscape is given prominence, and an extended consideration of the social context of writing leads to new insights on Cypriot scripts and their users. Cyprus provides a stimulating case to demonstrate the importance of contextualised approaches to the development of writing systems.<br /><br />Chapter 1 available with open access here: <a href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284465" rel="nofollow">https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284465</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40155572" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3b7faf58fbb72ec9d0eb8988b1e6c309" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60374796,"asset_id":40155572,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60374796/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMiw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1288785" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/PippaSteele">Pippa Steele</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1288785" type="text/json">{"id":1288785,"first_name":"Pippa","last_name":"Steele","domain_name":"cambridge","page_name":"PippaSteele","display_name":"Pippa Steele","profile_url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/PippaSteele?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1288785/473675/19707609/s65_pippa.steele.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40155572 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40155572"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40155572, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40155572", }); 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This well-illustrated volume is the first to explore the development and importance of Cypriot writing over a period of more than 1,500 years in the second and first millennia BC. Five themed chapters deal with issues ranging from the acquisition of literacy and the adaptation of new writing systems to the visibility of writing and its role in the marking of identities. The agency of Cypriots in shaping the island's literate landscape is given prominence, and an extended consideration of the social context of writing leads to new insights on Cypriot scripts and their users. Cyprus provides a stimulating case to demonstrate the importance of contextualised approaches to the development of writing systems.\n\nChapter 1 available with open access here: https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284465","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60374796,"asset_id":40155572,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1288785,"first_name":"Pippa","last_name":"Steele","domain_name":"cambridge","page_name":"PippaSteele","display_name":"Pippa Steele","profile_url":"https://cambridge.academia.edu/PippaSteele?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1288785/473675/19707609/s65_pippa.steele.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":816,"name":"Classics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classics?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":2062,"name":"Greek Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek_Language?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":2548,"name":"Writing Systems \u0026 Decipherment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Writing_Systems_and_Decipherment?f_ri=17926"},{"id":3789,"name":"Cypriot Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cypriot_Archaeology?f_ri=17926"},{"id":4054,"name":"Cyprus Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyprus_Studies?f_ri=17926"},{"id":10249,"name":"Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Writing?f_ri=17926"},{"id":12523,"name":"Bronze Age Europe (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bronze_Age_Europe_Archaeology_?f_ri=17926"},{"id":16321,"name":"Writing Systems (Languages And Linguistics)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Writing_Systems_Languages_And_Linguistics_?f_ri=17926"},{"id":16978,"name":"History of Cyprus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Cyprus?f_ri=17926"},{"id":17406,"name":"Cyprus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyprus?f_ri=17926"},{"id":17618,"name":"Greek Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek_Archaeology?f_ri=17926"},{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926"},{"id":17936,"name":"Ancient Near East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Near_East?f_ri=17926"},{"id":23358,"name":"Cypriot Bronze Age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cypriot_Bronze_Age?f_ri=17926"},{"id":25758,"name":"Writing systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Writing_systems?f_ri=17926"},{"id":86109,"name":"Cyprus and the East Mediterranean","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyprus_and_the_East_Mediterranean?f_ri=17926"},{"id":88760,"name":"Classics: Ancient History and Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classics_Ancient_History_and_Archaeology?f_ri=17926"},{"id":1481161,"name":"Classics and Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classics_and_Ancient_History?f_ri=17926"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15231939" data-work_id="15231939" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15231939/Dont_Push_this_Button_Phoenician_Sarcophagi_Atomic_Priesthoods_and_Nuclear_Waste_Vetenskapssocieteten_i_Lund_%C3%85rsbok_2015_">Don't Push this Button: Phoenician Sarcophagi, "Atomic Priesthoods" and Nuclear Waste (Vetenskapssocieteten i Lund Årsbok 2015)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15231939" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bae08a57b65069f1b9c0bee991410412" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38591900,"asset_id":15231939,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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work_38227308 coauthored" data-work_id="38227308" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38227308/Inscriptions_ph%C3%A9niciennes_in%C3%A9dites_ou_peu_connues_dans_la_collection_de_la_Direction_G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_des_Antiquit%C3%A9s_du_Liban_BAAL_Hors_S%C3%A9rie_XV_">Inscriptions phéniciennes inédites ou peu connues dans la collection de la Direction Générale des Antiquités du Liban (BAAL, Hors-Série XV)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Dans ce volume sont publiées les inscriptions phéniciennes inédites appartenant à la collection de la Direction Générale des Antiquités du Liban (DGA), retrouvées et identifiées au cours des travaux d’une mission épigraphique... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38227308" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Dans ce volume sont publiées les inscriptions phéniciennes inédites appartenant à la collection de la Direction Générale des Antiquités du Liban (DGA), retrouvées et identifiées au cours des travaux d’une mission épigraphique internationale, composée de chercheurs libanais, italiens et espagnols.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38227308" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a 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type="text/json">{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3292" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigraphy_Archaeology_">Epigraphy (Archaeology)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3292" type="text/json">{"id":3292,"name":"Epigraphy (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigraphy_Archaeology_?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38227308]'), work: {"id":38227308,"title":"Inscriptions phéniciennes inédites ou peu connues dans la collection de la Direction Générale des Antiquités du Liban (BAAL, Hors-Série 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arguments regarding the relationship between the Proto Semitic / Sinaitic/ Canaanite inscriptions and Paleo Hebrew. It looks at the film of Timothy Mahoney with a disputation between such... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38593433" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper is a short review of some of the arguments regarding the relationship between the Proto Semitic / Sinaitic/ Canaanite inscriptions and Paleo Hebrew. It looks at the film of Timothy Mahoney with a disputation between such scholars as Orly Goldwasser and Christopher Rollston and David Rohl and Petrovitch around the studies of Joseph Naveh. Naveh notes that in the tenth century BC Paleo Hebrew, Aramaic and Phoenician were indistinguishable, leaving the door open for a bridge between Proto sinaitic and Paleo Hebrew.  The genius of the alphabet was needed in oder for the Torah to be written. Spome scholars argue that the Proto Sinaitic inscriptions are in fact the earliest form of Hebrew. Rohl sughgest it was designed by Joseph whilst he was in Egypt because of the coincidence between the first inscriptions and Josephs's period in Egypt.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38593433" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="aef57e46bdb90a8cd69cc3c289a0883b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58668017,"asset_id":38593433,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58668017/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27345227" href="https://huji.academia.edu/AntonyHylton">Antony M I C H A E L Hylton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27345227" type="text/json">{"id":27345227,"first_name":"Antony","last_name":"Hylton","domain_name":"huji","page_name":"AntonyHylton","display_name":"Antony M I C H A E L Hylton","profile_url":"https://huji.academia.edu/AntonyHylton?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/27345227/8434994/66552063/s65_antony.hylton.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38593433 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38593433"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38593433, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38593433", }); 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Marine et navigations phéniciennes","created_at":"2011-09-13T02:08:29.092-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/911529/2007_Marine_et_navigations_ph%C3%A9niciennes?f_ri=17926","dom_id":"work_911529","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":32745621,"asset_id":911529,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":731353,"first_name":"Caroline","last_name":"Sauvage","domain_name":"lmu","page_name":"CarolineSauvage","display_name":"Caroline Sauvage","profile_url":"https://lmu.academia.edu/CarolineSauvage?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/731353/249922/295364/s65_caroline.sauvage.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":214592,"name":"Merchant Shipping/Maritime Economics/shipbuilding/Mediterranean/Shipowners/Maritime Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Merchant_Shipping_Maritime_Economics_shipbuilding_Mediterranean_Shipowners_Maritime_Trade?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":243291,"name":"Ancient Maritime Trade Routes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Maritime_Trade_Routes?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":322097,"name":"Phoenician trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_trade?f_ri=17926"},{"id":563203,"name":"Maritime trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maritime_trade?f_ri=17926"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1502804" data-work_id="1502804" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1502804/The_Phoenician_Data_Bank_The_International_Project_Corpus_Inscriptionum_Phoenicarum_necnon_Poenicarum">The Phoenician Data Bank: The International Project Corpus Inscriptionum Phoenicarum necnon Poenicarum</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">According to generally accepted estimates, the corpus of Phoenician-Punic inscriptions comprises about 10,000 inscriptions from all the countries of the Mediterranean region. The sheer quantity and scattered nature of the documents,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1502804" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">According to generally accepted estimates, the corpus of Phoenician-Punic inscriptions comprises about 10,000 inscriptions from all the countries of the Mediterranean region. The sheer quantity and scattered nature of the documents, spread over a very wide span of time, have severely affected research and caused considerable difficulties in the knowledge, availability and use of these sources. In order to tackle these problems and to try to resolve them, by making Phoenician texts –presented with rigorous and uniform criteria – available to the academic community, the project called CIP (Corpus Inscriptionum Phoenicarum necnon Punicarum, also known as the PhDB or Phoenician Data Base) came into being. For the first time, this project produce a collection and a critical edition of all the Phoenician and Punic epigraphic documents in the form of a data bank; also include all the available information on every Phoenician epigraphic document considered of interest for correctly understanding them. It presents the relevant data in an ordered and programmatic form, together with graphic and photographic material. The project in question, born from an Italian initiative (CNR) that early on made use of collaboration with a Spanish team (CSIC) is directed by Paolo Xella and co-directed by José-Ángel Zamora. The aim of this article is to document the progress of the project, explaining its objectives and illustrating the criteria underlying the work completed so far [as of 2007].</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1502804" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="139781399aad10a5009e187beda7c6d0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":11924992,"asset_id":1502804,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/11924992/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="381865" href="https://csic.academia.edu/JoseAngelZAMORA">José Ángel ZAMORA</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="381865" type="text/json">{"id":381865,"first_name":"José Ángel","last_name":"ZAMORA","domain_name":"csic","page_name":"JoseAngelZAMORA","display_name":"José Ángel ZAMORA","profile_url":"https://csic.academia.edu/JoseAngelZAMORA?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/381865/118618/61322794/s65_jos_ngel.zamora.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1502804 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1502804"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1502804, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1502804", }); 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The sheer quantity and scattered nature of the documents, spread over a very wide span of time, have severely affected research and caused considerable difficulties in the knowledge, availability and use of these sources. In order to tackle these problems and to try to resolve them, by making Phoenician texts –presented with rigorous and uniform criteria – available to the academic community, the project called CIP (Corpus Inscriptionum Phoenicarum necnon Punicarum, also known as the PhDB or Phoenician Data Base) came into being. For the first time, this project produce a collection and a critical edition of all the Phoenician and Punic epigraphic documents in the form of a data bank; also include all the available information on every Phoenician epigraphic document considered of interest for correctly understanding them. It presents the relevant data in an ordered and programmatic form, together with graphic and photographic material. The project in question, born from an Italian initiative (CNR) that early on made use of collaboration with a Spanish team (CSIC) is directed by Paolo Xella and co-directed by José-Ángel Zamora. The aim of this article is to document the progress of the project, explaining its objectives and illustrating the criteria underlying the work completed so far [as of 2007].","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":11924992,"asset_id":1502804,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":381865,"first_name":"José Ángel","last_name":"ZAMORA","domain_name":"csic","page_name":"JoseAngelZAMORA","display_name":"José Ángel ZAMORA","profile_url":"https://csic.academia.edu/JoseAngelZAMORA?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/381865/118618/61322794/s65_jos_ngel.zamora.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":3292,"name":"Epigraphy (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigraphy_Archaeology_?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":23100,"name":"Northwest Semitic Epigraphy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Northwest_Semitic_Epigraphy?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":33080,"name":"Phoenician Punic Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_Punic_Archaeology?f_ri=17926"},{"id":77370,"name":"North-West Semitic Epigraphy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North-West_Semitic_Epigraphy?f_ri=17926"},{"id":100364,"name":"Phoenician Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_Language?f_ri=17926"},{"id":100367,"name":"New Technologies in Social \u0026 Human Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Technologies_in_Social_and_Human_Sciences?f_ri=17926"},{"id":100369,"name":"Phoenician \u0026 Punic 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type="text/json">{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3290" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanism_Archaeology_">Urbanism (Archaeology)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3290" type="text/json">{"id":3290,"name":"Urbanism (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanism_Archaeology_?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17926" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician">Phoenician</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17926" type="text/json">{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="33080" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_Punic_Archaeology">Phoenician Punic Archaeology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="33080" type="text/json">{"id":33080,"name":"Phoenician Punic Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_Punic_Archaeology?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10239423]'), work: {"id":10239423,"title":"ARQUITECTURA URBANA Y ESPACIO DOMÉSTICO EN LA CIUDAD PÚNICA DE IBIZA","created_at":"2015-01-20T00:06:11.791-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10239423/ARQUITECTURA_URBANA_Y_ESPACIO_DOM%C3%89STICO_EN_LA_CIUDAD_P%C3%9ANICA_DE_IBIZA?f_ri=17926","dom_id":"work_10239423","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36331280,"asset_id":10239423,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1071801,"first_name":"Joan","last_name":"Ramon","domain_name":"ub","page_name":"JoanRamon","display_name":"Joan Ramon","profile_url":"https://ub.academia.edu/JoanRamon?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1071801/370865/449384/s65_joan.ramon.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":3290,"name":"Urbanism (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanism_Archaeology_?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":33080,"name":"Phoenician Punic Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_Punic_Archaeology?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":51627,"name":"Arqueología De La Arquitectura","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arqueolog%C3%ADa_De_La_Arquitectura?f_ri=17926"},{"id":66986,"name":"archaeology of Sardinia in phoenician age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/archaeology_of_Sardinia_in_phoenician_age?f_ri=17926"},{"id":86804,"name":"Phoenician Punic Sicily","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_Punic_Sicily?f_ri=17926"},{"id":99287,"name":"Ancient Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Architecture?f_ri=17926"},{"id":100392,"name":"Phoenician and Punic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_and_Punic_Studies?f_ri=17926"},{"id":126616,"name":"Archeologia Fenicio-Punica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archeologia_Fenicio-Punica?f_ri=17926"},{"id":230868,"name":"Monde Punique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Monde_Punique?f_ri=17926"},{"id":253187,"name":"Carthage, Punic Pottery, Mediterranean archaeology, Phoenician Punic Archaeology, Punic world and Punic Archaeology, Phoenician and Punic Studies, archaeology of Sardinia in phoenician age","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carthage_Punic_Pottery_Mediterranean_archaeology_Phoenician_Punic_Archaeology_Punic_world_and_Pu?f_ri=17926"},{"id":264600,"name":"Fenicio Punico","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fenicio_Punico?f_ri=17926"},{"id":368805,"name":"Punic Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Punic_Archaeology?f_ri=17926"},{"id":623220,"name":"Histoire et archéologie de Carthage, céramique punique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Histoire_et_archeologie_de_Carthage_ceramique_punique?f_ri=17926"},{"id":904469,"name":"Archéologie Phénico-punique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archeologie_Phenico-punique?f_ri=17926"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_380122" data-work_id="380122" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/380122/Phanebalos_and_the_Evidence_for_the_Cult_of_Goddess_Tanit_in_Eretz_Israel_in_Hebrew_">Phanebalos and the Evidence for the Cult of Goddess Tanit in Eretz-Israel (in Hebrew)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In recent years it has become evident that the origin of the great Punic goddess Tanit is in Phoenicia. Her cult is attested in Palestine from the Persian to the Late Roman periods. Related finds have been discovered mainly, but not only,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_380122" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In recent years it has become evident that the origin of the great Punic goddess Tanit is in Phoenicia. Her cult is attested in Palestine from the Persian to the Late Roman periods. Related finds have been discovered mainly, but not only, at the sites of coastal cities belonging to the Phoenician cultural sphere. Remarkable evidence for the cult of Tanit might be recognized in the enigmatic deity Phanebalos who appears on the coinage of Ascalon from the reign of Augustus to the closing of the city’s mint in the time of Maximinus. Many attempts have been made to identify this Ascalonian deity; the main obstacle seems to be a difficulty in establishing its sex. On certain coins Phanebalos<br />appears as a male, while on other types a definitely female figure is depicted. <br />It is possible that Phanebalos is not one god, but a pair of deities, male and female, probably a local interpretation and development of the Phoenician-<br />Punic Tanit and Ba‘al Haman.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/380122" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bbd4c67279f602a2ab1b374a8888e342" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30843435,"asset_id":380122,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30843435/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="289670" href="https://huji.academia.edu/MichaelShenkar">Michael Shenkar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="289670" type="text/json">{"id":289670,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Shenkar","domain_name":"huji","page_name":"MichaelShenkar","display_name":"Michael Shenkar","profile_url":"https://huji.academia.edu/MichaelShenkar?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/289670/58745/2847231/s65_michael.shenkar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_380122 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="380122"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 380122, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_380122", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_380122 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 380122; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_380122"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_380122 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="380122"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 380122; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=380122]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_380122").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_380122").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="380122"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3017" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3017" type="text/json">{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3786" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_Ancient_Israel">Archaeology of Ancient Israel</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3786" type="text/json">{"id":3786,"name":"Archaeology of Ancient Israel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_Ancient_Israel?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7282" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numismatics">Numismatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7282" type="text/json">{"id":7282,"name":"Numismatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numismatics?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17926" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician">Phoenician</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17926" type="text/json">{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=380122]'), work: {"id":380122,"title":"Phanebalos and the Evidence for the Cult of Goddess Tanit in Eretz-Israel (in Hebrew)","created_at":"2010-11-30T06:52:11.089-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/380122/Phanebalos_and_the_Evidence_for_the_Cult_of_Goddess_Tanit_in_Eretz_Israel_in_Hebrew_?f_ri=17926","dom_id":"work_380122","summary":"In recent years it has become evident that the origin of the great Punic goddess Tanit is in Phoenicia. Her cult is attested in Palestine from the Persian to the Late Roman periods. Related finds have been discovered mainly, but not only, at the sites of coastal cities belonging to the Phoenician cultural sphere. Remarkable evidence for the cult of Tanit might be recognized in the enigmatic deity Phanebalos who appears on the coinage of Ascalon from the reign of Augustus to the closing of the city’s mint in the time of Maximinus. Many attempts have been made to identify this Ascalonian deity; the main obstacle seems to be a difficulty in establishing its sex. On certain coins Phanebalos\nappears as a male, while on other types a definitely female figure is depicted. \nIt is possible that Phanebalos is not one god, but a pair of deities, male and female, probably a local interpretation and development of the Phoenician-\nPunic Tanit and Ba‘al Haman.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30843435,"asset_id":380122,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":289670,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Shenkar","domain_name":"huji","page_name":"MichaelShenkar","display_name":"Michael Shenkar","profile_url":"https://huji.academia.edu/MichaelShenkar?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/289670/58745/2847231/s65_michael.shenkar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":3786,"name":"Archaeology of Ancient Israel","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_Ancient_Israel?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":7282,"name":"Numismatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numismatics?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":17987,"name":"Ancient numismatics (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_numismatics_Archaeology_?f_ri=17926"},{"id":23135,"name":"Carthage (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carthage_Archaeology_?f_ri=17926"},{"id":28478,"name":"Roman numismatics and archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_numismatics_and_archaeology?f_ri=17926"},{"id":29392,"name":"Ancient Roman Numismatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Roman_Numismatics?f_ri=17926"},{"id":33080,"name":"Phoenician Punic Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_Punic_Archaeology?f_ri=17926"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15627269 coauthored" data-work_id="15627269" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15627269/Waliszewski_T_Wicenciak_U_CHHIM_A_ROMAN_AND_LATE_ANTIQUE_VILLAGE_IN_THE_SIDON_HINTERLAND">Waliszewski T., Wicenciak U., CHHIM. A ROMAN AND LATE ANTIQUE VILLAGE IN THE SIDON HINTERLAND</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The ruins of the ancient village of Chhim, located in the mountains near Sidon, constitute an exceptional case of a well-preserved rural archaeological site in Lebanon. Chhim has been researched in depth thanks to recent excavations. The... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_15627269" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The ruins of the ancient village of Chhim, located in the mountains near Sidon, constitute an exceptional case of a well-preserved rural archaeological site in Lebanon. Chhim has been researched in depth thanks to recent excavations. The sanctuary from the Roman period, the Christian basilica, residential buildings, and numerous oil presses provide an account of a settlement whose livelihood was based on agriculture and animal husbandry—all while remaining in close contact with other coastal Mediterranean settlements. The relatively high and stable level of prosperity of Chhim’s inhabitants contrasted with technological stagnation and the retention of traditional building techniques—both characteristic of the mountainous regions of ancient Phoenicia.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15627269" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dde1093f0849e7c71db59581329f88af" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40815347,"asset_id":15627269,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40815347/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="568442" href="https://uw.academia.edu/UrszulaWicenciak">Urszula Wicenciak</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="568442" type="text/json">{"id":568442,"first_name":"Urszula","last_name":"Wicenciak","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"UrszulaWicenciak","display_name":"Urszula Wicenciak","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/UrszulaWicenciak?f_ri=17926","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-15627269">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-15627269"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uw.academia.edu/TheJointExpeditiontoChhimandJiyehLebanonPolishLebaneseMission">The Joint Expedition to Chhim and Jiyeh, Lebanon. Polish-Lebanese Mission</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-15627269'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-15627269').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15627269 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15627269"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15627269, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15627269", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_15627269 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15627269; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_15627269"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_15627269 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="15627269"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 15627269; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15627269]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15627269").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15627269").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15627269"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">30</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="397" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Near_Eastern_Archaeology">Near Eastern Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="397" type="text/json">{"id":397,"name":"Near Eastern Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Near_Eastern_Archaeology?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3017" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3017" type="text/json">{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3787" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Levantine_Archaeology">Levantine Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3787" type="text/json">{"id":3787,"name":"Levantine Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Levantine_Archaeology?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6736" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lebanon">Lebanon</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6736" type="text/json">{"id":6736,"name":"Lebanon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lebanon?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15627269]'), work: {"id":15627269,"title":"Waliszewski T., Wicenciak U., CHHIM. A ROMAN AND LATE ANTIQUE VILLAGE IN THE SIDON HINTERLAND","created_at":"2015-09-12T07:46:33.219-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15627269/Waliszewski_T_Wicenciak_U_CHHIM_A_ROMAN_AND_LATE_ANTIQUE_VILLAGE_IN_THE_SIDON_HINTERLAND?f_ri=17926","dom_id":"work_15627269","summary":"The ruins of the ancient village of Chhim, located in the mountains near Sidon, constitute an exceptional case of a well-preserved rural archaeological site in Lebanon. Chhim has been researched in depth thanks to recent excavations. The sanctuary from the Roman period, the Christian basilica, residential buildings, and numerous oil presses provide an account of a settlement whose livelihood was based on agriculture and animal husbandry—all while remaining in close contact with other coastal Mediterranean settlements. The relatively high and stable level of prosperity of Chhim’s inhabitants contrasted with technological stagnation and the retention of traditional building techniques—both characteristic of the mountainous regions of ancient Phoenicia.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40815347,"asset_id":15627269,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":568442,"first_name":"Urszula","last_name":"Wicenciak","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"UrszulaWicenciak","display_name":"Urszula Wicenciak","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/UrszulaWicenciak?f_ri=17926","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":4612457,"first_name":"The Joint Expedition to Chhim and Jiyeh, Lebanon.","last_name":"Polish-Lebanese Mission","domain_name":"uw","page_name":"TheJointExpeditiontoChhimandJiyehLebanonPolishLebaneseMission","display_name":"The Joint Expedition to Chhim and Jiyeh, Lebanon. Polish-Lebanese Mission","profile_url":"https://uw.academia.edu/TheJointExpeditiontoChhimandJiyehLebanonPolishLebaneseMission?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4612457/3213682/19210365/s65_the_joint_expedition_to_chhim_and_jiyeh_lebanon..polish-lebanese_mission.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":397,"name":"Near Eastern Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Near_Eastern_Archaeology?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":3787,"name":"Levantine Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Levantine_Archaeology?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":6736,"name":"Lebanon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lebanon?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":8324,"name":"Ancient economies (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_economies_Archaeology_?f_ri=17926"},{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926"},{"id":23572,"name":"Olive Oil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Olive_Oil?f_ri=17926"},{"id":26304,"name":"Late Roman Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Roman_Archaeology?f_ri=17926"},{"id":28337,"name":"Terra Sigillata","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terra_Sigillata?f_ri=17926"},{"id":29029,"name":"Late Roman Pottery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Roman_Pottery?f_ri=17926"},{"id":32014,"name":"Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Trade?f_ri=17926"},{"id":32780,"name":"Mediterranean archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediterranean_archaeology?f_ri=17926"},{"id":35546,"name":"Roman Temples","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Temples?f_ri=17926"},{"id":39166,"name":"Ancient economy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_economy?f_ri=17926"},{"id":55673,"name":"Amphorae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amphorae?f_ri=17926"},{"id":68902,"name":"Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Palestine (History and Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lebanon_Syria_Israel_and_Palestine_History_and_Archaeology_?f_ri=17926"},{"id":70274,"name":"Olive and Olive Oil Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Olive_and_Olive_Oil_Technology?f_ri=17926"},{"id":78489,"name":"Roman Common Ware","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Common_Ware?f_ri=17926"},{"id":94270,"name":"Wine and Olive Oil Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wine_and_Olive_Oil_Production?f_ri=17926"},{"id":94270,"name":"Wine and Olive Oil Production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wine_and_Olive_Oil_Production?f_ri=17926"},{"id":98823,"name":"Roman Architecture and Urbanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Architecture_and_Urbanism?f_ri=17926"},{"id":99285,"name":"Roman Architecture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Architecture?f_ri=17926"},{"id":143392,"name":"Ancient Roman economy, trade and commerce","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Roman_economy_trade_and_commerce?f_ri=17926"},{"id":182843,"name":"Sidon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sidon?f_ri=17926"},{"id":293688,"name":"Archaeology of the Levant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_the_Levant?f_ri=17926"},{"id":418077,"name":"Sidon Archeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sidon_Archeology?f_ri=17926"},{"id":539894,"name":"Roman kitchen pottery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_kitchen_pottery?f_ri=17926"},{"id":634974,"name":"Roman Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Archaeology?f_ri=17926"},{"id":988384,"name":"Southern Lebanon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southern_Lebanon?f_ri=17926"},{"id":1598593,"name":"Antic Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antic_Technology?f_ri=17926"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_434376" data-work_id="434376" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/434376/Breve_nota_su_alcuni_scarabei_conservati_al_Museo_di_Grosseto">Breve nota su alcuni scarabei conservati al Museo di Grosseto.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Short contribution presenting some unpublished etruscan scarabs in the Museum of Grosseto.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/434376" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a9815d1a91a3f078f408bc4221b8a1c1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31515799,"asset_id":434376,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31515799/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="205330" href="https://unimi.academia.edu/EnricoGiovanelli">Enrico Giovanelli</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="205330" type="text/json">{"id":205330,"first_name":"Enrico","last_name":"Giovanelli","domain_name":"unimi","page_name":"EnricoGiovanelli","display_name":"Enrico Giovanelli","profile_url":"https://unimi.academia.edu/EnricoGiovanelli?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/205330/47966/159602460/s65_enrico.giovanelli.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_434376 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="434376"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 434376, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_434376", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_434376 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 434376; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_434376"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_434376 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="434376"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 434376; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=434376]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_434376").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_434376").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="434376"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="392" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology">Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="392" type="text/json">{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="869" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iconography">Iconography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="869" type="text/json">{"id":869,"name":"Iconography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iconography?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16859" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_pre-Roman_Italy">Archaeology of pre-Roman Italy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="16859" type="text/json">{"id":16859,"name":"Archaeology of pre-Roman Italy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_pre-Roman_Italy?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17926" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician">Phoenician</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17926" type="text/json">{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=434376]'), work: {"id":434376,"title":"Breve nota su alcuni scarabei conservati al Museo di Grosseto.","created_at":"2011-02-08T01:06:41.004-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/434376/Breve_nota_su_alcuni_scarabei_conservati_al_Museo_di_Grosseto?f_ri=17926","dom_id":"work_434376","summary":"Short contribution presenting some unpublished etruscan scarabs in the Museum of Grosseto.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31515799,"asset_id":434376,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":205330,"first_name":"Enrico","last_name":"Giovanelli","domain_name":"unimi","page_name":"EnricoGiovanelli","display_name":"Enrico Giovanelli","profile_url":"https://unimi.academia.edu/EnricoGiovanelli?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/205330/47966/159602460/s65_enrico.giovanelli.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":869,"name":"Iconography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iconography?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":16859,"name":"Archaeology of pre-Roman Italy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_pre-Roman_Italy?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":30744,"name":"Etruscan Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Etruscan_Archaeology?f_ri=17926"},{"id":38438,"name":"Glyptics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glyptics?f_ri=17926"},{"id":45599,"name":"Amber","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Amber?f_ri=17926"},{"id":49225,"name":"Engraved gems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engraved_gems?f_ri=17926"},{"id":50074,"name":"Ancient Seals and Sealings","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Seals_and_Sealings?f_ri=17926"},{"id":52078,"name":"Etruscology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Etruscology?f_ri=17926"},{"id":106362,"name":"Gems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gems?f_ri=17926"},{"id":218529,"name":"Collection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collection?f_ri=17926"},{"id":368805,"name":"Punic Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Punic_Archaeology?f_ri=17926"},{"id":966714,"name":"Pierres Gravées","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pierres_Gravees?f_ri=17926"},{"id":973303,"name":"Scarabs Seals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Scarabs_Seals?f_ri=17926"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38297278" data-work_id="38297278" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38297278/The_Woman_with_Spindles_in_the_Luwian_Phoenician_Inscriptions_from_Karatepe">The Woman with Spindles in the Luwian-Phoenician Inscriptions from Karatepe</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Karatepe inscriptions contain an intriguing image of a woman walking fearlessly with spindles. This image builds on the symbolism of the spindle in the ancient Near East as an emblem of femininity and highlights the gendered language... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38297278" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Karatepe inscriptions contain an intriguing image of a woman walking fearlessly with spindles. This image builds on the symbolism of the spindle in the ancient Near East as an emblem of femininity and highlights the gendered language of the passage in which it occurs. In the context, the figure of the woman with spindles is contraposed with the image of the fearful man. The contrast between them portrays the magnitude of the positive changes accomplished by Azitawada, the ruler who commissioned the inscriptions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38297278" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="77408da27046cabd572e0fa45ea60f47" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58344586,"asset_id":38297278,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58344586/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="87030" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/KrzysztofJBaranowski">Krzysztof J. 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Economía, conflictos e identidad en los inicios de la colonización fenicia de la península Ibérica (Thesis)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The main purpose of this dissertation is to describe the economic aspects at the beginning of the Phoenician colonization across the Iberian Peninsula. These mercantile characteristics are connected with the primary sector and include... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21072304" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The main purpose of this dissertation is to describe the economic aspects at the beginning of the Phoenician colonization across the Iberian Peninsula. These mercantile characteristics are connected with the primary sector and include agriculture, cattle or fishing, among others. Equally, this starting point is useful to investigate the nature of the relationship between settlers and the indigenous communitiesin Southern Iberia, which would finally end up being called Tartessos. In order to fulfil the goal, I check the original ancient documents about this subject and, at the same time, I evaluate the archaeological remains that prove the Phoenician presence in the Iberian Peninsula, as well as the native lands in the eastern Mediterranean. First of all, we must attempt to investigate the situation that was taking place in the Phoenician's mother-cities. This should inform us about the daily circumstances in the metropolis, why Phoenician people decided to leave their homes and where they went. This is an important point because the original conditions that led to a colonial movement are crucial for understanding the subsequent practices in distant places. After studying the basic condition, I carry out a meaningful research about the core elements that have influenced the colonization process. In addition to this, we try to understand the mechanisms beneath those primary settlement patterns. Without doubt, a deep analysis of the marine environment (such as winds, oceanic currents or ships) is crucial to understanding the nature of the Phoenician's routes across the Mediterranean Sea. Likewise, I have deepened into the features and characteristics of the Phoeniciansocial classes focused on commerce and trading. Knowing which kind of people took part at the beginning of this unpredictable colonial process has made my work even more meaningful. This section of the research has been extremely useful to trace this complex historical process. The study of the religious mechanisms that were implemented by the Tyre authorities in order to</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21072304" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="95c3f40799135f8093a7ab443087691d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41701422,"asset_id":21072304,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41701422/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="243025" href="https://uned.academia.edu/SergioRemediosS%C3%A1nchez">Sergio Remedios Sánchez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="243025" type="text/json">{"id":243025,"first_name":"Sergio","last_name":"Remedios Sánchez","domain_name":"uned","page_name":"SergioRemediosSánchez","display_name":"Sergio Remedios Sánchez","profile_url":"https://uned.academia.edu/SergioRemediosS%C3%A1nchez?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/243025/97365/35799627/s65_sergio.remedios_s_nchez.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21072304 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21072304"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21072304, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21072304", }); 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In order to fulfil the goal, I check the original ancient documents about this subject and, at the same time, I evaluate the archaeological remains that prove the Phoenician presence in the Iberian Peninsula, as well as the native lands in the eastern Mediterranean. First of all, we must attempt to investigate the situation that was taking place in the Phoenician's mother-cities. This should inform us about the daily circumstances in the metropolis, why Phoenician people decided to leave their homes and where they went. This is an important point because the original conditions that led to a colonial movement are crucial for understanding the subsequent practices in distant places. After studying the basic condition, I carry out a meaningful research about the core elements that have influenced the colonization process. In addition to this, we try to understand the mechanisms beneath those primary settlement patterns. Without doubt, a deep analysis of the marine environment (such as winds, oceanic currents or ships) is crucial to understanding the nature of the Phoenician's routes across the Mediterranean Sea. Likewise, I have deepened into the features and characteristics of the Phoeniciansocial classes focused on commerce and trading. Knowing which kind of people took part at the beginning of this unpredictable colonial process has made my work even more meaningful. This section of the research has been extremely useful to trace this complex historical process. The study of the religious mechanisms that were implemented by the Tyre authorities in order to","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41701422,"asset_id":21072304,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":243025,"first_name":"Sergio","last_name":"Remedios Sánchez","domain_name":"uned","page_name":"SergioRemediosSánchez","display_name":"Sergio Remedios Sánchez","profile_url":"https://uned.academia.edu/SergioRemediosS%C3%A1nchez?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/243025/97365/35799627/s65_sergio.remedios_s_nchez.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":21645,"name":"Iron Age Iberian Peninsula (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iron_Age_Iberian_Peninsula_Archaeology_?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":22571,"name":"Iberian Prehistory (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iberian_Prehistory_Archaeology_?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":22825,"name":"Archaeology of the Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula?f_ri=17926"},{"id":33080,"name":"Phoenician Punic Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_Punic_Archaeology?f_ri=17926"},{"id":52660,"name":"Protohistoric Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protohistoric_Iberian_Peninsula?f_ri=17926"},{"id":322097,"name":"Phoenician trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_trade?f_ri=17926"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_378233" data-work_id="378233" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/378233/Greeks_in_the_Iberian_Peninsula">Greeks in the Iberian Peninsula</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/378233" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="da8b10f628adef1ec063bbd6266163ce" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":1860993,"asset_id":378233,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/1860993/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="243017" href="https://uam.academia.edu/AdolfoJDominguezMonedero">Adolfo J. 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Dominguez-Monedero","profile_url":"https://uam.academia.edu/AdolfoJDominguezMonedero?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/243017/58330/7587744/s65_adolfo_j..dominguez-monedero.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_378233 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="378233"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 378233, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_378233", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_378233 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 378233; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_378233"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_378233 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="378233"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 378233; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=378233]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_378233").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_378233").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="378233"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="130" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History">Ancient History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="130" type="text/json">{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="816" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classics">Classics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="816" type="text/json">{"id":816,"name":"Classics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classics?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17926" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician">Phoenician</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17926" type="text/json">{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22878" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Greek_History">Ancient Greek History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22878" type="text/json">{"id":22878,"name":"Ancient Greek History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Greek_History?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=378233]'), work: {"id":378233,"title":"Greeks in the Iberian Peninsula","created_at":"2010-11-28T02:35:06.641-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/378233/Greeks_in_the_Iberian_Peninsula?f_ri=17926","dom_id":"work_378233","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":1860993,"asset_id":378233,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":243017,"first_name":"Adolfo J.","last_name":"Dominguez-Monedero","domain_name":"uam","page_name":"AdolfoJDominguezMonedero","display_name":"Adolfo J. Dominguez-Monedero","profile_url":"https://uam.academia.edu/AdolfoJDominguezMonedero?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/243017/58330/7587744/s65_adolfo_j..dominguez-monedero.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":816,"name":"Classics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Classics?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":22878,"name":"Ancient Greek History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Greek_History?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67823167" data-work_id="67823167" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67823167/Polices_pour_les_inscriptions_mon%C3%A9taires_transcription_typographique_des_monnaies_antiques">Polices pour les inscriptions monétaires : transcription typographique des monnaies antiques</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Le projet de recherche Police pour les Inscriptions Monétaires (PIM) a pour objectif la création d’outils adaptés pour retranscrire les informations contenues dans les inscriptions monétaires, au-delà de leur contenu sémantique. Les... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67823167" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Le projet de recherche Police pour les Inscriptions Monétaires (PIM) a pour objectif la création d’outils adaptés pour retranscrire les informations contenues dans les inscriptions monétaires, au-delà de leur contenu sémantique. Les informations textuelles et les caractéristiques graphiques présentes sur une monnaie peuvent fournir de nombreuses informations concernant son origine et la société dans laquelle elle a été frappée. Mais jusqu’à aujourd’hui, aucune fonte numérique ne pouvait retranscrire à la fois intégralement et fidèlement les inscriptions monétaires.<br /><br />Ce billet, publié sur le blog de la BnF, vise d’abord à retracer la genèse du projet ainsi que les grandes étapes depuis l’annotation des monnaies de la BnF jusqu’à la réalisation des fontes.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67823167" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="00cffe4fbdcd51d768d57014e2b621b3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78516015,"asset_id":67823167,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78516015/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="74689405" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MorganePierson">Morgane Pierson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="74689405" type="text/json">{"id":74689405,"first_name":"Morgane","last_name":"Pierson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MorganePierson","display_name":"Morgane Pierson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MorganePierson?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/74689405/22832985/55154612/s65_morgane.pierson.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67823167 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67823167"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67823167, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67823167", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67823167]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_67823167").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_67823167").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="67823167"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="392" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology">Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="392" type="text/json">{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3789" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cypriot_Archaeology">Cypriot Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3789" type="text/json">{"id":3789,"name":"Cypriot Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cypriot_Archaeology?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7282" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numismatics">Numismatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7282" type="text/json">{"id":7282,"name":"Numismatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numismatics?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8048" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Typography">Typography</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8048" type="text/json">{"id":8048,"name":"Typography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Typography?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=67823167]'), work: {"id":67823167,"title":"Polices pour les inscriptions monétaires : transcription typographique des monnaies antiques","created_at":"2022-01-11T07:43:04.803-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/67823167/Polices_pour_les_inscriptions_mon%C3%A9taires_transcription_typographique_des_monnaies_antiques?f_ri=17926","dom_id":"work_67823167","summary":"Le projet de recherche Police pour les Inscriptions Monétaires (PIM) a pour objectif la création d’outils adaptés pour retranscrire les informations contenues dans les inscriptions monétaires, au-delà de leur contenu sémantique. Les informations textuelles et les caractéristiques graphiques présentes sur une monnaie peuvent fournir de nombreuses informations concernant son origine et la société dans laquelle elle a été frappée. Mais jusqu’à aujourd’hui, aucune fonte numérique ne pouvait retranscrire à la fois intégralement et fidèlement les inscriptions monétaires.\n\nCe billet, publié sur le blog de la BnF, vise d’abord à retracer la genèse du projet ainsi que les grandes étapes depuis l’annotation des monnaies de la BnF jusqu’à la réalisation des fontes. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78516015,"asset_id":67823167,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":74689405,"first_name":"Morgane","last_name":"Pierson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MorganePierson","display_name":"Morgane Pierson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MorganePierson?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/74689405/22832985/55154612/s65_morgane.pierson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":392,"name":"Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archaeology?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":3789,"name":"Cypriot Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cypriot_Archaeology?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":7282,"name":"Numismatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numismatics?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":8048,"name":"Typography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Typography?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":12463,"name":"Lycian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lycian?f_ri=17926"},{"id":16818,"name":"Etruscan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Etruscan?f_ri=17926"},{"id":17667,"name":"Typeface Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Typeface_Design?f_ri=17926"},{"id":17668,"name":"Non Latin Typeface Design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non_Latin_Typeface_Design?f_ri=17926"},{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926"},{"id":18769,"name":"Greek","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greek?f_ri=17926"},{"id":84640,"name":"Numismatique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Numismatique?f_ri=17926"},{"id":91218,"name":"Epigraphy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigraphy?f_ri=17926"},{"id":97419,"name":"Inscriptions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inscriptions?f_ri=17926"},{"id":100369,"name":"Phoenician \u0026 Punic Epigraphy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_and_Punic_Epigraphy?f_ri=17926"},{"id":103557,"name":"Archéologie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arch%C3%A9ologie?f_ri=17926"},{"id":176448,"name":"Oscan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oscan?f_ri=17926"},{"id":215252,"name":"Umbrian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Umbrian?f_ri=17926"},{"id":726682,"name":"Paleo Hebrew","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Paleo_Hebrew?f_ri=17926"},{"id":752997,"name":"Nabatean","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nabatean?f_ri=17926"},{"id":763618,"name":"Typographie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Typographie?f_ri=17926"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44198807" data-work_id="44198807" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44198807/Phoenician_Penptah_Tabnit_Sarcophagus_Text_from_Sidon_Blames_Astrological_Powers_for_Great_Bonze_Age_Drought_1170_BCE">Phoenician Penptah (Tabnit) Sarcophagus Text from Sidon Blames Astrological Powers for Great Bonze Age Drought (1170 BCE</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This Phoenician style text dating to 1170 BCE was written in the empire language of Alphabetic Akkadian/Aramaic. Phoenician like all other alphabetic writing derives from the Minoan writing tradition but is a separate lineage from the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44198807" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This Phoenician style text dating to 1170 BCE was written in the empire language of Alphabetic Akkadian/Aramaic. Phoenician like all other alphabetic writing derives from the Minoan writing tradition but is a separate lineage from the similar letter tradition of the Philistine/Israelites further south and the Etruscan/Carthaginians of the western Mediterranean. This text provides an almost complete summary of the Ancient Pagan Paradigm. It is blaming the astrological powers for the drought which ended the Bronze Age. Deities referenced are Yahu, Utu, Atu (and his sun form Hu), crescent moon goddess Ayu, and full moon god Su. Also mentioned are owls and eagle-vultures and network editors. This text distinguishes between the "enclosed region" as the night sky under the earth plane where ancestral souls reside from the night sky as the source of astrological motion powers due to its moving planets.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44198807" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9defefdb3b3eefa14744b9736a1a5920" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64562105,"asset_id":44198807,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64562105/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11267822" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidOlmsted">David Olmsted</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11267822" type="text/json">{"id":11267822,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Olmsted","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DavidOlmsted","display_name":"David Olmsted","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidOlmsted?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11267822/9694768/10797613/s65_david.olmsted.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44198807 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44198807"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44198807, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44198807", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44198807]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44198807").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44198807").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44198807"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semitic_languages">Semitic languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1709" type="text/json">{"id":1709,"name":"Semitic languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semitic_languages?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7092" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pagan_Studies">Pagan Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7092" type="text/json">{"id":7092,"name":"Pagan Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pagan_Studies?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11985" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Akkadian_Language">Akkadian Language</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11985" type="text/json">{"id":11985,"name":"Akkadian Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Akkadian_Language?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17926" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician">Phoenician</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17926" type="text/json">{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44198807]'), work: {"id":44198807,"title":"Phoenician Penptah (Tabnit) Sarcophagus Text from Sidon Blames Astrological Powers for Great Bonze Age Drought (1170 BCE","created_at":"2020-09-30T03:00:17.452-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44198807/Phoenician_Penptah_Tabnit_Sarcophagus_Text_from_Sidon_Blames_Astrological_Powers_for_Great_Bonze_Age_Drought_1170_BCE?f_ri=17926","dom_id":"work_44198807","summary":"This Phoenician style text dating to 1170 BCE was written in the empire language of Alphabetic Akkadian/Aramaic. Phoenician like all other alphabetic writing derives from the Minoan writing tradition but is a separate lineage from the similar letter tradition of the Philistine/Israelites further south and the Etruscan/Carthaginians of the western Mediterranean. This text provides an almost complete summary of the Ancient Pagan Paradigm. It is blaming the astrological powers for the drought which ended the Bronze Age. Deities referenced are Yahu, Utu, Atu (and his sun form Hu), crescent moon goddess Ayu, and full moon god Su. Also mentioned are owls and eagle-vultures and network editors. This text distinguishes between the \"enclosed region\" as the night sky under the earth plane where ancestral souls reside from the night sky as the source of astrological motion powers due to its moving planets.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64562105,"asset_id":44198807,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11267822,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Olmsted","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DavidOlmsted","display_name":"David Olmsted","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DavidOlmsted?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/11267822/9694768/10797613/s65_david.olmsted.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1709,"name":"Semitic languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semitic_languages?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":7092,"name":"Pagan Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pagan_Studies?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":11985,"name":"Akkadian Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Akkadian_Language?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":94720,"name":"Alphabetic Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alphabetic_Writing?f_ri=17926"},{"id":100369,"name":"Phoenician \u0026 Punic Epigraphy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_and_Punic_Epigraphy?f_ri=17926"},{"id":373667,"name":"Phoenician Punic Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_Punic_Religion?f_ri=17926"},{"id":418077,"name":"Sidon Archeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sidon_Archeology?f_ri=17926"},{"id":3729064,"name":"Alphabetic Akkadian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alphabetic_Akkadian?f_ri=17926"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5475130" data-work_id="5475130" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5475130/Before_the_Greeks_The_earliest_Phoenician_settlement_in_Motya_Recent_discoveries_by_Rome_La_Sapienza_Expedition_">Before the Greeks. The earliest Phoenician settlement in Motya. Recent discoveries by Rome «La Sapienza» Expedition,</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5475130" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fbf34da15718efa9fc9eb11d17766c19" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38271715,"asset_id":5475130,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38271715/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="945380" href="https://uniroma1.academia.edu/LorenzoNigro">Lorenzo Nigro</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="945380" type="text/json">{"id":945380,"first_name":"Lorenzo","last_name":"Nigro","domain_name":"uniroma1","page_name":"LorenzoNigro","display_name":"Lorenzo Nigro","profile_url":"https://uniroma1.academia.edu/LorenzoNigro?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/945380/352639/157752626/s65_lorenzo.nigro.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5475130 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5475130"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5475130, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5475130", }); 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href="https://www.academia.edu/10383568/Gadir_Yacimiento_Arqueol%C3%B3gico_del_Teatro_de_T%C3%ADteres_C%C3%A1diz_El_Origen_Fenicio_Como_se_hizo_Gadir_Archaeological_Site_The_Phoenician_Origin_Making_off_">Gadir. Yacimiento Arqueológico del Teatro de Títeres Cádiz. El Origen Fenicio - Como se hizo- Gadir Archaeological Site. The Phoenician Origin - Making off- </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Publicación divulgativa que explica en imágenes el proceso de la creación del centro Gadir, desde su excavación hasta su musealización. Informative publication that explains in pictures the process of creation of Gadir center since its... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10383568" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Publicación divulgativa que explica en imágenes el proceso de la creación del centro Gadir, desde su excavación hasta su musealización. <br /> <br />Informative publication that explains in pictures the process of creation of Gadir center since its excavation to musealization. <br /> <br />Proyecto "NAMAE", cofinanciado en un 75% por el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) de la unión Europea, a través del Programa Operativo de Cooperación Transfronteriza España Fronteras Exteriores (POCTEFEX) y en un 25% por el IEDT de Cádiz.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10383568" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c22328fd2f0e949df1b2c2edef0105a1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36449210,"asset_id":10383568,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36449210/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="482159" href="https://cadiz.academia.edu/JoseMariaGenerBasallote">José Mª Gener Basallote</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="482159" type="text/json">{"id":482159,"first_name":"José Mª","last_name":"Gener Basallote","domain_name":"cadiz","page_name":"JoseMariaGenerBasallote","display_name":"José Mª Gener Basallote","profile_url":"https://cadiz.academia.edu/JoseMariaGenerBasallote?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/482159/163069/19931076/s65_jose_maria.gener_basallote.jpeg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-10383568">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-10383568"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/CarlosN%C3%BA%C3%B1ezGuerrero">Carlos Núñez Guerrero</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-10383568'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-10383568').html(); 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trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_trade?f_ri=17926"},{"id":373163,"name":"Ritual Practices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ritual_Practices?f_ri=17926"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38583591" data-work_id="38583591" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38583591/INTRODUCCI%C3%93N_A_LAS_LENGUAS_DEL_L%C3%8DBANO_FENICIO_ARAMEO_%C3%81RABE_Y_LIBAN%C3%89S">INTRODUCCIÓN A LAS LENGUAS DEL LÍBANO: FENICIO, ARAMEO, ÁRABE Y LIBANÉS</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Este curso de divulgación del año 2012 que hoy comparto, es una introducción a algunas de las lenguas semíticas del Líbano, y ayuda a comprender el camino que tomaron para acabar "fusionadas" en la "lengua libanesa".</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38583591" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4d30a8a58942a8e1291ee0051a89b75d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58656860,"asset_id":38583591,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58656860,"asset_id":38583591,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1345771,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Asade","domain_name":"uba","page_name":"DanielAsade","display_name":"Daniel Asade","profile_url":"https://uba.academia.edu/DanielAsade?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1345771/4395153/31879706/s65_daniel.asade.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2722,"name":"Arabic Language and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arabic_Language_and_Linguistics?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":4176,"name":"Aramaic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aramaic?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":6507,"name":"Lebanese History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lebanese_History?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":6736,"name":"Lebanon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lebanon?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":15143,"name":"Syriac Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syriac_Studies?f_ri=17926"},{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926"},{"id":650511,"name":"Syro-Lebanese Dialects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syro-Lebanese_Dialects?f_ri=17926"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1512420 coauthored" data-work_id="1512420" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1512420/Arquitectura_y_urbanismo_de_la_Gadir_fenicia_el_yacimiento_del_Teatro_C%C3%B3mico_de_C%C3%A1diz_Architecture_and_Urbanism_in_Phoenician_Gadir_the_Site_of_the_Teatro_C%C3%B3mico_C%C3%A1diz_">Arquitectura y urbanismo de la Gadir fenicia: el yacimiento del “Teatro Cómico” de Cádiz [Architecture and Urbanism in Phoenician Gadir : the Site of the “Teatro Cómico” (Cádiz )].</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The archaeological excavations carried out under the former Teatro Cómico have provided evidences of the earliest Phoenician presence in the city of Cádiz. Under modern and Roman remains, the Phoenician urban layout from the late 9th to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1512420" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The archaeological excavations carried out under the former Teatro Cómico have provided evidences of the earliest Phoenician presence in the city of Cádiz. Under modern and Roman remains, the Phoenician urban layout from the late 9th to the early 6th centuries BC has been uncovered. So a lot of information on building techniques and the urban layout of the city has been unveiled. This paper describes some of the most important architectural featu-res of the ancient Phoenician city of Gadir such as houses, streets, ovens, floors, walls, and so on, that have practically remained archaeologically unknown un-til this excavation. The possible locations of the city firstly on the tiny islet of Erytheia and then on the bigger Kotinoussa island is also discussed.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1512420" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="493ecef0c8043e84636efaa9810d5839" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61362168,"asset_id":1512420,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61362168/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="482159" href="https://cadiz.academia.edu/JoseMariaGenerBasallote">José Mª Gener Basallote</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="482159" type="text/json">{"id":482159,"first_name":"José Mª","last_name":"Gener Basallote","domain_name":"cadiz","page_name":"JoseMariaGenerBasallote","display_name":"José Mª Gener Basallote","profile_url":"https://cadiz.academia.edu/JoseMariaGenerBasallote?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/482159/163069/19931076/s65_jose_maria.gener_basallote.jpeg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-1512420">+3</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-1512420"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MariangelesNavarroGarc%C3%ADa">Mariangeles Navarro García</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ucm.academia.edu/EsterL%C3%B3pezRosendo">ESTER LÓPEZ ROSENDO</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ucm.academia.edu/MarianoTorresOrtiz">Mariano Torres Ortiz</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-1512420'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-1512420').html(); 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The possible locations of the city firstly on the tiny islet of Erytheia and then on the bigger Kotinoussa island is also discussed.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61362168,"asset_id":1512420,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":482159,"first_name":"José Mª","last_name":"Gener Basallote","domain_name":"cadiz","page_name":"JoseMariaGenerBasallote","display_name":"José Mª Gener Basallote","profile_url":"https://cadiz.academia.edu/JoseMariaGenerBasallote?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/482159/163069/19931076/s65_jose_maria.gener_basallote.jpeg"},{"id":25658710,"first_name":"Mariangeles","last_name":"Navarro García","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MariangelesNavarroGarcía","display_name":"Mariangeles Navarro 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data-card-contents-for-ri="261" type="text/json">{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="951" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanities">Humanities</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="951" type="text/json">{"id":951,"name":"Humanities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanities?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17926" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician">Phoenician</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17926" type="text/json">{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=78444211]'), work: {"id":78444211,"title":"Phoenician Mortuary Practice in the Iron 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Garbati, T. Pedrazzi (eds), Transformations and Crisis in the Mediterranean. "Identity" and Interculturality in the Levant and Phoenician West during the 12th-8th Centuries BCE (Proceedings of the International Conference held in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11983992" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In G. Garbati, T. Pedrazzi (eds), Transformations and Crisis in the Mediterranean. "Identity" and Interculturality in the Levant and Phoenician West during the 12th-8th Centuries BCE (Proceedings of the International Conference held in Rome, CNR, May 8-9 2013, Supplemento alla Rivista di Studi Fenici XLII (2014), Pisa, Roma 2015, 159-170.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11983992" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="69813f24384a81e01d46ad64162ea7ac" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61356476,"asset_id":11983992,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61356476/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="23202915" href="https://ouc.academia.edu/GiorgosBourogiannis">Giorgos Bourogiannis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="23202915" type="text/json">{"id":23202915,"first_name":"Giorgos","last_name":"Bourogiannis","domain_name":"ouc","page_name":"GiorgosBourogiannis","display_name":"Giorgos Bourogiannis","profile_url":"https://ouc.academia.edu/GiorgosBourogiannis?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/23202915/6297624/70391010/s65_giorgos.bourogiannis.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_11983992 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="11983992"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 11983992, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_11983992", }); 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(Roma 2010) 181-190.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Punic Selinus; Malophoros; punic inscriptions; cretulae.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/555594" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5bfb65c4ef55a49db9c9cddd2fdf85c5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":2818945,"asset_id":555594,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/2818945/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="189668" href="https://unikore.academia.edu/rossanadesimone">rossana de simone</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="189668" type="text/json">{"id":189668,"first_name":"rossana","last_name":"de simone","domain_name":"unikore","page_name":"rossanadesimone","display_name":"rossana de simone","profile_url":"https://unikore.academia.edu/rossanadesimone?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/189668/94691/106500/s65_rossana.de_simone.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_555594 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="555594"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 555594, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_555594", }); 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data-card-contents-for-ri="3017" type="text/json">{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17926" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician">Phoenician</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17926" type="text/json">{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17936" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Near_East">Ancient Near East</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17936" type="text/json">{"id":17936,"name":"Ancient Near East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Near_East?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42823404]'), work: {"id":42823404,"title":"Phoenician and Punic (revised)","created_at":"2020-04-22T12:57:49.321-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42823404/Phoenician_and_Punic_revised_?f_ri=17926","dom_id":"work_42823404","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63054979,"asset_id":42823404,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":182408,"first_name":"Jo Ann","last_name":"Hackett","domain_name":"utexas","page_name":"JoAnnHackett","display_name":"Jo Ann Hackett","profile_url":"https://utexas.academia.edu/JoAnnHackett?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/182408/44946/41353/s65_jo_ann.hackett.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":17936,"name":"Ancient Near East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Near_East?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":100369,"name":"Phoenician \u0026 Punic Epigraphy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_and_Punic_Epigraphy?f_ri=17926"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37608572" data-work_id="37608572" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37608572/_WARNING_IS_BEING_REVISED_AND_UPDATED_Poldering_in_Beyond_the_River_revisiting_the_end_of_the_%C3%87%C4%B0NEK%C3%96Y_inscription_final_submitted_version_">(WARNING: IS BEING REVISED AND UPDATED) " Poldering " in Beyond-the-River: revisiting the end of the ÇİNEKÖY inscription (final submitted version)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Compared to other Syro-Anatolian city-states, indigenous documents from Iron Age Cilicia are rare. Whereas Karkamish, for example, has provided us with ca. 80 inscriptions (and counting), only five inscriptions thus far come from Cilicia.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37608572" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Compared to other Syro-Anatolian city-states, indigenous documents from Iron Age Cilicia are rare. Whereas Karkamish, for example, has provided us with ca. 80 inscriptions (and counting), only five inscriptions thus far come from Cilicia. One of those is the ÇİNEKÖY inscription  of king Waraika  of Hiyawa (= Que, classical Cilicia), a Phoenician-Luwian bilingual. Found in 1997, it now supplies the third bilingual text from Cilicia , in addition to the well-known Phoenician-Luwian KARATEPE 1 bilingual , and the extremely eroded and nearly illegible Assyrian-Phoenician İncirli bilingual .  As an important political document with historical implications, it is necessary to correctly identify the main protagonists, especially the Assyrian king, and the location of the narrated events.<br /> Based on a reanalysis of the river name Sapara (= Seyhan) in ÇİNEKÖY § 8 as hapas pari(ya)n ‘Beyond-the-River’, which is best interpreted as a calque on Phoenician ʾbr nhr and Assyrian eber nāri, I will argue that the building activities described in ÇİNEKÖY § 8-10 do not take place in the heartland of Hiyawa near the Seyhan river, but in the territory of Gurgum, to the east of Hiyawa.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37608572" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e6401b8adb131cd352033f411010cf5c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57590824,"asset_id":37608572,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57590824/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="267612" href="https://chicago.academia.edu/PetraGoedegebuure">Petra Goedegebuure</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="267612" type="text/json">{"id":267612,"first_name":"Petra","last_name":"Goedegebuure","domain_name":"chicago","page_name":"PetraGoedegebuure","display_name":"Petra Goedegebuure","profile_url":"https://chicago.academia.edu/PetraGoedegebuure?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/267612/55921/8087236/s65_petra.goedegebuure.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37608572 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37608572"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37608572, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37608572", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37608572]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37608572").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37608572").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37608572"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1956" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anatolian_Studies">Anatolian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1956" type="text/json">{"id":1956,"name":"Anatolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anatolian_Studies?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12462" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Luwian">Luwian</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12462" type="text/json">{"id":12462,"name":"Luwian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Luwian?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17926" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician">Phoenician</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17926" type="text/json">{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="36417" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assyrian_Empire">Assyrian Empire</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="36417" type="text/json">{"id":36417,"name":"Assyrian Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assyrian_Empire?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37608572]'), work: {"id":37608572,"title":"(WARNING: IS BEING REVISED AND UPDATED) \" Poldering \" in Beyond-the-River: revisiting the end of the ÇİNEKÖY inscription (final submitted version)","created_at":"2018-10-18T15:25:42.335-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37608572/_WARNING_IS_BEING_REVISED_AND_UPDATED_Poldering_in_Beyond_the_River_revisiting_the_end_of_the_%C3%87%C4%B0NEK%C3%96Y_inscription_final_submitted_version_?f_ri=17926","dom_id":"work_37608572","summary":"Compared to other Syro-Anatolian city-states, indigenous documents from Iron Age Cilicia are rare. Whereas Karkamish, for example, has provided us with ca. 80 inscriptions (and counting), only five inscriptions thus far come from Cilicia. One of those is the ÇİNEKÖY inscription of king Waraika of Hiyawa (= Que, classical Cilicia), a Phoenician-Luwian bilingual. Found in 1997, it now supplies the third bilingual text from Cilicia , in addition to the well-known Phoenician-Luwian KARATEPE 1 bilingual , and the extremely eroded and nearly illegible Assyrian-Phoenician İncirli bilingual . As an important political document with historical implications, it is necessary to correctly identify the main protagonists, especially the Assyrian king, and the location of the narrated events.\n\tBased on a reanalysis of the river name Sapara (= Seyhan) in ÇİNEKÖY § 8 as hapas pari(ya)n ‘Beyond-the-River’, which is best interpreted as a calque on Phoenician ʾbr nhr and Assyrian eber nāri, I will argue that the building activities described in ÇİNEKÖY § 8-10 do not take place in the heartland of Hiyawa near the Seyhan river, but in the territory of Gurgum, to the east of Hiyawa.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57590824,"asset_id":37608572,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":267612,"first_name":"Petra","last_name":"Goedegebuure","domain_name":"chicago","page_name":"PetraGoedegebuure","display_name":"Petra Goedegebuure","profile_url":"https://chicago.academia.edu/PetraGoedegebuure?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/267612/55921/8087236/s65_petra.goedegebuure.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1956,"name":"Anatolian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anatolian_Studies?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":12462,"name":"Luwian","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Luwian?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":36417,"name":"Assyrian Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assyrian_Empire?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_11566319" data-work_id="11566319" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif 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class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42185714" data-work_id="42185714" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42185714/The_Language_of_Inga_Stone_A_New_Theory_About_the_Origen_of_Phoenician_Alphabet_Itacotiara_Brazil">The Language of Inga Stone -A New Theory About the Origen of Phoenician Alphabet- Itacotiara/Brazil</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Researcher and Independent Student ASIN: B07JMY43YX Abstract: This research is about a solution of the figures carved in the famous Inga Stone. Brazilian researchers tell us about indigenous abilities to organize communities and rituals... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42185714" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Researcher and Independent Student ASIN: B07JMY43YX Abstract: This research is about a solution of the figures carved in the famous Inga Stone. Brazilian researchers tell us about indigenous abilities to organize communities and rituals of funerals, cultivation and planting of grains, plant breeding, and fertile soil maintenance, but although ceramic artifacts show quite developed ornaments and figures, so far, any form of writing from these peoples, or evidence of advanced botanical knowledge, would have been identified. The Inga stone reveals, however, the knowledge of the fertilization and crossing of the Ingazeira (a type of Brazilian tree), besides the verification of the origin of languages that evidently derived from the botanical knowledge. In the state of Paraíba, Brazil, there is a stone twenty-four meters wide and three meters high with curious engravings. This is the stone of Ingá, or Itacotiara, which according to some translators of the Tupi-Guarani indigenous language means "scratched stone". Although it is a very visited stone and even known abroad, there are not many studies about its origin or the meaning of its figures. And, likewise, no current information is available on what would mean so many notches. It adds to this sad result the lack of interest of public or private institutions in supporting the science, history and social culture of our own country, either financially or through patrimonial protection. I then contribute, describing my interpretation of Ingá's stone engravings, which, as I have shown, is a botanical cycle, more precisely of the life cycle, fertilization and crossing, of the plant species known as Ingazeira. I also note that their symbols described as part of the life cycle of the plant in question are found in inscriptions of ancient Mesopotamian languages, as if botanical knowledge had established a language and many other languages in the world. The carvings of the Ingá stone are 6,000 years old according to the last dating, at which time it would coincide with the end of the last ice age, whose melting glaciers in the oceanic region near Antarctica would be responsible for the Sumerian flood. The Sumerian civilization was the earliest to mention, in written form, a disaster such as that of the universal flood, to this day. His songs, business records, records of buying and selling of real estate, and a list of kings and rulers engraved on clay tablets (made available digitally by Oxford University), have been in existence for at least five thousand to six thousand years, about. They lived in the region south of Mesopotamia, where today lies Iraq.<br /><br />Visit web site: <a href="https://www.ouhs.org/issue-xi?fbclid=IwAR2tGA7HDwpmmQUmqzeXJqQOnK3As3SjfUPQf2XBVSh8EQkoFmEaQj18p1U" rel="nofollow">https://www.ouhs.org/issue-xi?fbclid=IwAR2tGA7HDwpmmQUmqzeXJqQOnK3As3SjfUPQf2XBVSh8EQkoFmEaQj18p1U</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42185714" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="98682228b75024ee82dbe895d908e200" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62328391,"asset_id":42185714,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62328391/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="45616247" href="https://homail.academia.edu/TelmaCosta">Telma Costa</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="45616247" type="text/json">{"id":45616247,"first_name":"Telma","last_name":"Costa","domain_name":"homail","page_name":"TelmaCosta","display_name":"Telma Costa","profile_url":"https://homail.academia.edu/TelmaCosta?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/45616247/12095853/35836011/s65_telma.costa.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42185714 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42185714"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42185714, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42185714", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42185714]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42185714").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42185714").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42185714"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3017" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3017" type="text/json">{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17926" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician">Phoenician</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17926" type="text/json">{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="34200" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arqueology">Arqueology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="34200" type="text/json">{"id":34200,"name":"Arqueology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arqueology?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1948471" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_Alphabet">Phoenician Alphabet</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1948471" type="text/json">{"id":1948471,"name":"Phoenician Alphabet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_Alphabet?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42185714]'), work: {"id":42185714,"title":"The Language of Inga Stone -A New Theory About the Origen of Phoenician Alphabet- Itacotiara/Brazil","created_at":"2020-03-10T07:59:13.889-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42185714/The_Language_of_Inga_Stone_A_New_Theory_About_the_Origen_of_Phoenician_Alphabet_Itacotiara_Brazil?f_ri=17926","dom_id":"work_42185714","summary":"Researcher and Independent Student ASIN: B07JMY43YX Abstract: This research is about a solution of the figures carved in the famous Inga Stone. Brazilian researchers tell us about indigenous abilities to organize communities and rituals of funerals, cultivation and planting of grains, plant breeding, and fertile soil maintenance, but although ceramic artifacts show quite developed ornaments and figures, so far, any form of writing from these peoples, or evidence of advanced botanical knowledge, would have been identified. The Inga stone reveals, however, the knowledge of the fertilization and crossing of the Ingazeira (a type of Brazilian tree), besides the verification of the origin of languages that evidently derived from the botanical knowledge. In the state of Paraíba, Brazil, there is a stone twenty-four meters wide and three meters high with curious engravings. This is the stone of Ingá, or Itacotiara, which according to some translators of the Tupi-Guarani indigenous language means \"scratched stone\". Although it is a very visited stone and even known abroad, there are not many studies about its origin or the meaning of its figures. And, likewise, no current information is available on what would mean so many notches. It adds to this sad result the lack of interest of public or private institutions in supporting the science, history and social culture of our own country, either financially or through patrimonial protection. I then contribute, describing my interpretation of Ingá's stone engravings, which, as I have shown, is a botanical cycle, more precisely of the life cycle, fertilization and crossing, of the plant species known as Ingazeira. I also note that their symbols described as part of the life cycle of the plant in question are found in inscriptions of ancient Mesopotamian languages, as if botanical knowledge had established a language and many other languages in the world. The carvings of the Ingá stone are 6,000 years old according to the last dating, at which time it would coincide with the end of the last ice age, whose melting glaciers in the oceanic region near Antarctica would be responsible for the Sumerian flood. The Sumerian civilization was the earliest to mention, in written form, a disaster such as that of the universal flood, to this day. His songs, business records, records of buying and selling of real estate, and a list of kings and rulers engraved on clay tablets (made available digitally by Oxford University), have been in existence for at least five thousand to six thousand years, about. They lived in the region south of Mesopotamia, where today lies Iraq.\n\nVisit web site: https://www.ouhs.org/issue-xi?fbclid=IwAR2tGA7HDwpmmQUmqzeXJqQOnK3As3SjfUPQf2XBVSh8EQkoFmEaQj18p1U","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62328391,"asset_id":42185714,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":45616247,"first_name":"Telma","last_name":"Costa","domain_name":"homail","page_name":"TelmaCosta","display_name":"Telma Costa","profile_url":"https://homail.academia.edu/TelmaCosta?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/45616247/12095853/35836011/s65_telma.costa.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":34200,"name":"Arqueology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arqueology?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":1948471,"name":"Phoenician Alphabet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_Alphabet?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40197955" data-work_id="40197955" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40197955/Seafaring_and_Shipwreck_Archaeology_pp_423_433_in_the_Oxford_Handbook_of_the_Phoenician_and_Punic_Mediterranean_2019">Seafaring and Shipwreck Archaeology (pp. 423-433 in the Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean), 2019</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Perhaps no civilization in history is as associated with the sea as the Phoenicians, whose ships and seafaring ability allowed them to travel, trade, and establish colonies across the Mediterranean. Search and survey operations in the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40197955" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Perhaps no civilization in history is as associated with the sea as the Phoenicians, whose ships and seafaring ability allowed them to travel, trade, and establish colonies across the Mediterranean. Search and survey operations in the Mediterranean have resulted in the discovery of a limited number of Canaanite, Phoenician, and Punic shipwrecks, which have been found in both deep and shallow water. <br /><br />These assemblages provide valuable evidence of this culture's critical maritime component, improving our knowledge and understanding of Phoenician and Punic seafaring, while also helping us better understand the written accounts we do possess about these mariners and their activities. Within the last decade in particular, the excavation of the shipwreck at Bajo de la Campana (Spain) has shed new light on Phoenician seafaring and ship construction, while the discovery of the Xlendi Gozo wreck (Malta) has provided new evidence for Phoenician activity in the central Mediterranean. <br /><br />Survey and excavation off the northwest coast of Sicily, in turn, has provided a remarkable material counterpart to the textual evidence for the events at the end of the First Punic War. When combined with the deep-water wrecks off the coast of Ashkelon and the smaller, locally oriented wrecks off the coast of Mazarrón (Spain), a more coherent-albeit still very incomplete-picture of Phoenician and Punic activity begins to take shape.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40197955" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5b2db6ade01cd2150bc83a8d95457f5b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":89425727,"asset_id":40197955,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/89425727/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="473195" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/JeffEmanuel">Jeff Emanuel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="473195" type="text/json">{"id":473195,"first_name":"Jeff","last_name":"Emanuel","domain_name":"harvard","page_name":"JeffEmanuel","display_name":"Jeff Emanuel","profile_url":"https://harvard.academia.edu/JeffEmanuel?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/473195/6995110/13718864/s65_jeff.emanuel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40197955 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40197955"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40197955, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40197955", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40197955]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40197955").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40197955").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40197955"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="130" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History">Ancient History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="130" type="text/json">{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3016" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediterranean_prehistory">Mediterranean prehistory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3016" type="text/json">{"id":3016,"name":"Mediterranean prehistory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediterranean_prehistory?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3017" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3017" type="text/json">{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6952" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediterranean_Studies">Mediterranean Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6952" type="text/json">{"id":6952,"name":"Mediterranean Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediterranean_Studies?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40197955]'), work: {"id":40197955,"title":"Seafaring and Shipwreck Archaeology (pp. 423-433 in the Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean), 2019","created_at":"2019-08-28T10:57:54.274-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40197955/Seafaring_and_Shipwreck_Archaeology_pp_423_433_in_the_Oxford_Handbook_of_the_Phoenician_and_Punic_Mediterranean_2019?f_ri=17926","dom_id":"work_40197955","summary":"Perhaps no civilization in history is as associated with the sea as the Phoenicians, whose ships and seafaring ability allowed them to travel, trade, and establish colonies across the Mediterranean. Search and survey operations in the Mediterranean have resulted in the discovery of a limited number of Canaanite, Phoenician, and Punic shipwrecks, which have been found in both deep and shallow water. \n\nThese assemblages provide valuable evidence of this culture's critical maritime component, improving our knowledge and understanding of Phoenician and Punic seafaring, while also helping us better understand the written accounts we do possess about these mariners and their activities. Within the last decade in particular, the excavation of the shipwreck at Bajo de la Campana (Spain) has shed new light on Phoenician seafaring and ship construction, while the discovery of the Xlendi Gozo wreck (Malta) has provided new evidence for Phoenician activity in the central Mediterranean. \n\nSurvey and excavation off the northwest coast of Sicily, in turn, has provided a remarkable material counterpart to the textual evidence for the events at the end of the First Punic War. When combined with the deep-water wrecks off the coast of Ashkelon and the smaller, locally oriented wrecks off the coast of Mazarrón (Spain), a more coherent-albeit still very incomplete-picture of Phoenician and Punic activity begins to take shape. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":89425727,"asset_id":40197955,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":473195,"first_name":"Jeff","last_name":"Emanuel","domain_name":"harvard","page_name":"JeffEmanuel","display_name":"Jeff Emanuel","profile_url":"https://harvard.academia.edu/JeffEmanuel?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/473195/6995110/13718864/s65_jeff.emanuel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":3016,"name":"Mediterranean prehistory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediterranean_prehistory?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":6952,"name":"Mediterranean Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediterranean_Studies?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":15391,"name":"Syria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syria?f_ri=17926"},{"id":15736,"name":"History of the Mediterranean","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_the_Mediterranean?f_ri=17926"},{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926"},{"id":17936,"name":"Ancient Near East","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Near_East?f_ri=17926"},{"id":21432,"name":"Late Bronze Age archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Late_Bronze_Age_archaeology?f_ri=17926"},{"id":32780,"name":"Mediterranean archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mediterranean_archaeology?f_ri=17926"},{"id":33080,"name":"Phoenician Punic Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_Punic_Archaeology?f_ri=17926"},{"id":44631,"name":"Ancient Shipwrecks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Shipwrecks?f_ri=17926"},{"id":48820,"name":"Shipwrecks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shipwrecks?f_ri=17926"},{"id":78976,"name":"Punic Wars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Punic_Wars?f_ri=17926"},{"id":79982,"name":"Canaanite","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canaanite?f_ri=17926"},{"id":100392,"name":"Phoenician and Punic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_and_Punic_Studies?f_ri=17926"},{"id":126616,"name":"Archeologia Fenicio-Punica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archeologia_Fenicio-Punica?f_ri=17926"},{"id":322097,"name":"Phoenician trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_trade?f_ri=17926"},{"id":368448,"name":"Seafaring","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Seafaring?f_ri=17926"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28343249" data-work_id="28343249" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28343249/Phoenician">Phoenician</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28343249" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d35b977314935647bbfbca939e74150f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48676171,"asset_id":28343249,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48676171/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="53141098" href="https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/HolgerGzella">Holger Gzella</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="53141098" type="text/json">{"id":53141098,"first_name":"Holger","last_name":"Gzella","domain_name":"lmu-munich","page_name":"HolgerGzella","display_name":"Holger Gzella","profile_url":"https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/HolgerGzella?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/53141098/14026388/38850181/s65_holger.gzella.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28343249 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28343249"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28343249, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28343249", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28343249 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x 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}); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28343249").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28343249"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17926" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician">Phoenician</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17926" type="text/json">{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23100" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Northwest_Semitic_Epigraphy">Northwest Semitic Epigraphy</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="23100" type="text/json">{"id":23100,"name":"Northwest Semitic Epigraphy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Northwest_Semitic_Epigraphy?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28343249]'), work: {"id":28343249,"title":"Phoenician","created_at":"2016-09-08T09:13:00.430-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28343249/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","dom_id":"work_28343249","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48676171,"asset_id":28343249,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53141098,"first_name":"Holger","last_name":"Gzella","domain_name":"lmu-munich","page_name":"HolgerGzella","display_name":"Holger Gzella","profile_url":"https://lmu-munich.academia.edu/HolgerGzella?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/53141098/14026388/38850181/s65_holger.gzella.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false},{"id":23100,"name":"Northwest Semitic Epigraphy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Northwest_Semitic_Epigraphy?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30372805" data-work_id="30372805" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30372805/The_Early_History_of_the_Alphabet_The_Proto_Sinaitic_Inscriptions_2_0_Canaanite_not_Hebrew">The Early History of the Alphabet: The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions 2.0, Canaanite not Hebrew</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A updated version, with the correction of some typos is available here: <a href="http://www.rollstonepigraphy.com/?p=779" rel="nofollow">http://www.rollstonepigraphy.com/?p=779</a>. Abstract: This article is the second of two parts debunking the recent claims of Douglas Petrovich (in a presentation at... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30372805" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A updated version, with the correction of some typos is available here: <a href="http://www.rollstonepigraphy.com/?p=779" rel="nofollow">http://www.rollstonepigraphy.com/?p=779</a>.  <br /><br />Abstract:  This article is the second of two parts debunking the recent claims of Douglas Petrovich (in a presentation at the Nov 2016 academic meeting of the American Schools of Oriental Research and in a forthcoming volume from Carta publishers in Jerusalem) that the inscriptions from the Egyptian sites of Serabit el-Khadem and Wadi el-Hol (etc.) are Hebrew.  This sort of proposal was first made in 1923....and it was not accepted then.  This article is lexical and epigraphic in nature.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30372805" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="af4673d194efa353aa591b86665a997b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50822540,"asset_id":30372805,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50822540/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="358502" href="https://gwu.academia.edu/ChristopherRollston">Christopher Rollston</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="358502" type="text/json">{"id":358502,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Rollston","domain_name":"gwu","page_name":"ChristopherRollston","display_name":"Christopher Rollston","profile_url":"https://gwu.academia.edu/ChristopherRollston?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/358502/95694/1332109/s65_christopher.rollston.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30372805 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30372805"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30372805, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30372805", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30372805]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30372805").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30372805").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30372805"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="118" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Egyptian_Religion">Ancient Egyptian Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="118" type="text/json">{"id":118,"name":"Ancient Egyptian Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Egyptian_Religion?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1692" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egyptian_Art_and_Archaeology">Egyptian Art and Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1692" type="text/json">{"id":1692,"name":"Egyptian Art and Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egyptian_Art_and_Archaeology?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3793" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egyptian_Archaeology">Egyptian Archaeology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3793" type="text/json">{"id":3793,"name":"Egyptian Archaeology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Egyptian_Archaeology?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4173" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4173" type="text/json">{"id":4173,"name":"Hebrew Bible","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hebrew_Bible?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30372805]'), work: {"id":30372805,"title":"The Early History of the Alphabet: The Proto-Sinaitic Inscriptions 2.0, Canaanite not Hebrew","created_at":"2016-12-10T14:23:35.433-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30372805/The_Early_History_of_the_Alphabet_The_Proto_Sinaitic_Inscriptions_2_0_Canaanite_not_Hebrew?f_ri=17926","dom_id":"work_30372805","summary":"A updated version, with the correction of some typos is available here: http://www.rollstonepigraphy.com/?p=779. \n\nAbstract: This article is the second of two parts debunking the recent claims of Douglas Petrovich (in a presentation at the Nov 2016 academic meeting of the American Schools of Oriental Research and in a forthcoming volume from Carta publishers in Jerusalem) that the inscriptions from the Egyptian sites of Serabit el-Khadem and Wadi el-Hol (etc.) are Hebrew. This sort of proposal was first made in 1923....and it was not accepted then. 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J.-C. - IIIe sìecle apr. J.-C.)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The present paper is a study on the religious continuities and changes in North Africa from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD, therefore from the pre-Roman (“Phoenician-Punic”) to Roman era. Starting from the archaeological and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31539567" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The present paper is a study on the religious continuities and changes in North Africa from the<br />3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD, therefore from the pre-Roman (“Phoenician-Punic”) to<br />Roman era. Starting from the archaeological and epigraphic evidences, it combines and compares<br />the documentation related to the so-called Tophet sanctuaries with that related to the temples<br />dedicated to Saturn. The goal is to analyse the evolution and transformation of sacred places, rituals<br />and representations of the deities throughout a historical context characterized by variegated and<br />changeable political and religious landscapes.<br /><br />Cet article présente une étude des continuités et des innovations religieuses que l’on observe en Afrique<br />du Nord du IIIe siècle av. J.-C. au IIIe siècle apr. J.-C., donc de l’époque préromaine (phéniciennepunique)<br />à l’époque romaine. Il propose notamment de combiner et de confronter, à partir d’une<br />documentation en majorité archéologique et épigraphique, le dossier de ce que l’on nomme les<br />tophets à celui des sanctuaires de Saturne afin d’analyser le développement et la transformation des<br />aires sacrées, des pratiques cultuelles et de la représentation des divinités dans un contexte historique<br />caractérisé par des paysages politiques et religieux diversifiés et mouvants.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31539567" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="42a2802f1d8822f50b72bf6f92d01912" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51881082,"asset_id":31539567,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51881082/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="352917" href="https://uc3m.academia.edu/BrunoDAndrea">Bruno D'Andrea</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="352917" type="text/json">{"id":352917,"first_name":"Bruno","last_name":"D'Andrea","domain_name":"uc3m","page_name":"BrunoDAndrea","display_name":"Bruno D'Andrea","profile_url":"https://uc3m.academia.edu/BrunoDAndrea?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/352917/5833081/6626953/s65_bruno.d_andrea.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31539567 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31539567"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31539567, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31539567", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31539567]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31539567").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31539567").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31539567"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">32</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3017" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3017" type="text/json">{"id":3017,"name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenicians?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5327" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Religion">Roman Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5327" type="text/json">{"id":5327,"name":"Roman Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Roman_Religion?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17926" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician">Phoenician</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17926" type="text/json">{"id":17926,"name":"Phoenician","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="23135" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carthage_Archaeology_">Carthage (Archaeology)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="23135" type="text/json">{"id":23135,"name":"Carthage (Archaeology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carthage_Archaeology_?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31539567]'), work: {"id":31539567,"title":"De Baal Hammon à Saturne, continuité et transformation des lieux et des cultes (IIIe sìecle av. 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The goal is to analyse the evolution and transformation of sacred places, rituals\nand representations of the deities throughout a historical context characterized by variegated and\nchangeable political and religious landscapes.\n\nCet article présente une étude des continuités et des innovations religieuses que l’on observe en Afrique\ndu Nord du IIIe siècle av. J.-C. au IIIe siècle apr. J.-C., donc de l’époque préromaine (phéniciennepunique)\nà l’époque romaine. Il propose notamment de combiner et de confronter, à partir d’une\ndocumentation en majorité archéologique et épigraphique, le dossier de ce que l’on nomme les\ntophets à celui des sanctuaires de Saturne afin d’analyser le développement et la transformation des\naires sacrées, des pratiques cultuelles et de la représentation des divinités dans un contexte historique\ncaractérisé par des paysages politiques et religieux diversifiés et mouvants.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51881082,"asset_id":31539567,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":352917,"first_name":"Bruno","last_name":"D'Andrea","domain_name":"uc3m","page_name":"BrunoDAndrea","display_name":"Bruno 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Phénico-punique","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Archeologie_Phenico-punique?f_ri=17926"},{"id":1063993,"name":"Tophet Fenicio","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tophet_Fenicio?f_ri=17926"},{"id":1140903,"name":"Stèles à Saturne","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Steles_a_Saturne?f_ri=17926"},{"id":1220735,"name":"Phoenician and Punic Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phoenician_and_Punic_Religion?f_ri=17926"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19367013" data-work_id="19367013" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19367013/A_Question_of_Orthography_the_Latino_Punic_Inscriptions">A Question of Orthography: the Latino-Punic Inscriptions</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The arid pre-desert lands along the fringe of the Sahara have proven to be an especially fertile source of epigraphic remains from Roman Late Antiquity. In particular, the former Roman region of Tripolitania has yielded a small corpus of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19367013" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The arid pre-desert lands along the fringe of the Sahara have proven to be an especially fertile source of epigraphic remains from Roman Late Antiquity. In particular, the former Roman region of Tripolitania has yielded a small corpus of roughly sixty Punic inscriptions, dating from the first century of the common era to the fifth century. This corpus differs from other inscriptions in that language not only for its comparatively late time span, but also by virtue of the script in which it was composed. In the final stage before it disappeared completely from history, the Punic of Tripolitania was written in a modified form of the Latin script, which was apparently adapted to the phonology of Late Punic much as the Latin script was later adapted to represent other languages, including related languages like Maltese. In this paper, I will argue that the orthography of the Latino-Punic inscriptions represents the first unified and consistent system to render any Semitic language alphabetically, with full indication of vowels, rather than by syllabary or abjad. That is to say, I will argue that the orthography of the Latino-Punic inscriptions was unique in its time because it reflects the phonemes of Late Punic as it was spoken in Tripolitania at the time, solely for the benefit of Tripolitanian Punic speakers, rather than an attempt to render the sounds of Late Punic according to the orthography of other languages for the benefit of their speakers, such as Origen and Jerome’s roughly contemporary efforts to transcribe a closely related Semitic language (Hebrew) into the Greek and Latin scripts, respectively, for the express benefit of speakers of these two languages.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19367013" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="49688afaa7eb263e00af6f7257b9ef2b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40581297,"asset_id":19367013,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40581297/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="442764" href="https://rutgers.academia.edu/cghaberl">Charles Häberl</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="442764" type="text/json">{"id":442764,"first_name":"Charles","last_name":"Häberl","domain_name":"rutgers","page_name":"cghaberl","display_name":"Charles Häberl","profile_url":"https://rutgers.academia.edu/cghaberl?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/442764/142600/156227152/s65_charles.h_berl.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19367013 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19367013"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19367013, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19367013", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19367013]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19367013").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19367013").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19367013"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1200" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics">Languages and Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1200" type="text/json">{"id":1200,"name":"Languages and Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Languages_and_Linguistics?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1205" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_Linguistics">Contact Linguistics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1205" type="text/json">{"id":1205,"name":"Contact Linguistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contact_Linguistics?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1709" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semitic_languages">Semitic languages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1709" type="text/json">{"id":1709,"name":"Semitic languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semitic_languages?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2016" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_and_North_Africa">Middle East & North Africa</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2016" type="text/json">{"id":2016,"name":"Middle East \u0026 North Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Middle_East_and_North_Africa?f_ri=17926","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19367013]'), work: {"id":19367013,"title":"A Question of Orthography: the Latino-Punic Inscriptions","created_at":"2015-12-02T10:19:56.196-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19367013/A_Question_of_Orthography_the_Latino_Punic_Inscriptions?f_ri=17926","dom_id":"work_19367013","summary":"The arid pre-desert lands along the fringe of the Sahara have proven to be an especially fertile source of epigraphic remains from Roman Late Antiquity. In particular, the former Roman region of Tripolitania has yielded a small corpus of roughly sixty Punic inscriptions, dating from the first century of the common era to the fifth century. This corpus differs from other inscriptions in that language not only for its comparatively late time span, but also by virtue of the script in which it was composed. In the final stage before it disappeared completely from history, the Punic of Tripolitania was written in a modified form of the Latin script, which was apparently adapted to the phonology of Late Punic much as the Latin script was later adapted to represent other languages, including related languages like Maltese. In this paper, I will argue that the orthography of the Latino-Punic inscriptions represents the first unified and consistent system to render any Semitic language alphabetically, with full indication of vowels, rather than by syllabary or abjad. That is to say, I will argue that the orthography of the Latino-Punic inscriptions was unique in its time because it reflects the phonemes of Late Punic as it was spoken in Tripolitania at the time, solely for the benefit of Tripolitanian Punic speakers, rather than an attempt to render the sounds of Late Punic according to the orthography of other languages for the benefit of their speakers, such as Origen and Jerome’s roughly contemporary efforts to transcribe a closely related Semitic language (Hebrew) into the Greek and Latin scripts, respectively, for the express benefit of speakers of these two languages.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40581297,"asset_id":19367013,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":442764,"first_name":"Charles","last_name":"Häberl","domain_name":"rutgers","page_name":"cghaberl","display_name":"Charles 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class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30935044/Phoenician">Phoenician</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Forthcoming survey of the Phoenician language.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30935044" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f17d4d0cb2ede8378564145e808e68e0" rel="nofollow" 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/189837/The_Edinburgh_Companion_to_the_History_of_Democracy">The Edinburgh Companion to the History of Democracy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Democracy has never been more popular. It is successfully practiced today in a myriad of different ways by people across virtually every cultural, religious or socio-economic context. The forty-five essays collected in this companion... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_189837" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Democracy has never been more popular. It is successfully practiced today in a myriad of different ways by people across virtually every cultural, religious or socio-economic context. The forty-five essays collected in this companion suggest that the global popularity of democracy derives in part from its breadth and depth in the common history of human civilization. The chapters include exceptional accounts of democracy in ancient Greece and Rome, modern Europe and America, among peoples’ movements and national revolutions, and its triumph since the end of the Cold War. However, this book also includes alternative accounts of democracy’s history: its origins in prehistoric societies and early city-states, under-acknowledged contributions from China, Africa and the Islamic world, its familiarity to various Indigenous Australians and Native Americans, the various challenges it faces today in South America, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Asia, the latest democratic developments in light of globalization and new technologies, and potential future pathways to a more democratic world. Understanding where democracy comes from, where its greatest successes and most dismal failures lie, is central to democracy’s project of inventing ways to address the need of people everywhere to live in peace, freedom and with a say in the decisions that affect their lives.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/189837" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e52bef339baaa6bd6a63fc708303e195" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56064189,"asset_id":189837,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56064189/download_file?st=MTczMzIwODUzMyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51183" href="https://deakin.academia.edu/BenjaminIsakhan">Benjamin Isakhan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51183" type="text/json">{"id":51183,"first_name":"Benjamin","last_name":"Isakhan","domain_name":"deakin","page_name":"BenjaminIsakhan","display_name":"Benjamin Isakhan","profile_url":"https://deakin.academia.edu/BenjaminIsakhan?f_ri=17926","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51183/15567/18712076/s65_benjamin.isakhan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_189837 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="189837"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 189837, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_189837", }); 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