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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Aboriginal music</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aboriginal_music-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aboriginal music subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aboriginal_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bunun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bunun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bunun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bunun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hakka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hakka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hakka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hakka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pop_and_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Metal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Techno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Techno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" 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For pop music in the <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a> language, see <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_pop" title="Hokkien pop">Hokkien pop</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Special:EditPage/Music of Taiwan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Music+of+Taiwan%22">"Music of Taiwan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Music+of+Taiwan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Music+of+Taiwan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Music+of+Taiwan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Music+of+Taiwan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Music+of+Taiwan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwan.nch.ntnu.apo-hsu.2005-10a.altonthompson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Taiwan.nch.ntnu.apo-hsu.2005-10a.altonthompson.jpg/250px-Taiwan.nch.ntnu.apo-hsu.2005-10a.altonthompson.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Taiwan.nch.ntnu.apo-hsu.2005-10a.altonthompson.jpg/375px-Taiwan.nch.ntnu.apo-hsu.2005-10a.altonthompson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Taiwan.nch.ntnu.apo-hsu.2005-10a.altonthompson.jpg/500px-Taiwan.nch.ntnu.apo-hsu.2005-10a.altonthompson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apo_Hsu" title="Apo Hsu">Apo Hsu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Taiwan_Normal_University" title="National Taiwan Normal University">NTNU</a> Symphony Orchestra on stage in the <a href="/wiki/National_Concert_Hall_(Taiwan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Concert Hall (Taiwan)">National Concert Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taipei_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Taipei City">Taipei</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>music of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></b> reflects the diverse culture of <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_people" title="Taiwanese people">Taiwanese people</a>. Taiwan has undergone several economic, social, and political changes through <a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_Taiwan" title="Cultural history of Taiwan">its cultural history</a>, and Taiwanese music reflects those issues in its way. The music of the country has adopted a mixed style. As a country rich in Chinese folk culture and with many indigenous tribes with their own distinct artistic identity, various <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> styles are appreciated in Taiwan. In addition, people in Taiwan highly appreciate various style of Western <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a>. Taiwan is a major <a href="/wiki/Mandopop" title="Mandopop">Mandopop</a> hub.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> government arrived in Taiwan in 1949, a government that suppressed native <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan" title="Culture of Taiwan">Taiwanese culture</a> and implemented <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> (Mandarin) as the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a>. This political event has significant effects on the development of music in Taiwan in the 20th century as it resulted in a gap in the transition of the traditional music culture. In 1987, a revival of traditional culture began when the <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> declared by the government was lifted. (See <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_localization_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese localization movement">Taiwanese localization movement</a></i>.) </p><p>Instrumental music includes multiple genres, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Beiguan_music" title="Beiguan music">beiguan</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nanguan_music" title="Nanguan music">nanguan</a></i>. <i>Nanguan</i> originally hails from <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>, while it is now most common in <a href="/wiki/Lukang" title="Lukang">Lukang</a> and is found across much of the island. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_puppetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese puppetry">Taiwanese puppetry</a> (hand-puppet theater) and <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_opera" title="Taiwanese opera">Taiwanese opera</a>, two genres of spectacle that are strongly related to music, are very popular, while the latter is often considered the only truly indigenous Han form of music still extant today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2000236_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2000236-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Holo folk music is most common today on the <a href="/wiki/Hengchun_Peninsula" title="Hengchun Peninsula">Hengchun Peninsula</a> in the southernmost part of the island, where performers sing accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Yueqin" title="Yueqin">yueqin</a> (<i>moon lute</i>), which is a type of two-stringed <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2000235_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2000235-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Hengchun yueqin plays only five tones, the pentatonic music can become diverse and complex when combined with the seven tones of <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a>. Famous folk singers include <a href="/wiki/Chen_Da_(singer)" title="Chen Da (singer)">Chen Da</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yang_Hsiuching&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yang Hsiuching (page does not exist)">Yang Hsiuching</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aboriginal_music">Aboriginal music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aboriginal music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-Mei_World_Tour_in_Taipei_Arena_20100319.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A-Mei_World_Tour_in_Taipei_Arena_20100319.jpg/220px-A-Mei_World_Tour_in_Taipei_Arena_20100319.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A-Mei_World_Tour_in_Taipei_Arena_20100319.jpg/330px-A-Mei_World_Tour_in_Taipei_Arena_20100319.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/A-Mei_World_Tour_in_Taipei_Arena_20100319.jpg/440px-A-Mei_World_Tour_in_Taipei_Arena_20100319.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>A-mei</figcaption></figure> <p>Of the two broad divisions of <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese aborigines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Plains_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Plains Aborigines">plains-dwellers</a> have been largely assimilated into Han culture, while the mountain-dwelling tribes remain distinct. The <a href="/wiki/Ami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ami people">Amis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunun_people" title="Bunun people">Bunun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paiwan_people" title="Paiwan people">Paiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rukai_people" title="Rukai people">Rukai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsou_people" title="Tsou people">Tsou</a> are known for their polyphonic vocals,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2000237_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2000237-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which each has a unique variety. </p><p>Once dying, aboriginal culture has undergone a renaissance since the late 20th century. A full-time aboriginal radio station, "Ho-hi-yan" was launched in 2005<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Executive Yuan</a>, to focus on issues of interest to the indigenous community. [<b>Listen</b> to <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071004222611/http://w2.radio.taipei.gov.tw/eng/radio.htm">Ho-hi-yan</a></i>; requires Windows Media Player 9]. This came on the heels of a "New wave of Indigenous Pop,"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as aboriginal artists such as <a href="/wiki/A-mei" class="mw-redirect" title="A-mei">A-mei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puyuma_people" title="Puyuma people">Puyuma tribe</a>), <a href="/wiki/Difang_and_Igay_Duana" title="Difang and Igay Duana">Difang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ami people">Amis</a> tribe), Pur-dur and <a href="/wiki/Samingad" title="Samingad">Samingad</a> (Puyuma) became international pop stars. Later artists include Paiwanese pop star <a href="/wiki/Abao_(Taiwanese_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abao (Taiwanese singer)">Abao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abao_NPR_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abao_NPR-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1991 formation of the <a href="/wiki/Formosa_Aboriginal_Dance_Troupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosa Aboriginal Dance Troupe">Formosa Aboriginal Dance Troupe</a> was another major contributor to this trend, while the surprise mainstream success of "<a href="/wiki/Return_to_Innocence" title="Return to Innocence">Return to Innocence</a>", the theme song to the <a href="/wiki/1996_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Olympic Games">1996 Olympic Games</a>, further popularized native musics. "Return to Innocence" was made by <a href="/wiki/Enigma_(German_band)" title="Enigma (German band)">Enigma</a>, a popular musical project and sampled the voices of an elderly Amis couple, Kuo Ying-nan and Kuo Hsiu-chu. When the couple found out that their recording had become part of an international hit, they filed suit and, in 1999, settled out of court for an unidentified amount.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2000238_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2000238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bunun">Bunun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bunun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bunun's original home was on Taiwan's west coast, in the central and northern plains, but some have more recently settled in the area around <a href="/wiki/Taitung_City" title="Taitung City">Taitung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hualien_City" title="Hualien City">Hualien</a>. </p><p>Unlike the other indigenous peoples of Taiwan, the Bunun have very little <a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">dance music</a>. The best-studied element of traditional Bunun music is <a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">improvised</a> <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphonic</a> song. Folk instruments include <a href="/wiki/Pestle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pestle">pestles</a>, five-stringed <a href="/wiki/Zither" title="Zither">zithers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jaw_harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaw harp">jaw harp</a>. </p><p>In modern times, <a href="/wiki/David_Darling_(musician)" title="David Darling (musician)">David Darling</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellist</a>, created a project to combine cello and Bunun traditional music, resulting in an album titled <i>Mudanin Kata</i>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunun_Cultural_and_Educational_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bunun Cultural and Educational Foundation (page does not exist)">Bunun Cultural and Educational Foundation</a>, founded in 1995, was the first organization established to help promote and sustain Taiwanese aboriginal culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hakka">Hakka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hakka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Han_Taiwanese#Arts_and_Music" title="Han Taiwanese">Han Taiwanese § Arts and Music</a></div> <p>Traditional Hakka music is made up of three types: Hakka Bayin (客家八音), <a href="/wiki/Shan%27ge" title="Shan'ge">Shan'ge</a> (山歌, Mountain or Hill song), and <a href="/wiki/Beiguan_music" title="Beiguan music">Beiguan</a> (北管).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bayin references the eight materials that have traditionally been used to make Chinese instruments: metal, stone, earth, skin, string, wood, gourd, and bamboo (金、石、土、革，絲、木、匏、竹).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that Hakka Bayin came from a type of wind and percussion ensemble music known as Chungchunban (中軍班). Hakka Bayin was thought to have been brought to Taiwan sometime between the end of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a> and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a>. It is often used in Hakka daily life, such as at festivals, weddings, or funerals. </p><p>Hakka <a href="/wiki/Shan%27ge" title="Shan'ge">Shan'ge</a> is the most popular of the three types. It literally means “mountain song” or “hill song.”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shan%27ge" title="Shan'ge">Shan'ge</a> has traditionally been sung while people work, particularly during tea picking. Because of this, it consists mostly of improvisations and has not been transcribed. Recently, <a href="/wiki/Shan%27ge" title="Shan'ge">shan'ge</a> has gained popularity as one of the markers of <a href="/wiki/Hakka_culture" title="Hakka culture">Hakka culture</a>. This type of music includes the well-known Nine Accents and Eighteen Melodies (九腔十八調), whose definitions are a point of debate. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Beiguan_music" title="Beiguan music">Beiguan</a> is not only Hakka music, as it generally references music in the area north of Fujian. Out of the two types, instrumental and vocal, instrumental is more popular, and like Bayin, is often utilized in events like weddings and ceremonies. </p><p>These three forms of music have been reutilized in Hakka orchestral music. Hakka orchestral music utilizes a mixture of Western orchestral instruments and Chinese traditional musical instruments, like the <a href="/wiki/Erhu" title="Erhu">Erhu</a> (二胡) and the <a href="/wiki/Suona" title="Suona">Suona</a> (嗩吶). This is in part because the <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Affairs_Council" title="Hakka Affairs Council">Hakka Affairs Council</a> has encouraged those trained in Western music in Taiwan to compose Hakka orchestral music. The first Hakka piano concerto, “Heavy Rain” (落大雨) was composed by Sung-Jen Hsu (徐頌仁) in 1985, whereas the first Hakka orchestral work, <i>Hakka Shange Capriccio</i> (客家山歌隨想曲)<i>,</i> was finished by Jung-Sung Hsu (徐榮松) in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_music">Art music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Art music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest musical education program in Taiwan was established by Western missionaries during the 17th century, when southern and northern Taiwan was under the colonial rule of the Netherlands and Spain respectively. Missionaries from Europe set up their churches throughout Taiwan for evangelical purposes; this included Protestant missionaries from the Netherlands and the Catholic Dominican Order from Spain. During this period, Western music was first introduced to Taiwan, though church music was the mainstay. It wasn't until the ruling Qing government opened up to trade exchanges with Europe in the mid-19th century that secular Western music began to gain to a foothold in Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1895, Taiwan became occupied by Japan, and formalized Western music education was thus introduced. Under Japanese rule, music was included as part of the core curriculum of Taiwanese academic education and became a compulsory course of study. Notable musicians from this era included Wen-ye Jiang and Chih-yuan Kuo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qing_dynasty_rule">Qing dynasty rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Qing dynasty rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rule by the Qing dynasty began in Taiwan in the 18th century; Taiwan's music scene at the time was still largely dominated by Beiguan and Nanguan music brought over by immigrants from mainland China. However, in the middle of the 19th century, the armies of the Qing dynasty suffered one devastating loss after another against European troops, forcing the Qing government to open up the ports to European traders and missionaries. As trade between Taiwan and Europe flourished, the European Chambers of Commerce and Industry set up branches in Taiwan, setting the stage for strong Western influence and an influx of more Christian missionaries. In 1872, Canadian missionary George Leslie Mackay established Presbyterian churches in Tamsui (formerly known as Huwei), as well as schools and hospitals. He also introduced Western liturgical music and art music education to Taiwan,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founding Oxford College (now the Taiwan Graduate School of Theology) and Aletheia University. Su-Ti Chen (1911–1992), one of the first-generation Taiwanese composers, was an alumnus of TamKang High School (now TamKang Senior High School), which was founded by Dr. Mackay's eldest son, George William Mackay. Su-Ti Chen studied piano and Western liturgical music alongside Margaret Gauld, the wife of Rev. William Gauld. After his graduation, he enrolled at the Taipei Seminary School (now the Taiwan Graduate School of Theology), majoring in Western Art Music. Afterwards, he continued his music studies in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Dr. James Maxwell, a Presbyterian/Calvinist missionary from England, began preaching in southern Taiwan in 1865. In 1869, he and Rev. Hugh Ritchie together established “The Student’s Class” in Cihou and Taiwan Fu (now Tainan), which were coalesced by Reverend Thomas Barclay in 1876 into the Capital College, the first western-education university in Taiwan and the predecessor of the current Tainan Theological College and Seminary affiliated with the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan. The seminary not only had the goal of evangelizing and cultivating theological students, but also brought Western liturgical music and art music to southern Taiwan through mandated courses for its students, nurturing many musical talents in southern Taiwan. To this day, “cultivation of musical talent” remains one of the most important goals of the Tainan Theological College and Seminary.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During Qing dynasty rule, Taiwan's churches played a major role in the spread of Western music through congregation members, foreign merchants, and missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_Japanese_rule">During Japanese rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: During Japanese rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1894, the First Sino-Japanese War began, during which the army of the Qing dynasty was defeated by the Japanese army. This led to the Qing dynasty government signing the Treaty of Shimonoseki, which ceded Taiwan to Japan. In 1895, Japanese rule of Taiwan began, leading to a formal introduction of a Western music education system in the core curriculum of Taiwanese schooling. From then on, Western art music became a firmly-rooted element in Taiwan's musical scene, with Western art music courses becoming mandatory in Taiwanese schools. Su-Ti Chen, one of the first-generation Taiwanese composers, received his formal music education in Taiwan schooling before traveling to Japan for further study. </p><p>Tyzen Hsiao, a composer born in Fongshan, Kaohsiung, was taught to play the piano by his mother, who was one of the first-generation pianists to study in Japan. Afterwards, he received further training from Prof. Fu-mei Li, who also studied piano in Japan. Graduating from the Christian Chang Jung High School, Hsiao enrolled in the two-year music program of the Taiwan Provincial Teachers College (predecessor of the National Taiwan Normal University), before continuing his studies in Japan. </p><p>From the life history of these Taiwanese composers, we can clearly trace the development of the culture of Western music in Taiwan through two sources. One is the church system and the other the Western music education introduced during the Japanese rule and musicians returning to Taiwan after studying abroad in Japan. Many of the works by these musicians were liturgical, including those written by Su-Ti Chen; although other musicians such as Chuan-sheng Lu and Chih-yuan Kuo created original folk songs. They also composed large-scale works: Chih-yuan Kuo produced the opera Xu-Xian and Madame White Snake, while Chuan-sheng Lu produced Castrated Chicken, a Taiwanese Hokkien opera that attracted the attention of the Japanese ruling class for its incorporation of Western composition techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_1949">After 1949</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: After 1949"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government of the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan in 1949. Due to political factors, cultural elements related to mainland China and Russia, including symbols of communism, became taboos in Taiwan, and Western culture became especially prominent. Musicians and music students from mainland China also came to Taiwan to pursue their music education. </p><p>After the Second World War, Taiwan's political atmosphere and economic situation shifted abruptly, a change which was reflected in contemporaneous music activity. Scholar Edwin A. Winckler divided the post-war development of Taiwan's music into three periods in his Cultural Policy on Postwar Taiwan (1994): </p> <ol><li>1945–1960</li> <li>1960–1975</li> <li>1975–1990</li></ol> <p>In 1946, the school that was known as Taihoko High School during the era of Japanese rule, was renamed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_Provincial_Teachers%27_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taiwan Provincial Teachers' College (page does not exist)">Taiwan Provincial Teachers' College</a>, and became an important center for cultivating music teachers. In 1955, it was again renamed to <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Provincial_Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan Provincial Normal School">Taiwan Provincial Normal University</a>; at this time, Er-hua Xiao from Fujian Music College, Ou Kang and Cui-lun Dai from Shanghai Music College (the predecessor of <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Conservatory_of_Music" title="Shanghai Conservatory of Music">Shanghai Conservatory of Music</a>), and others joined its faculty, and redesigned the music educational system of Taiwan. At the same time, Taiwanese musicians who had traveled to Japan for study, such as Ci-mei Gao and Cai-xiang Zhang, also joined the faculty after their return to Taiwan, resulting in the school's music educational curriculum reflecting the principles of two different systems. At the time, Taiwan's art music was greatly influenced by post-romantic music from the West. This was particularly distinct in the works of the alumni of Taiwan Provincial Normal University, including <a href="/wiki/Tyzen_Hsiao" title="Tyzen Hsiao">Tyzen Hsiao</a>, Tsang-houei Hsu, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Taiwan_Academy_of_the_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="National Taiwan Academy of the Arts">National Taiwan Academy of the Arts</a> (the predecessor of today's <a href="/wiki/National_Taiwan_University_of_Arts" title="National Taiwan University of Arts">National Taiwan University of Arts</a>) was established in Banqiao, Taipei County (now New Taipei City), in 1955. Through the effort of the successive directors of its music program, including vocalist Xue-yong Shen, Wei-liang Shih (1926–1977), and others, numerous professional performers and composers received trainings that blended the Western theory of composition together with elements of traditional Chinese music, and used Western composition techniques to reinterpret the classics of Chinese literature. For example, The Song of Pipa for a female soloist and orchestra, composed by Wei-liang Shih, adapted the poem of the same title written by poet Juyi Bai of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> as its lyrics. This modern music work combined the Chinese pentatonic scale and western polyphony and atonality. It was premiered at Taipei's Armed Forces Cultural Center in 1968, with soprano Sai-yun Liu as the female vocalist, and Cui-lun Dai conducting the Taiwan Provincial Symphony Orchestra (predecessor of today's <a href="/wiki/National_Taiwan_Symphony_Orchestra" title="National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra">National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra</a>) as accompaniment. This piece was known to be the late composer's favorite of his works. Other alumni of the National Taiwan Academy of Arts included musicians Tai-xiang Li, Chang-fa Yu, and others. </p><p>Composers of this generation were deeply influenced by the heritage of Chinese culture, with deep cultural literacy and awareness of local trends, enabling them to excel at combining Western music and classic Chinese literature together. For example, Shui-long Ma portrayed his hometown Keelung in his Suite Taiwan for Piano Solo. In his later Bamboo Flute Concerto, the piece which brought him fame as a composer, he combined the Chinese pentatonic scale and the orchestration of Western music together, not only showcasing the performance skills of the bamboo flutist, but also bringing Taiwanese music to a whole new level. The Bamboo Flute Concerto was selected as the theme song of the Broadcasting Corporation of China based on its reputation as a monumental Taiwanese musical piece.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This piece was followed by Shui-long Ma's symphonic suite Xiang Yu and His Concubine, a work based on the history of the <a href="/wiki/Chu-Han_Contention" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu-Han Contention">Chu-Han Contention</a> in ancient China. Originally written in the form of a singspiel with spoken dialogue, Ma used traditional Chinese instruments in place of the vocals. For example, the bass part for the character Xiang Yu is replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Suona" title="Suona">suona</a>, the soprano part for Consort Yu is replaced by the nanhu, and the tenor part for <a href="/wiki/Liu_Bang" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Bang">Liu Bang</a> is replaced by the pipa. Combining Chinese traditional instruments and a Western orchestra, this symphonic suite weaves exchanges between these three traditional instruments throughout. Xiang Yu and His Concubine won the Best Art Music Album award at the <a href="/wiki/26th_Golden_Melody_Awards" title="26th Golden Melody Awards">26th Golden Melody Awards</a> for Traditional Arts and Music. </p><p>The music conservatory serves as a base for cultivating musical talents, while the establishment of musical organizations founded by patrons supports a variety of musical events. The Association of Taiwanese Culture was established by Taiwan's elite Hsien-tang Lin, the scholar <a href="/wiki/Mosei_Lin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosei Lin">Mosei Lin</a>, politician Mi-chien Yu, and others in 1946 for actively promoting musical activities. Musicians returning from their studies in Japan, including Chih-yuan Kuo, Chuan-sheng Lu, and Erh Lin, and others, were fervent in creating new pieces for the events held by this society. However, during this period of post-war reconstruction, these events were unsuccessful in attracting attention and support.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, Chih-yuan Kuo wrote the Symphonic Variation in Taiwanese Style for Orchestra, the first orchestral piece by a Taiwanese composer. With themes celebrating Taiwan's beautiful scenery and folk music, the work was premiered by Taiwan Provincial Symphony Orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1972, Kuo wrote the Concertino for Piano and String Orchestra, the first piano concerto by a Taiwanese composer. </p><p>Students studying composition at Taiwan Provincial Normal University and the National Taiwan Academy of Arts received a great deal of exposure to Chinese traditional music, operas, and works written by Chinese composers from the first half of the 20th century, such as art songs by Tzu Huang, <a href="/wiki/Yuen_Ren_Chao" title="Yuen Ren Chao">Yuen-ren Chao</a>, Bao-chen Li, and Xue'an Liu, and others, in their tutelage led by musicians from mainland China. After these students graduated, some taught music at schools, such as Yen Lu, while some worked as researchers or orchestral musicians in the Taiwan Provincial Symphony Orchestra, including Loong-hsing Wen, Hsuan-wen Chang, and Deh-ho Lai, etc. In their spare time, these graduates collected and analyzed Taiwanese folk music, and blended it with Western composition theory to develop a new form of contemporary art music belonging to Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Division of Research for the Taiwan Provincial Symphony Orchestra was established by its former director Wei-liang Shih in 1972. He invited several alumni of the National Taiwan Academy of Arts and composers returning from abroad to join this division, including Deh-ho Lai, Loong-hsing Wen, Chang-fa Yu,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among others. These young composers founded the Music Society of the Sunflower in 1967. In addition to the composers mentioned above, Mau-liang Chen, Chin-tang Shen, and Shui-long Ma, also alumni of the National Taiwan Academy of Arts, were also members of this society.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_music_organizations">Private music organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Private music organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsang-houei Hsu, who studied abroad in France before returning to Taiwan to teach at Taiwan Provincial Normal University, founded the Assembly for Composition in 1961. This group did not have fixed members, with Tsang-houei Hsu inviting different composers to write pieces for each concert. In 1961, New Music in First Performance, an orchestra for the performance of modern music, was founded by the violinist Chang-guo Deng, Japanese pianist Anna Azusa Fujita, Hsien-liang Koo, Tsang-houei Hsu, Kuo-huang Han, and others in order to perform modern music both in Taiwan and overseas. Other important groups during this period included the Chiang Lang Music Assembly and The Five. They held concerts to present their own works as well as conduct international exchanges. </p><p>The Asian Composers League - National Committee and The Composers’ Association of the Republic of China (ACL-ROC) was co-founded by Tsang-houei Hsu, Yoshiro Nabeshima (Japan), Yoshiro Irino (Japan), Sheng-shih Lin (Hong Kong), and Un-young La (Korea) in 1973 in order to exchange ideas about music with other Asian composers. Through this organized system for carrying out international exchange of contemporary art music, development of Taiwan's contemporary art music expanded greatly. Frequent and regular cross-cultural exchange also helped improve the composing standard for Taiwan's art music significantly and many notable composers arose.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time, the art music of Taiwan, in addition to new musical styles that combined Chinese and Western music, also encompassed abstract musical styles influenced by Modernism. When Tsang-houei Hsu returned to Taiwan after his studies in France, he brought with him the latest contemporary music trends of Europe, including serialism music. Although this style was not widely accepted in Taiwan, his students at Taiwan Provincial Normal University and the National Taiwan Academy of Arts were influenced by this musical theory.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Works written by Hwang-long Pan (1945- ) used this modern musical language, enhancing the sonority and ambiance of sound. Compared to works written by his contemporaries, Pan's compositions were more abstract. For example, his quartet for the clarinet, percussion, piano, and cello Labyrinth - promenade places great emphasis on mood and atmosphere. In recent years, Hwang-long Pan has worked closely with the Chai Found Music Workshop, an ensemble that focuses on the performance of contemporary art music in Taiwan. In addition to performing traditional Chinese music, the Chai Found Music Workshop also utilizes Chinese traditional instruments to perform contemporary art music. It has presented numerous works written by contemporary Taiwanese composers at many international contemporary art festivals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_1980">Since 1980</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Since 1980"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of Western art music in Taiwan primarily took place in educational institutions, both public and private. The earliest such music programs included those at Taiwan Provincial Normal University and the National Taiwan Academy of Arts, as well as Chinese Culture University (1962)¸ Shih Chien College of Home Economics (today's Shih Chien University, 1969), Soochow University (1972), Fu Jen Catholic University (1983), and the National Institute of the Arts (predecessor of today's Taipei National University of the Arts, 1982).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 1980s, all the junior teachers colleges were restructured into teachers' colleges, allowing the founding of several departments and institutes of music. These new programs trained numerous music teachers for different types of schools and also promoted general enthusiasm for music. Around the same time, the United Experimental Orchestra (predecessor of the National Symphony Orchestra) and the National Chiang Kai-Shek Cultural Center (predecessor of the National Theater and Concert Hall) were established respectively in 1986 and 1987. Together, they held a series of concerts with many Taiwanese and overseas musicians invited to perform and commissioned new pieces from local composers. All of this contributed to the vigorous growth of musical activities in Taiwan. Musical talents flourished in large numbers and the standards for composition and performance shot up markedly.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leading musicians at the time included Hwang-long Pan, Shing-kwei Tzeng, Fang-long Ke, Nan-chang Chien, <a href="/wiki/Chien_Shan-hua" title="Chien Shan-hua">Shan-hua Chien</a>, and Shu-si Chen. </p><p>At the suggestion of Dr. Robert Scholz, Taiwan began to send talented music students for pursuing further study abroad in the 1960s. The earliest students selected included pianists Pi-hsien Chen, Lina Yeh, and Tai-cheng Chen, among others, who went to Europe for their musical studies. After they graduated, some of them remained overseas, while others returned to Taiwan and devoted themselves to education. Several of these music talents have won awards in renowned international music competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include pianist Siao-pei Yang, who won the third place in the Concours international d'exécution musicale de Genève in 1967;<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pianist Pi-hsien Chen, who won the first place in the Internationaler Musikwettbewerb der ARD in 1974; Nai-yuan Hu, who was the first-place winner of the Queen Elisabeth Music Competition in 1985; and Yu-chien Tseng, who won the second place in the violin section (in which first place was not awarded) of the International Tchaikovsky Competition in 2015. As for conductors, Helen Quach, Wen-pin Chien, Shao-chia Lü, Mei-ann Chen, and Tung-chieh Chuang are all well-known conductors in the international music scene that has brought Taiwan international prestige. </p><p>In 1990, composer Shui-long Ma launched the Spring and Autumn Music Collection, a platform for sponsoring aspiring composers, funded and organized by the Chew's Culture Foundation. Entrepreneur Andrew Chew supported this endeavor in acknowledgment of the dire need for more Taiwanese composers and the recognition that composers serve as the cornerstone of all artistic works. Theatrical as well as choreographic performances all need background music, with composers playing as vital a role as accompanists. The Spring and Autumn Music Collection launched its first concert in the spring of 1991, presenting the works of aspiring Taiwanese composers in their prime, such as Shu-si Chen, Shan-hua Chien, Kwang-i Ying, Hwei-lee Chang, Ming-chung Sheu, Shyh-ji Pan, and Yann-jong Hwang, with a variety of styles of music represented. The autumn concert held later the same year brought in veteran composers, such as Tsang-houei Hsu, Hwang-long Pan, Yen Lu, Ting-lien Wu, Nan-chang Chien, Shing-kwei Tzeng, and Hao Chang. They produced new works that blend Chinese culture with Western compositional techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-未命名-20230318190150_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-未命名-20230318190150-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difference between the spring and autumn concerts held by the Spring and Autumn Music Collection is that the spring concerts feature works by aspiring composers, while the autumn concerts focus on works by seasoned composers. As of 2016, the Spring and Autumn Music Collection may not hold concerts every year but the participating composers represent the development of Taiwan's Western art music scene. Many of the outstanding composers featured in the concerts have won prizes in the international composition competitions, for example, Jing Peng, Ming-hsiu Yen, Wei-chih Liu, Ching-meio Lin, Chiu-yu Chou, Shih-hui Chen, Yuan-chen Li, Chung-kun Hung, Tzyy-sheng Lee, and others. </p><p>As for the development of Western opera in Taiwan, the Taipei Symphony Orchestra (TSO, 1986 – 2003) produced one opera every year under the directorship of Felix Chiu-Sheng Chen. The operas primarily featured local vocalists with only a few internationally renowned vocalists invited to participate. Moreover, the staff in charge of stage production and backstage work was led by Taiwanese stagehands, administrators, and musicians. This system offered opportunities to local vocalists to showcase their talents and other art workers to develop the skills needed for handling the delicate and complicated work that goes into producing an opera.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Taipei Opera Theater was established by professor and vocalist Dau-hsiong Tseng in 1973. Although not as large as the Taipei Symphony Orchestra in scale, the Taipei Opera Theater has performed many Western operatic masterpieces over the past 50 years. Both the quantity of performances and the production standards are on par with those produced by public orchestras and the theater serves as an important base for nurturing local opera singers and conductors alike. From Tai-li Chu in the past to the more recent Li-chin Huang, Keng Li, I-chiao Shih, Chia-fen Wu, Hanying Iaia Tso, Taiwan on the whole has raised many young and aspiring vocalists active onstage in many international opera houses.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cloud Gate Dance Theater is also a major driving force in the Taiwanese composition scene. For example, Deh-ho Lai was commissioned by Hwai-min Lin, the founder of Cloud Gate Dancer Theater, to write the music for White Serpent Tale and The Dream of the Red Chamber. Shui-long Ma was also similarly commissioned for Liao Tian-ding.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for theatrical works, Kuei-ju Lin, a composer in her prime who has devoted herself to theatrical music production and is active in theatrical and art music circles, began her career as an undergraduate. After she received her Ph.D. degree in the United States and returned to Taiwan to teach, she collaborated with M.O.V.E. Theatre to design and host Dear John,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became one of five finalists for the twelfth Taishin Arts Award. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_music">Modern music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pop_and_rock">Pop and rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pop and rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_rock" title="Taiwanese rock">Taiwanese rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_hip_hop" title="Taiwanese hip hop">Taiwanese hip hop</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_pop" title="Hokkien pop">Hokkien pop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandopop" title="Mandopop">Mandopop</a></div> <p>In the mid-1970s a genre of popular music known as <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_campus_folk_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese campus folk song">Taiwanese campus folk song</a> appeared in the music scene of Taiwan. This music consisted of a fusion of elements from American <a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">folk rock</a> and Chinese folk music, and was very popular throughout East Asia. Until the 1987 lifting of martial law, Taiwanese pop fell into two distinct categories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2000238_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2000238-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_pop" title="Hokkien pop">Hokkien pop</a> was sung in a native dialect and was popular among older and working-class listeners; it was strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Enka" title="Enka">enka</a>. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin pop">Mandarin pop</a>, due to the assimilation policy of the authoritarian Kuomintang regime (1945–1996) that suppressed Taiwanese languages and culture, appealed to younger listeners. Pan-Asian superstar <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Teng" title="Teresa Teng">Teresa Teng</a> was originally from Taiwan and enjoyed immense popularity throughout the <a href="/wiki/Sinophone_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinophone world">Sinophone world</a> and beyond. By the mid-1980s, Taiwan's booming Mandarin'language music industry was the source of around 90% of Mandopop sold in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the resurgence of interest in native cultural identities starting in the late 1980s, a more distinct and modern form of Taiwanese pop formed. In 1989, a group of musicians called the <a href="/wiki/Blacklist_Studio" title="Blacklist Studio">Blacklist Studio</a> released <i>Song of Madness</i> on <a href="/wiki/Rock_Records" title="Rock Records">Rock Records</a>. Blending <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> and other styles, the album focused on the issues concerning everyday, modern people. Building on <i>Song of Madness' </i> success, the following year saw <a href="/wiki/Lin_Chiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin Chiang">Lin Chiang</a> release <i><a href="/wiki/Marching_Forward" title="Marching Forward">Marching Forward</a></i>, which kickstarted what became known as <a href="/wiki/New_Taiwanese_Song" title="New Taiwanese Song">New Taiwanese Song</a>. At the same time, the Hakka Ethnic Movement was also picking up, with many relevant publications. Notably, Sheng-Chih Wu (吳盛智) released his first Hakka album, <i>Missed</i>, in 1981, which has inspired many Hakka musicians since. Later on, Min-Heng Tu (涂敏恆) released "True Hakka," and it is now considered the "national anthem of the Hakka."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pop stars of the 1990s included <a href="/wiki/Wu_Bai" title="Wu Bai">Wu Bai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chang_Chen-yue" title="Chang Chen-yue">Chang Chen-yue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Lin" title="Jimmy Lin">Jimmy Lin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wakin_Chau" title="Wakin Chau">Emil Wakin Chau</a> and so on. <a href="/wiki/A-mei" class="mw-redirect" title="A-mei">A-mei</a>, who is renowned for her technically skilled and powerful vocals, is acclaimed to be the pop diva in <a href="/wiki/Mandopop" title="Mandopop">Mandopop</a>, and pop idols like <a href="/wiki/Show_Lo" title="Show Lo">Show Lo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Chou" title="Jay Chou">Jay Chou</a>, A-Mei, <a href="/wiki/Jolin_Tsai" title="Jolin Tsai">Jolin Tsai</a> and girl group <a href="/wiki/S.H.E" title="S.H.E">S.H.E</a> have now become the most famous and popular singers of Mandopop. For rock and band music, <a href="/wiki/Mayday_(Taiwanese_band)" title="Mayday (Taiwanese band)">Mayday</a> is said to have pioneered rock music in Taiwan for the generation of youth. For latest generation of pop music in Taiwan, singing <a href="/wiki/Reality_show" class="mw-redirect" title="Reality show">reality shows</a> such as <a href="/wiki/One_Million_Star" title="One Million Star">One Million Star</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Super_idol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Super idol (page does not exist)">Super idol</a> have brought many ordinary people to fame, such as <a href="/wiki/Jam_Hsiao" title="Jam Hsiao">Jam Hsiao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Lin" title="Yoga Lin">Yoga Lin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aska_Yang" title="Aska Yang">Aska Yang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lala_Hsu" title="Lala Hsu">Lala Hsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Wei" title="William Wei">William Wei</a> and so on. </p><p>The 1990s and early 2000s also saw the emergence of bands and artists of more diverse genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Sodagreen" title="Sodagreen">Sodagreen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deserts_Chang" title="Deserts Chang">Deserts Chang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheer_Chen" title="Cheer Chen">Cheer Chen</a>, who have achieved commercial success and brought the new "indie" era of Taiwanese pop music. Other indie bands include <a href="/wiki/Your_Woman_Sleep_With_Others" title="Your Woman Sleep With Others">Your Woman Sleep With Others</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_Exchange_Band&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labor Exchange Band (page does not exist)">Labor Exchange Band</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chairman_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chairman (band) (page does not exist)">Chairman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugar_Plum_Ferry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sugar Plum Ferry (page does not exist)">Sugar Plum Ferry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deca_Joins_(Taiwanese_band)" title="Deca Joins (Taiwanese band)">deca joins</a>, Backquarter, Fire EX, 8mm Sky, <a href="/wiki/Seraphim_(band)" title="Seraphim (band)">Seraphim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chthonic_(band)" title="Chthonic (band)">ChthoniC</a>. The annual <a href="/wiki/Formoz_Festival" title="Formoz Festival">Formoz Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spring_Scream" title="Spring Scream">Spring Scream</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hohaiyan_Rock_Festival" title="Hohaiyan Rock Festival">Hohaiyan Rock Festival</a> are representative gatherings within Taiwan's indie scene. Of these, Formoz Festival is notable for its international draw, with foreign artists such as <a href="/wiki/Yo_La_Tengo" title="Yo La Tengo">Yo La Tengo</a>, Moby, <a href="/wiki/Explosions_in_the_Sky" title="Explosions in the Sky">Explosions in the Sky</a>, and Caribou headlining the event, while Spring Scream is the largest local band event, and Hohaiyan draws a mixed crowd of beach side party-goers and music appreciators alike. </p><p>Other Taiwanese popular singers/bands include <a href="/wiki/Rainie_Yang" title="Rainie Yang">Rainie Yang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Da_Mouth" title="Da Mouth">Da Mouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amber_Kuo" title="Amber Kuo">Amber Kuo</a>, <a href="/wiki/A-Lin" title="A-Lin">A-Lin</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magic_Power_(band)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magic Power (band) (page does not exist)">Magic Power</a> and much more. The popular culture of the Taiwanese people has also influenced Chinese-speaking populations in other places such as <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal">Metal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Metal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chthonic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Chthonic.jpg/220px-Chthonic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Chthonic.jpg/330px-Chthonic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Chthonic.jpg/440px-Chthonic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Chthonic</figcaption></figure> <p>There are hundreds of metal bands active in Taiwan. Bands such as <a href="/wiki/Chthonic_(band)" title="Chthonic (band)">Chthonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seraphim_(band)" title="Seraphim (band)">Seraphim</a> have drawn more attention to the metal scene in Taiwan, with Chthonic in particular attracting attention overseas, performing at European festivals such as <a href="/wiki/Bloodstock_Open_Air" title="Bloodstock Open Air">Bloodstock Open Air</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Techno">Techno</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Techno"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taiwan has a small techno and house music scene center on Taipei. Most DJs and artists do it on the side rather than as their primary job. Performances often mix music with visual art.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_in_Taiwan" title="Performing arts in Taiwan">Performing arts in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Audiovisual_and_Music_Industry_Development" title="Bureau of Audiovisual and Music Industry Development">Bureau of Audiovisual and Music Industry Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enka" title="Enka">Enka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohaiyan_Rock_Festival" title="Hohaiyan Rock Festival">Hohaiyan Rock Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsu_Tsang-Houei" title="Hsu Tsang-Houei">Hsu Tsang-Houei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_albums_in_Taiwan" title="List of best-selling albums in Taiwan">List of best-selling albums in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_singers" title="List of Taiwanese singers">List of Taiwanese singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandopop" title="Mandopop">Mandopop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_bands_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal bands of Taiwan">Metal bands of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Music of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hong_Kong" title="Music of Hong Kong">Music of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Envelope_Club" title="Red Envelope Club">Red Envelope Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_popular_music" title="Hakka popular music">Hakkapop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wave" title="Taiwanese wave">Taiwanese wave</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Khan2012" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Khan (5 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2012/jan/05/pop-musik-taiwan">"Pop musik: the sound of the charts in … Taiwan"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pop+musik%3A+the+sound+of+the+charts+in+%E2%80%A6+Taiwan&rft.date=2012-01-05&rft.au=Andrew+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusicblog%2F2012%2Fjan%2F05%2Fpop-musik-taiwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2000236-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2000236_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2000">Wang (2000)</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2000235-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2000235_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2000">Wang (2000)</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2000237-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2000237_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2000">Wang (2000)</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314021447/http://english.taipei.gov.tw/TCG/index.jsp?recordid=4266">"Ho Hi Yan Hits the Airwaves"</a></i>. Taipei City Government, May 5, 2005. Accessed 8/19/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taiwanheadlines.gov.tw/20000824/20000822f3.html">"New wave of Indigenous Pop"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060720224216/http://www.taiwanheadlines.gov.tw/20000824/20000822f3.html">Archived</a> 2006-07-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Taiwan Headlines, Thursday, August 24, 2000. Accessed 8/19/06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abao_NPR-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abao_NPR_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeng2023" class="citation news cs1">Feng, Emily (2023-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2023/01/01/1146485914/one-of-taiwans-biggest-pop-stars-is-challenging-the-boundaries-of-taiwanese-iden">"One of Taiwan's biggest pop stars is challenging the boundaries of Taiwanese identity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=One+of+Taiwan%27s+biggest+pop+stars+is+challenging+the+boundaries+of+Taiwanese+identity&rft.date=2023-01-01&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2023%2F01%2F01%2F1146485914%2Fone-of-taiwans-biggest-pop-stars-is-challenging-the-boundaries-of-taiwanese-iden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2000238-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2000238_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2000238_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWang2000">Wang (2000)</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chen, Chun-Ming. <i>“Mountain and Farmland”: A Hakka-Style Suite by Taiwanese Composer Tai-Hsiang Li</i>. May 2015, pp. 69, 70, 79, 80, 88, http://ccl.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/mountain-farmland-hakka-style-suite-taiwanese/docview/1701285233/se-2?accountid=10141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF許常惠呂錘寬韓國鐄Joanna_C._Lee2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%B1%E5%B8%B8%E6%83%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="許常惠 (page does not exist)">許常惠</a>; 呂錘寬; <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E9%90%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韓國鐄 (page does not exist)">韓國鐄</a>; Joanna C. Lee; <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%82%E9%88%BA%E7%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呂鈺秀 (page does not exist)">呂鈺秀</a> (2001). Stanley Sadie; John Tyrrell (eds.). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E4%B8%8E%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%AE%B6%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新格罗夫音乐与音乐家辞典 (page does not exist)">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a></i>. Vol. 25 (2nd ed.). Macmillan Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-60800-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-60800-3"><bdi>0-333-60800-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers+Ltd.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-333-60800-3&rft.au=%E8%A8%B1%E5%B8%B8%E6%83%A0&rft.au=%E5%91%82%E9%8C%98%E5%AF%AC&rft.au=%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E9%90%84&rft.au=Joanna+C.+Lee&rft.au=%E5%91%82%E9%88%BA%E7%A7%80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF淡水基督長老教會" class="citation web cs1">淡水基督長老教會. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mackay.org.tw/ch/about-mackay-priest.html">"認識馬偕牧師"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E9%A6%AC%E5%81%95%E7%89%A7%E5%B8%AB&rft.au=%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E9%95%B7%E8%80%81%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mackay.org.tw%2Fch%2Fabout-mackay-priest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF顏綠芬、徐玫玲2006" class="citation book cs1">顏綠芬、徐玫玲 (2006). <i>台灣的音樂</i>. 台北縣: 財團法人群策會李登輝學校. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9572975242" title="Special:BookSources/9572975242"><bdi>9572975242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E7%9A%84%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E7%B8%A3&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=%E8%B2%A1%E5%9C%98%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA%E7%BE%A4%E7%AD%96%E6%9C%83%E6%9D%8E%E7%99%BB%E8%BC%9D%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9572975242&rft.au=%E9%A1%8F%E7%B6%A0%E8%8A%AC%E3%80%81%E5%BE%90%E7%8E%AB%E7%8E%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ttcs.edu.tw/">"台灣基督長老教會南神神學院"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E9%95%B7%E8%80%81%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83%E5%8D%97%E7%A5%9E%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ttcs.edu.tw%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF游素凰2000" class="citation book cs1">游素凰 (2000). <i>臺灣現代音樂發展探索（一九四五—一九七五）</i>. 台北市: 樂韻. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9570342579" title="Special:BookSources/9570342579"><bdi>9570342579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%94%E2%80%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%83%E4%BA%94%EF%BC%89&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=%E6%A8%82%E9%9F%BB&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9570342579&rft.au=%E6%B8%B8%E7%B4%A0%E5%87%B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF呂郁秀2021" class="citation book cs1">呂郁秀 (2021). <i>臺灣音樂史</i>. 五南. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789865228521" title="Special:BookSources/9789865228521"><bdi>9789865228521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%8F%B2&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789865228521&rft.au=%E5%91%82%E9%83%81%E7%A7%80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF游素凰2000" class="citation book cs1">游素凰 (2000). <i>臺灣現代音樂發展探索（一九四五—一九七五）</i>. 台北市: 樂韻. pp. 24–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9570342579" title="Special:BookSources/9570342579"><bdi>9570342579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%94%E2%80%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%83%E4%BA%94%EF%BC%89&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82&rft.pages=24-29&rft.pub=%E6%A8%82%E9%9F%BB&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9570342579&rft.au=%E6%B8%B8%E7%B4%A0%E5%87%B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF顏綠芬、徐玫玲2006" class="citation book cs1">顏綠芬、徐玫玲 (2006). <i>台灣的音樂</i>. 台北縣: 財團法人群策會李登輝學校. pp. 182–183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9572975242" title="Special:BookSources/9572975242"><bdi>9572975242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E7%9A%84%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E7%B8%A3&rft.pages=182-183&rft.pub=%E8%B2%A1%E5%9C%98%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA%E7%BE%A4%E7%AD%96%E6%9C%83%E6%9D%8E%E7%99%BB%E8%BC%9D%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9572975242&rft.au=%E9%A1%8F%E7%B6%A0%E8%8A%AC%E3%80%81%E5%BE%90%E7%8E%AB%E7%8E%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF游素凰2000" class="citation book cs1">游素凰 (2000). <i>臺灣現代音樂發展探索（一九四五—一九七五）</i>. 台北市: 樂韻. pp. 33–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9570342579" title="Special:BookSources/9570342579"><bdi>9570342579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%94%E2%80%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%83%E4%BA%94%EF%BC%89&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=%E6%A8%82%E9%9F%BB&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9570342579&rft.au=%E6%B8%B8%E7%B4%A0%E5%87%B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF呂郁秀2021" class="citation book cs1">呂郁秀 (2021). <i>臺灣音樂史</i>. 五南. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789865228521" title="Special:BookSources/9789865228521"><bdi>9789865228521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%8F%B2&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789865228521&rft.au=%E5%91%82%E9%83%81%E7%A7%80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF呂郁秀2021" class="citation book cs1">呂郁秀 (2021). <i>臺灣音樂史</i>. 五南. pp. 147–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789865228521" title="Special:BookSources/9789865228521"><bdi>9789865228521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%8F%B2&rft.pages=147-153&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789865228521&rft.au=%E5%91%82%E9%83%81%E7%A7%80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF游素凰2000" class="citation book cs1">游素凰 (2000). <i>臺灣現代音樂發展探索（一九四五—一九七五）</i>. 台北市: 樂韻. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9570342579" title="Special:BookSources/9570342579"><bdi>9570342579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%94%E2%80%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%83%E4%BA%94%EF%BC%89&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=%E6%A8%82%E9%9F%BB&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9570342579&rft.au=%E6%B8%B8%E7%B4%A0%E5%87%B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF顏綠芬、徐玫玲2006" class="citation book cs1">顏綠芬、徐玫玲 (2006). <i>台灣的音樂</i>. 台北縣: 財團法人群策會李登輝學校. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9572975242" title="Special:BookSources/9572975242"><bdi>9572975242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E7%9A%84%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E7%B8%A3&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=%E8%B2%A1%E5%9C%98%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA%E7%BE%A4%E7%AD%96%E6%9C%83%E6%9D%8E%E7%99%BB%E8%BC%9D%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9572975242&rft.au=%E9%A1%8F%E7%B6%A0%E8%8A%AC%E3%80%81%E5%BE%90%E7%8E%AB%E7%8E%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF游素凰2000" class="citation book cs1">游素凰 (2000). <i>臺灣現代音樂發展探索（一九四五—一九七五）</i>. 台北市: 樂韻. pp. 55–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9570342579" title="Special:BookSources/9570342579"><bdi>9570342579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%94%E2%80%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%83%E4%BA%94%EF%BC%89&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%82&rft.pages=55-97&rft.pub=%E6%A8%82%E9%9F%BB&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9570342579&rft.au=%E6%B8%B8%E7%B4%A0%E5%87%B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF顏綠芬、徐玫玲2006" class="citation book cs1">顏綠芬、徐玫玲 (2006). <i>台灣的音樂</i>. 台北縣: 財團法人群策會李登輝學校. pp. 170–173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9572975242" title="Special:BookSources/9572975242"><bdi>9572975242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E7%9A%84%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E7%B8%A3&rft.pages=170-173&rft.pub=%E8%B2%A1%E5%9C%98%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA%E7%BE%A4%E7%AD%96%E6%9C%83%E6%9D%8E%E7%99%BB%E8%BC%9D%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9572975242&rft.au=%E9%A1%8F%E7%B6%A0%E8%8A%AC%E3%80%81%E5%BE%90%E7%8E%AB%E7%8E%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF陳虹苓、陳碧娟2007" class="citation web cs1">陳虹苓、陳碧娟 (2007-12-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uensemble.org/writings-details.php?title=%C2%B1M%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%EF%BF%BD%E5%B3%B9&classsn=8&sn=2">"台灣音樂史"</a>. 聯合民族管弦樂團<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%8F%B2&rft.pub=%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E7%AE%A1%E5%BC%A6%E6%A8%82%E5%9C%98&rft.date=2007-12-19&rft.au=%E9%99%B3%E8%99%B9%E8%8B%93%E3%80%81%E9%99%B3%E7%A2%A7%E5%A8%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuensemble.org%2Fwritings-details.php%3Ftitle%3D%25C2%25B1M%25EF%25BF%25BD%25EF%25BF%25BD%25EF%25BF%25BD%25E5%25B3%25B9%26classsn%3D8%26sn%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF呂郁秀2021" class="citation book cs1">呂郁秀 (2021). <i>臺灣音樂史</i>. 五南. pp. 197–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789865228521" title="Special:BookSources/9789865228521"><bdi>9789865228521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%8F%B2&rft.pages=197-199&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789865228521&rft.au=%E5%91%82%E9%83%81%E7%A7%80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF呂郁秀2021" class="citation book cs1">呂郁秀 (2021). <i>臺灣音樂史</i>. 五南. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789865228521" title="Special:BookSources/9789865228521"><bdi>9789865228521</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E5%8F%B2&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789865228521&rft.au=%E5%91%82%E9%83%81%E7%A7%80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFtinglulee2015" class="citation web cs1">tinglulee (2015-09-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jcfudepark.blogspot.com/2015/09/64726.html?m=1">"留法鋼琴家楊小佩民國64年7月26日舉行松山公園訂劃基金募款獨奏會"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%95%99%E6%B3%95%E9%8B%BC%E7%90%B4%E5%AE%B6%E6%A5%8A%E5%B0%8F%E4%BD%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B64%E5%B9%B47%E6%9C%8826%E6%97%A5%E8%88%89%E8%A1%8C%E6%9D%BE%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92%E8%A8%82%E5%8A%83%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E5%8B%9F%E6%AC%BE%E7%8D%A8%E5%A5%8F%E6%9C%83&rft.date=2015-09-17&rft.au=tinglulee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjcfudepark.blogspot.com%2F2015%2F09%2F64726.html%3Fm%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-未命名-20230318190150-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-未命名-20230318190150_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springautumnmusic.com/">"春秋樂集"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%A8%82%E9%9B%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.springautumnmusic.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tmi.openmuseum.tw/muse/digi_object/8a73bf8f6a7548e0c7a4337b8aa3dd73">"【人物】陳秋盛"</a>. 國立傳統藝術中心臺灣音樂館<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%90%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E3%80%91+%E9%99%B3%E7%A7%8B%E7%9B%9B&rft.pub=%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E9%A4%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftmi.openmuseum.tw%2Fmuse%2Fdigi_object%2F8a73bf8f6a7548e0c7a4337b8aa3dd73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tmi.openmuseum.tw/muse/digi_object/baa70af6e5d0771385717e4a27d2b6aa">"【人物】曾道雄"</a>. 國立傳統藝術中心臺灣音樂館<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%90%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E3%80%91+%E6%9B%BE%E9%81%93%E9%9B%84&rft.pub=%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82%E9%A4%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftmi.openmuseum.tw%2Fmuse%2Fdigi_object%2Fbaa70af6e5d0771385717e4a27d2b6aa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF顏綠芬、徐玫玲2006" class="citation book cs1">顏綠芬、徐玫玲 (2006). <i>台灣的音樂</i>. 台北縣: 財團法人群策會李登輝學校. pp. 178–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9572975242" title="Special:BookSources/9572975242"><bdi>9572975242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E7%9A%84%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82&rft.place=%E5%8F%B0%E5%8C%97%E7%B8%A3&rft.pages=178-181&rft.pub=%E8%B2%A1%E5%9C%98%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA%E7%BE%A4%E7%AD%96%E6%9C%83%E6%9D%8E%E7%99%BB%E8%BC%9D%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9572975242&rft.au=%E9%A1%8F%E7%B6%A0%E8%8A%AC%E3%80%81%E5%BE%90%E7%8E%AB%E7%8E%B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF李秋玫" class="citation web cs1">李秋玫. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://par.npac-ntch.org/tw/article/doc/FL1TWJYIFS">"劇場就是音箱解構六十分鐘的共鳴"</a>. <i>PAR表演藝術</i>. 國家兩廳院<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PAR%E8%A1%A8%E6%BC%94%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93&rft.atitle=%E5%8A%87%E5%A0%B4%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E9%9F%B3%E7%AE%B1+%E8%A7%A3%E6%A7%8B%E5%85%AD%E5%8D%81%E5%88%86%E9%90%98%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B1%E9%B3%B4&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E7%A7%8B%E7%8E%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpar.npac-ntch.org%2Ftw%2Farticle%2Fdoc%2FFL1TWJYIFS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbert1984" class="citation magazine cs1">Ebert, Hans (October 20, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=liQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA65">"Taiwan Seen Making Pop Progress"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. Vol. 96, no. 42. p. 65. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422145220/https://books.google.com/books?id=liQEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on April 22, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Taiwan+Seen+Making+Pop+Progress&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1984-10-20&rft.aulast=Ebert&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DliQEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBERGSTRÖM2023" class="citation web cs1">BERGSTRÖM, JULIA (16 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topics.amcham.com.tw/2023/03/techno-finds-its-place-in-taipeis-art-scene/">"Techno Finds Its Place in Taipei's Art Scene"</a>. <i>Taiwan Topics</i>. topics.amcham.com.tw<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taiwan+Topics&rft.atitle=Techno+Finds+Its+Place+in+Taipei%27s+Art+Scene&rft.date=2023-03-16&rft.aulast=BERGSTR%C3%96M&rft.aufirst=JULIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftopics.amcham.com.tw%2F2023%2F03%2Ftechno-finds-its-place-in-taipeis-art-scene%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2000" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Ying-fen (2000). "Taiwan: From Innocence to Funny Rap". In Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark (eds.). <i>World Music. Volume 2, Latin and North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific</i>. London: Rough Guides. pp. 235–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781858286365" title="Special:BookSources/9781858286365"><bdi>9781858286365</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taiwan%3A+From+Innocence+to+Funny+Rap&rft.btitle=World+Music.+Volume+2%2C+Latin+and+North+America%2C+Caribbean%2C+India%2C+Asia+and+Pacific&rft.place=London&rft.pages=235-40&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781858286365&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Ying-fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-ge.ch/meg/musinfo_ph.php?what=pays=Ta%EFwan,%20Province%20de%20Chine&debut=0&bool=AND">Audio clips: Traditional music of Taiwan.</a> <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27ethnographie_de_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Musée d'ethnographie de Genève">Musée d'ethnographie de Genève</a>. Accessed November 25, 2010.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHo_Yi2011" class="citation news cs1">Ho Yi (23 Sep 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2011/09/23/2003513949">"Arts & Culture: Fall moon fever"</a>. <i>Taipei Times</i>. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Arts+%26+Culture%3A+Fall+moon+fever&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2011-09-23&rft.au=Ho+Yi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffeat%2Farchives%2F2011%2F09%2F23%2F2003513949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124155506/https://islandofsound.org/">ISLAND OF SOUND: <i>An Indie Music Resource for Taiwan</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gigguide.tw/">GigGuide Taiwan: A Directory of Live Shows and Reviews of Local Independent Music in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ith.sinica.edu.tw/quarterly_03-en.php?DB_Qua_MagID=81">Pei-feng Chen, "Images of Multi-colonial Taiwan in Three Types of Enka: Self-reconstruction through Highlighting Differences in Similarities,"</a> Taiwan Historical Research, June 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitefungus.com/wasteland-utopia-history-taiwanese-noise">The Liberation of Sound in Post–Martial Law Taiwan</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Taiwanese_history" title="Timeline of Taiwanese history">Timeline of Taiwanese history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Taiwan" title="Prehistory of Taiwan">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Taiwan" title="List of archaeological sites in Taiwan">archaeological sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Chinese_contact_with_Taiwan" title="Early Chinese contact with Taiwan">Early Chinese contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Middag" title="Kingdom of Middag">Kingdom of Middag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Dutch Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Spanish Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Taiwan under Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Formosa" title="Republic of Formosa">Republic of Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan under Japanese rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Taiwan (1945–present)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan">Retreat to Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanbi_policy" title="Guanbi policy">Guanbi policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Policy_in_Taiwan%27s_White_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Policy in Taiwan's White Terror">Mandarin policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Taiwan" title="List of beaches in Taiwan">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Taiwan" title="List of cities in Taiwan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan#Climate" title="Geography of Taiwan">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Taiwan" title="Deforestation in Taiwan">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Taiwan" title="List of earthquakes in Taiwan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endemic_species_of_Taiwan" title="List of endemic species of Taiwan">Endemic species</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_species_in_Taiwan" title="List of protected species in Taiwan">Protected species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_hot_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese hot springs">Hot springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Taiwan" title="List of islands of Taiwan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Taiwan" title="List of lakes of Taiwan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Taiwan" title="List of mountains in Taiwan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Taiwan" title="National parks of Taiwan">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Taiwan" title="List of rivers of Taiwan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_scenic_areas_in_Taiwan" title="List of national scenic areas in Taiwan">Scenic areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_superlatives" title="List of Taiwanese superlatives">Superlatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Taiwan" title="List of volcanoes in Taiwan">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="GovernmentPoliticsEconomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Economy</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">politics</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">Premier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Taiwan" title="Censorship in Taiwan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Taiwan" title="Civil defense in Taiwan">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additional_Articles_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China">Additional Articles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Taiwan" title="Elections in Taiwan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Taiwan" title="Human rights in Taiwan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Taiwan">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Bureau_(Taiwan)" title="National Security Bureau (Taiwan)">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Taiwan" title="Law of Taiwan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Taiwan" title="Law enforcement in Taiwan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Taiwan" title="Military history of Taiwan">Military history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_(Taiwan)" title="Office of the President (Taiwan)">Office of the President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_to_the_President_(Republic_of_China)" title="Secretary-General to the President (Republic of China)">Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Vice President of the Republic of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Taiwan" title="List of political parties in Taiwan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Republic_of_China" title="Propaganda in the Republic of China">Propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Taiwan" title="Regions of Taiwan">Regions of Taiwan</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan" title="Administrative divisions of Taiwan">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_municipality_(Taiwan)" title="Special municipality (Taiwan)">Special municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(Taiwan)" class="mw-redirect" title="County (Taiwan)">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_city_(Taiwan)" title="Provincial city (Taiwan)">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan" title="List of administrative divisions of Taiwan">List of administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Taiwan" title="List of metropolitan areas in Taiwan">Metropolitan areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Political issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Taiwan" title="Conscription in Taiwan">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Sinicization" title="De-Sinicization">De-Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_Taiwan" title="North–South divide in Taiwan">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Country_on_Each_Side" title="One Country on Each Side">One Country on Each Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_Taiwanese_identity" title="Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity">Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_non-state-to-state_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Special non-state-to-state relations">Special non-state-to-state relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Chinas" title="Two Chinas">Two Chinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Agriculture in Taiwan">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Taiwan" title="Aquaculture in Taiwan">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Automotive industry in Taiwan">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Taiwan" title="Banking in Taiwan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Taiwan" title="List of banks in Taiwan">List of banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_China_(Taiwan)" title="Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan)">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Taiwan" title="List of companies of Taiwan">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_in_Taiwan" title="List of largest companies in Taiwan">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned enterprises of Taiwan">State-owned enterprises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Taiwan" title="Defense industry of Taiwan">Defense industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar" title="New Taiwan dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Taiwan" title="Economic history of Taiwan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Taiwan" title="Energy in Taiwan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Taiwan" title="Forestry in Taiwan">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_industries_of_Taiwan" title="Maritime industries of Taiwan">Maritime industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Taiwan" title="Mining in Taiwan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Semiconductor industry in Taiwan">Semiconductor industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Stock_Exchange" title="Taiwan Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Miracle" title="Taiwan Miracle">Taiwan Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Taiwan" title="Taxation in Taiwan">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Taiwan" title="Telecommunications in Taiwan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Textile industry in Taiwan">Textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Taiwan" title="Tourism in Taiwan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Taiwan" title="Transportation in Taiwan">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Invoice_lottery" title="Uniform Invoice lottery">Uniform Invoice lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Taiwan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Taiwan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="National_SymbolsPeopleSocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>National Symbols</li><li>People</li><li>Society</li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan" title="Culture of Taiwan">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="National symbols">National symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Anthem of the Republic of China">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Taiwan">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Flag of the Republic of China">Flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proposed_flags_of_Taiwan" title="Proposed flags of Taiwan">proposed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Flower_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Flower of the Republic of China">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Seals_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Seals of the Republic of China">Seals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Taiwan" title="Demographics of Taiwan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_people" title="Taiwanese people">Taiwanese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_Taiwan" title="List of Indigenous peoples of Taiwan">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Taiwanese" title="Han Taiwanese">Hans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Taiwanese" title="Hoklo Taiwanese">Hoklos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Taiwanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka Taiwanese">Hakkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waishengren" title="Waishengren">Waishengren</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_language" title="Sakizaya language">Sakizaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Sign Language">Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Taiwan" title="Architecture of Taiwan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Taiwan" title="Crime in Taiwan">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Taiwan" title="Organized crime in Taiwan">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Taiwan" title="Sex trafficking in Taiwan">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Taiwan" title="Healthcare in Taiwan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Taiwanese inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Taiwan" title="Prostitution in Taiwan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Taiwan" title="Public holidays in Taiwan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Taiwan" title="Public housing in Taiwan">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Taiwan" title="Squatting in Taiwan">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_superlatives" title="List of Taiwanese superlatives">Superlatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_studies" title="Taiwan studies">Taiwan studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Taiwan" title="Waste management in Taiwan">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taiwan" title="Women in Taiwan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan" title="Culture of Taiwan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_animation" title="Taiwanese animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wine" title="Taiwanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_Taiwan" title="Cultural history of Taiwan">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese drama">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Taiwan" title="Gambling in Taiwan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glove_puppetry" title="Glove puppetry">Glove puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_literature" title="Taiwanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Taiwan">Media</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_opera" title="Taiwanese opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_markets_in_Taiwan" title="Night markets in Taiwan">Night markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Taiwan" title="Philosophy in Taiwan">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Taiwan" title="Smoking in Taiwan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Taiwan">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-Beauty" title="T-Beauty">T-Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wave" title="Taiwanese wave">Taiwanese wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea" title="Taiwanese tea">Tea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea_culture" title="Taiwanese tea culture">tea culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Taiwan" title="List of tourist attractions in Taiwan">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Taiwan" title="Category:Taiwan">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Taiwan" title="Outline of Taiwan">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Asia" title="Template:Music of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Music of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Asia" title="Music of Asia">Music of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Afghanistan" title="Music of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Azerbaijan" title="Music of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bahrain" title="Music of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brunei" title="Music of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_East_Timor" title="Music of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Music of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Japan" title="Music of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jordan" title="Music of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kazakhstan" title="Music of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kuwait" title="Music of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Music of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lebanon" title="Music of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malaysia" title="Music of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Maldives" title="Music of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal" title="Music of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Oman" title="Music of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Qatar" title="Music of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Russia" title="Music of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Music of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Singapore" title="Music of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Music of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Thailand" title="Music of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkmenistan" title="Music of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Music of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uzbekistan" title="Music of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yemen" title="Music of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a 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