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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pro Grand Masters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro_Grand_Masters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_Secretaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Secretaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Grand Secretaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Secretaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Media and communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Opposition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Opposition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conspiracy_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracy_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Conspiracy theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracy_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United Grand Lodge of England</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="المحفل الماسوني الكبير في إنجلترا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المحفل الماسوني الكبير في إنجلترا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_L%C3%B2gia_Unida_d%27Anglaterra" title="Gran Lògia Unida d'Anglaterra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gran Lògia Unida d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="United Grand Lodge of England" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vereinigte_Gro%C3%9Floge_von_England" title="Vereinigte Großloge von England – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vereinigte Großloge von England" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglismaa_%C3%9Chendatud_Suurloo%C5%BE" title="Inglismaa Ühendatud Suurloož – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inglismaa Ühendatud Suurloož" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Logia_Unida_de_Inglaterra" title="Gran Logia Unida de Inglaterra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gran Logia Unida de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DA%98_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لژ بزرگ متحد انگلستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لژ بزرگ متحد انگلستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Loge_unie_d%27Angleterre" title="Grande Loge unie d'Angleterre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grande Loge unie d'Angleterre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujedinjena_velika_lo%C5%BEa_Engleske" title="Ujedinjena velika loža Engleske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ujedinjena velika loža Engleske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apvienot%C4%81_Anglijas_liello%C5%BEa" title="Apvienotā Anglijas lielloža – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apvienotā Anglijas lielloža" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="United Grand Lodge of England" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%B8" title="イングランド・連合グランドロッジ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イングランド・連合グランドロッジ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englands_forente_storlosje" title="Englands forente storlosje – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Englands forente storlosje" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wielka_Zjednoczona_Lo%C5%BCa_Anglii" title="Wielka Zjednoczona Loża Anglii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wielka Zjednoczona Loża Anglii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande_Loja_Unida_da_Inglaterra" title="Grande Loja Unida da Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grande Loja Unida da Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Объединённая великая ложа Англии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Объединённая великая ложа Англии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdru%C5%BEena_velika_lo%C5%BEa_Anglije" title="Združena velika loža Anglije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Združena velika loža Anglije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="United Grand Lodge of England – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="United Grand Lodge of England" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1543757#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" rel="discussion" 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">United Grand Lodge of England</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Grand_Lodge_of_England_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England_logo.png/220px-United_Grand_Lodge_of_England_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c7/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="316" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a> of the United Grand Lodge of England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">27 December 1813<span class="noprint">; 210 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">27 December 1813</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="label"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/WC_postcode_area" title="WC postcode area">WC2</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region </div></th><td class="infobox-data">England and Wales</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Grand Master</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ugle.org.uk">www<wbr />.ugle<wbr />.org<wbr />.uk</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Freemasonry" title="Category:Freemasonry">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Compas-equerre-ap.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Compas-equerre-ap.png/50px-Compas-equerre-ap.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Compas-equerre-ap.png/75px-Compas-equerre-ap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Compas-equerre-ap.png/100px-Compas-equerre-ap.png 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="863" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge" title="Grand Lodge">Grand Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Masonic lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge_officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic lodge officers">Masonic lodge officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(Freemasonry)" title="Grand Master (Freemasonry)">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_Masonic_jurisdiction" title="Regular Masonic jurisdiction">Regular Masonic jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Freemasonry" title="Anglo-American Freemasonry">Anglo-American Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Freemasonry" title="Continental Freemasonry">Continental Freemasonry</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry" title="History of Freemasonry">History of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9_ch%C3%A9rie" title="Liberté chérie">Liberté chérie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_manuscripts" title="Masonic manuscripts">Masonic manuscripts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Masonic bodies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Masonic</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_bodies" title="Masonic bodies">Masonic bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Rite" title="York Rite">York Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mark_Master_Masons" title="Order of Mark Master Masons">Order of Mark Master Masons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Royal_Arch" title="Holy Royal Arch">Holy Royal Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Arch_Masonry" title="Royal Arch Masonry">Royal Arch Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptic_Masonry" title="Cryptic Masonry">Cryptic Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_(Freemasonry)" title="Knights Templar (Freemasonry)">Knights Templar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_of_Constantine" title="Red Cross of Constantine">Red Cross of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Scottish Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Kadosh" title="Knight Kadosh">Knight Kadosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_Rosicruciana" title="Societas Rosicruciana">Societas Rosicruciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Royal_and_Select_Masters" title="Order of Royal and Select Masters">Order of Royal and Select Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_College_of_Rites" title="Grand College of Rites">Grand College of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Rite" title="Swedish Rite">Swedish Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Thomas_of_Acon" title="Order of Saint Thomas of Acon">Order of Saint Thomas of Acon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Scotland" title="Royal Order of Scotland">Royal Order of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Knight_Masons" title="Order of Knight Masons">Order of Knight Masons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Research Lodge">Research Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Antient_Order_of_Noble_Corks" title="Ye Antient Order of Noble Corks">Corks</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Side degrees</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shriners" title="Shriners">The Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Jesters" title="Royal Order of Jesters">Royal Order of Jesters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_Cedars_of_Lebanon" title="Tall Cedars of Lebanon">Tall Cedars of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Order_of_Veiled_Prophets_of_the_Enchanted_Realm" title="Mystic Order of Veiled Prophets of the Enchanted Realm">The Grotto</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Masonic groups for women</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_Freemasonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Women and Freemasonry">Women and Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Amaranth" title="Order of the Amaranth">Order of the Amaranth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Eastern_Star" title="Order of the Eastern Star">Order of the Eastern Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Order_of_the_Eastern_Star" title="Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star">Prince Hall Order of the Eastern Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Freemasonry" title="Co-Freemasonry">Co-Freemasonry</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Masonic youth organizations</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DeMolay_International" title="DeMolay International">DeMolay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.J.E.F." title="A.J.E.F.">A.J.E.F.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_Daughters_International" title="Job's Daughters International">Job's Daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Order_of_the_Rainbow_for_Girls" title="International Order of the Rainbow for Girls">International Order of the Rainbow for Girls</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Views on Masonry</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Anti-Masonic_Exhibition" title="Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition">Grand Anti-Masonic Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_conspiracy_theories" title="Masonic conspiracy theories">Masonic conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_attitudes_towards_Freemasonry" title="Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry">Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxil_hoax" title="Taxil hoax">Taxil hoax</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">People and places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_Temple" title="Masonic Temple">Masonic Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Anderson_(Freemason)" title="James Anderson (Freemason)">James Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall" title="Prince Hall">Prince Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Preston_(Freemason)" title="William Preston (Freemason)">William Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Smith_Webb" title="Thomas Smith Webb">Thomas Smith Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Mackey" title="Albert Mackey">Albert Mackey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Pike" title="Albert Pike">Albert Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Schaw" title="William Schaw">William Schaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Aldworth" title="Elizabeth Aldworth">Elizabeth Aldworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freemasons" title="List of Freemasons">List of Freemasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodge_Mother_Kilwinning" title="Lodge Mother Kilwinning">Lodge Mother Kilwinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasons%27_Hall,_London" title="Freemasons' Hall, London">Freemasons' Hall, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Masons%27_Hall,_London" title="Mark Masons' Hall, London">Mark Masons' Hall, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Temple" title="House of the Temple">House of the Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Masonic_Temple" title="Detroit Masonic Temple">Detroit Masonic Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_buildings" title="List of Masonic buildings">List of Masonic buildings</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_ritual_and_symbolism" title="Masonic ritual and symbolism">Masonic ritual and symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Architect_of_the_Universe" title="Great Architect of the Universe">Great Architect of the Universe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_and_Compasses" title="Square and Compasses">Square and Compasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigpen_cipher" title="Pigpen cipher">Pigpen cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Providence" title="Eye of Providence">Eye of Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Abiff" title="Hiram Abiff">Hiram Abiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Reflection" title="Chamber of Reflection">Chamber of Reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_Abbreviations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Masonic Abbreviations">List of Masonic Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprig_of_Acacia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprig of Acacia">Sprig of Acacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_Landmarks" title="Masonic Landmarks">Masonic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morals_and_Dogma_of_the_Ancient_and_Accepted_Scottish_Rite_of_Freemasonry" title="Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry">Pike's <i>Morals and Dogma</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Due" title="Propaganda Due">Propaganda Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahiman_Rezon" title="Ahiman Rezon">Dermott's <i>Ahiman Rezon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_of_Sacred_Law" title="Volume of Sacred Law">Volume of Sacred Law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Barbados" title="Freemasonry in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Belgium" title="Freemasonry in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Canada" title="Freemasonry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Croatia" title="Freemasonry in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Denmark" title="Freemasonry in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_France" title="Freemasonry in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Finland" title="Freemasonry in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Germany" title="Freemasonry in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Order_of_Freemasons" title="Icelandic Order of Freemasons">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_India" title="Grand Lodge of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Indonesia" title="Freemasonry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Italy" title="Freemasonry in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Lebanon" title="Freemasonry in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Luxembourg" title="Freemasonry in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Malta" title="Freemasonry in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Mexico" title="Freemasonry in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_North_Macedonia" title="Freemasonry in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_the_Philippines" title="Freemasonry in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Portugal" title="Freemasonry in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Romania" title="Freemasonry in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasonry in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Scotland" title="Freemasonry in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_South_Africa" title="Freemasonry in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Spain" title="Freemasonry in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasonry in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Sweden" title="Freemasonry in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Asia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Turkey" title="Freemasonry in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Ukraine" title="Freemasonry in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Venezuela" title="Freemasonry in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_the_United_States" title="Freemasonry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Freemasonry_sidebar" title="Template:Freemasonry sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Freemasonry_sidebar" title="Template talk:Freemasonry sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Freemasonry_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Freemasonry sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>United Grand Lodge of England</b> (<b>UGLE</b>) is the governing <a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Masonic lodge</a> for the majority of <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">freemasons</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. Claiming descent from the Masonic Grand Lodge formed 24 June 1717 at the Goose & Gridiron Tavern in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, it is considered to be the oldest Masonic <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge" title="Grand Lodge">Grand Lodge</a> in the world, together with the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Scotland" title="Grand Lodge of Scotland">Grand Lodge of Scotland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Ireland" title="Grand Lodge of Ireland">Grand Lodge of Ireland</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Grand_Lodge_of_England&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry" title="History of Freemasonry">History of Freemasonry</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moderns_and_Ancients_in_English_Freemasonry">Moderns and Ancients in English Freemasonry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Grand_Lodge_of_England&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Moderns and Ancients in English Freemasonry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Premier Grand Lodge of England">Premier Grand Lodge of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Grand_Lodge_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Grand Lodge of England">Ancient Grand Lodge of England</a></div> <p>Prior to 1717 there were Freemasons' lodges in England, Scotland, and Ireland, with the earliest known admission of non-operative masons being in Scotland. On St John's Day, 24 June 1717, three existing London lodges and a Westminster lodge held a joint dinner at the Goose and Gridiron alehouse in <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Churchyard" title="St Paul's Churchyard">St Paul's Churchyard</a>, elected <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Sayer" title="Anthony Sayer">Anthony Sayer</a> to the chair as Grand Master, and called themselves the <a href="/wiki/Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Premier Grand Lodge of England">Grand Lodge of London and Westminster</a>. The <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a> has erected a <a href="/wiki/Blue_Plaque" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Plaque">Blue Plaque</a> near the location. Little is known of Sayer save that he was described as a <i>Gentleman</i> (a man of independent means) when he became Grand Master, but later fell on hard times, receiving money from the Grand Lodge charity fund. </p><p>Historian Marsha Keith Schuchard notes that the Whig administration of England organised the Grand Lodge as a Hanoverian-loyalist counter to the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">Jacobite rising of 1715</a>, since the Whigs were concerned at the previous Jacobite influence in Freemason lodges. The Freemasonry that predominated in Hanoverian England was hence closely linked with <a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1718 Sayer was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/George_Payne_(Freemason)" title="George Payne (Freemason)">George Payne</a>, a successful Civil Servant. The society then passed into the care of <a href="/wiki/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers" title="John Theophilus Desaguliers">John Theophilus Desaguliers</a>, a scientist and clergyman, then back to Payne. In 1721, the Grand Lodge managed to obtain a nobleman, the <a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_2nd_Duke_of_Montagu" title="John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu">Duke of Montagu</a> to preside as Grand Master, and so was able to establish itself as an authoritative regulatory body, and began meeting on a quarterly basis. This resulted in lodges outside London becoming affiliated, accepting sequentially numbered warrants conferring seniority over later applicants. </p><p>In 1723, by authority of the Grand Lodge, <a href="/wiki/James_Anderson_(minister,_author,_Mason)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Anderson (minister, author, Mason)">James Anderson</a> published the <a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_the_Free-Masons" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of the Free-Masons">Constitutions of Masonry</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the purposes of regulating the craft and establishing the Grand Lodge's authority to warrant <a href="/wiki/Masonic_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Masonic Lodge">Lodges</a> to meet. The book includes a fanciful history of the Craft, which nevertheless contains much interesting material.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the early years of the new Grand Lodge there were any number of Masons and lodges that never affiliated with the new Grand Lodge. These unaffiliated Masons and their Lodges were referred to as "Old Masons", or "St John Masons", and "St John Lodges".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1730s and 1740s <a href="/wiki/Antipathy" title="Antipathy">antipathy</a> increased between the London Grand Lodge and the Grand Lodges of Ireland and Scotland. Irish and Scots Masons visiting and living in London considered the London Grand Lodge to have deviated substantially from the ancient practices of the Craft. As a result, these Masons felt a stronger kinship with the unaffiliated London Lodges. The aristocratic nature of the London Grand Lodge and its members <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">alienated</a> other Masons causing them also to identify with the unaffiliated Lodges.<sup id="cite_ref-compendium_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compendium-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 July 1751, representatives of five Lodges gathered at the Turk's Head Tavern, in <a href="/wiki/Greek_Street" title="Greek Street">Greek Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soho" title="Soho">Soho</a>, London and formed a rival Grand Lodge: "<a href="/wiki/Antient_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Antient Grand Lodge of England">The Grand Lodge of England According to the Old Institutions</a>". They considered that they practised a more ancient and therefore purer form of Masonry, and called their Grand Lodge <i>The Ancients' Grand Lodge</i>. They called those affiliated to the Premier Grand Lodge, by the <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> <i>The Moderns</i>. These two unofficial names stuck.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The creation of Lodges followed the development of the Empire, with all three home Grand Lodges warranting Lodges around the world, including the Americas, India and Africa, from the 1730s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_the_United_Grand_Lodge_of_England">Formation of the United Grand Lodge of England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Grand_Lodge_of_England&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation of the United Grand Lodge of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freemasons%27_Hall,_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG/200px-Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG/300px-Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG/400px-Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="1790" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Freemasons%27_Hall,_London" title="Freemasons' Hall, London">Freemasons' Hall, London</a> is the headquarters of the United Grand Lodge of England</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1809 the Moderns appointed a "Lodge of Promulgation" to return their own ritual to regularity with Scotland, Ireland and especially the Ancients. In 1811 both Grand Lodges appointed Commissioners; and over the next two years, articles of Union were negotiated and agreed upon. In January 1813 the Duke of Sussex became Grand Master of the Moderns on the resignation of his brother, <a href="/wiki/The_Prince_Regent" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prince Regent">the Prince Regent</a>; and in December 1813 another brother, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Augustus,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Duke of Kent</a> became Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Antients" class="mw-redirect" title="Antients">Antients</a>. On 27 December 1813 the United Grand Lodge of England ("UGLE") was constituted at <a href="/wiki/Freemasons%27_Hall,_London" title="Freemasons' Hall, London">Freemasons' Hall, London</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus,_Duke_of_Sussex" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Augustus, Duke of Sussex">Duke of Sussex</a> (younger son of <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">King George III</a>) as Grand Master. A Lodge of Reconciliation was formed to reconcile the rituals worked under the two former Grand Lodges.<sup id="cite_ref-YB1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YB1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new Grand Master had high hopes for Freemasonry, having a theory that it was pre-Christian and could serve the cause of humanity as a universal religion. However, his autocratic dealings with ordinary lodges won him few friends outside London, and sparked open rebellion and a new <a href="/wiki/Antient_Grand_Lodge_of_England#Revival_in_Lancashire" title="Antient Grand Lodge of England">Grand Lodge of Wigan</a> in the North West. Within Grand Lodge, opposition centred on Masonic Charity. Robert Crucefix launched the <i>Freemason's Quarterly Review</i> to promote charity to keep Freemasons from the workhouse, and to engage masons in the broader argument for social reform. The <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dundas,_2nd_Earl_of_Zetland" title="Thomas Dundas, 2nd Earl of Zetland">Earl of Zetland</a>'s complacent and inept management of Grand Lodge played into the hands of the reformers, and by the end of the 1870s English Freemasonry had become a perfect expression of the aspirations of the enlightened middle classes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Freemasonry_in_contemporary_times">Freemasonry in contemporary times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Grand_Lodge_of_England&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Freemasonry in contemporary times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to conspiracy theories about Freemasons and generally hostile views gaining new life, due to the works of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Knight_(author)" title="Stephen Knight (author)">Stephen Knight</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Short_(author)" title="Martin Short (author)">Martin Short</a>, the United Grand Lodge of England began to change the way it dealt with the general public and the media from the mid-1990s, emphasizing a new "openness."<sup id="cite_ref-inde_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inde-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This presentation was summed up by Provincial Secretary of East Lancashire, Alan Garnett who declared, "we're not a <a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">secret society</a> or a society with secrets, but we are a private society."<sup id="cite_ref-inde_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inde-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lodges across England and Wales began holding open days, to allow the general public to see what they do.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Freemasons%27_Hall,_London" title="Freemasons' Hall, London">Freemasons' Hall, London</a> and the Library and Museum of Freemasonry also opened to the general public, including guided tours.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the United Grand Lodge of England or Grand Lodge currently has over 200,000 members meeting in over 6,800 Lodges,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> organised into a number of subordinate Provincial Grand Lodges which are approximately equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">historic counties of England</a>. </p> <ul><li>Lodges meeting in London (an area generally within a 10-mile radius of Freemasons’ Hall) are, with six exceptions, administered by the Metropolitan Grand Lodge of London, headed by the Metropolitan Grand Master.</li> <li>Lodges meeting outside London, and within England, Wales, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands, are grouped into 47 <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Grand_Lodges_(UGLE)" title="Provincial Grand Lodges (UGLE)">Provincial Grand Lodges (UGLE)</a>, each headed by a <a href="/wiki/Provincial_Grand_Master" title="Provincial Grand Master">Provincial Grand Master</a>.</li> <li>Lodges that meet outside England, Wales, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands are grouped into 33 <a href="/w/index.php?title=District_Grand_Lodges&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="District Grand Lodges (page does not exist)">District Grand Lodges</a>, each headed by a District Grand Master.</li> <li>Five Groups (i.e.: currently too small to make up a District), each headed by a Grand Inspector.</li> <li>Six Lodges in London and 12 Lodges abroad that are directly administered by Freemasons' Hall.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grand_Masters">Grand Masters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Grand_Lodge_of_England&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grand Masters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Grand_Lodge_of_England_1925.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England_1925.jpg/220px-United_Grand_Lodge_of_England_1925.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England_1925.jpg/330px-United_Grand_Lodge_of_England_1925.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/United_Grand_Lodge_of_England_1925.jpg/440px-United_Grand_Lodge_of_England_1925.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="4768" /></a><figcaption>Accomondation certificate of the United Grand Lodge of England, issued 6 July 1925, when the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn was the Grand Master</figcaption></figure> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex</a> (1813–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dundas,_2nd_Earl_of_Zetland" title="Thomas Dundas, 2nd Earl of Zetland">Thomas Dundas, 2nd Earl of Zetland</a> (1844–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">George Robinson, 3rd Earl de Grey and 2nd Earl of Ripon</a> (1st Marquess of Ripon from 1871) (1870–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Albert Edward, Prince of Wales</a> (King of Great Britain and Ireland as Edward VII from 1901) (1874–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a> (1901–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">Prince George, Duke of Kent</a> (1939–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lascelles,_6th_Earl_of_Harewood" title="Henry Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood">Henry Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood</a> (1942–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cavendish,_10th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire">Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire</a> (1947–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lumley,_11th_Earl_of_Scarbrough" title="Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough">Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough</a> (1951–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent</a> (1967–present)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro_Grand_Masters">Pro Grand Masters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Grand_Lodge_of_England&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pro Grand Masters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the Grand Master is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royal family</a> it is customary to appoint a <a href="/wiki/Pro_Grand_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro Grand Master">Pro Grand Master</a>. The Pro Grand Master fills the role of the Grand Master when he is not available due to his royal duties. It is distinct from the Deputy Grand Master who acts as the Grand Master's deputy rather than as acting Grand Master.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Albert Edward, Prince of Wales</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert,_4th_Earl_of_Carnarvon" title="Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon">Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon</a> (1874 to 1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bootle-Wilbraham,_1st_Earl_of_Lathom" title="Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, 1st Earl of Lathom">Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, 1st Earl of Lathom</a> (1891 to 1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Amherst,_3rd_Earl_Amherst" title="William Amherst, 3rd Earl Amherst">William Amherst, 3rd Earl Amherst</a> (1898 to 1901)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</dt></dl> <ul><li>William Amherst, 3rd Earl Amherst (1901 to 1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Russell,_2nd_Baron_Ampthill" title="Oliver Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill">Oliver Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill</a> (1908 to 1935)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Prince Edward, Duke of Kent</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cadogan,_7th_Earl_Cadogan" title="William Cadogan, 7th Earl Cadogan">William Cadogan, 7th Earl Cadogan</a> (1969 to 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiennes_Cornwallis,_3rd_Baron_Cornwallis" title="Fiennes Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis">Fiennes Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis</a> (1982 to 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Maxwell,_12th_Baron_Farnham" title="Barry Maxwell, 12th Baron Farnham">Barry Maxwell, 12th Baron Farnham</a> (1991 to 2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_7th_Marquess_of_Northampton" title="Spencer Compton, 7th Marquess of Northampton">Spencer Compton, 7th Marquess of Northampton</a> (2001 to 2009)</li> <li>Peter Lowndes (2009 to 2022)</li> <li>Jonathan Spence (2022 to present)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grand_Secretaries">Grand Secretaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Grand_Lodge_of_England&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Grand Secretaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1813-1838 William Henry White and Edward Harper (Joint Secretaries) <sup id="cite_ref-masonicshop.com_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masonicshop.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1838-1857 William Henry White <sup id="cite_ref-masonicshop.com_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-masonicshop.com-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1880-1891 Colonel Shadwell Henry Clerke <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1891–1917: Sir <a href="/wiki/Edward_Letchworth" title="Edward Letchworth">Edward Letchworth</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1917–1937: Sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Colville_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Colville Smith (page does not exist)">Philip Colville Smith</a>, CVO<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1937–1958: Sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sydney_Arthur_White&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sydney Arthur White (page does not exist)">Sydney Arthur White</a>, KCVO<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1958–1980: Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Wilfrid_Stubbs" class="mw-redirect" title="James Wilfrid Stubbs">James Wilfrid Stubbs</a>, KCVO, TD<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1980–1998: Commander <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Bernard_Shepley_Higham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Bernard Shepley Higham (page does not exist)">Michael Bernard Shepley Higham</a>, CVO<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1998-2002: Jim Daniel <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2002-2006: Robert Morrow<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2007-2016: Nigel Brown<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2016-2018: Willie Shackell</li> <li>2018-2022: David Staples<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2022–Present: Adrian Marsh <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_and_communications">Media and communications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Grand_Lodge_of_England&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Media and communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Craftcast_Hosts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Craftcast_Hosts.jpg/220px-Craftcast_Hosts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Craftcast_Hosts.jpg/330px-Craftcast_Hosts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Craftcast_Hosts.jpg/440px-Craftcast_Hosts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4951" data-file-height="3847" /></a><figcaption>The presenters of Craftcast. Left to right - Stephen Whatley, Shaun Butler and James Dalton</figcaption></figure><p>In October 2022, the United Grand Lodge of England launched an official podcast titled "Craftcast: The Freemasons Podcast".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The show is presented by three Freemasons from across the UGLE constitution: </p><ol><li>Shaun Butler, Director of Membership & Communications at UGLE</li> <li>Stephen Whatley, District Grand Communications Officer in the District of Gibraltar</li> <li>James Dalton, Provincial Deputy Grand Director of Ceremonies in the Province of Warwickshire</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition">Opposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Grand_Lodge_of_England&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Grand_Lodge_of_England&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herbert_Morrison_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Herbert_Morrison_1947.jpg/210px-Herbert_Morrison_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Herbert_Morrison_1947.jpg/315px-Herbert_Morrison_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Herbert_Morrison_1947.jpg/420px-Herbert_Morrison_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1462" data-file-height="1996" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Herbert Morrison</a> claimed that his bid for the Labour Party leadership was sabotaged by Freemasonry.</figcaption></figure> <p>In English politics, freemasonry has often been criticised by those associated with the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade_unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unionism">trade unionism</a>, because of a perception that freemasonry is aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Labour Party became the second party of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> from 1922 onward and stood on a platform of representing <a href="/wiki/Working-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class">working-class</a> interests, while the Conservatives and Liberals were largely based in the <a href="/wiki/Middle-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-class">middle-class</a> and upper-class (similar to Freemasonry). After a number of Labour MPs were <a href="/wiki/Blackballing" title="Blackballing">blackballed</a> from joining Masonic lodges, the <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Prince of Wales</a> who was concerned by the potential conflict, intervened and had the <a href="/wiki/New_Welcome_Lodge" title="New Welcome Lodge">New Welcome Lodge</a> created for Labour members in 1929. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Herbert Morrison</a> claimed that his <a href="/wiki/1935_Labour_Party_leadership_election" title="1935 Labour Party leadership election">1935 bid for the Labour leadership</a> was sabotaged by Lodge members who preferred first <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Arthur Greenwood</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the creation of the New Welcome Lodge, there remained an element of hostility to Masonry within the Labour Party. As well as the alleged Tory connections, they accused Freemasonry of having unaccountable influence within the judicial system. This issue was brought to the forefront of English politics in the 1990s when <a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Jack Straw</a>, Home Secretary in the <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> government attempted to force all Freemasons who worked as police officers,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> judges or magistrates to publicly declare membership in the organisation. In 2009, the ruling that freemasons had to declare if they were judges or magistrates was scrapped by Straw after fears that he would lose a court case at the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics regard the group <a href="/wiki/Common_Purpose" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Purpose">Common Purpose</a> as an attempt to set up a pro-Labour freemasonry equivalent.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conspiracy_theories">Conspiracy theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Grand_Lodge_of_England&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Conspiracy theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Victor_late_1880s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Albert_Victor_late_1880s.jpg/230px-Albert_Victor_late_1880s.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Albert_Victor_late_1880s.jpg/345px-Albert_Victor_late_1880s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Albert_Victor_late_1880s.jpg/460px-Albert_Victor_late_1880s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A 1970s theory connected Freemasonry and the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor,_Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale" title="Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale">Duke of Clarence</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper">Jack the Ripper</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>As with freemasonry in other countries, the United Grand Lodge of England has featured as the subject of <a href="/wiki/Masonic_conspiracy_theories" title="Masonic conspiracy theories">Masonic conspiracy theories</a>; the most persistent of these attempts to link freemasonry to a "cover-up" or <a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewashing (censorship)">whitewash</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper" title="Jack the Ripper">Jack the Ripper</a> case (in some cases, conspiracy theorists have claimed that the killings were masonic <a href="/wiki/Ritual_murder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual murder">ritual murder</a>), the inquiry into the <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Titanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinking of the RMS Titanic">Sinking of the RMS <i>Titanic</i></a> (though <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mersey">Lord Mersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Buxton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Buxton">Sydney Buxton</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Pirrie,_1st_Viscount_Pirrie" title="William Pirrie, 1st Viscount Pirrie">Lord Pirrie</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)" title="Bloody Sunday (1972)">Bloody Sunday</a> (though <a href="/wiki/Lord_Widgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Widgery">Lord Widgery</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Ripper case, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Knight_(author)" title="Stephen Knight (author)">Stephen Knight</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper:_The_Final_Solution" title="Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution">Jack the Ripper: The Final Solution</a></i> (1976) attempted to implicate freemasonry and the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a> in the murders through the personage of the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor,_Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale" title="Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale">Duke of Clarence and Avondale</a>. Elements of this theory, through the novel of <a href="/wiki/Alan_Moore" title="Alan Moore">Alan Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Campbell" title="Eddie Campbell">Eddie Campbell</a>, even made its way into a major American film, <i><a href="/wiki/From_Hell_(film)" title="From Hell (film)">From Hell</a></i> (2001). The <a href="/wiki/Hughes_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes Brothers">Hughes Brothers</a> who produced the film, even approached the United Grand Lodge of England to get the "masonic bits" right, but, they were rebuffed due to the anti-masonic nature of the storyline.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another thesis, promoted by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Robinson" title="Bruce Robinson">Bruce Robinson</a> in his <i>They All Love Jack</i> (2015), attempts to link the case to freemasonry through <a href="/wiki/Michael_Maybrick" title="Michael Maybrick">Michael Maybrick</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some native proponents of more generic anti-masonic conspiracy theories involving the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Illuminati" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Illuminati">Illuminati</a> (based on <a href="/wiki/John_Robison_(physicist)" title="John Robison (physicist)">John Robison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Augustin Barruel</a>) have typically sought to implicate only <a href="/wiki/Continental_Freemasonry" title="Continental Freemasonry">Continental Freemasonry</a> as a subversive force, while claiming to not be attacking the United Grand Lodge of England itself or British freemasonry more generally.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the case with <a href="/wiki/Nesta_Helen_Webster" title="Nesta Helen Webster">Nesta Helen Webster</a> in her <i>Secret Societies and Subversive Movements</i> (1924). The American-born but English-domiciled <a href="/wiki/Edith_Starr_Miller" title="Edith Starr Miller">Lady Queenborough</a> pulled fewer punches with her <i>Occult Theocrasy</i> (1933), claiming that English freemasonry was founded as a front for the "<a href="/wiki/Manichean" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichean">Manichean</a>" <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucians" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosicrucians">Rosicrucians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ot_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ot-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these conspiracy theorists also attempted to implicate <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> as working hand in hand with masonry<sup id="cite_ref-ot_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ot-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (such as <a href="/wiki/Barry_Domvile" title="Barry Domvile">Barry Domvile</a>, coiner of the epithet "<a href="/wiki/Judmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Judmas">Judmas</a>"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Grand_Lodge_of_England&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:United_Grand_Lodge_of_England" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:United Grand Lodge of England">United Grand Lodge of England</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freemasons%27_Hall,_London" title="Freemasons' Hall, London">Freemasons' Hall, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Freemasonry" title="Museum of Freemasonry">Museum of Freemasonry, London</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Grand_Lodge_of_England&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Grand_Lodge_of_England&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ugle.org.uk/about-us/ugle-governance">"UGLE Governance | United Grand Lodge of England"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UGLE+Governance+%26%23124%3B+United+Grand+Lodge+of+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ugle.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fugle-governance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsha_Keith_Schuchard2011" class="citation book cs1">Marsha Keith Schuchard (2011). <i>Emanuel Swedenborg, Secret Agent on Earth and in Heaven Jacobites, Jews and Freemasons in Early Modern Sweden</i>. BRILL. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004214194" title="Special:BookSources/9789004214194"><bdi>9789004214194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emanuel+Swedenborg%2C+Secret+Agent+on+Earth+and+in+Heaven+Jacobites%2C+Jews+and+Freemasons+in+Early+Modern+Sweden&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789004214194&rft.au=Marsha+Keith+Schuchard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722054921/http://www.2be1ask1.com/library/anderson.html">"Anderson's Constitutions"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.2be1ask1.com/library/anderson.html">the original</a> on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anderson%27s+Constitutions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2be1ask1.com%2Flibrary%2Fanderson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themasonictrowel.com/Articles/Manuscripts/manuscripts/anderson_intro.htm">"Introduction to Anderson Constitution of 1723, by Bro. Lionel Vibert"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Anderson+Constitution+of+1723%2C+by+Bro.+Lionel+Vibert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themasonictrowel.com%2FArticles%2FManuscripts%2Fmanuscripts%2Fanderson_intro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ars Quatuor Coronatorum, passim</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coil, Henry W. (1961). Two articles: "England, Grand Lodge of, According to the Old Institutions," pp. 237–240; and "Saints John," pp. 589–590. Coil's Masonic Encyclopedia. (rev. ed. 1996). Richmond, Va: Macoy Publ. & Masonic Supply Co. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pglm.org.uk&rft.atitle=Appointment+of+the+Grand+Secretary+and+Grand+Scribe+E&rft.date=2022-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpglm.org.uk%2Fappointment-of-the-grand-secretary-and-grand-scribe-e%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ugle.org.uk/discover-freemasonry/blog/conversations-craft">"Conversations on the Craft | United Grand Lodge of England"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conversations+on+the+Craft+%26%23124%3B+United+Grand+Lodge+of+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ugle.org.uk%2Fdiscover-freemasonry%2Fblog%2Fconversations-craft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/conservatives-at-the-heart-of-freemasonry-1580256.html">"Conservatives at the heart of Freemasonry"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 31 October 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Conservatives+at+the+heart+of+Freemasonry&rft.date=1995-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fconservatives-at-the-heart-of-freemasonry-1580256.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/mp-protests-over-nhs-freemasons-spacey-1611372.html">"MP protests over 'NHS freemasons' spacey"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 16 March 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=MP+protests+over+%27NHS+freemasons%27+spacey&rft.date=1995-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fmp-protests-over-nhs-freemasons-spacey-1611372.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamillPrescott2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hamill, John; Prescott, Andrew (2006). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Masons' Candidate': New Welcome Lodge No. 5139 and the Parliamentary Labour Party". <i>Labour History Review</i>. <b>71</b>: 9–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F174581806X103862">10.1179/174581806X103862</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Labour+History+Review&rft.atitle=%27The+Masons%27+Candidate%27%3A+New+Welcome+Lodge+No.+5139+and+the+Parliamentary+Labour+Party&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=9-41&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F174581806X103862&rft.aulast=Hamill&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Prescott%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1325935/Straw-scores-own-goal-with-Freemasons-register.html">"Straw scores own goal with Freemasons' register"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 11 March 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1325935/Straw-scores-own-goal-with-Freemasons-register.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Straw+scores+own+goal+with+Freemasons%27+register&rft.date=2001-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1325935%2FStraw-scores-own-goal-with-Freemasons-register.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368656/Police-chief-will-respect-Act-by-not-naming-masons.html">"Police chief will respect Act by not naming masons"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 3 October 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1368656/Police-chief-will-respect-Act-by-not-naming-masons.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Police+chief+will+respect+Act+by+not+naming+masons&rft.date=2000-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1368656%2FPolice-chief-will-respect-Act-by-not-naming-masons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/6509916/Judges-no-longer-have-to-declare-Freemasonry.html">"Judges no longer have to declare Freemasonry"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 8 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/6509916/Judges-no-longer-have-to-declare-Freemasonry.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Judges+no+longer+have+to+declare+Freemasonry&rft.date=2009-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Flaw-and-order%2F6509916%2FJudges-no-longer-have-to-declare-Freemasonry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/nov/05/jack-straw-judges-masons">"Jack Straw scraps rule saying judges must declare if they are masons"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 5 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jack+Straw+scraps+rule+saying+judges+must+declare+if+they+are+masons&rft.date=2009-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2Fblog%2F2009%2Fnov%2F05%2Fjack-straw-judges-masons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7929210.stm">"A secret society?"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 5 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=A+secret+society%3F&rft.date=2009-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F7929210.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/12010573/Was-Titanic-inquiry-scuppered-by-the-Freemasons.html">"Was Titanic inquiry scuppered by the Freemasons?"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 23 November 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/12010573/Was-Titanic-inquiry-scuppered-by-the-Freemasons.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Was+Titanic+inquiry+scuppered+by+the+Freemasons%3F&rft.date=2015-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F12010573%2FWas-Titanic-inquiry-scuppered-by-the-Freemasons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/freemasons-may-have-influenced-titanic-inquiry-newly-disclosed-list-of-members-names-reveals-a6745551.html">"Freemasons may have influenced Titanic inquiry, newly disclosed list of members' names reveals"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 23 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Freemasons+may+have+influenced+Titanic+inquiry%2C+newly+disclosed+list+of+members%27+names+reveals&rft.date=2015-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Ffreemasons-may-have-influenced-titanic-inquiry-newly-disclosed-list-of-members-names-reveals-a6745551.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/nov/25/freemasonry-titanic-heyday-bloody-sunday-duke-wellington-royalty">"Freemasonry's Titanic heyday has probably long gone"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 25 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Freemasonry%27s+Titanic+heyday+has+probably+long+gone&rft.date=2015-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2015%2Fnov%2F25%2Ffreemasonry-titanic-heyday-bloody-sunday-duke-wellington-royalty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.masonicinfo.com/ripper.htm">"Jack the Ripper"</a>. <i>Masonic Info</i>. 5 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Masonic+Info&rft.atitle=Jack+the+Ripper&rft.date=2009-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masonicinfo.com%2Fripper.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/03/they-all-love-jack-busting-ripper-bruce-robinson-review-withnail-i">"They All Love Jack: Busting the Ripper by Bruce Robinson review – a huge establishment cover-up"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 3 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=They+All+Love+Jack%3A+Busting+the+Ripper+by+Bruce+Robinson+review+%E2%80%93+a+huge+establishment+cover-up&rft.date=2015-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2015%2Foct%2F03%2Fthey-all-love-jack-busting-ripper-bruce-robinson-review-withnail-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/webster_n.html">"Nesta H. Webster's Secret Societies"</a>. <i>Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon</i>. 3 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grand+Lodge+of+British+Columbia+and+Yukon&rft.atitle=Nesta+H.+Webster%27s+Secret+Societies&rft.date=2015-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemasonry.bcy.ca%2Fanti-masonry%2Fwebster_n.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ot-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ot_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ot_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/miller_e/occult_theocrasy_notes.html">"Occult Theocrasy Notes"</a>. <i>Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon</i>. 3 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Grand+Lodge+of+British+Columbia+and+Yukon&rft.atitle=Occult+Theocrasy+Notes&rft.date=2015-10-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffreemasonry.bcy.ca%2Fanti-masonry%2Fmiller_e%2Foccult_theocrasy_notes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Grand_Lodge_of_England&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2014" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Ric (2014). <i>The Foundations of Modern Freemasonry: The Grand Architects, Political Change and the Scientific Enlightenment, 1714—1740</i>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845196981" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845196981"><bdi>978-1845196981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foundations+of+Modern+Freemasonry%3A+The+Grand+Architects%2C+Political+Change+and+the+Scientific+Enlightenment%2C+1714%E2%80%941740&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1845196981&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2013" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Ric (2013). <i>Schism: The Battle that Forged Freemasonry</i>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845196073" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845196073"><bdi>978-1845196073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schism%3A+The+Battle+that+Forged+Freemasonry&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1845196073&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Ric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarland-Jacobs2007" class="citation book cs1">Harland-Jacobs, Jessica (2007). <i>Builders of Empire: Freemasonry and British Imperialism, 1717-1927</i>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807830888" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807830888"><bdi>978-0807830888</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Builders+of+Empire%3A+Freemasonry+and+British+Imperialism%2C+1717-1927&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0807830888&rft.aulast=Harland-Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2010" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, David (2010). <i>The Transformation of Freemasonry</i>. Arima Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845494377" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845494377"><bdi>978-1845494377</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+Freemasonry&rft.pub=Arima+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1845494377&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1984" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Stephen (1984). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brotherhood_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Brotherhood (book)">The Brotherhood</a></i>. Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0007246293" title="Special:BookSources/0007246293"><bdi>0007246293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brotherhood&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0007246293&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2017" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Christopher B (2017). <i>Exploring Early Grand Lodge Freemasonry: Studies in Honor of the Tricentennial of the Establishment of the Grand Lodge of England</i>. Plumbstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1603020626" title="Special:BookSources/978-1603020626"><bdi>978-1603020626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Early+Grand+Lodge+Freemasonry%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+the+Tricentennial+of+the+Establishment+of+the+Grand+Lodge+of+England&rft.pub=Plumbstone&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1603020626&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Christopher+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort1989" class="citation book cs1">Short, Martin (1989). <i><a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Brotherhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Inside the Brotherhood">Inside the Brotherhood</a></i>. Grafton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0246130202" title="Special:BookSources/0246130202"><bdi>0246130202</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Brotherhood&rft.pub=Grafton&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0246130202&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Grand+Lodge+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Grand_Lodge_of_England&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ugle.org.uk/">United Grand Lodge of England Homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://freemasonry.london.museum/">The Library and Museum of Freemasonry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171022163240/http://freemasonry.london.museum/">Archived</a> 22 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199798/cmselect/cmhaff/577s1/has103.htm">Freemasonry in the Police and the Judiciary</a> by <a href="/wiki/Home_Affairs_Select_Committee" title="Home Affairs Select Committee">Home Affairs Select Committee</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Thomas_Dundas,_2nd_Earl_of_Zetland" title="Thomas Dundas, 2nd Earl of Zetland">The Earl of Zetland</a> (1844–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">The Marquess of Ripon</a> (1870–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">The Prince of Wales</a> (1874–1901)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">The Duke of Connaught</a> (1901–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">The 1st Duke of Kent</a> (1939–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lascelles,_6th_Earl_of_Harewood" title="Henry Lascelles, 6th Earl of Harewood">The Earl of Harewood</a> (1942–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cavendish,_10th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a> (1947–1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lumley,_11th_Earl_of_Scarbrough" title="Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough">The Earl of Scarbrough</a> (1951–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent">The 2nd Duke of Kent</a> (1967–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry" title="History of Freemasonry">History of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Premier Grand Lodge of England">Premier Grand Lodge of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antient_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Antient Grand Lodge of England">Antient Grand Lodge of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasons%27_Hall,_London" title="Freemasons' Hall, London">Freemasons' Hall, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Masons%27_Hall,_London" title="Mark Masons' Hall, London">Mark Masons' Hall, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Masonic_Benevolent_Institution" title="Royal Masonic Benevolent Institution">Royal Masonic Benevolent Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Grand_Lodges_(UGLE)" title="Provincial Grand Lodges (UGLE)">Provincial Grand Lodges (UGLE)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lectures_of_the_Three_Degrees_in_Craft_Masonry" title="Lectures of the Three Degrees in Craft Masonry">Lectures of the Three Degrees in Craft Masonry</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emulation_Lodge_of_Improvement" title="Emulation Lodge of Improvement">Emulation Lodge of Improvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatuor_Coronati_Lodge" title="Quatuor Coronati Lodge">Quatuor Coronati Lodge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Appendant bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trinitarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Societas_Rosicruciana_in_Anglia" title="Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia">Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Scotland" title="Royal Order of Scotland">Royal Order of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Ancient and Accepted Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Eri" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of Eri">Royal Order of Eri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_(Freemasonry)" title="Knights Templar (Freemasonry)">Order of Knights Templar and Knights of Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_of_Constantine" title="Red Cross of Constantine">Order of the Red Cross of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Holy_Wisdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Holy Wisdom (page does not exist)">Order of Holy Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Holy_Royal_Arch_Knight_Templar_Priests&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Holy Royal Arch Knight Templar Priests (page does not exist)">Order of Holy Royal Arch Knight Templar Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Thomas_of_Acon" title="Order of Saint Thomas of Acon">Order of St Thomas of Acon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectified_Scottish_Rite" title="Rectified Scottish Rite">Order of Knights Beneficent of the Holy City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">non-Trinitarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Royal_Arch" title="Holy Royal Arch">Order of the Holy Royal Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mark_Master_Masons" title="Order of Mark Master Masons">Order of Mark Master Masons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Secret_Monitor" title="Order of the Secret Monitor">Order of the Secret Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Athelstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Athelstan (page does not exist)">Order of Athelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Masonic_Degrees" title="Allied Masonic Degrees">Order of the Allied Masonic Degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptic_Masonry" title="Cryptic Masonry">Order of Royal and Select Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Knight_Masons" title="Order of Knight Masons">Order of Knight Masons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraternity_of_Royal_Ark_Mariners&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraternity of Royal Ark Mariners (page does not exist)">Fraternity of Royal Ark Mariners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Secret_Monitor" title="Order of the Secret Monitor">Order of the Scarlet Cord</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Template:Premier Grand Lodge of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Template talk:Premier Grand Lodge of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Premier Grand Lodge of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Premier Grand Lodge of England">Premier Grand Lodge of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Active 1717–1813, united with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Grand_Lodge_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Grand Lodge of England">Ancient Grand Lodge of England</a> (1751–1813) to create the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Grand Lodge of England</a> (1813–present)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(Freemasonry)" title="Grand Master (Freemasonry)">Grand<br />Masters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Sayer" title="Anthony Sayer">Anthony Sayer</a> (1717–1718)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Payne_(Freemason)" title="George Payne (Freemason)">George Payne</a> (1718–1719)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Theophilus_Desaguliers" title="John Theophilus Desaguliers">John Theophilus Desaguliers</a> (1719–1720)</li> <li>George Payne (1720–1721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_2nd_Duke_of_Montagu" title="John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu">Duke of Montagu</a> (1721–1723)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Wharton,_1st_Duke_of_Wharton" title="Philip Wharton, 1st Duke of Wharton">Duke of Wharton</a> (1723)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Scott,_2nd_Duke_of_Buccleuch" title="Francis Scott, 2nd Duke of Buccleuch">Earl of Dalkeith</a> (1723–1724)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lennox,_2nd_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond">Duke of Richmond</a> (1724)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_7th_Earl_of_Abercorn" title="James Hamilton, 7th Earl of Abercorn">Lord Paisley</a> (1724–1725)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Brien,_4th_Earl_of_Inchiquin" title="William O'Brien, 4th Earl of Inchiquin">Earl of Inchiquin</a> (1726–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hare,_3rd_Baron_Coleraine" title="Henry Hare, 3rd Baron Coleraine">Baron Colerane</a> (1727–1728)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_King,_4th_Baron_Kingston" title="James King, 4th Baron Kingston">Baron Kingston</a> (1728–1730)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_8th_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 8th Duke of Norfolk">Duke of Norfolk</a> (1730–1731)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester_(fifth_creation)" title="Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester (fifth creation)">Baron Lovell</a> (1731–1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Browne,_6th_Viscount_Montagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Browne, 6th Viscount Montagu">Viscount Montagu</a> (1732–1733)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lyon,_7th_Earl_of_Strathmore_and_Kinghorne" title="James Lyon, 7th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne">Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne</a> (1733–1734)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay,_20th_Earl_of_Crawford" title="John Lindsay, 20th Earl of Crawford">Earl of Crawford</a> (1734–1735)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thynne,_2nd_Viscount_Weymouth" title="Thomas Thynne, 2nd Viscount Weymouth">Lord Weymouth</a> (1735–1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_4th_Earl_of_Loudoun" title="John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun">Earl of Loudoun</a> (1736–1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bligh,_2nd_Earl_of_Darnley" title="Edward Bligh, 2nd Earl of Darnley">Earl of Darnley</a> (1737–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brydges,_2nd_Duke_of_Chandos" title="Henry Brydges, 2nd Duke of Chandos">Marquis of Carnarvon</a> (1738–1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Raymond,_2nd_Baron_Raymond" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Raymond, 2nd Baron Raymond">Baron Raymond</a> (1739–1740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keith,_3rd_Earl_of_Kintore" class="mw-redirect" title="John Keith, 3rd Earl of Kintore">Earl of Kintore</a> (1740–1741)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_14th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton">Earl of Morton</a> (1741–1742)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ward,_1st_Viscount_Dudley_and_Ward" title="John Ward, 1st Viscount Dudley and Ward">Baron Ward</a> (1742–1744)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cranstoun,_6th_Lord_Cranstoun" class="mw-redirect" title="James Cranstoun, 6th Lord Cranstoun">Lord Cranstoun</a> (1744–1747)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Byron,_5th_Baron_Byron" title="William Byron, 5th Baron Byron">Baron Byron</a> (1747–1752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Proby,_1st_Baron_Carysfort" title="John Proby, 1st Baron Carysfort">Baron Carysfort</a> (1752–1753)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brydges,_3rd_Duke_of_Chandos" title="James Brydges, 3rd Duke of Chandos">Marquis of Carnarvon</a> (1754–1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sholto_Douglas,_15th_Earl_of_Morton" title="Sholto Douglas, 15th Earl of Morton">Lord Aberdour</a> (1757–1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Shirley,_5th_Earl_Ferrers" title="Washington Shirley, 5th Earl Ferrers">Earl Ferrers</a> (1762–1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadwallader_Blayney,_9th_Baron_Blayney" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadwallader Blayney, 9th Baron Blayney">Baron Blayney</a> (1764–1767)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_5th_Duke_of_Beaufort" title="Henry Somerset, 5th Duke of Beaufort">Duke of Beaufort</a> (1767–1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Petre,_9th_Baron_Petre" title="Robert Petre, 9th Baron Petre">Baron Petre</a> (1772–1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu,_4th_Duke_of_Manchester" title="George Montagu, 4th Duke of Manchester">Duke of Manchester</a> (1777–1782)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn">Duke of Cumberland</a> (1782–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George, Prince of Wales</a> (1792–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Duke of Sussex</a> (1813)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry" title="History of Freemasonry">History of Freemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antient_Grand_Lodge_of_England" title="Antient Grand Lodge of England">Antient Grand Lodge of England</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Grand Lodge of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Anderson_(Freemason)" title="James Anderson (Freemason)">James Anderson's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry#Anderson's_''Constitutions''" title="History of Freemasonry">The Constitutions of the Free-Masons</a></i> (1723)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasons%27_Tavern" title="Freemasons' Tavern">Freemasons' Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasons%27_Hall,_London" title="Freemasons' Hall, London">Freemasons' Hall, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London" title="Society of Antiquaries of London">Society of Antiquaries of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal College of Physicians">Royal College of Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Society_of_Apothecaries" title="Worshipful Society of Apothecaries">Worshipful Society of Apothecaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spalding_Gentlemen%27s_Society" title="Spalding Gentlemen's Society">Spalding Gentlemen's Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonianism" title="Newtonianism">Newtonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era#English_Enlightenment" title="Georgian era">English Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kit-Cat_Club" title="Kit-Cat Club">Kit-Cat Club</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gormogons" title="Gormogons">Gormogons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellfire_Club" title="Hellfire Club">Hellfire Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundling_Hospital" title="Foundling Hospital">Foundling Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlawful_Societies_Act_1799" title="Unlawful Societies Act 1799">Unlawful Societies Act 1799</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Anderson_(Freemason)" title="James Anderson (Freemason)">James Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Byrom" title="John Byrom">John Byrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stukeley" title="William Stukeley">William Stukeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(mathematician)" title="William Jones (mathematician)">William Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_4th_Earl_of_Chesterfield" title="Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield">Earl of Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Delafaye" title="Charles Delafaye">Charles Delafaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Carpenter,_2nd_Baron_Carpenter" title="George Carpenter, 2nd Baron Carpenter">Baron Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Billers" title="William Billers">William Billers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Prendergast,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Prendergast, 2nd Baronet">Sir Thomas Prendergast, 2nd Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brook_Taylor" title="Brook Taylor">Brook Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Folkes" title="Martin Folkes">Martin Folkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Arbuthnot" title="John Arbuthnot">John Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cox_(brewer)" title="Charles Cox (brewer)">Charles Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Earl_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Earl Cornwallis">Earl Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cantillon" title="Richard Cantillon">Richard Cantillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Machin" title="John Machin">John Machin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rutty" title="William Rutty">William Rutty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Vernon_(politician,_born_1646)" title="James Vernon (politician, born 1646)">James Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Senex" title="John Senex">John Senex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thornhill" title="James Thornhill">James Thornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Parker,_2nd_Earl_of_Macclesfield" title="George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield">Earl of Macclesfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Browne_(chemist)" title="John Browne (chemist)">John Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Jurin" title="James Jurin">James Jurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(physician)" title="James Douglas (physician)">James Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stuart_(scientist)" title="Alexander Stuart (scientist)">Alexander Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Chambers" title="Ephraim Chambers">Ephraim Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Manningham" title="Richard Manningham">Richard Manningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Nicholls" title="Frank Nicholls">Frank Nicholls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rawlinson" title="Richard Rawlinson">Richard Rawlinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stanhope_(1673%E2%80%931760)" title="Charles Stanhope (1673–1760)">Charles Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_James_Cavendish_(MP_for_Derby)" title="Lord James Cavendish (MP for Derby)">Lord James Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hope,_2nd_Earl_of_Hopetoun" title="John Hope, 2nd Earl of Hopetoun">Earl of Hopetoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Richardson_(antiquary)" title="William Richardson (antiquary)">William Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Becket" title="William Becket">William Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anstis" title="John Anstis">John Anstis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Bertie,_2nd_Duke_of_Ancaster_and_Kesteven" title="Peregrine Bertie, 2nd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven">Duke of Ancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hayes_(mathematician)" title="Charles Hayes (mathematician)">Charles Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Prideaux_(artist)" title="Edmund Prideaux (artist)">Edmund Prideaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shelvocke" title="George Shelvocke">George Shelvocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Woodward_(naturalist)" title="John Woodward (naturalist)">John Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ward_(academic)" title="John Ward (academic)">John Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baptist_Grano" title="John Baptist Grano">John Baptist Grano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_King,_2nd_Baron_King" title="John King, 2nd Baron King">Baron King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Christoph_Le_Blon" title="Jacob Christoph Le Blon">Jacques Leblon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Oughton" title="Adolphus Oughton">Adolphus Oughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Rich,_4th_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet">Sir Robert Rich, 4th Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Temple,_1st_Viscount_Cobham" title="Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham">Viscount Cobham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Columbine" title="Francis Columbine">Francis Columbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Warburton" title="Hugh Warburton">Hugh Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Herbert,_9th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Henry Herbert, 9th Earl of Pembroke">Earl of Pembroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend,_3rd_Viscount_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend, 3rd Viscount Townshend">Viscount Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bladen" title="Martin Bladen">Martin Bladen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Waldegrave,_1st_Earl_Waldegrave" title="James Waldegrave, 1st Earl Waldegrave">Earl Waldegrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pierrepont,_2nd_Duke_of_Kingston-upon-Hull" title="Evelyn Pierrepont, 2nd Duke of Kingston-upon-Hull">Duke of Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Boyle,_3rd_Earl_of_Burlington" title="Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington">Earl of Burlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Capell,_3rd_Earl_of_Essex" title="William Capell, 3rd Earl of Essex">Earl of Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Douglas,_3rd_Duke_of_Queensberry" title="Charles Douglas, 3rd Duke of Queensberry">Duke of Queensberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Scott,_1st_Earl_of_Deloraine" title="Henry Scott, 1st Earl of Deloraine">Earl of Deloraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colyear,_2nd_Earl_of_Portmore" title="Charles Colyear, 2nd Earl of Portmore">Earl of Portmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Spencer,_3rd_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough">Duke of Marlborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_5th_Baron_Baltimore" title="Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore">Baron Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Murray,_2nd_Duke_of_Atholl" title="James Murray, 2nd Duke of Atholl">Duke of Atholl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kerr,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lothian" title="William Kerr, 3rd Marquess of Lothian">Marquess of Lothian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lindsay,_4th_Earl_of_Balcarres" title="Alexander Lindsay, 4th Earl of Balcarres">Earl of Balcarres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Finch,_8th_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="Daniel Finch, 8th Earl of Winchilsea">Earl of Winchilsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Acheson,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir Arthur Acheson, 5th Baronet">Sir Arthur Acheson, 5th Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sir_Robert_Lawley,_4th_Baronet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sir Robert Lawley, 4th Baronet (page does not exist)">Sir Robert Lawley, 4th Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Brodie_(1697%E2%80%931754)" title="Alexander Brodie (1697–1754)">Alexander Brodie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hogarth" title="William Hogarth">William Hogarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Labelye" title="Charles Labelye">Charles Labelye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Calverley-Blackett" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Calverley-Blackett">Walter Calverley-Blackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wright_(astronomer)" title="Thomas Wright (astronomer)">Thomas Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hervey,_2nd_Baron_Hervey" title="John Hervey, 2nd Baron Hervey">Baron Hervey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dunckerley" title="Thomas Dunckerley">Thomas Dunckerley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Preston_(Freemason)" title="William Preston (Freemason)">William Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rawdon-Hastings,_1st_Marquess_of_Hastings" title="Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings">Marquess of Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Smythe" title="James Moore Smythe">James Moore Smythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle-Walsingham" title="Robert Boyle-Walsingham">Robert Boyle-Walsingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_de_Cornwall" title="Sir Robert de Cornwall">Sir Robert de Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batty_Langley" title="Batty Langley">Batty Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arne" title="Thomas Arne">Thomas Arne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Soane" title="John Soane">John Soane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Zoffany" title="Johan Zoffany">Johan Zoffany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coustos" title="John Coustos">John Coustos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_da_Costa" title="Hipólito da Costa">Hipólito da Costa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_L%C3%B6w_Schomberg" title="Meyer Löw Schomberg">Meyer Löw Schomberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Salvador" title="Joseph Salvador">Joseph Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampson_Eardley,_1st_Baron_Eardley" title="Sampson Eardley, 1st Baron Eardley">Sampson Eardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Mendez" title="Moses Mendez">Moses Mendez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Solomon" title="Meyer Solomon">Meyer Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Montefiore" title="Moses Montefiore">Moses Montefiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild">Nathan Mayer Rothschild</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Prime_ministers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prime ministers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Henry Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Duke of Newcastle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Freemasonry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Freemasonry_footer" title="Template:Freemasonry footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Freemasonry_footer" title="Template talk:Freemasonry footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Freemasonry_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Freemasonry footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Freemasonry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternal organisation">Fraternal organisations</a> with origins in the United Kingdom in the 18th century, sorted by <a href="/wiki/Masonic_bodies" title="Masonic bodies">bodies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">lodges</a>, locations and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_rites" title="List of Masonic rites">rites</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_abbreviations" title="List of Masonic abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Reflection" title="Chamber of Reflection">Chamber of Reflection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Freemasonry" title="History of Freemasonry">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge" title="Grand Lodge">Grand Lodge</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_Grand_Lodges" title="List of Masonic Grand Lodges">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_Landmarks" title="Masonic Landmarks">Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_manuscripts" title="Masonic manuscripts">Manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_music" title="Masonic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_myths" title="Masonic myths">Masonic myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_rites" title="List of Masonic rites">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_ritual_and_symbolism" title="Masonic ritual and symbolism">Ritual and Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_lodge" title="Research lodge">Research lodge</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Square_compasses.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Square_compasses.svg/85px-Square_compasses.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Square_compasses.svg/128px-Square_compasses.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Square_compasses.svg/170px-Square_compasses.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="852" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Square_and_Compasses" title="Square and Compasses">Square and<br />Compasses</a><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Freemasons%27_Hall,_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG/85px-Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="85" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG/128px-Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG/170px-Freemasons%27_Hall%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="1790" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Freemasons%27_Hall,_London" title="Freemasons' Hall, London">Freemasons' Hall</a>,<br />London,<br />headquarters (1775/1933-)<br />of the<br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Grand<br />Lodge of England</a> (1722-)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Freemasonry" title="Anglo-American Freemasonry">Anglo-American<br />Freemasonry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Isles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Grand Lodge of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Scotland" title="Grand Lodge of Scotland">Grand Lodge of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Ireland" title="Grand Lodge of Ireland">Grand Lodge of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Swedish Rite</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Order_of_Freemasons" title="Swedish Order of Freemasons">Swedish Order of Freemasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Order_of_Freemasons" title="Danish Order of Freemasons">Danish Order of Freemasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Order_of_Freemasons" title="Icelandic Order of Freemasons">Icelandic Order of Freemasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Order_of_Freemasons" title="Norwegian Order of Freemasons">Norwegian Order of Freemasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge of Spain">Grand Lodge of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Landlodge_of_the_Freemasons_of_Germany" title="Grand Landlodge of the Freemasons of Germany">Grand Landlodge of the Freemasons of Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Asia#Armenia" title="Freemasonry in Asia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_Grand_Lodge_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular Grand Lodge of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Cyprus" title="Grand Lodge of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Grand Lodge of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Finland" title="Freemasonry in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Loge_Nationale_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Grande Loge Nationale Française">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_India" title="Grand Lodge of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodges_of_Germany" title="United Grand Lodges of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regular_Grand_Lodge_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular Grand Lodge of Italy">Regular Grand Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Italy" title="Grand Orient of Italy">Grand Orient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Macedonia" title="Grand Lodge of Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Grand_Lodge_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign Grand Lodge of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_the_Netherlands" title="Grand Orient of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_the_Philippines" title="Grand Lodge of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regular_Grand_Lodge_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular Grand Lodge of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grand_Lodge_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="National Grand Lodge in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Russia" title="Grand Lodge of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_Alpina_of_Switzerland" title="Grand Lodge Alpina of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge of Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia_and_New_Zealand" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia and New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Grand_Lodge_of_New_South_Wales_and_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="United Grand Lodge of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory">United Grand Lodge of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_New_Zealand" title="Grand Lodge of New Zealand">Grand Lodge of New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Masonic_Grand_Lodges_in_North_America" title="History of Masonic Grand Lodges in North America">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Alabama" title="Grand Lodge of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_California" title="Grand Lodge of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Connecticut" title="Grand Lodge of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Idaho" title="Grand Lodge of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_Of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge Of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Indiana" title="Grand Lodge of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Iowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Kansas" title="Grand Lodge of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Kentucky" title="Grand Lodge of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Massachusetts" title="Grand Lodge of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Michigan" title="Grand Lodge of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Minnesota" title="Grand Lodge of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Missouri" title="Grand Lodge of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Nebraska" title="Grand Lodge of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_New_Jersey" title="Grand Lodge of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_New_Mexico" title="Grand Lodge of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_New_York" title="Grand Lodge of New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_North_Dakota" title="Grand Lodge of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Ohio" title="Grand Lodge of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Pennsylvania" title="Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Tennessee" title="Grand Lodge of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Texas" title="Grand Lodge of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Virginia" title="Grand Lodge of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_West_Virginia" title="Grand Lodge of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Wisconsin" title="Grand Lodge of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_fraternities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of African-American fraternities">African-American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hall_Freemasonry" title="Prince Hall Freemasonry">Prince Hall Freemasonry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Canada" title="Freemasonry in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Manitoba" title="Grand Lodge of Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Grand Lodge of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Canada_in_the_Province_of_Ontario" title="Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario">Ontario</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Oriente_do_Brasil" title="Grande Oriente do Brasil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Chile" title="Grand Lodge of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Costa_Rica" title="Grand Lodge of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Grand Lodge of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Mexico" title="Freemasonry in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Freemasonry" title="Continental Freemasonry">Continental<br />Freemasonry</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Co-Freemasonry" title="Co-Freemasonry">Co-Freemasonry</a>,<br />including <a href="/wiki/Centre_de_Liaison_et_d%27Information_des_Puissances_ma%C3%A7onniques_Signataires_de_l%27Appel_de_Strasbourg" title="Centre de Liaison et d'Information des Puissances maçonniques Signataires de l'Appel de Strasbourg">CLIPSAS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Droit_Humain" title="Le Droit Humain">Le Droit Humain</a> <small>(several countries)</small></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Belgium" title="Grand Orient of Belgium">Grand Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Grand_Lodge_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Female Grand Lodge of Belgium">Female Grand Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge of Belgium">Grand Lodge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Denmark_of_Ancient_Free_%26_Accepted_Masons" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge of Denmark of Ancient Free & Accepted Masons">Denmark </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_Grand_Lodge_of_Spain" title="Symbolic Grand Lodge of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Catalonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Orient of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_de_France" title="Grand Orient de France">Grand Orient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_Grand_Lodge_of_France" title="Mixed Grand Lodge of France">Mixed Grand Lodge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serene_Grand_Orient_of_Greece" title="Serene Grand Orient of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Oriente_Ib%C3%A9rico" title="Grande Oriente Ibérico">Ibérico</a></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Oriente_d%27Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Oriente d'Italia">Grand Orient of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Loggia_d%27Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gran Loggia d'Italia">Grand Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Grand_Lodge_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Female Grand Lodge of Italy">Female Grand Lodge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Lodge of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Poland" title="Grand Orient of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Portugal" title="Grand Orient of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Romania" title="Freemasonry in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Grand_Lodge_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Grand Lodge of Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th id="Americas" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Co-Masonry" title="Universal Co-Masonry">Universal Co-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Venezuela" title="Freemasonry in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Freemasonry_in_North_America" title="Continental Freemasonry in North America">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Canada" title="Freemasonry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Orient of Mexico">Mexico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_fraternal_auxiliaries_and_side_degrees" title="List of fraternal auxiliaries and side degrees">Appendant Orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Denominational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_Masonic_Degrees" title="Allied Masonic Degrees">Allied Masonic Degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_College_of_Rites" title="Grand College of Rites">Grand College of Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Royal_Arch" title="Holy Royal Arch">Holy Royal Arch (Anglo-European)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Arch_Masonry" title="Royal Arch Masonry">Royal Arch Masonry (American)</a></li> <li>Order of Athelstan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Knight_Masons" title="Order of Knight Masons">Order of Knight Masons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mark_Master_Masons" title="Order of Mark Master Masons">Order of Mark Master Masons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Secret_Monitor" title="Order of the Secret Monitor">Order of the Scarlet Cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Secret_Monitor" title="Order of the Secret Monitor">Order of the Secret Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Royal_and_Select_Masters" title="Order of Royal and Select Masters">Order of Royal and Select Masters (Anglo-European)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptic_Masonry" title="Cryptic Masonry">Cryptic Masonry (American)</a></li> <li>Royal Ark Mariners</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shriners" title="Shriners">Shriners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian Only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Holy Royal Arch Knight Templar Priests</li> <li>Knights of the York Cross of Honour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar_(Freemasonry)" title="Knights Templar (Freemasonry)">Knights Templar</a></li> <li>Masonic Order of the Bath</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Thomas_of_Acon" title="Order of Saint Thomas of Acon">Order of Saint Thomas of Acon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_of_Constantine" title="Red Cross of Constantine">Red Cross of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectified_Scottish_Rite" title="Rectified Scottish Rite">Reformed and Rectified Rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Scotland" title="Royal Order of Scotland">Royal Order of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_Rosicruciana_in_Anglia" title="Societas Rosicruciana in Anglia">S.R.I.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Eri" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Order of Eri">Royal Order of Eri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_Rosicruciana" title="Societas Rosicruciana">Societas Rosicruciana</a></li> <li>Sovereign Order of Knights Preceptor</li> <li>York Rite Sovereign College</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rite" title="Scottish Rite">Ancient and Accepted<br />Scottish Rite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>USA <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council,_Scottish_Rite,_Northern_Jurisdiction,_USA" title="Supreme Council, Scottish Rite, Northern Jurisdiction, USA">Northern Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council,_Scottish_Rite_(Southern_Jurisdiction,_USA)" title="Supreme Council, Scottish Rite (Southern Jurisdiction, USA)">Southern Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Louisiana" title="Supreme Council of Louisiana">Supreme Council of Louisiana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freemasons" title="List of Freemasons">List of Freemasons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freemasons_(A%E2%80%93D)" title="List of Freemasons (A–D)">A–D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freemasons_(E%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of Freemasons (E–Z)">E–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_who_were_Freemasons" title="List of monarchs who were Freemasons">monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_who_were_Freemasons" title="List of presidents of the United States who were Freemasons">US presidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freemasonry_and_women" title="Freemasonry and women">Freemasonry and women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_buildings" title="List of Masonic buildings">Masonic Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Masonic_libraries" title="List of Masonic libraries">Libraries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-Masonry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_conspiracy_theories" title="Masonic conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Affair">Morgan Affair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Freemasonry" title="Category:Freemasonry">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" 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