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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Theoretical biology</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">9,935 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Theoretical biology</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Theoretical_biology">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67560764" data-work_id="67560764" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67560764/Reconceiving_autoimmunity_An_overview">Reconceiving autoimmunity: An overview</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Three interconnected positions are advocated: (1) although serving as a useful model, the immune self does not exist as such; (2) instead of a self/nonself demarcation, the immune system &#39;sees&#39; itself, i.e., it does not ignore the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67560764" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Three interconnected positions are advocated: (1) although serving as a useful model, the immune self does not exist as such; (2) instead of a self/nonself demarcation, the immune system &#39;sees&#39; itself, i.e., it does not ignore the &#39;self&#39; or attack the &#39;other;&#39; but exhibits a spectrum of responses, which when viewed from outside the system appear as discrimination of &#39;self&#39; and &#39;nonself&#39; based on certain criteria of reactivity. When immune reactions are conceived in terms of normal physiology and open exchange with the environment, where borders dividing host and foreign are elusive and changing, host defense is only part of the immune system&#39;s functions, which actually comprise two basic tasks: protection, i.e., to preserve host integrity, and maintenance of organismic identity. And thus (3) if the spectrum of immunity is enlarged, differentiating low reactive &#39;autoimmune&#39; reactions from activated immune responses against the &#39;...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67560764" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="93ecc23ed19670299e3e8bfa84cffdfa" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78331518,"asset_id":67560764,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78331518/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzAwNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8781609" href="https://bu.academia.edu/AlfredTauber">Alfred Tauber</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8781609" type="text/json">{"id":8781609,"first_name":"Alfred","last_name":"Tauber","domain_name":"bu","page_name":"AlfredTauber","display_name":"Alfred Tauber","profile_url":"https://bu.academia.edu/AlfredTauber?f_ri=26977","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8781609/3222050/3791806/s65_alfred.tauber.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67560764 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67560764"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67560764, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67560764", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67560764]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_67560764").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_67560764").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="67560764"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7043" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Symbiosis">Symbiosis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7043" type="text/json">{"id":7043,"name":"Symbiosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Symbiosis?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9846" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9846" type="text/json">{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12320" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity">Autoimmunity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12320" type="text/json">{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=67560764]'), work: {"id":67560764,"title":"Reconceiving autoimmunity: An overview","created_at":"2022-01-07T13:45:30.710-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/67560764/Reconceiving_autoimmunity_An_overview?f_ri=26977","dom_id":"work_67560764","summary":"Three interconnected positions are advocated: (1) although serving as a useful model, the immune self does not exist as such; (2) instead of a self/nonself demarcation, the immune system \u0026#39;sees\u0026#39; itself, i.e., it does not ignore the \u0026#39;self\u0026#39; or attack the \u0026#39;other;\u0026#39; but exhibits a spectrum of responses, which when viewed from outside the system appear as discrimination of \u0026#39;self\u0026#39; and \u0026#39;nonself\u0026#39; based on certain criteria of reactivity. When immune reactions are conceived in terms of normal physiology and open exchange with the environment, where borders dividing host and foreign are elusive and changing, host defense is only part of the immune system\u0026#39;s functions, which actually comprise two basic tasks: protection, i.e., to preserve host integrity, and maintenance of organismic identity. And thus (3) if the spectrum of immunity is enlarged, differentiating low reactive \u0026#39;autoimmune\u0026#39; reactions from activated immune responses against the \u0026#39;...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78331518,"asset_id":67560764,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8781609,"first_name":"Alfred","last_name":"Tauber","domain_name":"bu","page_name":"AlfredTauber","display_name":"Alfred Tauber","profile_url":"https://bu.academia.edu/AlfredTauber?f_ri=26977","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8781609/3222050/3791806/s65_alfred.tauber.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7043,"name":"Symbiosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Symbiosis?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":12320,"name":"Autoimmunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmunity?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=26977"},{"id":26977,"name":"Theoretical biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology?f_ri=26977"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=26977"},{"id":71304,"name":"Autoimmune diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Autoimmune_diseases?f_ri=26977"},{"id":80414,"name":"Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Sciences?f_ri=26977"},{"id":84924,"name":"Immunity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunity?f_ri=26977"},{"id":324154,"name":"Immune system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_system?f_ri=26977"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7053973" data-work_id="7053973" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7053973/Natural_selection_and_social_preferences">Natural selection and social preferences</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7053973" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bde305fad4d8182e813d9a9a62ff826a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48617725,"asset_id":7053973,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7053973"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7053973 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7053973"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7053973; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7053973]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7053973").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { 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type="text/json">{"id":14835,"name":"Altruism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Altruism?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19988" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Group_Processes">Group Processes</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="19988" type="text/json">{"id":19988,"name":"Group Processes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Group_Processes?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology">Theoretical biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26977" type="text/json">{"id":26977,"name":"Theoretical biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7053973]'), work: {"id":7053973,"title":"Natural 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Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Game_Theory?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":14835,"name":"Altruism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Altruism?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":19988,"name":"Group Processes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Group_Processes?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":26977,"name":"Theoretical biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":40422,"name":"Natural Selection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Selection?f_ri=26977"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=26977"},{"id":80414,"name":"Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Sciences?f_ri=26977"},{"id":151933,"name":"Cooperative Breeding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cooperative_Breeding?f_ri=26977"},{"id":160734,"name":"Social Preferences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Preferences?f_ri=26977"},{"id":172809,"name":"Interpersonal Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interpersonal_Relations?f_ri=26977"},{"id":220235,"name":"Coordination Game","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coordination_Game?f_ri=26977"},{"id":414735,"name":"Revealed Preference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Revealed_Preference?f_ri=26977"},{"id":713641,"name":"Group Selection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Group_Selection?f_ri=26977"},{"id":816819,"name":"Psychological Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychological_Models?f_ri=26977"},{"id":1237825,"name":"Population dynamic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Population_dynamic?f_ri=26977"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32419324" data-work_id="32419324" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32419324/Fairy_ring_kinetics">Fairy ring kinetics</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32419324" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4fec021ad69f074e1c597ed5a3dfec9f" rel="nofollow" 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We identify three main empirical motivations... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_68010567" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This chapter argues that scientific and philosophical progress in our understanding of the living world requires that we abandon a metaphysics of things in favour of one centred on processes. We identify three main empirical motivations for adopting a process ontology in biology: metabolic turnover, life cycles, and ecological interdependence. We show how taking a processual stance in the philosophy of biology enables us to ground existing critiques of essentialism, reductionism, and mechanicism, all of which have traditionally been associated with substance ontology. We illustrate the consequences of embracing an ontology of processes in biology by considering some of its implications for physiology, genetics, evolution, and medicine. 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class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7593164/Modeling_Neural_Development">Modeling Neural Development</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This is one of the first books to study neural development using computational and mathematical modeling. Modeling provides precise and exact ways of expression, which allow us to go beyond the insights that intuitive or commonsense... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7593164" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This is one of the first books to study neural development using computational and mathematical modeling. Modeling provides precise and exact ways of expression, which allow us to go beyond the insights that intuitive or commonsense reasoning alone can yield. Most neural modeling focuses on information processing in the adult nervous system; Modeling Neural Development shows how models can be used to study the development of the nervous system at different levels of organization and at different phases of development, from molecule to system and from neurulation to cognition. The book's fourteen chapters follow loosely the chronology of neural development. Chapters 1 and 2 study the very early development of the nervous system, discussing gene networks, cell differentiation, and neural tube development. Chapters 3-5 examine neuronal morphogenesis and neurite outgrowth. Chapters 6-8 study different aspects of the self-organization of neurons into networks. Chapters 9-12 cover refinement of connectivity and the development of specific connectivity patterns. Chapters 13 and 14 focus on some of the functional implications of morphology and development. Each chapter contains an overview of the biology of the topic in question, a review of the modeling efforts in the field, a discussion in more detail of some of the models, and some perspectives on future theoretical and experimental work. The science of studying neural development by computational and mathematical modeling is relatively new; this book, as Dale Purves writes in the foreword, "serves as an important progress report" in the effort to understand the complexities of neural development.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7593164" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c6d29477bb6d11a8e1230c1c9ae521ed" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51016357,"asset_id":7593164,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51016357/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzAwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13197303" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArjenvanOoyen">Arjen van Ooyen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13197303" type="text/json">{"id":13197303,"first_name":"Arjen","last_name":"van Ooyen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArjenvanOoyen","display_name":"Arjen van Ooyen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArjenvanOoyen?f_ri=26977","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13197303/3721252/4360030/s65_arjen.van_ooyen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7593164 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7593164"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7593164, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7593164", }); 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The science of studying neural development by computational and mathematical modeling is relatively new; this book, as Dale Purves writes in the foreword, \"serves as an important progress report\" in the effort to understand the complexities of neural development.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51016357,"asset_id":7593164,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13197303,"first_name":"Arjen","last_name":"van Ooyen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArjenvanOoyen","display_name":"Arjen van Ooyen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArjenvanOoyen?f_ri=26977","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13197303/3721252/4360030/s65_arjen.van_ooyen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental 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type="text/json">{"id":1410,"name":"Information Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Theory?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2132" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage">Cultural Heritage</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2132" type="text/json">{"id":2132,"name":"Cultural Heritage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Heritage?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4212" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition">Cognition</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4212" type="text/json">{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12867464]'), work: {"id":12867464,"title":"Culture and inattentional 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Structure-correlated Social Graph Generator</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Benchmarking graph-oriented database workloads and graph-oriented database systems are increasingly becoming relevant in analytical Big Data tasks, such as social network analysis. In graph data, structure is not mainly found inside the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_51626310" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Benchmarking graph-oriented database workloads and graph-oriented database systems are increasingly becoming relevant in analytical Big Data tasks, such as social network analysis. In graph data, structure is not mainly found inside the nodes, but especially in the way nodes happen to be connected, i.e. structural correlations. 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Like any other biological process, reproduction has a large random... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_72870822" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Biology takes a special place among the other natural sciences because biological units, be they pieces of DNA, cells, or organisms, reproduce more or less faithfully. Like any other biological process, reproduction has a large random component. The theory of branching processes was developed especially as a mathematical counterpart to this most fundamental of biological processes. This active and rich research area allows us to determine extinction risks and predict the development of population composition, and also uncover aspects of a population&#39;s history from its current genetic composition. Branching processes play an increasingly important role in models of genetics, molecular biology, microbiology, ecology, and evolutionary theory. This book presents this body of mathematical ideas for a biological audience, but should also be enjoyable to mathematicians, if only for its rich stock of rich biological examples. 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data-has-card-for-ri="38650" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Division">Cell Division</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="38650" type="text/json">{"id":38650,"name":"Cell Division","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Division?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19665168]'), work: {"id":19665168,"title":"Autogenesis: The evolution of replicative systems","created_at":"2015-12-15T01:03:28.270-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19665168/Autogenesis_The_evolution_of_replicative_systems?f_ri=26977","dom_id":"work_19665168","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40768196,"asset_id":19665168,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14845372,"first_name":"George","last_name":"Kampis","domain_name":"elte","page_name":"GeorgeKampis","display_name":"George 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Biosemiotics is a study of those types of sign processes that are not based on human language. We describe... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_18719355" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The chapter provides a brief introductory overview of biosemiotics — the study of meaning-making mechanisms in the living world. Biosemiotics is a study of those types of sign processes that are not based on human language. We describe history of the field both before 1960 (focusing particularly on the work of Jakob von Uexküll), and after this date (in the framework of institutionalized semiotics). In addition to the phenomena and role of meaningful communication (including autocommunication, intra-species and inter-species communication) in the organization and design of organisms and communities, the problems as the semiotic thresholds, models of semiosis, role of semiosis in development and evolution, etc., are dealt from the biosemiotic point of view, i.e. on the basis of semiotic modelling.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/18719355" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="443922209a6a961ec7d478c4630366cb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":105842662,"asset_id":18719355,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/105842662/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzAwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="141980" href="https://ut-ee.academia.edu/KaleviKull">Kalevi Kull</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="141980" type="text/json">{"id":141980,"first_name":"Kalevi","last_name":"Kull","domain_name":"ut-ee","page_name":"KaleviKull","display_name":"Kalevi Kull","profile_url":"https://ut-ee.academia.edu/KaleviKull?f_ri=26977","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/141980/37665/34574905/s65_kalevi.kull.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_18719355 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="18719355"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 18719355, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_18719355", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=18719355]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_18719355").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_18719355").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="18719355"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="98" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semiotics">Semiotics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="98" type="text/json">{"id":98,"name":"Semiotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semiotics?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="821" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science">Philosophy of Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="821" type="text/json">{"id":821,"name":"Philosophy of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="823" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Biology">Philosophy of Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="823" type="text/json">{"id":823,"name":"Philosophy of Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3136" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology">Qualitative methodology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3136" type="text/json">{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=18719355]'), work: {"id":18719355,"title":"Introduction to biosemiotics","created_at":"2015-11-20T12:25:03.992-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/18719355/Introduction_to_biosemiotics?f_ri=26977","dom_id":"work_18719355","summary":"The chapter provides a brief introductory overview of biosemiotics — the study of meaning-making mechanisms in the living world. Biosemiotics is a study of those types of sign processes that are not based on human language. We describe history of the field both before 1960 (focusing particularly on the work of Jakob von Uexküll), and after this date (in the framework of institutionalized semiotics). In addition to the phenomena and role of meaningful communication (including autocommunication, intra-species and inter-species communication) in the organization and design of organisms and communities, the problems as the semiotic thresholds, models of semiosis, role of semiosis in development and evolution, etc., are dealt from the biosemiotic point of view, i.e. on the basis of semiotic modelling.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":105842662,"asset_id":18719355,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":141980,"first_name":"Kalevi","last_name":"Kull","domain_name":"ut-ee","page_name":"KaleviKull","display_name":"Kalevi Kull","profile_url":"https://ut-ee.academia.edu/KaleviKull?f_ri=26977","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/141980/37665/34574905/s65_kalevi.kull.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":98,"name":"Semiotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semiotics?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":821,"name":"Philosophy of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":823,"name":"Philosophy of Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":3136,"name":"Qualitative methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Qualitative_methodology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":3939,"name":"History and Philosophy of Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_and_Philosophy_of_Biology?f_ri=26977"},{"id":4329,"name":"Theories of Meaning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theories_of_Meaning?f_ri=26977"},{"id":6177,"name":"Modeling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modeling?f_ri=26977"},{"id":8215,"name":"Conceptual Modelling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conceptual_Modelling?f_ri=26977"},{"id":9231,"name":"Biosemiotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biosemiotics?f_ri=26977"},{"id":13074,"name":"Cognitive Semiotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Semiotics?f_ri=26977"},{"id":16551,"name":"Zoosemiotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zoosemiotics?f_ri=26977"},{"id":18295,"name":"History of semiotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_semiotics?f_ri=26977"},{"id":26977,"name":"Theoretical biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology?f_ri=26977"},{"id":28378,"name":"Animal communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_communication?f_ri=26977"},{"id":39858,"name":"Meaning Making","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meaning_Making?f_ri=26977"},{"id":3699819,"name":"Biocommunication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biocommunication?f_ri=26977"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2148850" data-work_id="2148850" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2148850/Polyp_oriented_modelling_of_coral_growth">Polyp oriented modelling of coral growth</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2148850" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a632e81d560307a5efe22beba45159f9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50733646,"asset_id":2148850,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50733646/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzAwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="339895" href="https://uva.academia.edu/PeterSloot">Peter M A Sloot</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="339895" 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workId = 2148850; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_2148850"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_2148850 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="2148850"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 2148850; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2148850]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2148850").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2148850").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2148850"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24124" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphogenesis">Morphogenesis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="24124" type="text/json">{"id":24124,"name":"Morphogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphogenesis?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology">Theoretical biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26977" type="text/json">{"id":26977,"name":"Theoretical biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39999" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collective_behaviour">Collective behaviour</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39999" type="text/json">{"id":39999,"name":"Collective behaviour","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collective_behaviour?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43318" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Competitive_advantage">Competitive advantage</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="43318" type="text/json">{"id":43318,"name":"Competitive advantage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Competitive_advantage?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2148850]'), work: {"id":2148850,"title":"Polyp oriented modelling of coral growth","created_at":"2012-11-17T18:10:44.495-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2148850/Polyp_oriented_modelling_of_coral_growth?f_ri=26977","dom_id":"work_2148850","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50733646,"asset_id":2148850,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":339895,"first_name":"Peter","last_name":"Sloot","domain_name":"uva","page_name":"PeterSloot","display_name":"Peter M A Sloot","profile_url":"https://uva.academia.edu/PeterSloot?f_ri=26977","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/339895/237176/17430888/s65_peter.sloot.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":24124,"name":"Morphogenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Morphogenesis?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":26977,"name":"Theoretical biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":39999,"name":"Collective behaviour","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Collective_behaviour?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":43318,"name":"Competitive advantage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Competitive_advantage?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=26977"},{"id":77753,"name":"Anthozoa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthozoa?f_ri=26977"},{"id":80414,"name":"Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Sciences?f_ri=26977"},{"id":334454,"name":"Theoretical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical?f_ri=26977"},{"id":373754,"name":"Ecosystem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem?f_ri=26977"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32578620" data-work_id="32578620" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32578620/Towards_a_complex_system_understanding_of_bipolar_disorder_A_map_based_model_of_a_complex_winnerless_competition">Towards a complex system understanding of bipolar disorder: A map based model of a complex winnerless competition</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32578620" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3c1e886e066109a626d51764b99dbd31" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52756212,"asset_id":32578620,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52756212/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzAwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="63313548" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Golpayegani">Mohammad Golpayegani</a><script 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}); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32578620").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32578620"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3230" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bipolar_Disorder">Bipolar Disorder</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3230" type="text/json">{"id":3230,"name":"Bipolar Disorder","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bipolar_Disorder?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology">Theoretical biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26977" type="text/json">{"id":26977,"name":"Theoretical biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="80414" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Sciences">Mathematical Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="80414" type="text/json">{"id":80414,"name":"Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Sciences?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32578620]'), work: {"id":32578620,"title":"Towards a complex system understanding of bipolar disorder: A map based model of a complex winnerless competition","created_at":"2017-04-21T22:04:22.888-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32578620/Towards_a_complex_system_understanding_of_bipolar_disorder_A_map_based_model_of_a_complex_winnerless_competition?f_ri=26977","dom_id":"work_32578620","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52756212,"asset_id":32578620,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":63313548,"first_name":"Mohammad","last_name":"Golpayegani","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Golpayegani","display_name":"Mohammad Golpayegani","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Golpayegani?f_ri=26977","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3230,"name":"Bipolar 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lymphocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/T_lymphocytes?f_ri=26977"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=26977"},{"id":868560,"name":"Lymphocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lymphocytes?f_ri=26977"},{"id":894787,"name":"Immune Tolerance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_Tolerance?f_ri=26977"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36045131" data-work_id="36045131" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36045131/Protective_effect_of_garlic_extract_against_maternal_and_fetal_cerebellar_damage_induced_by_lead_administration_during_pregnancy_in_rats">Protective effect of garlic extract against maternal and fetal cerebellar damage induced by lead administration during pregnancy in rats</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">BACKGROUND: In spite of its indusrial usefulness and varied daily uses, lead (Pb) pollution is a widespread ecological problem that faces the humans in the 21th century. Pb was found to produces a wide range of toxic effects including... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36045131" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">BACKGROUND:<br />In spite of its indusrial usefulness and varied daily uses, lead (Pb) pollution is a widespread ecological problem that faces the humans in the 21th century. Pb was found to produces a wide range of toxic effects including neurotoxicity especially to the developing and young offspring. Recently, the utilization of herbal plants has received a significant attention where there has been rising awareness in their therapeutic use; among these is the garlic.<br />AIM OF THE WORK:<br />In light of the above, the current study is designed experimentally in female pregnant rats in order to investigate the beneficial role of garlic extract in the protection from the maternal and fetal cerebellar damage that produced by administration of different doses of Pb during pregnancy.<br />MATERIALS AND METHODS:<br />Positively pregnant female rats were divided into five groups; one control group, two Pb-treated groups (exposed to 160 and 320 mg/kg b.wt. of Pb, respectively) and two groups treated with both Pb and garlic (exposed to Pb as previous groups together with 250 mg/ kg b.wt. /day of garlic extract). Treatments started from day 1 till day 20 of pregnancy, where the mother rats of different experimental groups were sacrified to obtain the fetuses. Pb level in the maternal nd fetal blood and cerebellum was estimated by spectrophotometry. Specimens of the cerebellum of different mother and fetal groups were processed to histological and immunohistochemical staining for microscopic examination.<br />RESULTS:<br />The results showed that administration of Pb to pregnant rats resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and fetuses in the form of decrease of maternal weight gain, placental and fetal weights, brain weight and diminished fetal growth parameters, which were prominent in rat's group treated with larger dose of Pb. In Pb-treated rats, Pb level in blood and cerebellum was high when compared to the control. The histopathological examination of the cerebellum of treated dams and fetuses showed marked alterations mainly in the form of Purkinje cell degeneration and lack of deveopmet of fetal cerebellum. Co-treatment of garlic extract along with Pb resulted in a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared with those treated with Pb alone with improvement of the histopathological changes.<br />CONCLUSIONS:<br />This study was useful in evaluating the hazardous effects of uncontrolled use of Pb in general and in assessing the developmental and neurotoxicity of fetuses due to exposure during pregnancy in particular. Co-administration of garlic has beneficial effects in amelioration of Pb-induced neurotoxicity and reversing the histopathological changes of the cerebellum of mother rats and fetuses.<br />KEYWORDS:<br />garlic; glial fibrillary acidic protein; lead; purkinje cells</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36045131" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c50a5524ebb055e9bc2c394112b1d983" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55931132,"asset_id":36045131,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55931132/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzAwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="21972122" href="https://kau.academia.edu/HMustafa">Prof. Hesham N Mustafa</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="21972122" type="text/json">{"id":21972122,"first_name":"Prof. Hesham","last_name":"Mustafa","domain_name":"kau","page_name":"HMustafa","display_name":"Prof. Hesham N Mustafa","profile_url":"https://kau.academia.edu/HMustafa?f_ri=26977","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21972122/6015802/7471085/s65_hesham.mustafa.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36045131 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36045131"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36045131, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36045131", }); 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Pb was found to produces a wide range of toxic effects including neurotoxicity especially to the developing and young offspring. Recently, the utilization of herbal plants has received a significant attention where there has been rising awareness in their therapeutic use; among these is the garlic.\nAIM OF THE WORK:\nIn light of the above, the current study is designed experimentally in female pregnant rats in order to investigate the beneficial role of garlic extract in the protection from the maternal and fetal cerebellar damage that produced by administration of different doses of Pb during pregnancy.\nMATERIALS AND METHODS:\nPositively pregnant female rats were divided into five groups; one control group, two Pb-treated groups (exposed to 160 and 320 mg/kg b.wt. of Pb, respectively) and two groups treated with both Pb and garlic (exposed to Pb as previous groups together with 250 mg/ kg b.wt. /day of garlic extract). Treatments started from day 1 till day 20 of pregnancy, where the mother rats of different experimental groups were sacrified to obtain the fetuses. Pb level in the maternal nd fetal blood and cerebellum was estimated by spectrophotometry. Specimens of the cerebellum of different mother and fetal groups were processed to histological and immunohistochemical staining for microscopic examination.\nRESULTS:\nThe results showed that administration of Pb to pregnant rats resulted in a dose-dependent toxicity for both mothers and fetuses in the form of decrease of maternal weight gain, placental and fetal weights, brain weight and diminished fetal growth parameters, which were prominent in rat's group treated with larger dose of Pb. In Pb-treated rats, Pb level in blood and cerebellum was high when compared to the control. The histopathological examination of the cerebellum of treated dams and fetuses showed marked alterations mainly in the form of Purkinje cell degeneration and lack of deveopmet of fetal cerebellum. Co-treatment of garlic extract along with Pb resulted in a significant decrease in Pb levels as compared with those treated with Pb alone with improvement of the histopathological changes.\nCONCLUSIONS:\nThis study was useful in evaluating the hazardous effects of uncontrolled use of Pb in general and in assessing the developmental and neurotoxicity of fetuses due to exposure during pregnancy in particular. Co-administration of garlic has beneficial effects in amelioration of Pb-induced neurotoxicity and reversing the histopathological changes of the cerebellum of mother rats and fetuses.\nKEYWORDS:\ngarlic; glial fibrillary acidic protein; lead; purkinje cells","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55931132,"asset_id":36045131,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":21972122,"first_name":"Prof. Hesham","last_name":"Mustafa","domain_name":"kau","page_name":"HMustafa","display_name":"Prof. Hesham N Mustafa","profile_url":"https://kau.academia.edu/HMustafa?f_ri=26977","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21972122/6015802/7471085/s65_hesham.mustafa.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":143,"name":"Comparative Anatomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Anatomy?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":144,"name":"Human Anatomy 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Dans les sciences du vivant, l’organisme represente traditionnellement l’exemple... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_69718416" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Le theme de l’individuation et de la persistance des entites vivantes constitue l’une des problematiques centrales de la philosophie de la biologie. Dans les sciences du vivant, l’organisme represente traditionnellement l’exemple paradigmatique de l’individu biologique. Toutefois, malgre le lien intuitif entre l’organisme et l’individu, la biologie contemporaine a su faire un usage plus large du concept d’individu. Ainsi, la circonscription de ce qui etait apprehende comme appartenant au vivant a ete elargie par la reconnaissance de plusieurs types d’individus biologiques, parmi lesquels nous trouvons non seulement les organismes dits « traditionnels », mais egalement toute une variete d’entites telles que des protistes, des molecules d’ARN, des prions, des virus et des bacteries de toutes sortes. Par ailleurs, cette nouvelle vision de l’individu biologique a ete utilisee afin d’illustrer les differents niveaux de l’organisation biologique. 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itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/339296/The_Concept_of_Organism_Historical_Philosophical_Scientific_Perspectives_">The Concept of Organism: Historical, Philosophical, Scientific Perspectives,</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Concept of Organism: Historical, Philosophical, Scientific Perspectives special issue of History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 32:2-3 (2010) Guest editors: Philippe Huneman (CNRS-IHPST) and Charles T. Wolfe (Unit for... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_339296" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Concept of Organism: Historical, Philosophical, Scientific Perspectives <br /> <br />special issue of History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences 32:2-3 (2010) <br /> <br />Guest editors: Philippe Huneman (CNRS-IHPST) and Charles T. Wolfe (Unit for History and Philosophy of Science, University of Sydney) <br /> <br />Contents <br /> <br />0. Philippe Huneman and Charles T. Wolfe: Introduction <br /> <br />1. Tobias Cheung, “What is an ‘organism’? On the occurrence of a new term and its conceptual transformations 1680-1850” <br /> <br />2. Charles T. Wolfe, “Do organisms have an ontological status?” <br /> <br />3. John Symons, “The individuality of artifacts and organisms” <br /> <br />4. Thomas Pradeu, “What is an organism? An immunological answer” <br /> <br />5. Matteo Mossio & Alvaro Moreno, “Organisational closure in biological organisms” <br /> <br />6. Laura Nuño de la Rosa, “Becoming organisms. The organisation of development and the development of organisation” <br /> <br />7. Denis Walsh, “Two Neo-Darwinisms” <br /> <br />8. Philippe Huneman, “Assessing the prospects for a return of organisms in evolutionary biology” <br /> <br />9. Johannes Martens, “Organisms in evolution” <br /> <br />10. Susan Oyama, “Biologists behaving badly: Vitalism and the language of language”</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/339296" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="41083dfffad34b64c5d6589b6f978d0e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":1729627,"asset_id":339296,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/1729627/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzAwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33984" href="https://univ-tlse2.academia.edu/CharlesWolfe">Charles Wolfe</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33984" type="text/json">{"id":33984,"first_name":"Charles","last_name":"Wolfe","domain_name":"univ-tlse2","page_name":"CharlesWolfe","display_name":"Charles Wolfe","profile_url":"https://univ-tlse2.academia.edu/CharlesWolfe?f_ri=26977","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33984/11108/116699544/s65_charles.wolfe.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_339296 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="339296"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 339296, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_339296", }); 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Wolfe (Unit for History and Philosophy of Science, University of Sydney)\r\n\r\nContents\r\n\r\n0.\tPhilippe Huneman and Charles T. Wolfe: Introduction\r\n\r\n1.\tTobias Cheung, “What is an ‘organism’? On the occurrence of a new term and its conceptual transformations 1680-1850”\r\n\r\n2.\tCharles T. Wolfe, “Do organisms have an ontological status?”\r\n\r\n3.\tJohn Symons, “The individuality of artifacts and organisms”\r\n\r\n4.\tThomas Pradeu, “What is an organism? An immunological answer”\r\n\r\n5.\tMatteo Mossio \u0026 Alvaro Moreno, “Organisational closure in biological organisms”\r\n\r\n6.\tLaura Nuño de la Rosa, “Becoming organisms. The organisation of development and the development of organisation”\r\n\r\n7.\tDenis Walsh, “Two Neo-Darwinisms”\r\n\r\n8.\tPhilippe Huneman, “Assessing the prospects for a return of organisms in evolutionary biology”\r\n\r\n9.\tJohannes Martens, “Organisms in evolution”\r\n\r\n10.\tSusan Oyama, “Biologists behaving badly: Vitalism and the language of language”","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":1729627,"asset_id":339296,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33984,"first_name":"Charles","last_name":"Wolfe","domain_name":"univ-tlse2","page_name":"CharlesWolfe","display_name":"Charles Wolfe","profile_url":"https://univ-tlse2.academia.edu/CharlesWolfe?f_ri=26977","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33984/11108/116699544/s65_charles.wolfe.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":821,"name":"Philosophy of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":823,"name":"Philosophy of Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":26977,"name":"Theoretical biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_408934 coauthored" data-work_id="408934" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/408934/Spiders_As_Biological_Controllers_In_the_Agroecosystem">Spiders As Biological Controllers In the Agroecosystem</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/408934" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="0e9427e1eae8bca3de936313e54b7d77" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51420322,"asset_id":408934,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51420322/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzAwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="308160" href="https://unito.academia.edu/MarcoIsaia">Marco Isaia</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="308160" type="text/json">{"id":308160,"first_name":"Marco","last_name":"Isaia","domain_name":"unito","page_name":"MarcoIsaia","display_name":"Marco Isaia","profile_url":"https://unito.academia.edu/MarcoIsaia?f_ri=26977","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/308160/3465959/4073186/s65_marco.isaia.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-408934">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-408934"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://unito.academia.edu/EVenturino">E. 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Venturino","profile_url":"https://unito.academia.edu/EVenturino?f_ri=26977","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":19614,"name":"Agroecosystems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agroecosystems?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":26977,"name":"Theoretical biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":52972,"name":"Insecticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insecticides?f_ri=26977"},{"id":67862,"name":"Spiders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spiders?f_ri=26977"},{"id":80414,"name":"Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Sciences?f_ri=26977"},{"id":117269,"name":"Insects","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insects?f_ri=26977"},{"id":373754,"name":"Ecosystem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem?f_ri=26977"},{"id":435458,"name":"Insect pests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insect_pests?f_ri=26977"},{"id":985598,"name":"Predatory Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Predatory_Behavior?f_ri=26977"},{"id":2413807,"name":"Generic model","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Generic_model?f_ri=26977"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4010468" data-work_id="4010468" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4010468/Adaptive_evolution_without_natural_selection">Adaptive evolution without natural selection</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A mechanism of evolution that ensures adaptive changes without the obligatory role of natural selection is described. According to this mechanism, the first event is a plastic adaptive change (change of phenotype), followed by stochastic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4010468" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A mechanism of evolution that ensures adaptive changes without the obligatory role of natural selection is described. According to this mechanism, the first event is a plastic adaptive change (change of phenotype), followed by stochastic genetic change which makes the transformation irreversible. This mechanism is similar to the organic selection mechanism as proposed by Baldwin, Lloyd Morgan and Osborn in the 1890s and later developed by Waddington, but considerably updated according to contemporary knowledge to demonstrate its independence from natural selection. Conversely, in the neo-Darwinian mechanism, the first event is random genetic change, followed by a new phenotype and natural selection or differential reproduction of genotypes. Due to the role of semiosis in the decisive first step of the mechanism described here (the ontogenic adaptation, or rearrangement of gene expression patterns and profile), it could be called a semiotic mechanism of evolution.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4010468" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="77b49f48580cbf752da846bf52e77664" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33794255,"asset_id":4010468,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33794255/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzAwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="141980" href="https://ut-ee.academia.edu/KaleviKull">Kalevi Kull</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="141980" type="text/json">{"id":141980,"first_name":"Kalevi","last_name":"Kull","domain_name":"ut-ee","page_name":"KaleviKull","display_name":"Kalevi Kull","profile_url":"https://ut-ee.academia.edu/KaleviKull?f_ri=26977","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/141980/37665/34574905/s65_kalevi.kull.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4010468 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4010468"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4010468, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4010468", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4010468]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4010468").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4010468").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4010468"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="98" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semiotics">Semiotics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="98" type="text/json">{"id":98,"name":"Semiotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semiotics?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="823" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Biology">Philosophy of Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="823" type="text/json">{"id":823,"name":"Philosophy of Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2894" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution_of_cooperation_Evolutionary_Biology_">Evolution of cooperation (Evolutionary Biology)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2894" type="text/json">{"id":2894,"name":"Evolution of cooperation (Evolutionary Biology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution_of_cooperation_Evolutionary_Biology_?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4010468]'), work: {"id":4010468,"title":"Adaptive evolution without natural selection","created_at":"2013-07-12T06:16:19.315-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4010468/Adaptive_evolution_without_natural_selection?f_ri=26977","dom_id":"work_4010468","summary":"A mechanism of evolution that ensures adaptive changes without the obligatory role of natural selection is described. According to this mechanism, the first event is a plastic adaptive change (change of phenotype), followed by stochastic genetic change which makes the transformation irreversible. This mechanism is similar to the organic selection mechanism as proposed by Baldwin, Lloyd Morgan and Osborn in the 1890s and later developed by Waddington, but considerably updated according to contemporary knowledge to demonstrate its independence from natural selection. Conversely, in the neo-Darwinian mechanism, the first event is random genetic change, followed by a new phenotype and natural selection or differential reproduction of genotypes. Due to the role of semiosis in the decisive first step of the mechanism described here (the ontogenic adaptation, or rearrangement of gene expression patterns and profile), it could be called a semiotic mechanism of evolution. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33794255,"asset_id":4010468,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":141980,"first_name":"Kalevi","last_name":"Kull","domain_name":"ut-ee","page_name":"KaleviKull","display_name":"Kalevi Kull","profile_url":"https://ut-ee.academia.edu/KaleviKull?f_ri=26977","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/141980/37665/34574905/s65_kalevi.kull.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":98,"name":"Semiotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Semiotics?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":823,"name":"Philosophy of Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":2894,"name":"Evolution of cooperation (Evolutionary 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evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_evolution?f_ri=26977"},{"id":519447,"name":"Hominidae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hominidae?f_ri=26977"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50882055" data-work_id="50882055" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50882055/On_Growth_and_Form_DArcy_Thompson">On Growth and Form D'Arcy Thompson</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Birth of Theoretical Biology</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue 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class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="200720428" href="https://independent.academia.edu/pradipfolder">Fermín Jesus Menendez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="200720428" type="text/json">{"id":200720428,"first_name":"Fermín Jesus","last_name":"Menendez","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"pradipfolder","display_name":"Fermín Jesus Menendez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/pradipfolder?f_ri=26977","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/200720428/62181665/50601514/s65_jos_eduardo.an_regala.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50882055 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50882055"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong 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Menendez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/pradipfolder?f_ri=26977","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/200720428/62181665/50601514/s65_jos_eduardo.an_regala.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26977,"name":"Theoretical biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42162363" data-work_id="42162363" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42162363/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8">Определение понятия "жизнь" в рамках биологии</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The definitions of the concept of life were analyzed. It turned out that the variety of definitions is not accidental and fundamentally cannot be reduced to one comprehensive definition. The variety of definitions can be considered in the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42162363" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The definitions of the concept of life were analyzed. It turned out that the variety of definitions is not accidental and fundamentally cannot be reduced to one comprehensive definition. The variety of definitions can be considered in the spirit of postmodernism as a puzzle that gives a general, but not a concrete idea. Life is simultaneously a process, a substrate and the result of this process. A concrete definition, as for similar concepts, can only be given "for the task", for some specific purpose.<br />Были проанализированы определения понятия "жизнь". Оказалось, что многообразие определений не случайно и принципиально не может быть сведено к одному всеобъемлющему определению. Многообразие определений можно рассматривать в духе постмодернизма как пазл, дающий общее, но не конкретное представление. Жизнь одновременно является процессом, субстратом и результатом этого процесса. Конкретное определение, как и для подобных понятий, можно дать только "под задачу", с какой-то конкретной целью.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42162363" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e5aa2de17c3e74ec2a5ca9e1e19a130d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62302419,"asset_id":42162363,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62302419/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzAwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6155765" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IrinaPtitsyna">Irina B Ptitsyna</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6155765" type="text/json">{"id":6155765,"first_name":"Irina","last_name":"Ptitsyna","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IrinaPtitsyna","display_name":"Irina B Ptitsyna","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IrinaPtitsyna?f_ri=26977","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6155765/2557067/2969471/s65_irina.ptitsyna.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42162363 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42162363"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42162363, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42162363", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42162363]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42162363").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42162363").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42162363"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="821" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science">Philosophy of Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="821" type="text/json">{"id":821,"name":"Philosophy of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology">Theoretical biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26977" type="text/json">{"id":26977,"name":"Theoretical biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="179800" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Definition">Definition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="179800" type="text/json">{"id":179800,"name":"Definition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Definition?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1712422" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Definitions_of_Life">Definitions of Life</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1712422" type="text/json">{"id":1712422,"name":"Definitions of Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Definitions_of_Life?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42162363]'), work: {"id":42162363,"title":"Определение понятия \"жизнь\" в рамках биологии","created_at":"2020-03-07T09:43:52.619-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42162363/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8?f_ri=26977","dom_id":"work_42162363","summary":"The definitions of the concept of life were analyzed. It turned out that the variety of definitions is not accidental and fundamentally cannot be reduced to one comprehensive definition. The variety of definitions can be considered in the spirit of postmodernism as a puzzle that gives a general, but not a concrete idea. Life is simultaneously a process, a substrate and the result of this process. A concrete definition, as for similar concepts, can only be given \"for the task\", for some specific purpose.\nБыли проанализированы определения понятия \"жизнь\". Оказалось, что многообразие определений не случайно и принципиально не может быть сведено к одному всеобъемлющему определению. Многообразие определений можно рассматривать в духе постмодернизма как пазл, дающий общее, но не конкретное представление. Жизнь одновременно является процессом, субстратом и результатом этого процесса. Конкретное определение, как и для подобных понятий, можно дать только \"под задачу\", с какой-то конкретной целью.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62302419,"asset_id":42162363,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6155765,"first_name":"Irina","last_name":"Ptitsyna","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IrinaPtitsyna","display_name":"Irina B Ptitsyna","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IrinaPtitsyna?f_ri=26977","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6155765/2557067/2969471/s65_irina.ptitsyna.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":821,"name":"Philosophy of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_of_Science?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":26977,"name":"Theoretical biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":179800,"name":"Definition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Definition?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":1712422,"name":"Definitions of Life","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Definitions_of_Life?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_15780567" data-work_id="15780567" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15780567/Algebraic_Reconstruction_Techniques_ART_for_three_dimensional_electron_microscopy_and_X_ray_photography">Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques (ART) for three-dimensional electron microscopy and X-ray photography</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15780567" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ee67bad1a89d2e95f2988a8f59a6f77d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42892776,"asset_id":15780567,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42892776/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzAwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34969771" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HermanGabor">Gabor Herman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34969771" type="text/json">{"id":34969771,"first_name":"Gabor","last_name":"Herman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HermanGabor","display_name":"Gabor Herman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HermanGabor?f_ri=26977","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_15780567 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="15780567"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 15780567, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_15780567", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=15780567]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_15780567").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_15780567").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="15780567"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Microscopy">Electron Microscopy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2184" type="text/json">{"id":2184,"name":"Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology">Theoretical biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26977" type="text/json">{"id":26977,"name":"Theoretical biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="56001" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/X_Rays">X Rays</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="56001" type="text/json">{"id":56001,"name":"X Rays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/X_Rays?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=15780567]'), work: {"id":15780567,"title":"Algebraic Reconstruction Techniques (ART) for three-dimensional electron microscopy and X-ray photography","created_at":"2015-09-16T15:28:34.290-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/15780567/Algebraic_Reconstruction_Techniques_ART_for_three_dimensional_electron_microscopy_and_X_ray_photography?f_ri=26977","dom_id":"work_15780567","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42892776,"asset_id":15780567,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34969771,"first_name":"Gabor","last_name":"Herman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HermanGabor","display_name":"Gabor Herman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HermanGabor?f_ri=26977","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2184,"name":"Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":26977,"name":"Theoretical biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_biology?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":56001,"name":"X Rays","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/X_Rays?f_ri=26977","nofollow":false},{"id":80414,"name":"Mathematical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematical_Sciences?f_ri=26977"},{"id":504035,"name":"Three Dimensional","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Three_Dimensional?f_ri=26977"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31836123 coauthored" data-work_id="31836123" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31836123/FRANCISCO_VARELA_LE_CERCLE_CR%C3%89ATEUR_%C3%89CRITS_1976_2001_">FRANCISCO VARELA, LE CERCLE CRÉATEUR (ÉCRITS 1976-2001)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ce recueil d’écrits de Francisco Varela couvre l’ensemble de son œuvre, de la biologie théorique à l’éthique, en passant par la théorie de la connaissance et la philosophie de la conscience. Il donne à voir pour la première fois... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31836123" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ce recueil d’écrits de Francisco Varela couvre l’ensemble de son œuvre, de la biologie théorique à l’éthique, en passant par la théorie de la connaissance et la philosophie de la conscience. Il donne à voir pour la première fois l’extraordinaire cohérence d’une pensée dont le point de départ est une théorie de l’être vivant comme « unité autopoïétique », c’est-à-dire comme un système capable de synthétiser de manière autonome les molécules dont il est constitué, et de « donner sens » à son environnement. Sur cette base, Francisco Varela a redéfini la connaissance comme une « danse » au cours de laquelle un être vivant et son environnement se spécifient mutuellement, plutôt que comme la simple représentation d’un monde donné d’avance. Il a également inauguré une discipline nouvelle appelée la « neurophénoménologie », qui consiste à appuyer les unes sur les autres les données d’expérience subjective et les données objectives de la neurobiologie, sans réduire les premières aux secondes. <br />***<br />Francisco Varela (1946-2001), est un penseur d’origine chilienne, ayant poursuivi ses recherches aux Etats-Unis d’Amérique puis en France. Il est l’auteur de travaux visionnaires qui ont jeté des ponts inédits entre les sciences de la nature, les sciences humaines et la spiritualité. Proche du XIVe Dalaï-Lama, il a fondé le « Mind and Life Institute », dont la mission est d’étudier l’interface entre les sciences et le bouddhisme.<br />***<br />Volume publié aux éditions du Seuil sous la direction de M. Bitbol, J-P. Dupuy, J. Petitot & A. Cohen-Varela. Parution le 16 mars 2017<br /><br />***<br />This collection of writings by Francisco Varela is a selection that spans his entire oeuvre, from theoretical biology to ethics, including theory of knowledge and philosophy of consciousness. It reveals the extraordinary coherence of a thought whose starting point is a theory of the living being as an "autopoietic unit", that is, a system capable of autonomously synthesizing the molecules that constitute it, and of "giving meaning" to its environment. From this premise, <br />***<br />Francisco Varela redefined knowledge as a "dance" in which a living being and its environment specify each other rather than simply representing a world given in advance. He also inaugurated a new research program called "neurophenomenology", which consists in incorporating the subjective data of experience with the objective data of neurobiology, without reducing the first to the second.<br /><br />Francisco Varela (1946-2001), is a Chilean-born thinker who conducted his research in the U.S.A. and in France.  He authored visionary works that built radically new bridges between the natural sciences and spirituality. With the 14th Dalai Lama, he founded the Mind and Life Institute whose mission is to study the interface between the sciences and Buddhism.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31836123" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="002a562610c6b024a2c4299cde2a0ece" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52165659,"asset_id":31836123,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52165659/download_file?st=MTczMjc1NzAwOCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="28700198" href="https://ens.academia.edu/MichelBitbol">Michel Bitbol</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="28700198" type="text/json">{"id":28700198,"first_name":"Michel","last_name":"Bitbol","domain_name":"ens","page_name":"MichelBitbol","display_name":"Michel Bitbol","profile_url":"https://ens.academia.edu/MichelBitbol?f_ri=26977","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28700198/8447684/10143861/s65_michel.bitbol.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-31836123">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-31836123"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ehess.academia.edu/JeanPetitot">Jean Petitot</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-31836123'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-31836123').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31836123 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31836123"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31836123, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31836123", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31836123 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31836123; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31836123"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); 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Il donne à voir pour la première fois l’extraordinaire cohérence d’une pensée dont le point de départ est une théorie de l’être vivant comme « unité autopoïétique », c’est-à-dire comme un système capable de synthétiser de manière autonome les molécules dont il est constitué, et de « donner sens » à son environnement. Sur cette base, Francisco Varela a redéfini la connaissance comme une « danse » au cours de laquelle un être vivant et son environnement se spécifient mutuellement, plutôt que comme la simple représentation d’un monde donné d’avance. Il a également inauguré une discipline nouvelle appelée la « neurophénoménologie », qui consiste à appuyer les unes sur les autres les données d’expérience subjective et les données objectives de la neurobiologie, sans réduire les premières aux secondes. \n***\nFrancisco Varela (1946-2001), est un penseur d’origine chilienne, ayant poursuivi ses recherches aux Etats-Unis d’Amérique puis en France. 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