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<ul id="toc-Gnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scriptural_quotations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scriptural_quotations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Scriptural quotations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scriptural_quotations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="رسالة برنابا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رسالة برنابا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%ADstola_de_Bernab%C3%A9" title="Epístola de Bernabé – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Epístola de Bernabé" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabasbrief" title="Barnabasbrief – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Barnabasbrief" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B1" title="Επιστολή Βαρνάβα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επιστολή Βαρνάβα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%ADstola_de_Bernab%C3%A9" title="Epístola de Bernabé – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Epístola de Bernabé" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letero_de_Barnabaso" title="Letero de Barnabaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Letero de Barnabaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89p%C3%AEtre_de_Barnab%C3%A9" title="Épître de Barnabé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Épître de Barnabé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brief_fan_Barnabas" title="Brief fan Barnabas – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Brief fan Barnabas" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Barnabas" title="Surat Barnabas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Surat Barnabas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettera_di_Barnaba" title="Lettera di Barnaba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lettera di Barnaba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94" title="ბარნაბას ეპისტოლე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბარნაბას ეპისტოლე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistula_Barnabae" title="Epistula Barnabae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Epistula Barnabae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabo_lai%C5%A1kas" title="Barnabo laiškas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Barnabo laiškas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnab%C3%A1s_levele" title="Barnabás levele – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Barnabás levele" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistilin%27_i_Barnabasy" title="Epistilin' i Barnabasy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Epistilin' i Barnabasy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="رسالة برنابا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رسالة برنابا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brief_van_Barnabas" title="Brief van Barnabas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brief van Barnabas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%90%E3%81%AE%E6%89%8B%E7%B4%99" title="バルナバの手紙 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バルナバの手紙" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabas%E2%80%99_brev" title="Barnabas’ brev – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Barnabas’ brev" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_Barnaby" title="List Barnaby – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="List Barnaby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%ADstola_de_Barnab%C3%A9" title="Epístola de Barnabé – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Epístola de Barnabé" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Послание Варнавы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Послание Варнавы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Варнавина посланица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Варнавина посланица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabina_poslanica" title="Barnabina poslanica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Barnabina poslanica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabaan_kirje" title="Barnabaan kirje – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Barnabaan kirje" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabasbrevet" title="Barnabasbrevet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barnabasbrevet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulat_ni_Barnabas" title="Sulat ni Barnabas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sulat ni Barnabas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabas_Mektubu" title="Barnabas Mektubu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Barnabas Mektubu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Послання Варнави – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Послання Варнави" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="برنباس کا خط – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برنباس کا خط" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%BF%E5%B7%B4%E6%9B%B8" title="巴拿巴書 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴拿巴書" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_apocrypha" title="Category:New Testament apocrypha">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg/120px-Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg/180px-Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg/240px-Codex_Tchacos_p33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="2026" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">First page of the Gospel of Judas<br />(Page 33 of <a href="/wiki/Codex_Tchacos" title="Codex Tchacos">Codex Tchacos</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Clement" title="First Epistle of Clement">1 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Clement" title="Second Epistle of Clement">2 Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch#Epistles" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Epistles of Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Polycarp_to_the_Philippians" title="Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians">Polycarp to the Philippians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_of_Polycarp" title="Martyrdom of Polycarp">Martyrdom of Polycarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Diognetus" title="Epistle to Diognetus">Diognetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shepherd_of_Hermas" title="The Shepherd of Hermas">The Shepherd of Hermas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gospels#Apocrypha_and_pseudepigrapha" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gospels">Apocryphal gospels</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Christian_gospels" title="Jewish–Christian gospels">Jewish–Christian gospels</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Ebionites" title="Gospel of the Ebionites">Ebionites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Hebrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Nazarenes" title="Gospel of the Nazarenes">Nazarenes</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospels" title="Infancy gospels">Infancy gospels</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infancy_Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Infancy Gospel of Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Infancy_Gospel" title="Syriac Infancy Gospel">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Pseudo-Matthew" title="Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew">Pseudo-Matthew</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Joseph_the_Carpenter" title="History of Joseph the Carpenter">History of Joseph the Carpenter</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Gnostic_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic gospels">Gnostic gospels</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mary" title="Gospel of Mary">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Philip" title="Gospel of Philip">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Truth" title="Gospel of Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Gospel_of_Mark" title="Secret Gospel of Mark">Secret Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Saviour" title="Gospel of the Saviour">The Saviour</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other gospels</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Marcion" title="Gospel of Marcion">Marcion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Nicodemus" title="Gospel of Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Barnabas" title="Gospel of Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Lost gospels</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Bartholomew" title="Gospel of Bartholomew">Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthias" title="Gospel of Matthias">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Cerinthus" title="Gospel of Cerinthus">Cerinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Basilides" title="Gospel of Basilides">Basilides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mani" title="Gospel of Mani">Mani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypses</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Paul" title="Apocalypse of Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Pseudo-Methodius" title="Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius">Pseudo-Methodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Thomas" title="Apocalypse of Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Stephen" title="Apocalypse of Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Apocalypse_of_James" title="First Apocalypse of James">1 James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Apocalypse_of_James" title="Second Apocalypse of James">2 James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Apocalypse_of_John" title="Second Apocalypse of John">2 John</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_James" title="Apocryphon of James">Apocryphon of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Apocryphon of John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistula_Apostolorum" title="Epistula Apostolorum">Epistula Apostolorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Pseudo-Titus" title="Epistle of Pseudo-Titus">Pseudo-Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Peter_to_Philip" title="Letter of Peter to Philip">Peter to Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_of_Paul_and_Seneca" title="Correspondence of Paul and Seneca">Paul and Seneca</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Lost epistles</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Alexandrians" title="Epistle to the Alexandrians">Alexandrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Laodiceans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles_(genre)" title="Acts of the Apostles (genre)">Acts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Andrew" title="Acts of Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Andrew_and_Bartholomew" title="Acts of Andrew and Bartholomew">Andrew and Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Barnabas" title="Acts of Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_John" title="Acts of John">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Mar_Mari" title="Acts of Mar Mari">Mar Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Martyrs" title="Acts of the Martyrs">The Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter" title="Acts of Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_Andrew" title="Acts of Peter and Andrew">Peter and Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_Paul" title="Acts of Peter and Paul">Peter and Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Peter_and_the_Twelve" title="Acts of Peter and the Twelve">Peter and the Twelve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Philip" title="Acts of Philip">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Nicodemus" title="Gospel of Nicodemus">Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thaddeus" title="Acts of Thaddeus">Thaddeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Thomas" title="Acts of Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Timothy" title="Acts of Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Xanthippe,_Polyxena,_and_Rebecca" title="Acts of Xanthippe, Polyxena, and Rebecca">Xanthippe, Polyxena, and Rebecca</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;font-size:105%;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Misc.</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Other apocrypha</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Clementine literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatessaron" title="Diatessaron">Diatessaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_Addai" title="Doctrine of Addai">Doctrine of Addai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilate_cycle" title="Pilate cycle">Pilate cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_the_Apostle_Paul" title="Prayer of the Apostle Paul">Prayer of the Apostle Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questions_of_Bartholomew" title="Questions of Bartholomew">Questions of Bartholomew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Resurrection_of_Jesus_Christ,_by_Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Book of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ, by Bartholomew the Apostle">Resurrection of Jesus Christ</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Testament_Apocrypha" title="Template:New Testament Apocrypha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Testament_Apocrypha" title="Template talk:New Testament Apocrypha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Testament_Apocrypha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Testament Apocrypha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Barnabas" title="Gospel of Barnabas">Gospel of Barnabas</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Epistle of Barnabas</b> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Βαρνάβα Ἐπιστολή</span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christian</a> Greek <a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">epistle</a> written between AD 70 and 132. The complete text is preserved in the 4th-century <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a>, where it appears at the end of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> and before the <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a>. For several centuries, it was one of the "<a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">antilegomena</a>" ("disputed") writings that some Christians looked at as sacred scripture, while others excluded them. <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> classified it with excluded texts. It is mentioned in a perhaps third-century list in the sixth-century <a href="/wiki/Codex_Claromontanus" title="Codex Claromontanus">Codex Claromontanus</a> and in the later <a href="/wiki/Stichometry_of_Nicephorus" title="Stichometry of Nicephorus">Stichometry of Nicephorus</a> appended to the ninth-century <i>Chronography</i> of <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I_of_Constantinople" title="Nikephoros I of Constantinople">Nikephoros I of Constantinople</a>. Some early <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathers of the Church">Fathers of the Church</a> ascribed it to the <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a> mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, but it is now generally attributed to an otherwise unknown early Christian teacher (though some scholars do defend the traditional attribution).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Barnabas" title="Gospel of Barnabas">Gospel of Barnabas</a>. </p><p>The central message of the Epistle of Barnabas is that the writings comprising the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>—what would become the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> of the Christian Bible—were, from even their times of <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible" title="Authorship of the Bible">authorship</a>, written for use by <i>Christians</i> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> and, by extension, the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>. According to the epistle, the Jews had misinterpreted their own <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">law</a> (i.e., <i>halakha</i>) by applying it literally; the true meaning was to be found in its symbolic <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament_messianic_prophecies_quoted_in_the_New_Testament" title="Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament">prophecies</a> foreshadowing the coming of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus of Nazareth</a>, who Christians believe to be the <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">messiah</a>. Furthermore, the author posits that the Jews broke their <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">covenant</a> from the very beginning and were misled by an evil angel. After explaining its <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian interpretations of the Jewish scriptures</a>, the epistle concludes by discussing the "Two Ways," also seen in the <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a>: a "Way of Light" and a "Way of Darkness." </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manuscript_tradition">Manuscript tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_Barnabas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Manuscript tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinaiticus_text.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sinaiticus_text.jpg/220px-Sinaiticus_text.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sinaiticus_text.jpg/330px-Sinaiticus_text.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sinaiticus_text.jpg/440px-Sinaiticus_text.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>The Codex Sinaiticus contains the Epistle of Barnabas under the heading ΒΑΡΝΑΒΑ ΕΠΙΣΤΟΛΗ. beginning at Quire 91, folio 2r, col. 2.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The 4th-century <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a> (S), discovered by <a href="/wiki/Constantin_von_Tischendorf" title="Constantin von Tischendorf">Constantin von Tischendorf</a> in 1859 and published by him in 1862, contains a complete text of the Epistle placed after the canonical New Testament and followed by the <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a>. The 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Codex_Hierosolymitanus" title="Codex Hierosolymitanus">Codex Hierosolymitanus</a> (H), which also includes the <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a>, the two <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Clement" title="Epistles of Clement">Epistles of Clement</a> and the longer version of the <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_Ignatius_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters of Ignatius of Antioch">Letters of Ignatius of Antioch</a>, is another witness to the full text. It was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Philotheos_Bryennios" title="Philotheos Bryennios">Philotheos Bryennios</a> at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 1873 and published by him in 1875. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Bernhard_Christoph_Hilgenfeld" title="Adolf Bernhard Christoph Hilgenfeld">Adolf Hilgenfeld</a> used it for his 1877 edition of the Epistle of Barnabas. A family of 10 or 11 manuscripts dependent on the 11th-century Codex Vaticanus graecus 859 (G) contain chapters 5:7b−21:9 placed as a continuation of a truncated text of <a href="/wiki/Polycarp%27s_letter_to_the_Philippians" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycarp's letter to the Philippians">Polycarp's letter to the Philippians</a> (1:1–9:2). An old <a href="/wiki/Latin_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin (language)">Latin</a> version (L), perhaps of no later than the end of the 4th century, that is preserved in a single 9th-century manuscript (St Petersburg, Q.v.I.39) gives the first 17 chapters (without the "Two Ways" section of chapters 18 to 21) This is a fairly literal rendering in general, but is sometimes significantly shorter than the Greek text. S and H generally agree on readings. G often agrees with L against S and H. A small papyrus fragment (PSI 757) of the third or fourth century has the first 6 verses of chapter 9, and there are a few fragments in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> of chapters 1, 19,20. The writings of <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> give a few brief quotations, as to a smaller extent do <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Didymus_the_Blind" title="Didymus the Blind">Didymus the Blind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_for_Christians">Status for Christians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_Barnabas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Status for Christians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Barnabas-Ikone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/St._Barnabas-Ikone.jpg/220px-St._Barnabas-Ikone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/St._Barnabas-Ikone.jpg/330px-St._Barnabas-Ikone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/St._Barnabas-Ikone.jpg/440px-St._Barnabas-Ikone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1924" /></a><figcaption>Icon of Saint Barnabas with the text of <a href="/wiki/Gospel_according_to_Luke" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel according to Luke">Luke</a> 10:16−19</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Authorship"></span> The Epistle was viewed as authoritative scripture by some Christians in the early centuries of church history.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was attributed to <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a>, the companion of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (c. 150 – c. 215)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> (c. 184 – c. 253).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bromiley_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromiley-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clement quotes it with phrases such as "the Apostle Barnabas says."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Origen speaks of it as "the General Epistle of Barnabas,"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a phrase usually associated with <a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">canonical non-Pauline epistles</a>. </p><p>In the fourth century, the Epistle was also highly regarded by <a href="/wiki/Didymus_the_Blind" title="Didymus the Blind">Didymus the Blind</a> (c. 313 – c. 398),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Serapion_of_Nitria" class="mw-redirect" title="Serapion of Nitria">Serapion of Thmuis</a> (c. 290 – c. 358),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (c. 342 – 420)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an authentic work of the apostolic Barnabas. Its inclusion in close proximity to the New Testament writings in <a href="/wiki/Codex_Sinaiticus" title="Codex Sinaiticus">Codex Sinaiticus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Codex_Claromontanus" title="Codex Claromontanus">Codex Claromontanus</a> witnesses to the canonical or near-canonical authority it held for some Christians,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though it is argued by some that this is evidence merely of its popularity and usefulness, not necessarily of canonicity.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> (c. 260 – c. 340), in book three of his <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Church History</a></i>, excluded it from "<a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">the accepted books</a>," classifying it as among the "rejected" or "spurious" (νόθοι) writings,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he elsewhere included this same Epistle of Barnabas with <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Hebrews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a> in the category of “<a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">disputed scriptures</a>” (ἀντιλεγομένων γραφῶν).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the sixth-century, Codex Claromontanus (a list of Old Testament and New Testament books, dating from the third or fourth century) includes the Epistle of Barnabas between <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Jude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Shepherd_of_Hermas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shepherd of Hermas">Shepherd of Hermas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Paul" title="Acts of Paul">Acts of Paul</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Peter" title="Apocalypse of Peter">Apocalypse of Peter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next to the listing of Barnabas is a dash (most likely added some time later)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that may indicate doubtful or disputed canonicity, though the same marking is found next to <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">1 Peter</a> as well, so its meaning is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Stichometry_of_Nicephorus" title="Stichometry of Nicephorus">Stichometry of Nicephorus</a>, a later list of uncertain date appended to the <i>Chronography</i> of the early 9th century <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I_of_Constantinople" title="Nikephoros I of Constantinople">Nikephoros I of Constantinople</a>, puts the Epistle of Barnabas among its four "<a href="/wiki/Antilegomena" title="Antilegomena">disputed</a>" New Testament works — along with the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Revelation_of_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Revelation of Peter">Revelation of Peter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a> — but not among its seven "New Testament apocrypha".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Date_of_composition">Date of composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_Barnabas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Date of composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 16.3–4, the Epistle of Barnabas reads:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Furthermore he says again, "Behold, those who tore down this temple will themselves build it." It is happening. For because of their fighting it was torn down by the enemies. And now the very servants of the enemies will themselves rebuild it.</p></blockquote> <p>As commonly interpreted, this passage places the Epistle after the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of the Temple">destruction of the Second Temple in AD 70</a>. It also places the Epistle before the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> of AD 132, after which there could have been no hope that the Romans would help to rebuild the temple. The document must therefore come from the period between the two Jewish revolts. Attempts at identifying a more precise date are conjectures.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromiley_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromiley-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> puts the latest possible date at AD 130,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for the actual date of composition gives "<i>circa</i> AD 100".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its 1911 edition opted strongly for "the reign of <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> (AD 70-79)",<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shortly after the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i> had preferred AD 130−131 in an article by Paulin Ladeuze,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and AD 96−98 in an article by John Bertram Peterson.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a more precise dating within the limits associated with the Jerusalem temple there is thus an "absence of scholarly consensus".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Jay Curry Treat comments on the absence in the Epistle of Barnabas (except for a possible reference to the phrase "Many are called, but few are chosen" in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_according_to_Matthew" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel according to Matthew">Gospel according to Matthew</a>) of citations from the New Testament: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Although Barnabas 4:14 appears to quote Matt 22:14, it must remain an open question whether the Barnabas circle knew written gospels. Based on Koester's analysis (1957: 125–27, 157), it appears more likely that Barnabas stood in the living oral tradition used by the written gospels. For example, the reference to gall and vinegar in Barnabas 7:3, 5 seems to preserve an early stage of tradition that influenced the formation of the passion narratives in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Gospel of Peter</a> and the synoptic gospels.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>J.E Jacquier is of a different opinion, pointing to the fact that the reference to Matthew 22:14 is proceeded by the words "as the scripture saith" (<i>os gegraptai</i>) which not only shows that the words are a quotation but according to him "proves that the author considered the Gospel of Matthew equal in point of authority to the writings of the Old Testament".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Koester" title="Helmut Koester">Helmut Koester</a> considers the Epistle to be earlier than the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>: in his <i>Introduction to the New Testament</i> he says of the author of the Epistle: "It cannot be shown that he knew and used the Gospels of the New Testament. On the contrary, what <i>Barnabas</i> presents here is from 'the school of the evangelists'. This demonstrates how the early Christian communities paid special attention to the exploration of Scripture in order to understand and tell the suffering of Jesus. <i>Barnabas</i> still represents the initial stages of the process that is continued in the <i>Gospel of Peter</i>, later in Matthew, and is completed in <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Finnis has recently argued that the Epistle may have been written around the year 40 AD, proposing that chapter 16 refers instead to the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">destruction of the First Temple in 587 BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An opposing view is enunciated by <a href="/wiki/Everett_Ferguson" title="Everett Ferguson">Everett Ferguson</a>: "The language of rebuilding the temple in 16.3–5 refers to the spiritual temple of the heart of Gentile believers (any allusion to a physical temple in Jerusalem is doubtful)." On the date of composition he says: "The <i>Epistle of Barnabas</i> is usually dated to 130−135, although an earlier date in the late 70s has had its champions, and 96−98 is a possibility."<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provenance">Provenance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_Barnabas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Provenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The place of origin is generally taken to be <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. It is first attested there (by <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>). Its allegorical style points to Alexandria. Barnabas 9:6 mentions idol-worshipping priests as circumcised, a practice in use in Egypt. However, some scholars have suggested an origin in Syria or Asia Minor.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Treat comments on the provenance of the Epistle of Barnabas:<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Barnabas does not give enough indications to permit confident identification of either the teacher's location or the location to which he writes. His thought, <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutical</a> methods, and style have many parallels throughout the known Jewish and Christian worlds. Most scholars have located the work's origin in the area of Alexandria, on the grounds that it has many affinities with Alexandrian Jewish and Christian thought and because its first witnesses are Alexandrian. Recently, Prigent (Prigent and Kraft 1971: 20–24), Wengst (1971: 114–18), and Scorza Barcellona (1975: 62–65) have suggested other origins based on affinities in Palestine, Syria, and Asia Minor. The place of origin must remain an open question, although the Gk-speaking E. Mediterranean appears most probable.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_Barnabas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Epistle of Barnabas has the form not so much of a letter (it lacks indication of identity of sender and addressees), but as of a treatise. In this, it is like the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews" title="Epistle to the Hebrews">Epistle to the Hebrews</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> ascribed to the apostle <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with which it has "a large amount of superficial resemblance".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, it does have some features of an epistolary character,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Reidar Hvalvik argues that it is in fact a letter.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The document can be divided into two parts. Chapters 1−17 give a Christ-centred interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, which it says should be understood spiritually, not in line with the literal meaning of its rules on sacrifice (chapter 2: the sacrifice God wants is that of a contrite heart), fasting (3: the fasting God wants is from injustice), circumcision (9), diet (10: rules that really prohibit behaviour such as praying to God only when in need, like swine crying out when hungry but ignoring their master when full, or being predatory like eagle, falcon, kite and crow, etc.; and that command to chew by meditating the cud of the word of the Lord and to divide the hoof by looking for the holy world to come while walking in this world), sabbath (15), and the temple (16). The passion and death of Jesus at the hands of the Jews, it says, is foreshadowed in the properly understood rituals of the <a href="/wiki/Scapegoat" title="Scapegoat">scapegoat</a> (7) and the <a href="/wiki/Red_heifer" title="Red heifer">red heifer</a> (8) and in the posture assumed by Moses in extending his arms (according to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> text known to the author of the Epistle) in the form of the execution cross, while <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>, whose name in Greek is Ἰησοῦς (Jesus), fought against <a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a> (12). The last four chapters, 18−21, are a version of <a href="/wiki/The_Two_Ways" class="mw-redirect" title="The Two Ways">The Two Ways</a> teaching that appears also in chapters 1−5 of the <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As viewed by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Louth" title="Andrew Louth">Andrew Louth</a>, the author "is simply concerned to show that the Old Testament Scriptures are Christian Scriptures and that the spiritual meaning is their real meaning".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As viewed by <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a>, the Epistle of Barnabas is "more anti-Jewish than anything that did make it into the New Testament".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midrash_and_gematria">Midrash and gematria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_Barnabas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Midrash and gematria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to David Dawson, "the Jewish mind-set of Barnabas, evident in its choice of images and examples, is unmistakable". He says that the work's two-part structure, with a distinct second part beginning with chapter 18, and its exegetical method "provide the most striking evidence of its Jewish perspective. It is presented as a <i>talmud</i> or <i>didachē</i> ('teaching') divided into <i><a href="/wiki/Haggadah" title="Haggadah">haggadah</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Halakhah" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhah">halakhah</a></i>. It uses <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philonic</a> allegorical techniques to interpret fragments of <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> passages, in the manner of the <i><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrashim</a></i>. Finally, it applies biblical texts to its own contemporary historical situation in a manner reminiscent of the <i><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">pesher</a></i> technique found at <a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The creative interpretation of Bible texts, that is most typically found in <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">rabbinic literature</a> and is known as midrash, appears also in the New Testament and other early Christian works, where it is utilized with the prior assumption that the whole of the Bible relates to Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-Bieringer_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bieringer-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>James L. Bailey judges as correct the classification as midrash of the frequent use by the evangelists of texts from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Daniel Boyarin applies this in particular to the Prologue (1:1−18) of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other instances of New Testament allegorical interpretations of the Old Testament scriptures as foreshadowing Jesus are <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%203:14&version=nrsv">John 3:14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%204:2131&version=nrsv">Galatians 4:21−31</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Peter%203:1822&version=nrsv">1 Peter 3:18−22</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nku_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nku-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples of midrash-like exegesis are found in the accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">temptation of Christ</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of circumstances surrounding the birth of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-Bieringer_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bieringer-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Midrashic presentation of a writer's own views on the basis of the sacred texts was subject to well-established rules, but some scholars, due to their failure to recognize the meaning and use of midrash, have evaluated pejoratively the use of scripture by such as Matthew.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar negative judgments have been expressed on the abundant use of midrash<sup id="cite_ref-nku_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nku-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Epistle of Barnabas. In 1867, Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, in their <i><a href="/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Christian_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Ante-Nicene Christian Library">Ante-Nicene Christian Library</a></i>, disparaged the Epistle for what it called "the absurd and trifling interpretations of Scripture which it suggests".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Epistle of Barnabas also employs another technique of ancient Jewish exegesis, that of <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">gematria</a>, the ascription of religious significance to the numerical value of letters. When applied to letters of the Greek alphabet, it is also called <a href="/wiki/Isopsephia" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopsephia">isopsephia</a>. A well-known New Testament instance of its use is in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, "Let the one who has understanding calculate the <a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">number of the beast</a>, for it is the number of a man, and his number is 666",<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is often interpreted as referring to the name "Nero Caesar" written in Hebrew characters.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interpretation of Genesis 17:23–27 in Barnabas 9:7–8 is considered "a classic example" of allegorical or midrashic interpretation:<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "In reading the story of Abraham circumcising his household, his eye fell on the figure 318 which appeared in the scroll as ΤΙΗ. Now ΙΗ was a familiar contraction of the sacred name of Jesus, and is so written in the Alexandrian papyri of the period; and the letter Τ looked like the cross."<sup id="cite_ref-Carrington_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrington-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same gematria was adopted by <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> and by several other <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Barclay_(theologian)" title="William Barclay (theologian)">William Barclay</a> notes that, because the Greek letter Τ (<a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">tau</a>) is shaped exactly like the <i><a href="/wiki/Crux_commissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Crux commissa">crux commissa</a></i> and represented the number 300, "wherever the <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathers of the Church">fathers</a> came across the number 300 in the Old Testament they took it to be a mystical prefiguring of the cross of Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip Carrington says: "Barnabas can be artificial, irritating, and censorious; but it would not be fair to judge him by his less fortunate expositions. His interpretation of the unclean beasts and fishes was in line with the thought of his time, being found in the <a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Aristeas" title="Letter of Aristeas">Letter of Aristeas</a>, for instance. His numerology was also a fashionable mode of thought, though the modern scholar is often impatient with it."<sup id="cite_ref-Carrington_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carrington-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Kraft" title="Robert A. Kraft">Robert A. Kraft</a> states that some of the materials used by the final editor "certainly antedate the year 70, and are in some sense 'timeless' traditions of Hellenistic Judaism (e.g., the food law allegories of ch. 10, the Two Ways). It is with such materials that much of the importance of the epistle for our understanding of early Christianity and its late-Jewish heritage rests."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author's style was not a personal foible: in his time it was accepted procedure in general use, although no longer in favour today. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Louth" title="Andrew Louth">Andrew Louth</a> says: "Barnabas seems strange to modern ears: allegory is out of fashion and there is little else in the epistle. But the fashion that outlaws allegory is quite recent, and fashions change."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gnosis"><i>Gnosis</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_Barnabas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its first chapter, the Epistle states that its intention is that the "sons and daughters" to whom it is addressed should have, along with their faith, perfect knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The knowledge (in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, γνῶσις, <i><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">gnosis</a></i>) that the first part (chapters 1−17) aims to impart is "an essentially practical γνῶσις, somewhat mystical in character, which seeks to make known the deeper sense of scripture". The first part, of an exclusively exegetical character, provides a spiritual interpretation of scripture.<sup id="cite_ref-gnosis_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnosis-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second part opens with a declaration (chapter 18:1) that it is turning to "another knowledge" (γνῶσις). This second <i><a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">gnosis</a></i> is "the knowledge of the will of God, the art of enumerating and specifying his commandments, and applying them to various situations",<sup id="cite_ref-gnosis_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnosis-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a halakhic, as opposed to an exegetical, <i>gnosis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>gnosis</i> of the Epistle of Barnabas by no means links it with <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>. On the contrary, it shows "an implicit anti-Gnostic stance": "Barnabas's <i>gnosis</i> can be seen as a precursor of the <i>gnosis</i> of <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, who distinguished the 'true' <i>gnosis</i> from the 'knowledge falsely so-called' espoused by heretics".<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scriptural_quotations">Scriptural quotations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_Barnabas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Scriptural quotations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contrary to the views of <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Koester" title="Helmut Koester">Helmut Koester</a> and Jay Curry Treat, cited above in relation to the date of composition of the Epistle, the authors of <i>The Comprehensive New Testament</i> say the Epistle of Barnabas quotes from the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> gospels twice (4:14, 5:9).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, the Epistle abundantly cites the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> version, including therefore the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a>. The Old Testament material appears as allusions and paraphrases as well as explicit quotations. However, the work in no way distinguishes its quotations from sacred scripture from its quotations from other works, some of which are now unknown. While there are agreed upon instances where the Epistle quotes from <a href="/wiki/1_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Enoch">1 Enoch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is not clear whether other material in the Epistle that, though not an exact quotation, resembles <a href="/wiki/1_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Enoch">1 Enoch</a> (4:3; 16:5) or <a href="/wiki/4_Esdras" class="mw-redirect" title="4 Esdras">4 Esdras</a> (12:1) attributes to the supposed sources exactly the same status as books now considered canonical. Besides, the Epistle sometimes presents as quotations what are rather free paraphrases, while at other times it gives identifiable phrases without any introductory phrase to indicate that it is quoting.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_Barnabas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.B. Burger, "L'Enigme de Barnabas," 180-193; and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Tugwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Tugwell (page does not exist)">Simon Tugwell</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q93230954#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q93230954"><span title=""Simon Tugwell" in other languages">Wikidata</span></a>]</span>, <i>The Apostolic Fathers</i>, 44; et al.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codexsinaiticus.org/en/manuscript.aspx?=Submit">Reproduction of Codex Sinaiticus with GO TO (Barnabas)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPaget2007" class="citation book cs1">Paget, James Carleton (2007-01-01). "The <i>Epistle of Barnabas</i>". In Foster, Paul (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V_sRBwAAQBAJ&dq=paget+barnabas+complete&pg=PA72"><i>The Writings of the Apostolic Fathers</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 73–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64727-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-64727-6"><bdi>978-0-567-64727-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Epistle+of+Barnabas&rft.btitle=The+Writings+of+the+Apostolic+Fathers&rft.pages=73-80&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-567-64727-6&rft.aulast=Paget&rft.aufirst=James+Carleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV_sRBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpaget%2Bbarnabas%2Bcomplete%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUq_lQxI-EUC&dq=epistle+barnabas+manuscripts&pg=PR12">James N. Rhodes, <i>The Epistle of Barnabas and the Deuteronomic Tradition</i> (Mohr Siebeck 2004), p. xii</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy B. Sailors, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2009/2009-07-08.html">"Bryn Mawr Classical Review: Review of <i>The Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and English Translations</i>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bryn+Mawr+Classical+Review%3A+Review+of+The+Apostolic+Fathers%3A+Greek+Texts+and+English+Translations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbmcr.brynmawr.edu%2F2009%2F2009-07-08.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Wright: <i>A catalogue of the Syriac manuscripts preserved in the Library of the University of Cambridge</i> (Vol. II). Cambridge: University Press 1901, 611.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lookadoo, <i>The Epistle of Barnabas: A Commentary</i>, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clement, <i>Stromateis</i>, 2.7, 2.20, 5.8, 5.10, 6.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Origen, <i>On First Principles</i>, 3.2.4; <i>Against Celsus</i>, 1.63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bromiley-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bromiley_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromiley_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBromiley1979" class="citation book cs1">Bromiley, Geoffrey William (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wo8csizDv0gC&dq=clement+alexandria+barnabas&pg=PA206"><i>The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3781-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3781-3"><bdi>978-0-8028-3781-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3781-3&rft.aulast=Bromiley&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwo8csizDv0gC%26dq%3Dclement%2Balexandria%2Bbarnabas%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/02102.htm"><i>Stromata</i>, book 2, chapters 6, 7, 15, 18, 20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/04161.htm"><i>Contra Celsum</i>, book 1, chapter 63</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Didymus, <i>Commentary on the Psalms</i>, 300.12-13; <i>Commentary on Zechariah</i>, 234.21-22, 259.21-24, 355.20-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Serapion, <i>Concerning Father and Son</i>, v. 5, cited in <i>Bishop Serapion’s Prayer Book</i> (1899), tr. George Wobbermin, ed. John Wordsworth, 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome, <i>De Viris Illustribus</i> (<i>Lives of Illustrious Men</i>), 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliot, "Manuscripts, The Codex and the Canon," <i>JSNT</i> 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJl3CyexnuQC&dq=Barnabas+Sinaiticus+usefulness&pg=PA164">Andreas J. Köstenberger, Michael J. Kruger, <i>The Heresy of Orthodoxy</i> (Crossway 2010), p. 164</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagherMeade2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmon_L._Gallagher" title="Edmon L. Gallagher">Gallagher, Edmon L.</a>; Meade, John D. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXs7DwAAQBAJ&dq=Barnabas+Sinaiticus+usefulness&pg=PA107"><i>The Biblical Canon Lists from Early Christianity: Texts and Analysis</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-251102-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-251102-7"><bdi>978-0-19-251102-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Canon+Lists+from+Early+Christianity%3A+Texts+and+Analysis&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-251102-7&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Edmon+L.&rft.au=Meade%2C+John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXs7DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBarnabas%2BSinaiticus%2Busefulness%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <i>Historia Ecclesiasticus</i>, 3.25.3-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <i>Historia Ecclesiasticus</i>, 6.13.6; (cf. 6.14.1). "He makes use also in these works of testimonies from the disputed Scriptures...the Epistle to the Hebrews, and those of Barnabas, and Clement and Jude."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntcanon.org/codex_Claromontanus.shtml">Catalogue inserted in Codex Claromontanus</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible-researcher.com/claromontanus.html">Stichometric list in Codex Claromontanus (about A.D. 400)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hixson (et al.), <i>Myths and Mistakes in New Testament Textual Criticism</i>, 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GA 06 (D<sup>p</sup>), Bibliothèque nationale de France: <i>Claromontanus</i> (c. 550 AD)<i>,</i> folio 468.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntcanon.org/Stichometry_of_Nicephorus.shtml">The Stichometery of Nicephorus (9th century?)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/analectakrzeret00preugoog/page/n178">Erwin Preuschen, <i>Analecta</i> (1893), pp. 157−158</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2016" class="citation web cs1">Fowler, Kimberley (2016-06-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.judaism-and-rome.org/epistle-barnabas-161-5">"Epistle of Barnabas 16.1-5"</a>. <i>www.judaism-and-rome.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.judaism-and-rome.org&rft.atitle=Epistle+of+Barnabas+16.1-5&rft.date=2016-06-07&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Kimberley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.judaism-and-rome.org%2Fepistle-barnabas-161-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Barnabas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Barnabas">"Barnabas" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 03 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Barnabas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/biblical-literature/Types-of-biblical-hermeneutics#ref598322">"Biblical literature - Hermeneutics, Interpretation, Exegesis"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Biblical+literature+-+Hermeneutics%2C+Interpretation%2C+Exegesis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fbiblical-literature%2FTypes-of-biblical-hermeneutics%23ref598322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02299a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Epistle of Barnabas"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Epistle+of+Barnabas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F02299a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01637a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Apostolic Fathers"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+The+Apostolic+Fathers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F01637a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2004" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, James N. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUq_lQxI-EUC&dq=absence+scholarly+consensus+Barnabas&pg=PA12"><i>The Epistle of Barnabas and the Deuteronomic Tradition: Polemics, Paraenesis, and the Legacy of the Golden-calf Incident</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148377-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148377-6"><bdi>978-3-16-148377-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epistle+of+Barnabas+and+the+Deuteronomic+Tradition%3A+Polemics%2C+Paraenesis%2C+and+the+Legacy+of+the+Golden-calf+Incident&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-16-148377-6&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=James+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUq_lQxI-EUC%26dq%3Dabsence%2Bscholarly%2Bconsensus%2BBarnabas%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAune2003" class="citation book cs1">Aune, David Edward (2003-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhhdJ-fkywYC&dq=barnabas+date+consensus+scholars&pg=PA72"><i>The Westminster Dictionary of New Testament and Early Christian Literature and Rhetoric</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21917-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21917-8"><bdi>978-0-664-21917-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Westminster+Dictionary+of+New+Testament+and+Early+Christian+Literature+and+Rhetoric&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-664-21917-8&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnhhdJ-fkywYC%26dq%3Dbarnabas%2Bdate%2Bconsensus%2Bscholars%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Quasten" title="Johannes Quasten">Johannes Quasten</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/QuastenPatrologyVol14/page/n53"><i>Patrology</i> (Christian Classics) vol. 1, p. 90</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jay Curry Treat in <i>The Anchor Bible Dictionary</i> (1992) v. 1, p. 614</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacquier1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jacquier, J.E. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Gospel of St. Matthew"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Gospel_of_St._Matthew">"Gospel of St. Matthew" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gospel+of+St.+Matthew&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Jacquier&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=thXUHM5udTcC&q=Barnabas">Helmut Koester, <i>Introduction to the New Testament</i> (Walter de Gruyter 1995), vol. 2, p. 281</a>; original: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4X5PBPIpemIC&q=Barnabasbrief&pg=PA429">Helmut Köster, <i>Einführung in das Neue Testament im Rahmen der Religionsgeschichte und Kulturgeschichte der hellenistischen und römischen Zeit</i> (Walter de Gruyter 1980), p. 716</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnis2024" class="citation journal cs1">Finnis, John (2024). "Redating Barnabas". <i>The Journal of Theological Studies</i>. <b>75</b> (1): 80–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2Fflae004">10.1093/jts/flae004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5185">0022-5185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=Redating+Barnabas&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=80-121&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2Fflae004&rft.issn=0022-5185&rft.aulast=Finnis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2013" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Everett (2013-10-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oUFFAQAAQBAJ&dq=Ferguson+Epistle+Barnabas&pg=PA168"><i>Encyclopedia of Early Christianity: Second Edition</i></a>. Routledge. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-61158-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-61158-2"><bdi>978-1-136-61158-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Early+Christianity%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-08&rft.isbn=978-1-136-61158-2&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoUFFAQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DFerguson%2BEpistle%2BBarnabas%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Quasten" title="Johannes Quasten">Johannes Quasten</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/QuastenPatrologyVol14/page/n51"><i>Patrology</i> (Christian Classics) vol. 1, p. 89</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aune (2003), p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jay Curry Treat in <i>The Anchor Bible Dictionary</i> (1992) v. 1, p. 613</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BHl-a3_Z1OYC&dq=epistle+Hebrews+Barnabas&pg=PA16">F.F. Bruce, <i>The Epistle to the Hebrews</i> (Eerdmans 1990), p. 16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oAQ9AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22epistle+of+Barnabas%22+hebrews&pg=PA150">H.H.B. Ayles, <i>Destination, Date, and Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews</i> (Cambridge University Press 1899), p. 150</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXMfGMGKGK4C&dq=paget+%22non-epistolary%22&pg=PA45">James Carleton Paget, <i>The Epistle of Barnabas: Outlook and Background</i> (Mohr Siebeck 1994), p. 45</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a2rki_YdMnUC&dq=Hvalvik+%22epistolary+features%22&pg=PA75">Reidar Hvalvik, <i>The Struggle for Scripture and Covenant: The Purpose of the Epistle of Barnabas and Jewish-Christian Competition in the Second Century</i> (Mohr Siebeck 1996), pp. 71−75</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUq_lQxI-EUC&dq=Rhodes+%22elucidate+its+structure%22&pg=PA89">James N. Rhodes, <i>The Epistle of Barnabas and the Deuteronomic Tradition: Polemics, Paraenesis, and the Legacy of the Golden-calf Incident</i> (Mohr Siebeck 2004), p. 89</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Quasten" title="Johannes Quasten">Johannes Quasten</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/QuastenPatrologyVol14/page/n49"><i>Patrology</i> (Christian Classics) vol. 1, pp. 85−86</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/barnabas-epistle">James N. Rhodes, "Barnabas, Epistle of"</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/New_Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="New Catholic Encyclopedia">New Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHDNe8KmMAIC&q=Ehrman+Christianities+%22dietary+laws%22&pg=PA146"><i>Lost Christianities: the battles for scripture and the faiths we never knew</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518249-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518249-1"><bdi>978-0-19-518249-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+the+battles+for+scripture+and+the+faiths+we+never+knew&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518249-1&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHDNe8KmMAIC%26q%3DEhrman%2BChristianities%2B%2522dietary%2Blaws%2522%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=STD9bY_EySkC&dq=Barnabas+strange+modern+ears&pg=PT160">Maxwell Staniforth, Andrew Louth, <i>Early Christian Writings: The Apostolic Fathers</i> (Penguin UK 1987), "real meaning"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Bart D. Ehrman (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOPd80FN2ew"><i>Jesus, the Law, and a "New" Covenant</i></a> (YouTube video). University of Michigan. Event occurs at 31:50~31:55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/IOPd80FN2ew">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jesus%2C+the+Law%2C+and+a+%22New%22+Covenant&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DIOPd80FN2ew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MQsg_8gfZ6kC&dq=Barnabas+allegory&pg=PA175">David Dawson, <i>Allegorical Readers and Cultural Revision in Ancient Alexandria</i> (University of California Press 1991), p. 175</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bieringer-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bieringer_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bieringer_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RQl7BXLD8W8C&dq=%22midrash+and+the+new+testament%22&pg=PA367">Miguel Pérez Fernández, "Midrash and the New Testament" in Reimund Bieringer (editor), "The New Testament and Rabbinic Literature" (BRILL 2010), p. 367</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E6gg5YCDxucC&dq=label+evangelists+frequent+use&pg=PA157">James L. Bailey, <i>Literary Forms in the New Testament: A Handbook</i> (Westminster John Knox Press 1992), p. 157</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I4stDwAAQBAJ&q=logos+jewish+word">Daniel Boyarin, "<i>Logos</i>, A Jewish Word: John's Prologue as Midrash" in Amy-Jill Levine, Marc Zvi Brettler (editor) <i>The Jewish Annotated New Testament</i> (Oxford University Press 2017), pp. 688–691</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nku-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nku_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nku_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190115023555/https://www.nku.edu/~gartigw/teaching_files/Barnabas%20Handout.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Epistle of Barnabas: An Early Example of Allegorical Interpretation of the Old Testament" (Northern Kentucky University)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nku.edu/~gartigw/teaching_files/Barnabas%20Handout.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-01-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22The+Epistle+of+Barnabas%3A+An+Early+Example+of+Allegorical+Interpretation+of+the+Old+Testament%22+%28Northern+Kentucky+University%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nku.edu%2F~gartigw%2Fteaching_files%2FBarnabas%2520Handout.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QCVMAwAAQBAJ&dq=%22example+of+an+early+Christian+midrash%22&pg=PA11">Birger Gerhardsson, <i>The Testing of God's Son: (Matt. 4:1-11 & PAR), An Analysis of an Early Christian Midrash</i> (Wipf and Stock 2009), p. 11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JLlLAwAAQBAJ&dq=Buchanan+meaning+use+midrashim&pg=PA26">George Wesley Buchanan, <i>The Gospel of Matthew</i> (Wipf and Stock 2006), p. 26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegedus2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hegedus, Tim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/01461079070370010401">"Midrash and the Letter of Barnabas"</a>. <i>Biblical Theology Bulletin: Journal of Bible and Culture</i>. <b>37</b>: 20–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F01461079070370010401">10.1177/01461079070370010401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Theology+Bulletin%3A+Journal+of+Bible+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Midrash+and+the+Letter+of+Barnabas&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=20-26&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F01461079070370010401&rft.aulast=Hegedus&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1177%2F01461079070370010401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Kraft" title="Robert A. Kraft">Robert A. Kraft</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rak/publics/barn/barndiss01.htm"><i>The Epistle of Barnabas: Its quotations and their sources</i> (Harvard University 1961)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Christian_Library/Epistle_of_Barnabas">"The Epistle of Barnabas" in <i>Ante-Nicene Christian Library</i>, vol. I (T&T Clark, Edinburgh 1867)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Revelation+13:18">Rev 13:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5FpP9ZxqlYC&dq=barnabas+eliezer+gematria&pg=PA114">Larry W. Hurtado, <i>The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Manuscripts and Christian Origins</i> (Eerdmans 2006)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZdzgjawSZLgC&dq=zuck+318&pg=PA33">Roy B. Zuck, <i>Basic Bible Interpretation: A Practical Guide to Discovering Biblical Truth</i> (David C. Cook 2002), p. 33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wFVxDAAAQBAJ&dq=%22midrashic+interpretive+approach%22+classic&pg=PT91">William W. Klein, Craig L. Blomberg, Robert L. Hubbard, Jr. (editors), <i>Introduction to Biblical Interpretation</i> (Zondervan 2017)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carrington-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carrington_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carrington_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington2011" class="citation book cs1">Carrington, Philip (2011-08-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-dCH-FL5j9cC&dq=Barnabas+artificial+irritating&pg=PA491"><i>The Early Christian Church: Volume 1, The First Christian Church</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 491. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-16641-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-16641-6"><bdi>978-0-521-16641-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Christian+Church%3A+Volume+1%2C+The+First+Christian+Church&rft.pages=491&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft.isbn=978-0-521-16641-6&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-dCH-FL5j9cC%26dq%3DBarnabas%2Bartificial%2Birritating%26pg%3DPA491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bBOqGJc6tpcC&dq=Noah+ark+300+prefigure+cross+Jesus&pg=PA79">William Barclay, <i>The Apostles' Creed</i> (Westminster John Knox Press, 1998), p. 79</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rak/publics/barn/barndidintro.htm#barnint">Robert A. Kraft, <i>The Apostolic Fathers, vol. 3: Barnabas and the Didache</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=STD9bY_EySkC&dq=Barnabas+strange+modern+ears&pg=PT160">Maxwell Staniforth, Andrew Louth, <i>Early Christian Writings: The Apostolic Fathers</i> (Penguin UK 1987)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapter 1:5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gnosis-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gnosis_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gnosis_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXMfGMGKGK4C&dq=paget+barnabas+mystical+exegetical&pg=PA47">James Carleton Paget, <i>The Epistle of Barnabas: Outlook and Background</i> (Mohr Siebeck 1994), pp. 46−47</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w60jvkPJFvAC&dq=Barnabas+gnosis&pg=PA97">Richard Patrick Crosland Hanson, <i>Allegory and Event: A Study of the Sources and Significance of Origen's Interpretation of Scripture</i> (Westminster John Knox Press 2002), p. 97</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=STD9bY_EySkC&dq=%22scriptures+their+gnosis%22&pg=PT159">Maxwell Staniforth, Andrew Louth, <i>Early Christian Writings: The Apostolic Fathers</i> (Penguin UK 1987), "gnosis"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearson-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearson_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-xAXSK2UfWEC&dq=halakic+exegetical+gnosis&pg=PA102">Birger A. Pearson, "Earliest Christianity in Egypt" in James E. Goehring, Janet A. Timbie (editors), <i>The World of Early Egyptian Christianity</i> (CUA Press 2007), p. 102</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clontz, T.E. and J., "The Comprehensive New Testament", Cornerstone Publications (2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9778737-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9778737-1-5">978-0-9778737-1-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://intertextual.bible/text/1-enoch-91.13-epistle-of-barnabas-16.6"><i>intertextual.bible/text/1-enoch-91.13-epistle-of-barnabas-16.6</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=intertextual.bible%2Ftext%2F1-enoch-91.13-epistle-of-barnabas-16.6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintertextual.bible%2Ftext%2F1-enoch-91.13-epistle-of-barnabas-16.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEpistle+of+Barnabas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a2rki_YdMnUC&dq=Hvalvik+scriptural+quotations&pg=PA333">Reidar Hvalvik, <i>The Struggle for Scripture and Covenant: The Purpose of the Epistle of Barnabas and Jewish-Christian Competition in the Second Century</i> (Mohr Siebeck 1996), p. 333</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_Barnabas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>L. W. Barnard, “The ‘Epistle of Barnabas’ and Its Contemporary Setting” In Wolfgang Haase and Hildegard Temporini (eds.), <a href="/wiki/Aufstieg_und_Niedergang_der_r%C3%B6mischen_Welt" title="Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt">Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt</a>, . Vol. 27.1, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 1993, pp. 159-207.</li> <li>Jonathon Lookadoo, <i>The Epistle of Barnabas: A Commentary</i>, Eugene, (OR), Cascade, 2022.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epistle_of_Barnabas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Epistle_of_Barnabas" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Epistle of Barnabas">Epistle of Barnabas</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/l/lake/fathers/barnabas_a.htm">Greek text of the Epistle of Barnabas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/barnabas.html">Early Christian Writings:</a> Epistle of Barnabas; e-texts of translations and introductions</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalaudio.com/barnabas.htm">Biblicalaudio Letter of Barnabas</a> 2012 Translation & Audio Version</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cDUmSgAACAAJ">The Epistle of Barnabas: Its Quotations and Their Sources</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Kraft" title="Robert A. Kraft">Robert A. 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