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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Backbench_MP:_1813–1830" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backbench_MP:_1813–1830"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Backbench MP: 1813–1830</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backbench_MP:_1813–1830-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minister_under_Grey_and_Melbourne:_1830–1841" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minister_under_Grey_and_Melbourne:_1830–1841"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Minister under Grey and Melbourne: 1830–1841</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minister_under_Grey_and_Melbourne:_1830–1841-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition:_1841–1846" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition:_1841–1846"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Opposition: 1841–1846</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition:_1841–1846-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister:_1846–1852" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister:_1846–1852"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prime Minister: 1846–1852</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prime_Minister:_1846–1852-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prime Minister: 1846–1852 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister:_1846–1852-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appointment_and_cabinet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment_and_cabinet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Appointment and cabinet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment_and_cabinet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_agenda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_agenda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Domestic agenda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_agenda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chartists'_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chartists'_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Chartists' movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chartists'_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Roman_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Roman_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Relations with the Roman Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Roman_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disagreements_with_Palmerston" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disagreements_with_Palmerston"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Disagreements with Palmerston</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disagreements_with_Palmerston-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_ministry_and_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_ministry_and_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Fall of ministry and resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_ministry_and_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_premierships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_premierships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Between premierships</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Between_premierships-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Between premierships subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Between_premierships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_opposition:_February–December_1852" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_opposition:_February–December_1852"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In opposition: February–December 1852</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_opposition:_February–December_1852-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Aberdeen_coalition:_1852–1855" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Aberdeen_coalition:_1852–1855"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The Aberdeen coalition: 1852–1855</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Aberdeen_coalition:_1852–1855-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_the_backbenches:_1855–1859" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_the_backbenches:_1855–1859"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Return to the backbenches: 1855–1859</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_the_backbenches:_1855–1859-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_Secretary_under_Palmerston:_1859–1865" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_Secretary_under_Palmerston:_1859–1865"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Foreign Secretary under Palmerston: 1859–1865</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_Secretary_under_Palmerston:_1859–1865-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elevation_to_the_peerage:_1861" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevation_to_the_peerage:_1861"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Elevation to the peerage: 1861</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevation_to_the_peerage:_1861-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prime_Minister_again:_1865–1866" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prime_Minister_again:_1865–1866"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Prime Minister again: 1865–1866</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prime_Minister_again:_1865–1866-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Marriages and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Religious views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Final years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy and reputation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Original works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_editor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_editor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>As editor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_editor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dedications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dedications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Dedications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dedications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Russell, 1st Earl Russell</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84" title="جون رسل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون رسل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Rassel" title="Con Rassel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Rassel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Джон Расел – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Расел" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Джон Расэл – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джон Расэл" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D1%8A%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Джон Ръсел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Ръсел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_John_Russell" title="Lord John Russell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lord John Russell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell" title="John Russell – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Russell" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell" title="John Russell – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Russell" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1._jarl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1. jarl Russell – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Russell, 1. jarl Russell" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1._Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1. Earl Russell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Russell, 1. Earl Russell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell_(pol%C3%ADtico)" title="John Russell (político) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Russell (político)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell" title="John Russell – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Russell" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell_(Russelleko_I._kondea)" title="John Russell (Russelleko I. kondea) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Russell (Russelleko I. kondea)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84_(%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1)" title="جان راسل (نخست‌وزیر) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان راسل (نخست‌وزیر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell_(1er_comte_Russell)" title="John Russell (1er comte Russell) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Russell (1er comte Russell)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1%C3%BA_Iarla_Russell" title="John Russell, 1ú Iarla Russell – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="John Russell, 1ú Iarla Russell" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1d_Iarla_Russell" title="John Russell, 1d Iarla Russell – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="John Russell, 1d Iarla Russell" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EB%8C%80_%EB%9F%AC%EC%85%80_%EB%B0%B1%EC%9E%91_%EC%A1%B4_%EB%9F%AC%EC%85%80" title="제1대 러셀 백작 존 러셀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1대 러셀 백작 존 러셀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="अर्ल रसेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अर्ल रसेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1ma_Komto_Russell" title="John Russell, 1ma Komto Russell – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="John Russell, 1ma Komto Russell" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_John_Russell" title="Lord John Russell – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lord John Russell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_jarl_af_Russell" title="John Russell, jarl af Russell – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="John Russell, jarl af Russell" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_I_conte_di_Russell" title="John Russell, I conte di Russell – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Russell, I conte di Russell" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C,_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ג'ון ראסל, רוזן ראסל הראשון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון ראסל, רוזן ראסל הראשון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ რასელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ რასელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1sa_Yurl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1sa Yurl Russell – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="John Russell, 1sa Yurl Russell" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Russell" title="Ioannes Russell – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Russell" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Rasels" title="Džons Rasels – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Rasels" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell" title="John Russell – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="John Russell" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell" title="John Russell – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="John Russell" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="जॉन रसेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉन रसेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%84" title="جون رسل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون رسل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_Earl_Pertama_Russell" title="John Russell, Earl Pertama Russell – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="John Russell, Earl Pertama Russell" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell_(premier)" title="John Russell (premier) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Russell (premier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB_(%E5%88%9D%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5)" title="ジョン・ラッセル (初代ラッセル伯爵) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ラッセル (初代ラッセル伯爵)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1._jarl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1. jarl Russell – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Russell, 1. jarl Russell" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell" title="John Russell – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="John Russell" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84" title="جان راسل، لومړی ارل راسل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان راسل، لومړی ارل راسل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell_(1._hrabia_Russell)" title="John Russell (1. hrabia Russell) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Russell (1. hrabia Russell)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1.%C2%BA_Conde_Russell" title="John Russell, 1.º Conde Russell – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Russell, 1.º Conde Russell" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell" title="John Russell – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Russell" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Рассел, Джон (политик) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рассел, Джон (политик)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Џон Расел – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џон Расел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1._earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1. earl Russell – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John Russell, 1. earl Russell" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell" title="John Russell – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Russell" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1:e_earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1:e earl Russell – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Russell, 1:e earl Russell" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1" title="จอห์น รัสเซลล์ เอิร์ลรัสเซลล์ที่ 1 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอห์น รัสเซลล์ เอิร์ลรัสเซลล์ที่ 1" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Ҷон Рассел – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷон Рассел" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell" title="John Russell – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John Russell" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Джон Расселл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Расселл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0" title="約翰·羅素 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="約翰·羅素" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0" title="第一代羅素伯爵約翰·羅素 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第一代羅素伯爵約翰·羅素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q157259#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 1846–1852 and 1865–1866</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Lord John Russell" and "The Earl Russell" redirect here. For other holders of either title, see <a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Russell_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lord John Russell (disambiguation)">Lord John Russell (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_Russell" title="Earl Russell">Earl Russell</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Earl Russell</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George">GCMG</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John-Russell-1st-Earl-Russell_(3x4_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="albumen print mounted on photographic paper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/John-Russell-1st-Earl-Russell_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/220px-John-Russell-1st-Earl-Russell_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/John-Russell-1st-Earl-Russell_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/330px-John-Russell-1st-Earl-Russell_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/John-Russell-1st-Earl-Russell_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/440px-John-Russell-1st-Earl-Russell_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2015" data-file-height="2689" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Photograph by <a href="/wiki/John_Jabez_Edwin_Mayall" title="John Jabez Edwin Mayall">John Jabez Edwin Mayall</a>, 1861</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />29 October 1865 – 26 June 1866</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">The Earl of Derby</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 June 1846 – 21 February 1852</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Victoria</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Robert Peel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Derby</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leader of the Opposition</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 June 1866 – 3 December 1868</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>The Earl of Derby</li><li>Benjamin Disraeli</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Derby</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 February 1852 – 19 December 1852</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Derby</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Derby</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Derby</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(United_Kingdom)" title="Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)">Foreign Secretary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 June 1859 – 3 November 1865</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Viscount Palmerston</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">The Earl of Malmesbury</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">The Earl of Clarendon</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />28 December 1852 – 21 February 1853</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">The Earl of Aberdeen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Malmesbury</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Clarendon</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />23 February 1855 – 21 July 1855</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Viscount Palmerston</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Herbert,_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Lea" title="Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea">Sidney Herbert</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Molesworth,_8th_Baronet" title="Sir William Molesworth, 8th Baronet">Sir William Molesworth</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />12 June 1854 – 8 February 1855</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl of Aberdeen</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">The Earl Granville</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Earl Granville</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for War and the Colonies">Secretary of State for War and the Colonies</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />30 August 1839 – 30 August 1841</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">The Viscount Melbourne</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Phipps,_1st_Marquess_of_Normanby" title="Constantine Phipps, 1st Marquess of Normanby">The Marquess of Normanby</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Lord Stanley</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 April 1835 – 30 August 1839</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Viscount Melbourne</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Henry Goulburn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">The Marquess of Normanby</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="#Offices_and_distinctions">Additional positions</a></th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Russell</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1792-08-18</span>)</span>18 August 1792<br /><a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 May 1878<span style="display:none">(1878-05-28)</span> (aged 85)<br /><a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Lodge,_Richmond_Park" title="Pembroke Lodge, Richmond Park">Richmond Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s,_Chenies" title="St Michael's, Chenies">St Michael's, Chenies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> (1859–1878)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> (before 1859)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Adelaide Lister</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1835; died 1838)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Russell,_Countess_Russell" title="Frances Russell, Countess Russell">Frances Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1841)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6, including <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_Viscount_Amberley" title="John Russell, Viscount Amberley">John</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rollo_Russell" title="Rollo Russell">Rollo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Agatha_Russell" title="Lady Agatha Russell">Agatha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_6th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford">6th Duke of Bedford</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell_Signature.svg/128px-John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell_Signature.svg/192px-John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell_Signature.svg/256px-John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="155" data-file-height="86" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Russell, 1st Earl Russell</b> (18 August 1792 – 28 May 1878), known as <b>Lord John Russell</b> before 1861, was a British <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> statesman who served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> from 1846 to 1852 and again from 1865 to 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third son of the <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_6th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford">6th Duke of Bedford</a>, Russell was educated first by private tutors due to his fragile health and later at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a> and Edinburgh University before entering Parliament in 1813. In 1828 he took a leading role in the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Test_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Test Act">Test Acts</a> which discriminated against Catholics and Protestant dissenters. He was one of the principal architects of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a>, which was the first major reform of Parliament since the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a>, and a significant early step on the road to democracy and away from rule by the aristocracy and <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">landed gentry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He favoured expanding the right to vote to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle classes</a> and enfranchising Britain's growing industrial towns and cities, but he never advocated universal suffrage and he opposed the secret ballot.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell was outspoken on many issues over the course of his career, advocating <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a> in the 1820s, calling for the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a> in 1845, denouncing <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Universalis_Ecclesiae" title="Universalis Ecclesiae">revival of Catholic bishoprics</a> in 1850, and supporting <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> during the 1860s. </p><p>Russell's ministerial career spanned four decades. In addition to his two terms as prime minister, between 1831 and 1865 he served in the cabinets of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Earl Grey</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Viscount Melbourne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Earl of Aberdeen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Viscount Palmerston</a>. His support of liberal policies influenced the <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs Party</a>'s transition into the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> in 1859. Following the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a> crisis of 1846, the Whigs returned to power and Russell was appointed prime minister and formed the "last pure Whig administration". Domestically he passed and supported significant social reforms such as extending state support for schools, <a href="/wiki/English_Poor_Laws" title="English Poor Laws">poor law</a> reform and public health reforms. His government's handling of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Irish Famine</a> was widely criticised despite attempts to alleviate the situations and was rocked by the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> that took place in Europe. Russell's relationship with his <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(United_Kingdom)" title="Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)">Foreign Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> was often stormy and contributed to bringing down Russell's first government in 1852 and Palmerston's first government in 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, their renewed alliance from 1859 was one of the foundations of the united Liberal Party, which would go on to dominate British politics in the following decades.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Russell was an energetic and effective minister during the 1830s and helped to commit the Whigs to a reform agenda, he proved less successful as prime minister. During his two periods as prime minister he often suffered from a disunited cabinet and weak support in the House of Commons, meaning he was unable to carry out much of his agenda. During his first premiership, his government failed to deal effectively with the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Famine">Irish Famine</a>, a disaster that saw the loss of a quarter of Ireland's population through death and emigration. During his second premiership, he split his party by pressing for further parliamentary reform and was forced from office only to watch <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disraeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Disraeli">Disraeli</a> carry a more ambitious <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">Reform Bill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonCrowcroft2015827_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECannonCrowcroft2015827-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been said that Russell's <a href="/wiki/First_Russell_ministry" title="First Russell ministry">ministry of 1846–1852</a> was the ruin of the old Whig party and that his <a href="/wiki/Liberal_government,_1859%E2%80%931866" title="Liberal government, 1859–1866">ministry of 1865–1866</a> was very nearly the ruin of the Liberal Party that took its place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor197667_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor197667-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background_and_early_life">Background and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russell was born on 18 August 1792 into the highest echelons of the British aristocracy, being the third son of <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_6th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford">John Russell, later 6th Duke of Bedford</a>, and Georgiana Byng, daughter of <a href="/wiki/George_Byng,_4th_Viscount_Torrington" title="George Byng, 4th Viscount Torrington">George Byng, 4th Viscount Torrington</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Bedford" title="Duke of Bedford">The Russell family</a> had been one of the principal Whig dynasties in England since the 17th century, and were among the richest handful of aristocratic landowning families in the country, but as a younger son of the <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_6th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford">6th Duke of Bedford</a>, he was not expected to inherit the family estates. As a younger son of a duke, he bore the courtesy title "Lord John Russell", but he was not a peer in his own right. He was, therefore, able to sit in the House of Commons until he was made an earl in 1861 and was elevated to the House of Lords. </p><p>Russell was born two months premature and was small and sickly as a child (even in adulthood he remained under 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m) in height, and his small stature was frequently the butt of jokes by political opponents and caricaturists).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2009_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrest2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1801 at the age of nine he was sent away to school. Shortly thereafter his mother died. After being withdrawn from <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster School</a> in 1804 due to ill health, Russell was educated by tutors, including <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Cartwright" title="Edmund Cartwright">Edmund Cartwright</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer19995_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer19995-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1806 Russell's father was made <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a> in the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_All_the_Talents" title="Ministry of All the Talents">Ministry of All the Talents</a> and it was during this time that the young Russell met <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid18959_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid18959-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fox was Russell's formative political hero and would remain an inspiration throughout his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2009_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrest2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> from 1809 to 1812, lodging with Professor <a href="/wiki/John_Playfair" title="John Playfair">John Playfair</a>, who oversaw his studies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid189512_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid189512-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not take a degree. Although often in poor health, he travelled widely in Britain and in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest197211-13_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrest197211-13-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and held commission as captain in the <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire_Militia" title="Bedfordshire Militia">Bedfordshire Militia</a> in 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-hop_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hop-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his continental travels, Russell visited Spain where his <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Russell" title="Lord George Russell">brother</a> was serving as aide-de-camp to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Lord Wellington</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a62–76_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a62–76-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, Russell had a 90-minute meeting with <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in December 1814, during the former emperor's exile at <a href="/wiki/Elba" title="Elba">Elba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a74–75_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a74–75-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backbench_MP:_1813–1830"><span id="Backbench_MP:_1813.E2.80.931830"></span>Backbench MP: 1813–1830</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Backbench MP: 1813–1830"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russell entered the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> in 1813 at the age of 20. The future reformer gained his seat by virtue of his father, the <a href="/wiki/6th_Duke_of_Bedford" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Duke of Bedford">Duke of Bedford</a>, instructing the 30 or so electors of Tavistock to return him as an MP even though at the time Russell was abroad and under age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a69–70_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a69–70-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell's <a href="/wiki/Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">maiden speech</a> in Parliament was in opposition to then <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Lord Liverpool's</a> government's stance on the union of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. Though overlooked by Parliamentary reporters and now forgotten, his second speech, summarised in Hansard, reflected his commitment to liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid189527_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid189527-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russell's maiden speech was delivered on 14 July 1814, which was in time for opposition to the second reading of the <a href="/wiki/Alien_acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Alien acts">Alien Acts</a>, a measure that nevertheless became law. Russell concisely criticised the act, stating what he considered "the Act to be one which was very liable to abuse. The present time was that which least called for it; and Ministers, in bringing forward the measure now because it had been necessary before, reminded him of the unfortunate wag mentioned in 'Joe Miller,’ who was so fond of rehearsing a joke that he always repeated it at the wrong time". During his early months in Parliament, Russell became a member of <a href="/wiki/Grillion%27s" title="Grillion's">Grillion's Club</a>, founded a year earlier in <a href="/wiki/Bond_Street" title="Bond Street">Bond Street</a> This unique club brought together prominent Whigs and Tories for social purposes, strictly forbidding political debate and fostering only camaraderie and the "amenities of life". In later years, the club became a cherished retreat for Russell and other notable politicians, offering a respite from the pressures of Westminster.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid189527–28_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid189527–28-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That year, Russell's health saw a recovery and abled him to travel abroad. He first went to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> by sea and arrived at <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a> in the opening days of December. He further traveled in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> even when Parliament reassembled, and on the Christmas Eve of that year, Russell was able to enjoy a memorable interview with the recently exiled <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French" title="Emperor of the French">Emperor of the French</a> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> Bonaparte.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid189527_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid189527-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell entered Parliament more out of a sense of duty and family tradition than out of serious political ambition. With the exception the 1806-1807 coalition government in which Russell's father had served, the Whigs had been out of power since 1783, and Russell could have had no certain expectation of a ministerial career. In June 1815, Russell denounced the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a> and Britain's declaration of war against the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">recently returned Napoleon</a> by arguing in the House of Commons that foreign powers had no right to dictate France's form of government.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1817, tired of the prospect of perpetual opposition, Russell resigned from Parliament. After spending a year out of politics and travelling on the continent, he changed his mind and re-entered Parliament for Tavistock at the <a href="/wiki/1818_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1818 United Kingdom general election">1818 general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer199919_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer199919-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1819, Russell embraced the cause of parliamentary reform and he led the more reformist wing of the Whigs throughout the 1820s. In 1828, while still an opposition <a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">backbencher</a>, Russell introduced a <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_Test_Act_1828" title="Sacramental Test Act 1828">Sacramental Test bill</a> with the aim of abolishing the prohibitions on Catholics and Protestant dissenters being elected to local government and from holding civil and military offices. The bill gained the backing of the Tory <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a> and was passed into law.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minister_under_Grey_and_Melbourne:_1830–1841"><span id="Minister_under_Grey_and_Melbourne:_1830.E2.80.931841"></span>Minister under Grey and Melbourne: 1830–1841</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Minister under Grey and Melbourne: 1830–1841"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the Whigs came to power in 1830, Russell entered <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Earl Grey's</a> government as <a href="/wiki/Paymaster_of_the_Forces" title="Paymaster of the Forces">Paymaster of the Forces</a>. Despite being a relatively junior minister, as a vocal advocate for Parliamentary reform for over a decade, Russell became a principal leader in the fight for the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a>. He was one of the committee of four tasked by Grey with drafting the reform bill, alongside cabinet ministers <a href="/wiki/John_Lambton,_1st_Earl_of_Durham" title="John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham">Lord Durham</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ponsonby,_4th_Earl_of_Bessborough" title="John Ponsonby, 4th Earl of Bessborough">Lord Duncannon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Graham,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet">Sir James Graham</a>. Despite not yet being in the Cabinet, Russell was chosen to introduce the bill in March 1831 and over the following year he successfully steered the Reform Act's difficult progress through the Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer199944–52_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer199944–52-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russell earned the nickname "Finality Jack" from his pronouncing the Act a final measure but in later years he would go on to push for further reform of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1834, Russell made a speech on the Irish Tithes bill, in which he argued that the revenue generated by tithes was more than was justified by the size of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">established Protestant church in Ireland</a>. Russell argued that a proportion the tithe revenue should instead be appropriated for the education of the Irish poor, regardless of denomination.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The speech was seen by its opponents as an attack on the established church in Ireland and it cemented a split within Grey's government over the issue of Irish tithes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a208–209_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a208–209-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following month <a href="/wiki/Derby_Dilly" title="Derby Dilly">four members of the Cabinet</a> resigned over the issue, weakening the government's hold on Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sensing that his position was now hopeless, Grey offered his resignation to the King in July, and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Viscount Melbourne</a> at the head of the government. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Russel_Purge;_etching_by_CJG,_1831._Wellcome_L0006863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Russel_Purge%3B_etching_by_CJG%2C_1831._Wellcome_L0006863.jpg/250px-The_Russel_Purge%3B_etching_by_CJG%2C_1831._Wellcome_L0006863.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Russel_Purge%3B_etching_by_CJG%2C_1831._Wellcome_L0006863.jpg/375px-The_Russel_Purge%3B_etching_by_CJG%2C_1831._Wellcome_L0006863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/The_Russel_Purge%3B_etching_by_CJG%2C_1831._Wellcome_L0006863.jpg/500px-The_Russel_Purge%3B_etching_by_CJG%2C_1831._Wellcome_L0006863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>A pro-reform cartoon of 1831 depicting Russell as the man with the cure for the country's ills. Tory MPs for <a href="/wiki/Rotten_and_pocket_boroughs" title="Rotten and pocket boroughs">rotten and pocket boroughs</a> are shown as patients requiring "The Russell Purge".</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1834, when the leader of the Commons, <a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Lord Althorp</a>, succeeded to the peerage as <a href="/wiki/Earl_Spencer_(peerage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl Spencer (peerage)">Earl Spencer</a>, Russell became the leader of the Whigs in the Commons. Russell's appointment prompted <a href="/wiki/King_William_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="King William IV">King William IV</a> to terminate Melbourne's government, in part because the King objected to Russell's views on the Irish Church.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a217–218_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a217–218-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This remains the last time in British history that a monarch has dismissed a government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins2007152_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2007152-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent minority Conservative government lasted less than five months before resigning in April 1835. Russell then returned to office as <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Second_Melbourne_ministry" title="Second Melbourne ministry">Melbourne's second government</a>, before serving as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for War and the Colonies">Secretary of State for War and the Colonies</a> from 1839 to 1841. Soon after the formation of the new cabinet, the Melbourne called a <a href="/wiki/1835_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1835 United Kingdom general election">general election</a>, in which Russell suffered the loss of his home constituency in <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devonshire</a> but a new seat was found for him in the seat of <a href="/wiki/Stroud" title="Stroud">Stroud</a> and in May he was back in Parliament. Through this period, he continued to lead the more reformist wing of the Whig party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895104_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895104-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russell's first major act as Home Secretary was introducing the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1835">Municipal Corporations Act 1835</a>, which based on commission established by Lord Grey. It abolished outdated privileges granted to corporate cities, abolished dominance of freemen cliques, corrected widespread abuses, and placed municipal governance in the hands of taxpayers. Despite resistance from the Opposition and the Lords, Russell successfully guided the measure through Parliament, securing its passage in September in a modified form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895104_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895104-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Home Secretary, Russell recommended and secured royal pardons for the <a href="/wiki/Tolpuddle_Martyrs" title="Tolpuddle Martyrs">Tolpuddle Martyrs</a> and partial commutation of their sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1836, he introduced the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_Act_1836" title="Marriage Act 1836">Marriages Act</a>, which introduced civil marriages in England and Wales and allowed Catholics and Protestant Dissenters to marry in their own churches.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1837, he steered a series of seven Acts through Parliament, which together reduced the number of offences carrying a sentence of death from thirty-seven to sixteen.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This number was reduced further by the <a href="/wiki/Substitution_of_Punishments_of_Death_Act_1841" title="Substitution of Punishments of Death Act 1841">Substitution of Punishments of Death Act 1841</a>. After these reforms the death penalty was rarely used in the United Kingdom for crimes other than murder. As Home Secretary Russell also introduced the public registration for births, marriages and deaths and played a large role in democratising the government of cities outside of London. Russell also introduced reforms regulating prisons and improving condition especially in the treatment of juvenile offenders. Under his instruction prisoners in <a href="/wiki/Newgate_Prison" title="Newgate Prison">Newgate Prison</a> were transferred from metropolitan counties to the gaols in each county. Following in the steps of Sir Samuel Romilly, Russell reduced the number of capital crimes, and established reformatories for juvenile offenders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895107_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895107-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition:_1841–1846"><span id="Opposition:_1841.E2.80.931846"></span>Opposition: 1841–1846</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Opposition: 1841–1846"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Rt._Hon._Lord_John_Russell,_M._P._(BM_1870,0514.1982).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="British Prime Minister" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_Rt._Hon._Lord_John_Russell%2C_M._P._%28BM_1870%2C0514.1982%29.jpg/220px-The_Rt._Hon._Lord_John_Russell%2C_M._P._%28BM_1870%2C0514.1982%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_Rt._Hon._Lord_John_Russell%2C_M._P._%28BM_1870%2C0514.1982%29.jpg/330px-The_Rt._Hon._Lord_John_Russell%2C_M._P._%28BM_1870%2C0514.1982%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_Rt._Hon._Lord_John_Russell%2C_M._P._%28BM_1870%2C0514.1982%29.jpg/440px-The_Rt._Hon._Lord_John_Russell%2C_M._P._%28BM_1870%2C0514.1982%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2055" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of a portrait of Lord Russell in 1842.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1841 the Whigs lost the <a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1841 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> to the Conservatives and Russell and his colleagues returned to opposition. In November 1845, following the failure of that year's potato harvest across Britain and Ireland, Russell came out in favour of the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a> and called upon the Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a> to take urgent action to alleviate the emerging food crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peel had by this time already become convinced of the need for repeal, but he was opposed in this by the majority of his own cabinet and party. On 11 December 1845, frustrated by his party's unwillingness to support him on repeal, Peel resigned as prime minister and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> invited Russell to form a new government. With the Whigs a minority in the Commons however, Russell struggled to assemble the necessary support. When <a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Grey,_3rd_Earl_Grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry George Grey, 3rd Earl Grey">Lord Grey</a> declared that he would not serve in cabinet if <a href="/wiki/Lord_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a> was made Foreign Secretary, it became clear to Russell that he could not form a viable government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a410–416_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a410–416-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russell declined the Queen's invitation on 21 December and Peel agreed to stay on as prime minister. In June 1846, Peel repealed the Corn Laws with Whig support, bitterly dividing the Conservative Party in the process. Later that same night Peel's <a href="/wiki/Coercion_Act" title="Coercion Act">Irish Coercion Bill</a> was defeated after vengeful anti-repeal Tories voted with the opposition; and Peel, taking this as a vote of no confidence, resigned as prime minister. Russell accepted the Queen's offer to form a government; this time Grey did not object to Palmerston's appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a422–424_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a422–424-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister:_1846–1852"><span id="Prime_Minister:_1846.E2.80.931852"></span>Prime Minister: 1846–1852</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prime Minister: 1846–1852"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appointment_and_cabinet">Appointment and cabinet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Appointment and cabinet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Russell_ministry" title="First Russell ministry">First Russell ministry</a></div> <p>Russell took office as prime minister with the Whigs only a minority in the House of Commons and particularly during a time of national crisis, facing "famine, fever, trade failing, and discontent growing", as described in his wife's journal on 14 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895141_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895141-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the bitter split in the Conservative Party over the Corn Laws that allowed Russell's government to remain in power in spite of this, with Sir Robert Peel and his supporters offering tentative support to the new ministry in order to keep the protectionist Conservatives under <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Lord Stanley</a> in opposition. At the <a href="/wiki/1847_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1847 United Kingdom general election">general election of August 1847</a> the Whigs made gains at the expense of the Conservatives, but remained a minority, with Russell's government still dependent on the votes of <a href="/wiki/Peelite" title="Peelite">Peelite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Repeal_Association" title="Repeal Association">Irish Repealer</a> MPs to win divisions in the Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895154_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895154-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new cabinet inevitably included Palmerston as Foreign Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_1st_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax">Sir Charles Wood</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet">Sir George Grey</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a>, former prime minister the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Earl Grey</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for War and the Colonies">Secretary of State for War and the Colonies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Lord Clarendon</a> as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Trade" title="President of the Board of Trade">President of the Board of Trade</a>, and Lord Lansdowne as President of the council. <a href="/wiki/John_Hobhouse,_1st_Baron_Broughton" title="John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton">Sir John Cam Hobhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_Maule-Ramsay,_11th_Earl_of_Dalhousie" title="Fox Maule-Ramsay, 11th Earl of Dalhousie">Fox Maule-Ramsay, the Lord Panmure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Mr. Thomas Macaulay</a> held lesser roles. <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Graham,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet">Sir James Graham</a> declined the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-Generalship of India</a> to pursue unfulfilled aspirations in Westminster. The Conservative Party, fractured by Peel's disgrace and suspicion among its factions, lacked effective leadership, with Disraeli yet to be taken seriously. "We are left masters of the field", Palmerston remarked, "not only on account of our own merits, which, though we say it ourselves, are great, but by virtue of the absence of any efficient competitors".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895141_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895141-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_agenda">Domestic agenda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Domestic agenda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Royal_Commissioners_for_the_Exhibition_of_1851.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Group portrait of the Royal Commissioners of the Great Exhibition by Henry Wyndham Phillips" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_Royal_Commissioners_for_the_Exhibition_of_1851.jpg/350px-The_Royal_Commissioners_for_the_Exhibition_of_1851.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_Royal_Commissioners_for_the_Exhibition_of_1851.jpg/525px-The_Royal_Commissioners_for_the_Exhibition_of_1851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_Royal_Commissioners_for_the_Exhibition_of_1851.jpg/700px-The_Royal_Commissioners_for_the_Exhibition_of_1851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1487" /></a><figcaption>Russell served on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_for_the_Exhibition_of_1851" title="Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851">Royal Commission</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Exhibition" title="Great Exhibition">Great Exhibition</a>, which took place in 1851 while he was Prime Minister. In this group portrait of the Commissioners <i><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Commissioners_for_the_Exhibition_of_1851" title="The Royal Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851">The Royal Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wyndham_Phillips" title="Henry Wyndham Phillips">Henry Wyndham Phillips</a>, Russell is depicted standing behind <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a> (fifth from right).</figcaption></figure> <p>Russell's political agenda was frequently frustrated by his lack of a reliable Commons majority. However, his government was able to secure a number of notable social reforms. In a speech to his constituents, Russell said:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895142_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895142-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You may be assured that I shall not desert in office the principles to which I adhered when they were less favourably received. I cannot indeed claim the merit either of having carried measures of Free Trade as a Minister, or of having so prepared the public mind by any exertions of mine as to convert what would have been an impracticable attempt into a certain victory. To others belong those distinctions. But I have endeavoured to do my part in this great work according to my means and convictions, first by proposing a temperate relaxation of the Corn Laws, and afterwards, when that measure has been repeatedly rejected, by declaring in favour of total repeal, and using every influence I could exert to prevent a renewal of the struggle for an object not worth the cost of conflict. The Government of this country ought to behold with an impartial eye the various portions of the community engaged in agriculture, in manufactures, and in commerce. The feeling that any of them is treated with injustice provokes ilbwill, disturbs legislation, and diverts attention from many useful and necessary reforms. Great social improvements are required; public education is manifestly imperfect; the treatment of criminals is a problem yet undecided; the sanitaiy condition of our towns and villages has been grossly neglected. Our recent discussions have laid bare the misery, the discontent, and outrages of Ireland; they are too clearly authenticated to be denied, too extensive to be treated by any but the most comprehensive means.</p></blockquote> <p>Russell introduced teachers' pensions and used <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Orders in Council</a> to make grants for teacher training. Colleges were established to prepare teachers for their roles, and graduates received additional government grants alongside their salaries. Schools that passed official inspections were also eligible for government funding, ensuring accountability and raising educational standards. In 1847, Russell implemented reforms to improve primary education in Britain based on the Melbourne government's earlier initiative of placing oversight for education grants under the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Privy Council</a> and also by addressing systemic flaws by replacing unpaid monitors with paid pupil-teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895159_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895159-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Baths_and_wash_houses_in_Britain#Regulation" title="Baths and wash houses in Britain">Public Baths and Wash-houses Acts</a> of 1847 and 1848 enabled local authorities to build municipal baths and washing facilities for the growing urban working classes. </p><p>Russell was instrumental in addressing social and administrative issues in country. Russell lent his support to the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Factories_Act_1847" title="Factories Act 1847">Factories Act 1847</a>, which restricted the working hours of women and young persons (aged 13–18) in textile mills to 10 hours per day. The bill introduced by from notable social reformers <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury">Lord Shaftesbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Fielden" title="John Fielden">John Fielden</a> that was well received by artisans and operatives alike. He supported reforms that provided practical relief to over 363,000 women and children employed in mills and factories, easing the burden of monotonous labor. Russell also transformed the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Commission" title="Poor Law Commission">Poor Law Commission</a> into a ministerial department, making it accountable to Parliament through the President of the Poor Law Board which introduced regulations for workhouse management and guardian meetings, which improving control. Additionally, the growing needs of Manchester were acknowledged with the creation of the Bishopric of Manchester.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895159–160_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895159–160-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the political and social turmoil that took place during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>, fears grew of a similar outcome in Britain particularly in Ireland which led to the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Treason_Felony_Act_1848" title="Treason Felony Act 1848">Treason Felony Act 1848</a> that made it illegal and punishable by <a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">penal labour</a> speaking or writing against the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895157_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895157-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1848 saw the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Commission_of_Sewers" title="Metropolitan Commission of Sewers">Metropolitan Commission of Sewers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Act_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Health Act 1848">Public Health Act 1848</a> (<a href="/wiki/11_%26_12_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="11 & 12 Vict.">11 & 12 Vict.</a> c. 63), by which the state assumed responsibility for sewerage, clean water supply, refuse collection and other aspects of public health across much of England and Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a454–455_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a454–455-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act was influenced by the work of <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Chadwick" title="Edwin Chadwick">Sir Edwin Chadwick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Southwood_Smith" title="Thomas Southwood Smith">Dr. Thomas Southwood Smith</a>, addressed the pressing sanitary issues in cities and towns, leading to improvements in public health and the general social conditions of the population. Previously, both Whigs and Tories had largely ignored such practical reforms, despite their clear connection to the community's health and well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895162_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895162-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russell's determination to extend <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> led to the repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895198_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895198-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Following the election of <a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Rothschild" title="Lionel de Rothschild">Lionel de Rothschild</a> in the 1847 general election, Russell introduced a Jewish Relief bill, which would have allowed Rothschild and other Jews to sit in the House of Commons without their having to take the explicitly Christian oath of allegiance. In 1848, the bill was passed by the House of Commons, receiving support from the Whigs and a minority of Conservatives (including future prime minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>). However, it was twice rejected by the Tory dominated House of Lords, as was a new bill in 1851. Rothschild was re-elected in the 1852 general election following the fall of the Russell government but was unable to take his seat until the <a href="/wiki/Jews_Relief_Act_1858" title="Jews Relief Act 1858">Jews Relief Act</a> was finally passed in 1858.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895198–199_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895198–199-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russell's government led the calamitous response to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Irish Famine</a>. During the course of the famine, an estimated one million people died from a combination of malnutrition, disease and starvation and well over one million more <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">emigrated from Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2002226_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2002226-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After taking office in 1846, Russell's ministry introduced a programme of public works that by the end of that year employed some half-a-million but proved impossible to administer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons197330–34_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons197330–34-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1846 Russell reported that in one year more than 50,000 Irish families had been "turned out of their wretched dwellings without pity and without refuge...we have made it the most degraded and most miserable country in the world...all the world is crying shame upon us."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1847, the government abandoned this policy, realising that it had failed, and turned to a mixture of "indoor" and "outdoor" direct relief; the former administered in <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouses</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Poor_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Poor Laws">Irish Poor Laws</a>, the latter through <a href="/wiki/Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">soup kitchens</a>. The costs of the Poor Law fell primarily on the local landlords, some of whom in turn attempted to reduce their liability by evicting their tenants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyons197330–34_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons197330–34-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1847, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Poor_Law_Extension_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Poor Law Extension Act">Poor Law Extension Act</a> was passed, which embodied the principle, popular in Britain, that Irish property should support Irish poverty. Irish landlords were believed in Britain to have created the conditions that led to the famine, a view which Russell shared.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor197677–78_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor197677–78-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chartists'_movement"><span id="Chartists.27_movement"></span>Chartists' movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chartists' movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within six years after the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Great Reform Act</a> and the accession of the Queen, the <a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartist movement</a> grew out of frustration following the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Great Reform Act</a>'s failure to give the vote beyond those who owned property and aimed to extend further political reform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895163_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895163-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1838, representatives of the working class amplified calls for reform in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Charter_of_1838" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Charter of 1838">People's Charter of 1838</a> which demanded <a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">universal manhood suffrage</a>, equal division of constituencies, vote by <a href="/wiki/Ballot" title="Ballot">ballots</a> and abolishing the qualification of owning property in order to sit in Parliament. Following the upheaval in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>, fears in Britain grew of the similar unrest despite it not being "formidable". The events on the continent eventually inspired the Chartists and demand for reform increased as many in the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> began to view that their interests were disregarded. The movement was led by the Irish barrister and journalist <a href="/wiki/Feargus_O%27Connor" title="Feargus O'Connor">Feargus O'Connor</a> who entered Parliament as a follower of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">Daniel O'Connell</a> and as member for <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895165_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895165-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chartists planned a protest in April and Russell was at first supportive of the demonstration to take place. He proposed that demonstration be permitted to cross the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Bridge" title="Westminster Bridge">Westminster Bridge</a> and be able to present the petition to Parliament itself with the police preventing the protesters from marching to <a href="/wiki/Charing_Cross" title="Charing Cross">Charing Cross</a> and regrouping. But by 6 April, Russell's government felt compelled to declare the demonstration illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895166_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895166-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a> the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>, and the surrounding neighbourhood of <a href="/wiki/Kennington_Common" title="Kennington Common">Kennington Common</a> were protected by cavalry and infantry with the entrances to Parliament itself and <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a> government offices were protected by artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895166–167_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895166–167-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 April, London braced for a feared uprising as the Chartists planned a massive protest at Kennington Common, but the turnout was far smaller than expected, with many present merely out of curiosity. O’Connor abandoned the march to Parliament, and the petition boasting "five million" signatures contained numerous fictitious ones and was delivered quietly by cab. Heavy rain and public ridicule ultimately dispersed the crowd, ending the agitation with anticlimactic results. Russell characteristically said of the incident: "London escaped the fate of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>. For my own part, I saw in these proceedings a fresh proof that the people of England were satisfied with the Government under which they had the happiness to live, did not wish to be instructed by their neighbours in the principles of freedom, and did not envy them either the liberty they had enjoyed under Robespierre, or the order which had been established among them by Napoleon the Great."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895167–168,_168–169_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895167–168,_168–169-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lord Palmerston as <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(United_Kingdom)" title="Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)">Foreign Secretary</a> dominated and often dictated the direction of the foreign policy of the Russell government by advancing British interests often at the frustration of both the Cabinet and the Court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895169_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895169-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895173_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895173-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was Palmerston's belief that Britain have a duty to champion <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> alongside Britain being able to ensure that its status as a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> be retained.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895173_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895173-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His handling of foreign affairs came with a penchant for personal ascendancy and his policies regarding <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, particularly in 1848, proved to perilous and led to conflicts with both Russell and the Queen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895174_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895174-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early during Russell's government, Palmerston's assertive and often confronting treatment of other Cabinet colleagues led to anger among many in Parliament and Robert Peel did not conceal his view that Russell allowed Palmerston to go beyond his restrains. However, Palmerston's position at the <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign Office</a> proved to be consequential and despite being in 'substantial' agreement with his foreign secretary, Russell disapproved of Palmerston's unpredictable and independent action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895170_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895170-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russell's own approach to Europe and in general diplomacy was shaped by the pressing need for stability amidst a volatile political landscape. Russell believed that Britain's interests were best served by maintaining the territorial settlements established after the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1815. However, Russell was also keenly aware that Britain should not cling to outdated alliances or strategies if more favourable alternatives were available.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895171_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895171-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell's diplomatic strategy was heavily influenced by pragmatism, particularly when it came to <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria's</a> weakening position in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, knowing that Austria was no longer in a position to restore its formal control over the Italian peninsula and lacked both military and financial resources to endure a prolonged conflict, especially with the likelihood of French intervention. Russell, therefore, proposed that the British delegation should exert diplomatic pressure on Vienna to relinquish <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, thereby averting further escalation and preserving the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895172_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895172-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the "Italian question", Russell had a nuanced policy towards <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. On Spain, he adopted a non-interventionist stance, arguing that Britain had no strategic interest in involving itself in Spain's internal affairs. This approach was consistent with Russell's philosophy of respecting the sovereignty of European nations, as long as their actions did not threaten British interests. However, Russell's immediate attention turned to Germany, where the <a href="/wiki/Schleswig%E2%80%93Holstein_question" title="Schleswig–Holstein question">Schleswig–Holstein question</a> posed a significant risk of destabilising the region. The dispute, which involved competing claims over the duchies of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig,_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a>, threatened to ignite war in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. In his <a href="/wiki/State_paper" title="State paper">state paper</a>, Russell stated: "It is our interest to use our influence as speedily and as generally as possible to settle the pending questions and to fix the boundaries of States. Otherwise, if war once becomes general, it will spread over Germany, reach <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and finally sweep England into its vortex. Should our efforts for peace succeed, Europe may begin a new career with more or less of hope and of concord; should they fail, we must keep our sword in the scabbard as long as we can, but we cannot hope to be neutral in a great European war. England cannot be indifferent to the supremacy of France over Germany and Italy, or to the advance of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> armies to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>; still less to the incorporation of Belgium with a <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">new French Empire</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895172_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895172-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to Russell's cautious policy, Palmerston's approach was characterised by a more independent and often combative stance. Palmerston was known for his willingness to go against the established norms of British and European diplomacy, even when this put him at odds with the Court and his cabinet colleagues. His interventions in foreign affairs, particularly his support for interventionist policies, often led to tensions within the government. Despite facing opposition, Palmerston remained unfazed by criticism and continued to champion his views with remarkable resilience. Unlike Russell, who sought to avoid open conflict and maintain stability through diplomacy, Palmerston was more willing to take bold if not rash action, even if they risked alienating allies or provoking international disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895172–173,_173–174_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895172–173,_173–174-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the parliamentary session in 1849, Palmerston found himself in a precarious political position. His policies had generated considerable opposition, both from within the Cabinet and from the Opposition. The growing dissatisfaction with his approach threatened his political future, as several of his colleagues and rivals sought to discredit him. In a letter to his brother, he reflected on the political turbulence of the past months and on winning the success he deserves by writing: "After the trumpetings of attacks that were to demolish first one and then another of the Government: first me, then Grey, then Charles Wood; we have come triumphantly out of the debates and divisions, and end the session stronger than we began it."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895174_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895174-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_Roman_Catholic_Church">Relations with the Roman Catholic Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Relations with the Roman Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first half of his premiership Russell aimed to improve the British government's relations with the papacy and the Catholic clergy in Ireland, which he saw as one of the keys to making Ireland a more willing part of the United Kingdom. Russell proposed to make an annual grant of £340,000 to the Catholic Church in Ireland, with the aim of ameliorating Irish Catholic opinion towards <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">the Union</a>. In 1847, Russell's father-in-law the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_2nd_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 2nd Earl of Minto">Earl of Minto</a> was dispatched on a confidential mission to Rome to seek the <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pope's</a> support for the grants plan. In the end, the idea had to be abandoned due to Catholic objections to what they saw as an attempt to control their clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999158–159_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999158–159-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Russell pressed ahead with plans to re-establish formal diplomatic relations between the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_St_James%27s" title="Court of St James's">Court of St James's</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, which had been severed when <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> was deposed in 1688. Russell managed to pass an Act to authorise an exchange of ambassadors with Rome, but not before the bill was amended by Parliament to stipulate that the Pope's ambassador must be a <a href="/wiki/Layman" class="mw-redirect" title="Layman">layman</a>. The Pope refused to accept such a restriction on his choice of representative and so the exchange of ambassadors did not take place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2009_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrest2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would not be until 1914 that formal <a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Holy See–United Kingdom relations">UK-Vatican diplomatic relations</a> were finally established. </p><p>Relations with the papacy soured badly in late 1850 after <a href="/wiki/Pius_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bull</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Universalis_Ecclesiae" title="Universalis Ecclesiae">Universalis Ecclesiae</a></i>. By this bull Pius unilaterally reintroduced Catholic bishops to England and Wales for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">Reformation</a>. Anti-Catholic feelings ran high with many Protestants incensed at what they saw as impertinent foreign interference in the prerogative of the established <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> to appoint bishops. Russell, not withstanding his long record of advocating civil liberties for Catholics, shared the traditional Whig suspicion of the Catholic hierarchy, and was angered at what he saw as a papal imposition. On 4 November 1850, in a letter to the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Maltby" title="Edward Maltby">Bishop of Durham</a> published in <i>The Times</i> the same day, Russell wrote that the Pope's actions suggested a "pretension to supremacy" and declared that "No foreign prince or potentate will be permitted to fasten his fetters upon a nation which has so long and so nobly vindicated its right to freedom of opinion, civil, political, and religious". Russell's "Durham letter" won him popular support in England but in Ireland it was viewed as an unwarranted insult to the Pope. It lost Russell the confidence of Irish Repealer MPs and the cabinet were angered that he had made such an incendiary statement without having consulting them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895188–189_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895188–189-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following year Russell passed the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Titles_Act_1851" title="Ecclesiastical Titles Act 1851">Ecclesiastical Titles Act 1851</a> with Tory support, which made it a criminal offence carrying a fine of £100 for anyone outside of the Church of England to assume an episcopal title "of any city, town or place, or of any territory or district...in the United Kingdom." The Act was widely ignored without consequences and only served to further alienate Irish MPs, thereby weakening the government's position in the Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2009_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrest2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disagreements_with_Palmerston">Disagreements with Palmerston</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Disagreements with Palmerston"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russell frequently clashed with his headstrong Foreign Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>, whose belligerence and support for continental revolution he found embarrassing. In 1847 Palmerston provoked a confrontation with the French government by undermining the plans of the Spanish court to marry the young <a href="/wiki/Isabel_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabel II of Spain">Spanish Queen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Luisa_Fernanda,_Duchess_of_Montpensier" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier">her sister</a> into the French royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b1–10_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b1–10-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently clashed with Russell over plans to increase the size of the army and the navy to defend against the perceived threat of French invasion, which subsided after the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">French king</a> in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b13–25_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b13–25-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe's</a> flight from <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> signalled a new spark of revolutionary fervour throughout Europe and next went to <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>, where a student revolt forced <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_under_Austrian_emperors" title="List of heads of government under Austrian emperors">Austrian Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Count Metternich</a> out of the country and take up refuge in England with <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Emperor Ferdinand</a> considering asylum in <a href="/wiki/Tyrol" title="Tyrol">Tyrol</a>. The spirit of revolution soon spread to <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>; <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895179_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895179-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1850, further tension arose between the two over Palmerston's <a href="/wiki/Gunboat_diplomacy" title="Gunboat diplomacy">gunboat diplomacy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Don_Pacifico_affair" title="Don Pacifico affair">Don Pacifico affair</a>, in which Palmerston sought compensation from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Greece" title="Government of Greece">Greek government</a> for the ransacking and the burning of the house of <a href="/wiki/David_Pacifico" title="David Pacifico">David Pacifico</a>, a Gibraltarian holder of a British passport.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers2004313_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers2004313-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell considered the matter "hardly worth the interposition of the British lion," and when Palmerston ignored some of his instructions, the Prime Minister wrote to Palmerston telling him he had informed the Queen that he "thought the interests of the country required that a change should take place at the Foreign Department."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b56–60_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b56–60-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, less than a month later <a href="/wiki/Edward_Geoffrey_Smith_Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Lord Stanley</a> successfully led the House of Lords into passing a motion of censure of the Government over its handling of the affair and Russell realised that he needed to align with Palmerston in order to prevent a similar motion being passed by the House of Commons, which would have obliged the Government to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b61–62_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b61–62-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Government prevailed, but Palmerston came out of the affair with his popularity at new heights since he was seen as the champion of defending British subjects anywhere in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers2004323–4_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers2004323–4-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_of_ministry_and_resignation">Fall of ministry and resignation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fall of ministry and resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In France, the ambitious rather than able <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Louis Napoleon</a>, the elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">President of France</a> provoked a <a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">self-coup d'état</a> and overthrew the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_1851" title="National Assembly of 1851">National Assembly</a> and revised the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1848" title="French Constitution of 1848">Constitution of 1848</a>. Both the Cabinet and the Court were alarmed by the incident and felt the need to declare "absolute neutrality" and instructions were given to the British ambassador <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Phipps,_1st_Marquess_of_Normanby" title="Constantine Phipps, 1st Marquess of Normanby">Lord Normanby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895179_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895179-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the official communication was made, Normanby was met with news that Palmerston had met with the French ambassador and declared the coup "a act of self-defence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895180_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895180-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell forced Palmerston to resign as Foreign Secretary after Palmerston recognised <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>'s coup of 2 December 1851 without first consulting the Queen or Cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmerston was offered the position of <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of Ireland">Viceroy of Ireland</a> but refused out of contempt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895181_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895181-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell recognised that the dismissal of Palmerston have significantly weakened his government's position and the matter only grew dire after <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Lord Clarendon</a> declined the position at the Foreign Office. Russell later appointed <a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Lord Granville</a> as Foreign Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895182_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895182-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell tried to strengthen his government by recruiting leading Peelites such as <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Graham,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet">Sir James Graham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton,_5th_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Henry Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle">the Duke of Newcastle</a> to his administration, but they declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b143_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b143-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of office, Palmerston sought revenge by turning a vote on a militia bill into a <a href="/wiki/Motions_of_no_confidence_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Motions of no confidence in the United Kingdom">vote of confidence</a> in the Government. A majority vote in favour of an amendment proposed by Palmerston caused the downfall of Russell's ministry on 21 February 1852. This was Palmerston's famous "tit for tat with Johnny Russell."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2009_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrest2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to his brother-in-law, the <a href="/wiki/George_Elliot_(Royal_Navy_officer,_born_1784)" title="George Elliot (Royal Navy officer, born 1784)">Hon. George Elliot</a>, Russell said following his resignation that "Its all fair. I dealt him a blow and he has given me one in return."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895195_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895195-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Between_premierships">Between premierships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Between premierships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_opposition:_February–December_1852"><span id="In_opposition:_February.E2.80.93December_1852"></span>In opposition: February–December 1852</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In opposition: February–December 1852"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following Russell's resignation, on 23 February 1852 the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Earl of Derby</a> accepted the Queen's invitation to form a government. The new Conservative ministry were a minority in the Commons due to the continuing rift with the <a href="/wiki/Peelites" class="mw-redirect" title="Peelites">Peelites</a>. Derby called a <a href="/wiki/1852_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1852 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> for July but failed to secure a majority. After the election Derby's Conservatives held 292 out of the 662 seats in the Commons but were able to carry on in office due to divisions among the opposition. Negotiations over a Whig-Peelite coalition stalled over the question of who would lead it. Russell's authority and popularity within the Whigs had been dented by his falling out with Palmerston, who flatly refused to serve under him again. Moreover, he had alienated many in the Peelites and the Irish Brigade, who held the balance of power in the Commons, leaving them unwilling to support another Russell-led government. Palmerston proposed <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Lord Lansdowne</a> as a compromise candidate. This was acceptable to Russell but Lansdowne was reluctant to take on the burdens of leading a government. The defeat of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli's</a> <a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a> in December 1852 forced the issue. Derby's government resigned and the Queen sent for Lansdowne and the Peelite <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton_Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" class="mw-redirect" title="George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Lord Aberdeen</a>. Lansdowne declined the Queen's invitation, pleading ill-health and so Aberdeen was tasked with forming a government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2009_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrest2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999195–199_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999195–199-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Aberdeen_coalition:_1852–1855"><span id="The_Aberdeen_coalition:_1852.E2.80.931855"></span>The Aberdeen coalition: 1852–1855</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Aberdeen coalition: 1852–1855"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_ministry" title="Aberdeen ministry">Aberdeen ministry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell_by_Sir_Francis_Grant_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell, by Sir Francis Grant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell_by_Sir_Francis_Grant_detail.jpg/170px-John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell_by_Sir_Francis_Grant_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell_by_Sir_Francis_Grant_detail.jpg/255px-John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell_by_Sir_Francis_Grant_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell_by_Sir_Francis_Grant_detail.jpg/340px-John_Russell%2C_1st_Earl_Russell_by_Sir_Francis_Grant_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Detail of Russell's portrait by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Grant_(artist)" title="Francis Grant (artist)">Francis Grant</a>, 1853</figcaption></figure> <p>Russell, as the leader of the Whigs, agreed to bring his party into a coalition with the Peelites, headed by Aberdeen. As the leader of the largest party in the coalition, Russell was reluctant to serve under Aberdeen in a subordinate position, but agreed to take on the role of Foreign Secretary on a temporary basis, to lend stability to the fledgling government. He resigned the role in February 1853 in favour of <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a>, but continued to lead for the government in the Commons and attended cabinet without ministerial responsibilities. Russell was unhappy that half of Aberdeen's cabinet was made up of Peelites, despite the fact that the Whigs contributed hundreds of MPs to the Government's support in the Commons, and the Peelites only around 40. However, he came to admire some of his Peelite colleagues, particularly the Chancellor of the Exchequer <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a>, who would go on to become an important political ally in later years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999199–204_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999199–204-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Aberdeen's agreement, Russell used his position as <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> to push for a new Reform Act. Although Russell had promoted the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a> as a one-off measure to re-balance the constitution, after twenty years he had become convinced of the need for further electoral reform. In February 1854 Russell introduced his bill to the House. The property qualification was to be reduced from £10 to £6 in boroughs, and from £50 to £10 in the counties. Additionally 66 seats would be removed from undersized constituencies and redistributed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999204–206_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999204–206-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second reading of the bill was set for March 1854, but the prospect of imminent war with Russia led to it being postponed until April. After the outbreak of war on 28 March Russell came under pressure from the cabinet to withdraw the bill entirely. Russell threatened to resign if the cabinet abandoned the reform bill, but he was convinced to stay on by Aberdeen, who promised that he would support the reform bill if Russell reintroduced it in a future session.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895240–243_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895240–243-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999208_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999208-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the fall of the Aberdeen government the following year, it would be 12 years before Russell had another chance to introduce a reform bill. </p><p>Together with Palmerston, Russell supported the government taking a hard line against Russian territorial ambitions in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, a policy that ultimately resulted in Britain's entry into the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> in March 1854, an outcome that the more cautious Aberdeen had hoped to avoid. In the following months Russell grew frustrated by what he saw as a lack of effective war leadership by Aberdeen and the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton,_5th_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Henry Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle">Duke of Newcastle</a>. Dispatches from the front reported that the army was suffering from supply shortages and a lack of adequate accommodation and medical facilities. In November 1854 Russell urged Aberdeen to replace Newcastle with Palmerston, who he believed would get a firmer grip on the organisation of the war, but these suggestions came to nothing. In January 1855, after a series of military setbacks, a Commons motion was brought by the radical MP <a href="/wiki/John_Arthur_Roebuck" title="John Arthur Roebuck">John Roebuck</a> to appoint a select committee to investigate the management of the war. Russell, not wishing to vote against an inquiry he believed was badly needed, resigned from the cabinet in order to abstain. Aberdeen viewed the Roebuck motion as a vote of no confidence in his leadership and, accordingly, when it passed by 305–148, he resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999225–229_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999225–229-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2009_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrest2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the eyes of many, including the Queen and Aberdeen, Russell's temperamental behaviour and personal ambition had undermined the stability of the coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1923107–112_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1923107–112-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On visiting <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a> to resign, Aberdeen told the Queen "Had it not been for the incessant attempts of Lord John Russell to keep up party differences, it must be acknowledged that the experiment of a coalition had succeeded admirably," an assessment with which the Queen agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell accepted an invitation from the Queen to form a new government but found that he could not assemble the necessary support, with many of his colleagues having been angered by his abandonment of Aberdeen over the Roebuck motion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999229–230_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999229–230-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmerston became prime minister, and Russell reluctantly accepted the role of Colonial Secretary in his cabinet. Russell was sent to Vienna to negotiate peace terms with Russia, but his proposals were rejected and he resigned from the cabinet and returned to the backbenches in July 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVincent198137–49_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVincent198137–49-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2002121_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2002121-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_the_backbenches:_1855–1859"><span id="Return_to_the_backbenches:_1855.E2.80.931859"></span>Return to the backbenches: 1855–1859</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Return to the backbenches: 1855–1859"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following his resignation Russell wrote to his father-in-law that he would not serve again under Palmerston or any other prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999246_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999246-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a time it appeared as if his career in frontbench politics might be over. Russell continued to speak out from the backbenches on the issues he most cared about – lobbying for increased government grants for education and for reduction in the property qualification for Parliamentary elections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999246–247_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999246–247-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1857 Russell became a vocal critic of Palmerston's government over the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_War" title="Anglo-Persian War">Anglo-Persian War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a>. Russell spoke in support of a motion tabled by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Richard Cobden</a>, which criticised British military action in China and calling for a select committee inquiry. When the motion passed on 3 March, Palmerston dissolved Parliament and went to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895287_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895287-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the subsequent <a href="/wiki/1857_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1857 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> Palmerston was swept back into power on a tide of patriotic feeling with an increased majority. Many of Palmerston's critics lost their seats but Russell hung on in the City of London, after fighting off an attempt to deselect him and replace him with a pro-Palmerston Whig candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999247–248_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999247–248-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmerston's triumph was short-lived. In February 1858 the Government rushed through a Conspiracy to Murder bill, following the <a href="/wiki/Orsini_plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Orsini plot">attempted assassination</a> of Napoleon III by Italian nationalist <a href="/wiki/Felice_Orsini" title="Felice Orsini">Felice Orsini</a> – an attack planned in Britain using British-made explosives. Russell attacked the bill, which he saw as undermined traditional British political liberties to appease a foreign government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895290_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895290-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 February Russell voted in favour of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Milner_Gibson" title="Thomas Milner Gibson">Thomas Milner Gibson's</a> motion, which criticised the government for bowing to French demands. When the motion passed by 19 votes Palmerston's government resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2009_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrest2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_Secretary_under_Palmerston:_1859–1865"><span id="Foreign_Secretary_under_Palmerston:_1859.E2.80.931865"></span>Foreign Secretary under Palmerston: 1859–1865</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Foreign Secretary under Palmerston: 1859–1865"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_government,_1859%E2%80%931866" title="Liberal government, 1859–1866">Liberal government, 1859–1866</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="United Kingdom and the American Civil War">United Kingdom and the American Civil War</a></div> <p>In 1859, following another short-lived Conservative government, Palmerston and Russell made up their differences, and Russell consented to serve as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a> in a new Palmerston cabinet, usually considered the first true <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> cabinet. This period was a particularly eventful one in the world outside Britain, seeing the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a> (the change of British government to one sympathetic to Italian nationalism had a marked part in this process<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevelyan1909120-123_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevelyan1909120-123-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Schleswig_War" title="Second Schleswig War">1864 war</a> over <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> between <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German states</a>. Russell arranged the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1864" title="London Conference of 1864">London Conference of 1864</a>, but failed to establish peace in the war. His tenure of the Foreign Office was noteworthy for the famous dispatch in which he defended Italian unification: "Her Majesty's Government will turn their eyes rather to the gratifying prospect of a people building up the edifice of their liberties, and consolidating the work of their independence, amid the sympathies and good wishes of Europe" (27 October 1860).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895Ch._14_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895Ch._14-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevation_to_the_peerage:_1861">Elevation to the peerage: 1861</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Elevation to the peerage: 1861"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1861 Russell was elevated to the peerage as <a href="/wiki/Earl_Russell" title="Earl Russell">Earl Russell</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Russell" title="Kingston Russell">Kingston Russell</a> in the County of <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>, and as <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Amberley" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Amberley">Viscount Amberley</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Amberley,_Gloucestershire" title="Amberley, Gloucestershire">Amberley</a> in the County of Gloucester, and of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardsalla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardsalla (page does not exist)">Ardsalla</a> in the <a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">County of Meath</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Henceforth, as a <a href="/wiki/Suo_jure" title="Suo jure">suo jure</a> peer, rather than merely being known as 'Lord' because he was the son of a Duke, he sat in the House of Lords for the remainder of his career. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prime_Minister_again:_1865–1866"><span id="Prime_Minister_again:_1865.E2.80.931866"></span>Prime Minister again: 1865–1866<span class="anchor" id="Second_premiership"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Prime Minister again: 1865–1866"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_government,_1859%E2%80%931866" title="Liberal government, 1859–1866">Liberal government, 1859–1866</a></div> <p>When Palmerston suddenly died in late 1865, Russell again became <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a>. His second premiership was short and frustrating, and Russell failed in his great ambition of expanding the franchise, a task that would be left to his Conservative successors, Derby and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>. In 1866, party disunity again brought down his government. Russell never again held any office. His last contribution to the House of Lords was on 3 August 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages_and_children">Marriages and children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Marriages and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_John_Russell.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lady_John_Russell.png/170px-Lady_John_Russell.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lady_John_Russell.png/255px-Lady_John_Russell.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Lady_John_Russell.png/340px-Lady_John_Russell.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Russell's first wife, Adelaide Lister, Lady Ribblesdale (1807–1838)</figcaption></figure> <p>Russell married Adelaide, Lady Ribblesdale (widow of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lister,_2nd_Baron_Ribblesdale" title="Thomas Lister, 2nd Baron Ribblesdale">Thomas Lister, 2nd Baron Ribblesdale</a>, 1790 –1832)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer199980–82_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer199980–82-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 11 April 1835. Together they had two daughters: </p> <ul><li>Lady Georgiana Adelaide Russell (1836 – 25 September 1922). She married Archibald Peel (son of General <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Peel" title="Jonathan Peel">Jonathan Peel</a>) on 15 August 1867. They had seven children.</li> <li>Lady Victoria Russell (20 October 1838 – 9 May 1880). She married Henry Villiers (the son of The Honorable <a href="/wiki/Henry_Montagu_Villiers" title="Henry Montagu Villiers">Henry Montagu Villiers</a>) on 16 April 1861. They had ten children and left many descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Adelaide came down with a fever following the birth of their second child and died a few days later on 1 November 1838. Following her death, Russell continued to raise his late wife's son, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lister,_3rd_Baron_Ribblesdale" title="Thomas Lister, 3rd Baron Ribblesdale">Thomas, 3rd Lord Ribblesdale</a>, and three daughters from her first marriage, as well as their two daughters. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frances,_Lady_John_Russell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Frances%2C_Lady_John_Russell.jpg/170px-Frances%2C_Lady_John_Russell.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Frances%2C_Lady_John_Russell.jpg/255px-Frances%2C_Lady_John_Russell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Frances%2C_Lady_John_Russell.jpg/340px-Frances%2C_Lady_John_Russell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="3344" /></a><figcaption>Russell's second wife, Lady Frances, with their eldest son, Viscount Amberley</figcaption></figure> <p>On 20 July 1841, Russell remarried, to <a href="/wiki/Frances_Russell,_Countess_Russell" title="Frances Russell, Countess Russell">Lady Frances ("Fanny") Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound</a>, daughter of Russell's cabinet colleague <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot,_2nd_Earl_of_Minto" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert Elliot, 2nd Earl of Minto">Gilbert Elliot, 2nd Earl of Minto</a>. Together they had four children: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_Viscount_Amberley" title="John Russell, Viscount Amberley">John Russell, Viscount Amberley</a> (1842–1876). He married <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Russell,_Viscountess_Amberley" title="Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley">The Hon. Katherine Stanley</a> on 8 November 1864. They had four children, including a stillborn daughter. Their eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Russell,_2nd_Earl_Russell" title="Frank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell">Frank</a>, would succeed Lord John to the title to become the 2nd Earl Russell. Another son, the 3rd Earl, was the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a>.</li> <li>Hon. George Gilbert William Russell (14 April 1848 – 27 January 1933).</li> <li>Hon. <a href="/wiki/Rollo_Russell" title="Rollo Russell">Francis Albert Rollo Russell</a> (1849–1914). He married Alice Godfrey (d. 12 May 1886) on 21 April 1885. They had one son. He remarried Gertrude Joachim on 28 April 1891. They had two children.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Agatha_Russell" title="Lady Agatha Russell">Lady Mary Agatha Russell</a> (1853–1933).</li></ul> <p>In 1847, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> granted <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembroke Lodge">Pembroke Lodge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Park" title="Richmond Park">Richmond Park</a> to Lord and Lady John. It remained their family home for the rest of their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999135_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999135-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher_Jones_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher_Jones-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russell was religious in a simple non-dogmatic way and supported "<a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">broad church</a>" stances in the Church of England. He opposed the "<a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a>" because its "Tractarian" members were too dogmatic and too close to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>. He supported Broad Churchmen or Latitudinarians by several appointments of liberal churchmen as bishops. In 1859 he reversed himself and decided to free non-Anglicans of the duty of paying rates (taxes) to the local Anglican parish. His political clumsiness and opposition to Church finance made him a target of attack and ridicule in many Church circles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENikol1974341–357_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENikol1974341–357-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllens1987232–249_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllens1987232–249-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick1966129,_146,_479_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1966129,_146,_479-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_years_and_death">Final years and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Final years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the death of their daughter-in-law Viscountess Amberley in 1874 and their son Viscount Amberley in 1876, Earl Russell and Countess Russell brought up their orphaned grandchildren, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Russell,_2nd_Earl_Russell" title="Frank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell">John ("Frank") Russell</a>, who became 2nd Earl Russell on his grandfather's death, and <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> who would go on to become a noted philosopher and who in later life recalled his elderly grandfather as "a kindly old man in a wheelchair."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2011Ch._1_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2011Ch._1-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earl Russell died at home at Pembroke Lodge on 28 May 1878. The Prime Minister, the <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Earl of Beaconsfield</a>, offered a public funeral and burial at Westminster Abbey for Russell but this was declined by Countess Russell in accordance with her late husband's wish to be buried among his family and ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is buried at the <a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s,_Chenies#Bedford_Chapel" title="St Michael's, Chenies">'Bedford Chapel'</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_Michael%27s,_Chenies" title="St Michael's, Chenies">St. Michael's Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chenies" title="Chenies">Chenies</a>, Buckinghamshire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_reputation">Legacy and reputation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Legacy and reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Russell,_Vanity_Fair,_1869-06-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_Russell%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-06-05.jpg/210px-John_Russell%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-06-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_Russell%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-06-05.jpg/315px-John_Russell%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-06-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/John_Russell%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-06-05.jpg/420px-John_Russell%2C_Vanity_Fair%2C_1869-06-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>"The greatest liberal statesman of modern times" – Russell's small stature was frequently lampooned by political caricaturists.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scion of one of the most powerful aristocratic families, Russell was a leading reformer who weakened the power of the aristocracy. His great achievements, wrote <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a>, were based on his persistent battles in Parliament over the years on behalf of the expansion of liberty; after each loss he tried again and again, until finally, his efforts were largely successful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor197667_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor197667-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Woodward" title="Llewellyn Woodward">E. L. Woodward</a>, however, argued that he was too much the abstract theorist: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He was more concerned with the removal of obstacles to civil liberty than with the creation of a more reasonable and civilized society. His political theory centred in the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">revolution of 1688</a>, and in the clique of aristocratic families to whom the country owed loyalty in return for something like the <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_1814" title="Charter of 1814">charte octroyée</a></i></span></i> of the reform bill.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="#CITEREFWoodward1962">Woodward 1962</a>, p. 100</cite></div></blockquote><p> Nevertheless, Russell led his Whig party into support for reform; he was the principal architect of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a> (<a href="/wiki/2_%26_3_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="2 & 3 Will. 4">2 & 3 Will. 4</a>. c. 45). </p><p>He was succeeded as Liberal leader by former Peelite <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a>, and was thus the last true Whig to serve as prime minister. Generally taken as the model for <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Trollope" title="Anthony Trollope">Anthony Trollope</a>'s Mr. Mildmay, aspects of his character may also have suggested those of <a href="/wiki/Plantagenet_Palliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenet Palliser">Plantagenet Palliser</a>. An ideal statesman, said Trollope, should have "unblemished, unextinguishable, inexhaustible love of country.... But he should also be scrupulous, and, as being scrupulous, weak."<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a> and extension of the franchise to British cities are partly attributed to his efforts. He also worked for emancipation, leading the attack on the <a href="/wiki/Test_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Test Act">Test</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corporation_Act_1661" title="Corporation Act 1661">Corporation acts</a>, which were repealed in 1828, as well as towards legislation limiting working hours in factories in the <a href="/wiki/Factories_Act_1847" title="Factories Act 1847">Factories Act 1847</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Act_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Health Act 1848">Public Health Act 1848</a> (<a href="/wiki/11_%26_12_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="11 & 12 Vict.">11 & 12 Vict.</a> c. 63). </p><p>His government's approach to dealing with the Great Irish Famine is now widely condemned as counterproductive, ill-informed and disastrous. Russell himself was sympathetic to the plight of the Irish poor, and many of his relief proposals were blocked by his cabinet or by the British Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999158_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999158-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>'s attitude toward Russell was coloured by his role in the Aberdeen administration. On his death in 1878 her journal records that he was "a man of much talent, who leaves a name behind him, kind, & good, with a great knowledge of the constitution, who behaved very well, on many trying occasions; but he was impulsive, very selfish (as shown on many occasions, especially during Ld Aberdeen's administration) vain, & often reckless & imprudent." </p><p>A public house in Bloomsbury, large parts of which are still owned by the Bedford Estate, is named after Russell, located on Marchmont Street. </p><p>Earl Russell Street is named after him in <a href="/wiki/Aylestone" title="Aylestone">Aylestone</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>. </p><p>Russell Road in <a href="/wiki/Merton_Park" title="Merton Park">Merton Park</a>, a suburb of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, is named after him, adjacent to Derby, Gladstone, Palmerston and Pelham Roads, all named after former Prime Ministers. </p><p>The town of <a href="/wiki/Russell,_New_Zealand" title="Russell, New Zealand">Russell</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northland_Region" title="Northland Region">Northland Region</a> of New Zealand, was named in honour of him as the then Secretary of State for the Colonies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_works">Original works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Original works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russell published numerous books and essays over the course of his life, especially during periods out of office. He principally wrote on politics and history, but also turned his hand to a variety of other topics and genres. His published works include: </p> <ul><li><i>The Life of <a href="/wiki/William_Russell,_Lord_Russell" title="William Russell, Lord Russell">William Lord Russell</a></i> (1819) – a biography of his famous ancestor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1820_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1820-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Essays and Sketches of Life and Character by a Gentleman who has left his lodgings</i> (1820) – a series of social and cultural commentaries ostensibly found in a missing lodger's rooms, published anonymously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1820b_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1820b-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>An Essay on the History of the English Government and Constitution, from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>. to the present time</i> (1821)</li> <li><i>The Nun of Arrouca: a Tale</i> (1822) – a romantic novel set in Portugal during the Peninsular War.</li> <li><i>Don Carlos: or, Persecution. A tragedy, in five acts</i> (1822) – a blank verse play on the same subject as the <a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_(play)" title="Don Carlos (play)">play of the same title</a> by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a>.</li> <li><i>Memoirs of the Affairs of Europe from the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Peace of Utrecht</a></i> (1824) – a second volume appeared in 1829.</li> <li><i>The Establishment of the Turks in Europe, An Historical Discourse</i> (1828)</li> <li><i>The Causes of the French Revolution</i> (1832) <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Author_of_the_%22Memoirs_of_the_Affairs_of_Europe.%22_(BM_1859,0625.112).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Author_of_the_%22Memoirs_of_the_Affairs_of_Europe.%22_%28BM_1859%2C0625.112%29.jpg/300px-Author_of_the_%22Memoirs_of_the_Affairs_of_Europe.%22_%28BM_1859%2C0625.112%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Author_of_the_%22Memoirs_of_the_Affairs_of_Europe.%22_%28BM_1859%2C0625.112%29.jpg/450px-Author_of_the_%22Memoirs_of_the_Affairs_of_Europe.%22_%28BM_1859%2C0625.112%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Author_of_the_%22Memoirs_of_the_Affairs_of_Europe.%22_%28BM_1859%2C0625.112%29.jpg/600px-Author_of_the_%22Memoirs_of_the_Affairs_of_Europe.%22_%28BM_1859%2C0625.112%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2371" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>"The Author of Memoirs of the Affairs of Europe" – an illustration of Russell from <a href="/wiki/Fraser%27s_Magazine" title="Fraser's Magazine">Fraser's Magazine</a>, 1831</figcaption></figure></li> <li><i>Adventures in the Moon, and Other Worlds</i> (1836) – a collection of <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy</a> short stories, published anonymously.</li> <li><i>The Life and Times of <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a></i> (1859–1866) – a three volume biography of Russell's political hero.</li> <li><i>Essays on the Rise and Progress of the Christian Religion in the West of Europe, from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i>The Foreign Policy of England 1570-1870, An Historical Essay</i> (1871)</li> <li><i>Recollections and Suggestions 1813-1873</i> (1875) – Russell's political memoir.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_editor">As editor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: As editor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Correspondence of <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_4th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford">John, Fourth Duke of Bedford</a></i> – in three volumes, published between 1842 and 1846.</li> <li><i>Memoirs, Journal, and Correspondence of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Moore" title="Thomas Moore">Thomas Moore</a></i> – in eight volumes, published between 1853 and 1856. Russell was Moore's literary executor and published his papers in accordance with his late friend's wishes.</li> <li><i>Memorials and correspondence of Charles James Fox</i> – in four volumes, published between 1853 and 1857.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dedications">Dedications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Dedications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities" title="A Tale of Two Cities">A Tale of Two Cities</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> was dedicated to Lord John Russell, "In remembrance of many public services and private kindnesses."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens1866iii_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens1866iii-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In speech given in 1869, Dickens remarked of Russell that "there is no man in England whom I respect more in his public capacity, whom I love more in his private capacity."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens1906290_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens1906290-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of John Russell, 1st Earl Russell</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_4th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford">His Grace John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford</a><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Russell,_Marquess_of_Tavistock" title="Francis Russell, Marquess of Tavistock">Francis Russell, Marquess of Tavistock</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gibbs,_1912,_pp._84-5_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbs,_1912,_pp._84-5-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Russell,_Duchess_of_Bedford" title="Gertrude Russell, Duchess of Bedford">Lady Gertrude Leveson-Gower</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gibbs,_1912,_p._83_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbs,_1912,_p._83-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_6th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford">His Grace John Russell, 6th Duke of Bedford</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cokayne,_1895,_p._450_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cokayne,_1895,_p._450-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Willem_van_Keppel,_2nd_Earl_of_Albemarle" title="Willem van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle">Rt. Hon. William Anne Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle</a><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. Lady Elizabeth Keppel<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbs,_1912,_pp._84-5_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbs,_1912,_pp._84-5-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Anne_van_Keppel,_Countess_of_Albemarle" title="Anne van Keppel, Countess of Albemarle">Lady Anne Lennox</a><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. Rt. Hon. <b>John Russell, first Earl Russell</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/George_Byng,_3rd_Viscount_Torrington" title="George Byng, 3rd Viscount Torrington">Maj.-Gen. Rt. Hon. George Byng, 3rd Viscount Torrington</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cokayne,_1896,_p._411_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cokayne,_1896,_p._411-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/George_Byng,_4th_Viscount_Torrington" title="George Byng, 4th Viscount Torrington">Rt. Hon. George Byng, 4th Viscount Torrington</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cokayne,_1895,_p._450_120-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cokayne,_1895,_p._450-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. Elizabeth Daniel<sup id="cite_ref-Cokayne,_1896,_p._411_122-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cokayne,_1896,_p._411-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. Hon. Georgiana Elizabeth Byng<sup id="cite_ref-Cokayne,_1895,_p._450_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cokayne,_1895,_p._450-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/John_Boyle,_5th_Earl_of_Cork" title="John Boyle, 5th Earl of Cork">Rt. Hon. John Boyle, 5th Earl of Cork</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cokayne,_1896,_p._411_122-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cokayne,_1896,_p._411-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. Lady Lucy Boyle<sup id="cite_ref-Cokayne,_1896,_p._411_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cokayne,_1896,_p._411-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. Margaret Hamilton<sup id="cite_ref-Cokayne,_1896,_p._411_122-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cokayne,_1896,_p._411-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Blue_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="British Blue Book">British Blue Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalization_of_the_Danube_River" title="Internationalization of the Danube River">Internationalization of the Danube River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#International_diplomacy" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America § International diplomacy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other sources use the nickname "Finality John": <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Nuttall Encyclopædia/R#Russell, John, Earl"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Nuttall_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/R#Russell,_John,_Earl">"Russell, John, Earl" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nuttall_Encyclop%C3%A6dia" title="The Nuttall Encyclopædia">The Nuttall Encyclopædia</a></i>. 1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russell%2C+John%2C+Earl&rft.btitle=The+Nuttall+Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Finality John"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Finality_John">"Finality John" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Finality+John&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/people/lord-john-russell-1st-earl-russell">"Lord John Russell, 1st Earl Russell"</a>. <i>GOV.UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Russell+and+Palmerston%2C+1846-1868+%E2%80%93+Journal+of+Liberal+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliberalhistory.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Fthe-age-of-russell-and-palmerston-1846-1868%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECannonCrowcroft2015827-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECannonCrowcroft2015827_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCannonCrowcroft2015">Cannon & Crowcroft 2015</a>, p. 827.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor197667-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor197667_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor197667_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrest2009-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2009_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2009_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2009_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2009_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2009_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2009_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2009_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest2009_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrest2009">Prest 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer19995-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer19995_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherer1999">Scherer 1999</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid18959-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid18959_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid189512-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid189512_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrest197211-13-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrest197211-13_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrest1972">Prest 1972</a>, p. 11-13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hop-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hop_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.histparl.ac.uk/volume/1790-1820/member/russell-lord-john-ii-1792-1878">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> History of Parliament article by R. G. Thorne.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a62–76-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a62–76_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalpole1889a">Walpole 1889a</a>, pp. 62–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a74–75-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a74–75_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalpole1889a">Walpole 1889a</a>, pp. 74–75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a69–70-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a69–70_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalpole1889a">Walpole 1889a</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid189527-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid189527_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid189527_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid189527–28-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid189527–28_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1815/jun/05/committee-of-supply">"Committee of Supply"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. House of Commons. 5 June 1815<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Committee+of+Supply&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1815-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1815%2Fjun%2F05%2Fcommittee-of-supply&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer199919-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer199919_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherer1999">Scherer 1999</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Gash, <i>Mr Secretary Peel</i> (1961) pp: 460–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard A. Gaunt, "Peel's Other Repeal: The Test and Corporation Acts, 1828," <i>Parliamentary History</i> (2014) 33#1 pp 243–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer199944–52-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer199944–52_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherer1999">Scherer 1999</a>, pp. 44–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1834/may/06/tithes-ireland#S3V0023P0_18340506_HOC_48">"Tithes Ireland (1834)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. House of Commons. 6 May 1834<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tithes+Ireland+%281834%29&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1834-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1834%2Fmay%2F06%2Ftithes-ireland%23S3V0023P0_18340506_HOC_48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a208–209-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a208–209_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalpole1889a">Walpole 1889a</a>, pp. 208–209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1834/jun/02/church-of-ireland-adjourned-debate">"Church of Ireland Adjourned Debate (1834)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. House of Commons. 2 June 1834<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Church+of+Ireland+Adjourned+Debate+%281834%29&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1834-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1834%2Fjun%2F02%2Fchurch-of-ireland-adjourned-debate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a217–218-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a217–218_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalpole1889a">Walpole 1889a</a>, pp. 217–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawkins2007152-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawkins2007152_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHawkins2007">Hawkins 2007</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895104-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895104_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895104_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1835/jun/25/the-dorchester-labourer">"The Dorchester Labourer (1835)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. House of Commons. 25 June 1835<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dorchester+Labourer+%281835%29&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1835-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1835%2Fjun%2F25%2Fthe-dorchester-labourer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1836/feb/12/registration-of-births-c-dissenters">"Registration of Births C Dissenters (1836)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. House of Commons. 12 February 1836<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Registration+of+Births+C+Dissenters+%281836%29&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1836-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1836%2Ffeb%2F12%2Fregistration-of-births-c-dissenters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1837/mar/23/criminal-law">"Criminal Law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. House of Commons. 23 March 1837<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Criminal+Law&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1837-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1837%2Fmar%2F23%2Fcriminal-law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1837/may/19/capital-punishments">"Capital Punishments"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. House of Commons. 19 May 1837<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Capital+Punishments&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1837-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1837%2Fmay%2F19%2Fcapital-punishments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895107-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895107_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i> (27 November 1845), pg. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a410–416-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a410–416_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalpole1889a">Walpole 1889a</a>, pp. 410–416.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a422–424-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a422–424_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalpole1889a">Walpole 1889a</a>, pp. 422–424.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895141-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895141_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895141_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895154-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895154_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895142-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895142_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895159-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895159_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895159–160-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895159–160_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, pp. 159–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895157-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895157_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a454–455-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889a454–455_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalpole1889a">Walpole 1889a</a>, pp. 454–455.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elizabeth Free & Theodore M. 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New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Republic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Macardle&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor197677–78-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor197677–78_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1976">Taylor 1976</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895163-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895163_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/chartists/overview/chartistmovement/">"Chartist movement"</a>. Parliament of the United Kingdom<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Parliament of the United Kingdom<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1838+Peoples+Charter+gallery&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fabout%2Fliving-heritage%2Fevolutionofparliament%2F2015-parliament-in-the-making%2Fget-involved1%2F2015-banners-exhibition%2Fross-sinclair%2F1838-peoples-charter-gallery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895165-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895165_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895166-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895166_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895166–167-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895166–167_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, pp. 166–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895167–168,_168–169-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895167–168,_168–169_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, pp. 167–168, 168–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895169-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895169_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895173-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895173_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895173_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895174-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895174_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895174_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895170-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895170_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895171-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895171_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895172-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895172_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895172_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895172–173,_173–174-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895172–173,_173–174_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, pp. 172–173, 173–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999158–159-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999158–159_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherer1999">Scherer 1999</a>, pp. 158–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895188–189-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895188–189_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b1–10-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b1–10_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalpole1889b">Walpole 1889b</a>, pp. 1–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b13–25-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b13–25_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalpole1889b">Walpole 1889b</a>, pp. 13–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895179-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895179_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895179_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers2004313-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers2004313_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChambers2004">Chambers 2004</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b56–60-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b56–60_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalpole1889b">Walpole 1889b</a>, pp. 56–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b61–62-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b61–62_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalpole1889b">Walpole 1889b</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambers2004323–4-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChambers2004323–4_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChambers2004">Chambers 2004</a>, pp. 323–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895180-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895180_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. H. L. Le May, "The Ministerial Crisis of 1851." <i>History Today</i> (June 1951), Vol. 1 Issue 6, p52-58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895181-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895181_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895182-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895182_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b143-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalpole1889b143_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalpole1889b">Walpole 1889b</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895195-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895195_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999195–199-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999195–199_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherer1999">Scherer 1999</a>, pp. 195–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999199–204-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999199–204_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherer1999">Scherer 1999</a>, pp. 199–204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999204–206-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999204–206_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherer1999">Scherer 1999</a>, pp. 204–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895240–243-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895240–243_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, pp. 240–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999208-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999208_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherer1999">Scherer 1999</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999225–229-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999225–229_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherer1999">Scherer 1999</a>, pp. 225–229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1923107–112-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1923107–112_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1923">Martin 1923</a>, pp. 107–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Queen Victoria's Journals, Tuesday 30 January 1855, Windsor Castle, Princess Beatrice's copies</i>, Volume:39 (1 January 1855 – 30 June 1855), pp. 47–48, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.queenvictoriasjournals.org/search/displayItem.do?FormatType=fulltextimgsrc&QueryType=articles&ResultsID=2738818125973&filterSequence=1&PageNumber=1&ItemNumber=7&ItemID=qvj08067&volumeType=PSBEA">Online from the Bodleian Library</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999229–230-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999229–230_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherer1999">Scherer 1999</a>, pp. 229–230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVincent198137–49-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVincent198137–49_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVincent1981">Vincent 1981</a>, pp. 37–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2002121-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2002121_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArnold2002">Arnold 2002</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999246-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999246_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherer1999">Scherer 1999</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999246–247-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999246–247_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherer1999">Scherer 1999</a>, pp. 246–247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895287-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895287_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999247–248-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999247–248_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherer1999">Scherer 1999</a>, pp. 247–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895290-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895290_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevelyan1909120-123-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevelyan1909120-123_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrevelyan1909">Trevelyan 1909</a>, p. 120-123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895Ch._14-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895Ch._14_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>, Ch. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette22534" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22534/page/3193">"No. 22534"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 30 July 1861. p. 3193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+22534&rft.pages=3193&rft.date=1861-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F22534%2Fpage%2F3193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/lord-john-russell/index.html">Lord John Russell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a> search.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer199980–82-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer199980–82_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherer1999">Scherer 1999</a>, pp. 80–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid1895-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid1895_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReid1895">Reid 1895</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999135-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999135_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherer1999">Scherer 1999</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fletcher_Jones-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fletcher_Jones_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher_Jones,_Pamela1972" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher Jones, Pamela (1972). <i>Richmond Park: Portrait of a Royal Playground</i>. <a href="/wiki/Phillimore_%26_Co_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillimore & Co Ltd">Phillimore & Co Ltd</a>. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8503-3497-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8503-3497-7"><bdi>0-8503-3497-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richmond+Park%3A+Portrait+of+a+Royal+Playground&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Phillimore+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-8503-3497-7&rft.au=Fletcher+Jones%2C+Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENikol1974341–357-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENikol1974341–357_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNikol1974">Nikol 1974</a>, pp. 341–357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllens1987232–249-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllens1987232–249_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEllens1987">Ellens 1987</a>, pp. 232–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChadwick1966129,_146,_479-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChadwick1966129,_146,_479_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChadwick1966">Chadwick 1966</a>, pp. 129, 146, 479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2011Ch._1-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2011Ch._1_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClark2011">Clark 2011</a>, Ch. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1878/may/31/question-observation">"Question Observation (1878)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. House of Commons. 31 May 1878<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Question+Observation+%281878%29&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1878-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1878%2Fmay%2F31%2Fquestion-observation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFKenney1965">Kenney 1965</a>, pp. 281–285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScherer1999158-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScherer1999158_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScherer1999">Scherer 1999</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1820-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1820_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1820">Russell 1820</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1820b-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell1820b_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1820b">Russell 1820b</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens1866iii-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens1866iii_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickens1866">Dickens 1866</a>, p. iii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickens1906290-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickens1906290_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickens1906">Dickens 1906</a>, p. 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cokayne,_1895,_p._450-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cokayne,_1895,_p._450_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cokayne,_1895,_p._450_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cokayne,_1895,_p._450_120-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cokayne, <i>Complete Peerage</i>, 1st ed., vol. 6, 1895, p. 450.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbs,_1912,_pp._84-5-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbs,_1912,_pp._84-5_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibbs,_1912,_pp._84-5_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cokayne and Gibbs, <i>Complete Peerage</i>, 2nd ed., vol. 2, 1912, pp. 84–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cokayne,_1896,_p._411-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cokayne,_1896,_p._411_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cokayne,_1896,_p._411_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cokayne,_1896,_p._411_122-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cokayne,_1896,_p._411_122-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cokayne,_1896,_p._411_122-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cokayne, <i>Complete Peerage</i>, 1st ed., vol. 7, 1896, p. 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cokayne and Gibbs, <i>Complete Peerage</i>, 2nd ed., vol. 2, 1912, pp. 83–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbs,_1912,_p._83-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbs,_1912,_p._83_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cokayne and Gibbs, <i>Complete Peerage</i>, 2nd ed., vol. 2, 1912, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cokayne and Gibbs, <i>Complete Peerage</i>, 2nd ed., vol. 2, 1912, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cokayne and Gibbs, <i>Complete Peerage</i>, 2nd ed., vol. 1, 1910, p. 94.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates1883" class="citation cs1">Bates, William (1883). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Maclise Portrait-Gallery/Lord John Russell"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Maclise_Portrait-Gallery/Lord_John_Russell">"Lord John Russell" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Maclise Portrait-Gallery"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Maclise_Portrait-Gallery"><i>The Maclise Portrait-Gallery of "Illustrious Literary Characters"</i> </a></span>. Illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Maclise" title="Daniel Maclise">Daniel Maclise</a> (1 ed.). London: Chatto and Windus. pp. <span class="nowrap">69–</span>72 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lord+John+Russell&rft.btitle=The+Maclise+Portrait-Gallery+of+%22Illustrious+Literary+Characters%22&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Chatto+and+Windus&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2002" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Guy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_UreS--MoD0C&pg=PA121"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6613-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6613-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-6613-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Crimean+War&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6613-3&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_UreS--MoD0C%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannonCrowcroft2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Cannon_(historian)" title="John Cannon (historian)">Cannon, John</a>; Crowcroft, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PM9xCgAAQBAJ&pg=A827"><i>The Oxford Companion to British History</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967783-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967783-2"><bdi>978-0-19-967783-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+British+History&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967783-2&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Crowcroft%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPM9xCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DA827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1966" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick, Owen (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/x-1-victorian-church/page/601/mode/2up?q=russell"><i>The Victorian Church</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victorian+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Chadwick&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fx-1-victorian-church%2Fpage%2F601%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Drussell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlain1983" class="citation book cs1">Chamberlain, Muriel E. (1983). <i>Lord Aberdeen: A Political Biography</i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Aberdeen%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Chamberlain&rft.aufirst=Muriel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2004" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, James (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hst1QgAACAAJ"><i>Palmerston, "The People's Darling"</i></a>. John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5452-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5452-0"><bdi>978-0-7195-5452-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palmerston%2C+%22The+People%27s+Darling%22&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-5452-0&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHst1QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2011" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Ronald (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tFK_zRyCQd4C"><i>The Life of Bertrand Russell</i></a>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4482-0215-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4482-0215-7"><bdi>978-1-4482-0215-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Bertrand+Russell&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4482-0215-7&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtFK_zRyCQd4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Dickens, Charles</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XelBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA290"><i>The Speeches of Charles Dickens, 1841–1870</i></a>. Chatto & Windus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Speeches+of+Charles+Dickens%2C+1841%E2%80%931870&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXelBAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickens1866" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Dickens, Charles</a> (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fO1LAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR3"><i>A tale of two cities</i></a>. Chapman & Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+tale+of+two+cities&rft.pub=Chapman+%26+Hall&rft.date=1866&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfO1LAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllens1987" class="citation journal cs1">Ellens, J. P. (1987). "Lord John Russell and the Church Rate Conflict: The Struggle for a Broad Church, 1834–1868". <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>26</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">232–</span>257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F385887">10.1086/385887</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9371">0021-9371</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/175503">175503</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153660971">153660971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Lord+John+Russell+and+the+Church+Rate+Conflict%3A+The+Struggle+for+a+Broad+Church%2C+1834%E2%80%931868&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E232-%3C%2Fspan%3E257&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0021-9371&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153660971%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F175503%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F385887&rft.aulast=Ellens&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Norman Gash, <i>Mr Secretary Peel</i> (1961) pp: 460–65</li> <li>Richard A. Gaunt, "Peel's Other Repeal: The Test and Corporation Acts, 1828," <i>Parliamentary History</i> (2014) 33#1 pp 243–262</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalevy1950" class="citation journal cs1">Halevy, Elie (1950). "The Triumph of Reform 1830–1841". <i>History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century</i>. <b>3</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+the+English+People+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.atitle=The+Triumph+of+Reform+1830%E2%80%931841&rft.volume=3&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Halevy&rft.aufirst=Elie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span> detailed political narrative</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalevy1951" class="citation journal cs1">Halevy, Elie (1951). "Victorian Years". <i>History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century</i>. <b>4</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+the+English+People+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.atitle=Victorian+Years&rft.volume=4&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Halevy&rft.aufirst=Elie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span> detailed political narrative</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkins2007" class="citation book cs1">Hawkins, Angus (2007). <i>The forgotten Prime Minister – the 14th Earl of Derby</i>. Vol. I (1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920440-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920440-3"><bdi>978-0-19-920440-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+forgotten+Prime+Minister+%E2%80%93+the+14th+Earl+of+Derby&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920440-3&rft.aulast=Hawkins&rft.aufirst=Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Henderson, G. B. (2011). "IV. The Eclipse of Lord John Russell". <i>Cambridge Historical Journal</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">60–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1474691300001220">10.1017/S1474691300001220</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-6913">1474-6913</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020833">3020833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=IV.+The+Eclipse+of+Lord+John+Russell&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1474-6913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3020833%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1474691300001220&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=G.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenney1965" class="citation journal cs1">Kenney, Blair G. 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(1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lordjohnrussell0000pres"><i>Lord John Russell</i></a>. University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-269-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-269-1"><bdi>978-0-87249-269-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+John+Russell&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-87249-269-1&rft.aulast=Prest&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flordjohnrussell0000pres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Prest, John. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F24325">10.1093/ref:odnb/24325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russell%2C+John%2C+first+Earl+Russell+%281792%E2%80%931878%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-05-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F24325&rft.aulast=Prest&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="pp._43–63" class="citation journal cs1">Prest, J. M. (1966). "Gladstone and Russell". <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>. <b>16</b>: <span class="nowrap">43–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3678794">10.2307/3678794</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3678794">3678794</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:179076799">179076799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Gladstone+and+Russell&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A179076799%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3678794%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3678794&rft.aulast=Prest&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1895" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Stuart Johnson (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32365"><i>Lord John Russell</i></a>. London: J.M. Dent & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+John+Russell&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.M.+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Stuart+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.32365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2002" class="citation cs2">Ross, David (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irelandhistoryof0000ross"><i>Ireland: History of a Nation</i></a>, New Lanark: Geddes & Grosset, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84205-164-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84205-164-4"><bdi>1-84205-164-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%3A+History+of+a+Nation&rft.pub=New+Lanark%3A+Geddes+%26+Grosset&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-84205-164-4&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firelandhistoryof0000ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1820" class="citation book cs1">Russell, John (1820). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifewilliamlord01russgoog"><i>The Life of William Lord Russell;: With Some Account of the Times in which He Lived</i></a>. Vol. I (3rd ed.). Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, ... and James Ridgway.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+William+Lord+Russell%3B%3A+With+Some+Account+of+the+Times+in+which+He+Lived&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees%2C+Orme%2C+and+Brown%2C+...+and+James+Ridgway&rft.date=1820&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifewilliamlord01russgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifewilliamlord02russgoog">Volume II</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1820b" class="citation book cs1">Russell, John (1820b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=znlKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA97"><i>Essays, and Sketches of Life and Character</i></a>. Clayton & Kingsland and C.S. Van Winkle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays%2C+and+Sketches+of+Life+and+Character&rft.pub=Clayton+%26+Kingsland+and+C.S.+Van+Winkle&rft.date=1820&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DznlKAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2005" class="citation journal cs1">Saunders, Robert (2005). "Lord John Russell and Parliamentary Reform, 1848–67". <i>English Historical Review</i>. <b>120</b> (489): <span class="nowrap">1289–</span>1315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcei332">10.1093/ehr/cei332</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3491041">3491041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Lord+John+Russell+and+Parliamentary+Reform%2C+1848%E2%80%9367&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=489&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1289-%3C%2Fspan%3E1315&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcei332&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3491041%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScherer1999" class="citation book cs1">Scherer, Paul (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L0xuWohqz3gC"><i>Lord John Russell: A Biography</i></a>. Susquehanna University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57591-021-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57591-021-5"><bdi>978-1-57591-021-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+John+Russell%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Susquehanna+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57591-021-5&rft.aulast=Scherer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL0xuWohqz3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="347–371" class="citation journal cs1">Scherer, Paul H. (1987). "Partner or Puppet? Lord John Russell at the Foreign Office, 1859–1862". <i>Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">347–</span>371. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4050465">10.2307/4050465</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4050465">4050465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albion%3A+A+Quarterly+Journal+Concerned+with+British+Studies&rft.atitle=Partner+or+Puppet%3F+Lord+John+Russell+at+the+Foreign+Office%2C+1859%E2%80%931862&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E347-%3C%2Fspan%3E371&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4050465&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4050465%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Scherer&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A.J.P._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="A.J.P. 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Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140218626" title="Special:BookSources/9780140218626"><bdi>9780140218626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+English+History&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780140218626&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=A.J.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1FMKAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevelyan1909" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Macaulay_Trevelyan" class="mw-redirect" title="George Macaulay Trevelyan">Trevelyan, George Macaulay</a> (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173220"><i>Garibaldi and the Thousand</i></a>. Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi+and+the+Thousand&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=George+Macaulay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.173220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyatt1931" class="citation book cs1">Wyatt, Tilby A. (1931). <i>Lord John Russell: A study in civil and religious liberty</i>. 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London: Longmans, Green & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Lord+John+Russell&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Walpole&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifelordjohnrus02walpgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Woodward" title="Llewellyn Woodward">Woodward, Llewellyn</a> (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageofreform181510000wood"><i>The Age of Reform, 1815–1870</i></a></span>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821711-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821711-4"><bdi>978-0-19-821711-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Reform%2C+1815%E2%80%931870&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821711-4&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Llewellyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofreform181510000wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Wood_(encyclopaedist)" title="James Wood (encyclopaedist)">Wood, James</a>, ed. (1907). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Nuttall_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/R#Russell,_John,_Earl" class="extiw" title="s:The Nuttall Encyclopædia/R">Russell, John, Earl</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nuttall_Encyclop%C3%A6dia" title="The Nuttall Encyclopædia">The Nuttall Encyclopædia</a></i>. London and New York: Frederick Warne.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russell%2C+John%2C+Earl&rft.btitle=The+Nuttall+Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+Warne&rft.date=1907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="pp._873–882" class="citation journal cs1">Beales, Derek (1974). "Peel, Russell and Reform". <i>Historical Journal</i>. <b>17#4</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">873–</span>882. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00007950">10.1017/S0018246X00007950</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638561">2638561</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162357955">162357955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Peel%2C+Russell+and+Reform&rft.volume=17%234&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E873-%3C%2Fspan%3E882&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162357955%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2638561%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00007950&rft.aulast=Beales&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtney1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Prideaux_Courtney" title="William Prideaux Courtney">Courtney, William Prideaux</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Russell, John Russell, 1st Earl"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Russell,_John_Russell,_1st_Earl">"Russell, John Russell, 1st Earl" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). pp. <span class="nowrap">863–</span>864.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russell%2C+John+Russell%2C+1st+Earl&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E863-%3C%2Fspan%3E864&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Courtney&rft.aufirst=William+Prideaux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="2:1147–49" class="citation book cs1">Loades, David Michael (2003). <i>Reader's guide to British history</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+guide+to+British+history&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Loades&rft.aufirst=David+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Hansard</a></i> 1803–2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/people/lord-john-russell">contributions in Parliament by Lord John Russell</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060108134519/http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/record.jsp?type=page&ID=105&liberalbiographies=liberalbiographies">Lord John Russell 1792–1878</a> biography from the Liberal Democrat History Group</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28John+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell%29%20OR%20%28%221792-1878%22%20AND%20Russell%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about John Russell, 1st Earl Russell</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/8606">Works by John Russell, 1st Earl Russell</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080825211259/http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/prime-ministers-in-history/earl-russell">More about Earl Russell</a> on the Downing Street website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pembroke-lodge.co.uk/">Pembroke Lodge</a> (principal residence and museum)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp03900">Portraits of John Russell, 1st Earl Russell</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157259#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid" class="citation book cs1">Reid, J. Stuart. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028039018/page/n182/mode/1up"><i>Lord John Russell</i></a>. London, Sampson, Low, Marston & Company, Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+John+Russell&rft.pub=London%2C+Sampson%2C+Low%2C+Marston+%26+Company%2C+Limited&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=J.+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924028039018%2Fpage%2Fn182%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Russell%2C+1st+Earl+Russell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Calcraft_(the_younger)" title="John Calcraft (the younger)">John Calcraft</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Paymaster_of_the_Forces" title="Paymaster of the Forces">Paymaster of the Forces</a> </b><br />1830–1834 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Knatchbull,_9th_Baronet" title="Sir Edward Knatchbull, 9th Baronet">Sir Edward Knatchbull, Bt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Viscount Althorp</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1834 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Henry Goulburn</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for the Home Department">Secretary of State for the Home Department</a> </b><br />1835–1839 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Phipps,_1st_Marquess_of_Normanby" title="Constantine Phipps, 1st Marquess of Normanby">The Marquess of Normanby</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel, Bt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1835–1841 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel, Bt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Phipps,_1st_Marquess_of_Normanby" title="Constantine Phipps, 1st Marquess of Normanby">The Marquess of Normanby</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for War and the Colonies">Secretary of State for War and the Colonies</a> </b><br />1839–1841 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Lord Stanley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel, Bt</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />30 June 1846 – 21 February 1852 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">The Earl of Derby</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1846–1852 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">The Earl of Malmesbury</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1852–1853 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">The Earl of Clarendon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1852–1855 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">The Earl Granville</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a> </b><br />1854–1855 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">The Earl Granville</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Herbert,_1st_Baron_Herbert_of_Lea" title="Sidney Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Lea">Sidney Herbert</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a> </b><br />1855 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Molesworth,_8th_Baronet" title="Sir William Molesworth, 8th Baronet">Sir William Molesworth, Bt</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">The Earl of Malmesbury</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs</a> </b><br />1859–1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">The Earl of Clarendon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />29 October 1865 – 26 June 1866 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">The Earl of Derby</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Russell" title="Lord William Russell">Lord William Russell</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_FitzPatrick" title="Richard FitzPatrick">Richard FitzPatrick</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Tavistock_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Tavistock (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Tavistock</a> </b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=1813_Tavistock_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1813 Tavistock by-election (page does not exist)">1813</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=1817_Tavistock_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1817 Tavistock by-election (page does not exist)">1817</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Russell" title="Lord William Russell">Lord William Russell</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Russell" title="Lord William Russell">Lord William Russell</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lord_Robert_Spencer" title="Lord Robert Spencer">Lord Robert Spencer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Russell" title="Lord William Russell">Lord William Russell</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lord_Robert_Spencer" title="Lord Robert Spencer">Lord Robert Spencer</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Tavistock_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Tavistock (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Tavistock</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1818_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1818 United Kingdom general election">1818</a>–<a href="/wiki/1820_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1820 United Kingdom general election">1820</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Russell" title="Lord William Russell">Lord William Russell</a> 1818–1819<br /><a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Grant_(MP)" title="John Peter Grant (MP)">John Peter Grant</a> 1819–1820 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Grant_(MP)" title="John Peter Grant (MP)">John Peter Grant</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Nicholas_Fazakerley" title="John Nicholas Fazakerley">John Nicholas Fazakerley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fellowes" title="William Henry Fellowes">William Henry Fellowes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lord_Frederick_Montagu" title="Lord Frederick Montagu">Lord Frederick Montagu</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Huntingdonshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Huntingdonshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Huntingdonshire</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1820_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1820 United Kingdom general election">1820</a>–<a href="/wiki/1826_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1826 United Kingdom general election">1826</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fellowes" title="William Henry Fellowes">William Henry Fellowes</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Fellowes" title="William Henry Fellowes">William Henry Fellowes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu,_6th_Duke_of_Manchester" title="George Montagu, 6th Duke of Manchester">Viscount Mandeville</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Ponsonby,_4th_Earl_of_Bessborough" title="John Ponsonby, 4th Earl of Bessborough">Viscount Duncannon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Bandon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bandon (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Bandon</a> </b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=1826_Bandon_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1826 Bandon by-election (page does not exist)">1826</a>–<a href="/wiki/1830_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1830 United Kingdom general election">1830</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Bernard,_2nd_Earl_of_Bandon" title="James Bernard, 2nd Earl of Bandon">Viscount Bernard</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Fortescue,_2nd_Earl_Fortescue" title="Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue">Viscount Ebrington</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Russell,_8th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="William Russell, 8th Duke of Bedford">Lord William Russell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Tavistock_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Tavistock (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Tavistock</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1830_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1830 United Kingdom general election">1830</a>–<a href="/wiki/1831_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1831 United Kingdom general election">1831</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/William_Russell,_8th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="William Russell, 8th Duke of Bedford">Lord William Russell</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Russell,_8th_Duke_of_Bedford" title="William Russell, 8th Duke of Bedford">Lord William Russell</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Heywood_Hawkins" title="John Heywood Hawkins">John Heywood Hawkins</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Dyke_Acland,_10th_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 10th Baronet">Sir Thomas Dyke Acland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Fortescue,_2nd_Earl_Fortescue" title="Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue">Viscount Ebrington</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Devonshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Devonshire</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1831_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1831 United Kingdom general election">1831</a>–<a href="/wiki/1832_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1832 United Kingdom general election">1832</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Fortescue,_2nd_Earl_Fortescue" title="Hugh Fortescue, 2nd Earl Fortescue">Viscount Ebrington</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Constituency abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New constituency</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Devonshire_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonshire South (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Devonshire South</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1832_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1832 United Kingdom general election">1832</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=1835_South_Devon_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1835 South Devon by-election (page does not exist)">1835</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/John_Crocker_Bulteel" title="John Crocker Bulteel">John Crocker Bulteel</a> 1832–1835<br /><a href="/wiki/John_Yarde-Buller,_1st_Baron_Churston" title="John Yarde-Buller, 1st Baron Churston">Sir John Yarde-Buller</a> 1835 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Yarde-Buller,_1st_Baron_Churston" title="John Yarde-Buller, 1st Baron Churston">Sir John Yarde-Buller</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Montagu_Brownlow_Parker,_5th_Earl_of_Morley" class="mw-redirect" title="Montagu Brownlow Parker, 5th Earl of Morley">Montagu Brownlow Parker</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Hyett" title="William Henry Hyett">William Henry Hyett</a><br /><a href="/wiki/George_Julius_Poulett_Scrope" title="George Julius Poulett Scrope">George Julius Poulett Scrope</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Stroud_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stroud (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Stroud</a> </b><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=1835_Stroud_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1835 Stroud by-election (page does not exist)">1835</a>–<a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1841 United Kingdom general election">1841</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/George_Julius_Poulett_Scrope" title="George Julius Poulett Scrope">George Julius Poulett Scrope</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Julius_Poulett_Scrope" title="George Julius Poulett Scrope">George Julius Poulett Scrope</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Stanton_(MP)" title="William Henry Stanton (MP)">William Henry Stanton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Matthew_Wood,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Matthew Wood, 1st Baronet">Sir Matthew Wood</a><br /><a href="/wiki/George_Grote" title="George Grote">George Grote</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Crawford_(MP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Crawford (MP) (page does not exist)">William Crawford</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_Pattison_(London_MP)" title="James Pattison (London MP)">James Pattison</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="City of London (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for City of London</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1841 United Kingdom general election">1841</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=1861_City_of_London_by-election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1861 City of London by-election (page does not exist)">1861</a> <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Matthew_Wood,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Matthew Wood, 1st Baronet">Sir Matthew Wood</a> 1841–1843<br /><a href="/wiki/John_Masterman_(MP)" title="John Masterman (MP)">John Masterman</a> 1841–1857<br /><a href="/wiki/George_Lyall_(1779%E2%80%931853)" title="George Lyall (1779–1853)">George Lyall</a> 1841–1847<br /><a href="/wiki/James_Pattison_(London_MP)" title="James Pattison (London MP)">James Pattison</a> 1843–1849<br /><a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Rothschild" title="Lionel de Rothschild">Lionel de Rothschild</a> 1847–1861<br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Duke,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Duke, 1st Baronet">Sir James Duke</a> 1849–1861<br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wigram_Crawford" title="Robert Wigram Crawford">Robert Wigram Crawford</a> 1857–1861 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Rothschild" title="Lionel de Rothschild">Lionel de Rothschild</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Duke,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Duke, 1st Baronet">Sir James Duke</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wigram_Crawford" title="Robert Wigram Crawford">Robert Wigram Crawford</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Wood_(MP)" title="Western Wood (MP)">Western Wood</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">The Viscount Melbourne</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_British_Whig_Party" title="Leaders of the British Whig Party">Leader of the British Whig Party</a> </b><br />1842–1855 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">The Marquess of Lansdowne</a> 1842–1846</b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Viscount Althorp</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_British_Whig_Party#Leaders_of_the_Whig_Party_in_the_House_of_Commons,_1830–1859" title="Leaders of the British Whig Party">Whig Leader in the Commons</a> </b><br />1834–1855 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Liberal Party (UK)">Leader of the Liberal Party</a> </b><br />1865–1866 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">The Earl Granville</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of the Liberals in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> </b><br />1865–1868 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">The Earl Granville</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rutherfurd,_Lord_Rutherfurd" title="Andrew Rutherfurd, Lord Rutherfurd">Andrew Rutherfurd</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Glasgow" title="Rector of the University of Glasgow">Rector of the University of Glasgow</a> </b><br />1846–1847 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Mure_(scholar)" title="William Mure (scholar)">William Mure</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Maitland,_Lord_Barcaple" title="Edward Maitland, Lord Barcaple">Lord Barcaple</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Aberdeen" title="Rector of the University of Aberdeen">Rector of the University of Aberdeen</a> </b><br />1863–1866 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/M._E._Grant_Duff" title="M. E. Grant Duff">M. E. Grant Duff</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Grote" title="George Grote">George Grote</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Historical_Society" title="Royal Historical Society">President of the Royal Historical Society</a> </b><br />1873–1878 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bruce,_1st_Baron_Aberdare" title="Henry Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare">The Lord Aberdare</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerage of the United Kingdom">Peerage of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Russell" title="Earl Russell">Earl Russell</a> </b><br />1861–1878 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Russell,_2nd_Earl_Russell" title="Frank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell">Frank Russell</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Russell_navigational_boxes98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="John_Russell_navigational_boxes98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">John Russell navigational boxes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)335" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime ministers of the United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole (Orford)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">Wilmington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">Bute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">G. Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Chatham (Pitt the Elder)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">Grafton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Lord Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Goderich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli (Beaconsfield)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Opposition_of_the_United_Kingdom170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Template:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Template talk:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_Opposition_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the Opposition UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Opposition_of_the_United_Kingdom170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(United_Kingdom)" title="Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)">Leaders of the Opposition of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ponsonby" title="George Ponsonby">Ponsonby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tierney" title="George Tierney">Tierney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_6th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland">Granby</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a>/<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Hartington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chamberlain" title="Joseph Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li>Vacant</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(British_politician)" title="Donald Maclean (British politician)">Maclean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lansbury" title="George Lansbury">Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastings_Lees-Smith" title="Hastings Lees-Smith">Lees-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pethick-Lawrence,_1st_Baron_Pethick-Lawrence" title="Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence">Pethick-Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greenwood" title="Arthur Greenwood">Greenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Kinnock" title="Neil Kinnock">Kinnock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Labour_Party_leader)" title="John Smith (Labour Party leader)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Duncan_Smith" title="Iain Duncan Smith">Duncan Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemi_Badenoch" title="Kemi Badenoch">Badenoch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">3rd Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby (Stanley)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cairns,_1st_Earl_Cairns" title="Hugh Cairns, 1st Earl Cairns">Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon-Lennox,_6th_Duke_of_Richmond" title="Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Beaconsfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">3rd Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_5th_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 5th Earl Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">5th Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon of Kedleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Haldane,_1st_Viscount_Haldane" title="Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gascoyne-Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="James Gascoyne-Cecil, 4th Marquess of Salisbury">4th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hogg,_1st_Viscount_Hailsham" title="Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham">Hailsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cripps,_1st_Baron_Parmoor" title="Charles Cripps, 1st Baron Parmoor">Parmoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ponsonby,_1st_Baron_Ponsonby_of_Shulbrede" title="Arthur Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Shulbrede">Ponsonby of Shulbrede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Snell,_1st_Baron_Snell" title="Harry Snell, 1st Baron Snell">Snell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury">5th Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Addison,_1st_Viscount_Addison" title="Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount Addison">Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jowitt,_1st_Earl_Jowitt" title="William Jowitt, 1st Earl Jowitt">Jowitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._V._Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Hillsborough" title="A. V. Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Hillsborough">Alexander of Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shackleton,_Baron_Shackleton" title="Edward Shackleton, Baron Shackleton">Shackleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes,_Baron_Cledwyn_of_Penrhos" title="Cledwyn Hughes, Baron Cledwyn of Penrhos">Cledwyn of Penrhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Richard" title="Ivor Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_7th_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury">Cranborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Galbraith,_2nd_Baron_Strathclyde" title="Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Royall,_Baroness_Royall_of_Blaisdon" title="Janet Royall, Baroness Royall of Blaisdon">Royall of Blaisdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Smith,_Baroness_Smith_of_Basildon" title="Angela Smith, Baroness Smith of Basildon">Smith of Basildon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_True,_Baron_True" title="Nicholas True, Baron True">True</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Liberal_Party221" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFD700;"><link 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Liberal Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> (1859–1916)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">The Earl Granville</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Earl Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">The Earl of Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">The Earl of Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">The Marquess of Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crewe-Milnes,_1st_Marquess_of_Crewe" title="Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe">The Marquess of Crewe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> (1859–1916)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">Marquess of Hartington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Sir William Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Overall Leader</a> (1916–1988)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Maclean_(British_politician)" title="Donald Maclean (British politician)">Sir Donald Maclean</a> <small><i>(Acting Leader)</i></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Sir Herbert Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair,_1st_Viscount_Thurso" title="Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso">Sir Archibald Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Davies" title="Clement Davies">Clement Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Grimond" title="Jo Grimond">Jo Grimond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Thorpe" title="Jeremy Thorpe">Jeremy Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Steel" title="David Steel">David Steel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Home_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom182" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Home_secretaries" title="Template:Home secretaries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Home_secretaries" title="Template talk:Home secretaries"><abbr title="Discuss 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data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nugent-Temple-Grenville,_1st_Marquess_of_Buckingham" title="George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dundas,_1st_Viscount_Melville" title="Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville">Dundas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham,_2nd_Earl_of_Chichester" title="Thomas Pelham, 2nd Earl of Chichester">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Philip_Yorke" title="Charles Philip Yorke">Yorke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Hawkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_Spencer" title="George Spencer, 2nd Earl Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ryder_(politician,_born_1766)" title="Richard Ryder (politician, born 1766)">Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Sidmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sturges_Bourne" title="William Sturges Bourne">Sturges Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ponsonby,_4th_Earl_of_Bessborough" title="John Ponsonby, 4th Earl of Bessborough">Duncannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Phipps,_1st_Marquess_of_Normanby" title="Constantine Phipps, 1st Marquess of Normanby">Normanby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Graham,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir James Graham, 2nd Baronet">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Horatio_Walpole" title="Spencer Horatio Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Horatio_Walpole" title="Spencer Horatio Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._H._S._Sotheron-Estcourt" title="T. H. S. Sotheron-Estcourt">Sotheron-Estcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cornewall_Lewis" title="George Cornewall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Grey,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Grey, 2nd Baronet">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Horatio_Walpole" title="Spencer Horatio Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathorne_Gathorne-Hardy,_1st_Earl_of_Cranbrook" title="Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook">Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bruce,_1st_Baron_Aberdare" title="Henry Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe" title="Robert Lowe">Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._A._Cross,_1st_Viscount_Cross" title="R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._A._Cross,_1st_Viscount_Cross" title="R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross">Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Matthews,_1st_Viscount_Llandaff" title="Henry Matthews, 1st Viscount Llandaff">Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_White_Ridley,_1st_Viscount_Ridley" title="Matthew White Ridley, 1st Viscount Ridley">Ridley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie,_1st_Baron_Ritchie_of_Dundee" title="Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretas_Akers-Douglas,_1st_Viscount_Chilston" title="Aretas Akers-Douglas, 1st Viscount Chilston">Akers-Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gladstone,_1st_Viscount_Gladstone" title="Herbert Gladstone, 1st Viscount Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cave,_1st_Viscount_Cave" title="George Cave, 1st Viscount Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Shortt" title="Edward Shortt">Shortt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bridgeman,_1st_Viscount_Bridgeman" title="William Bridgeman, 1st Viscount Bridgeman">Bridgeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joynson-Hicks,_1st_Viscount_Brentford" title="William Joynson-Hicks, 1st Viscount Brentford">Joynson-Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._Clynes" title="J. R. Clynes">Clynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Gilmour,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Gilmour, 2nd Baronet">Gilmour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Somervell,_Baron_Somervell_of_Harrow" title="Donald Somervell, Baron Somervell of Harrow">Somervell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chuter_Ede" title="James Chuter Ede">Chuter Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe,_1st_Earl_of_Kilmuir" title="David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir">Maxwell-Fyfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwilym_Lloyd_George" title="Gwilym Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooke,_Baron_Brooke_of_Cumnor" title="Henry Brooke, Baron Brooke of Cumnor">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Soskice" title="Frank Soskice">Soskice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlyn_Rees" title="Merlyn Rees">Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Brittan" title="Leon Brittan">Brittan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Waddington" title="David Waddington">Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Baker,_Baron_Baker_of_Dorking" title="Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">K. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Howard" title="Michael Howard">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Blunkett" title="David Blunkett">Blunkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Clarke" title="Charles Clarke">C. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Smith" title="Jacqui Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Johnson" title="Alan Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber_Rudd" title="Amber Rudd">Rudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priti_Patel" title="Priti Patel">Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Shapps" title="Grant Shapps">Shapps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Braverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvette_Cooper" title="Yvette Cooper">Cooper</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_Crown_%26_Garter).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/100px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/150px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg/200px-Royal_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_Crown_%26_Garter%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="1199" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Foreign_secretaries_of_the_United_Kingdom536" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_secretaries" title="Template:Foreign secretaries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_secretaries" title="Template talk:Foreign 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(United_Kingdom)" title="Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)">Foreign secretaries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_2nd_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham">Grantham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Nugent-Temple-Grenville,_1st_Marquess_of_Buckingham" title="George Nugent-Temple-Grenville, 1st Marquess of Buckingham">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Osborne,_5th_Duke_of_Leeds" title="Francis Osborne, 5th Duke of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Hawkesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_1st_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby">Harrowby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Phipps,_1st_Earl_of_Mulgrave" title="Henry Phipps, 1st Earl of Mulgrave">Mulgrave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bathurst,_3rd_Earl_Bathurst" title="Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst">Bathurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ward,_1st_Earl_of_Dudley" title="John Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley">Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harris,_3rd_Earl_of_Malmesbury" title="James Harris, 3rd Earl of Malmesbury">Malmesbury</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_4th_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granville_Leveson-Gower,_2nd_Earl_Granville" title="Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Granville">Granville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Iddesleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wodehouse,_1st_Earl_of_Kimberley" title="John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley">Kimberley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_5th_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne">Lansdowne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoare,_1st_Viscount_Templewood" title="Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood">Hoare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Bevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gordon_Walker" title="Patrick Gordon Walker">Gordon Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brown,_Baron_George-Brown" title="George Brown, Baron George-Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(2022,_lesser_arms).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_lesser_arms%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="1366" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign and <br />commonwealth affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart,_Baron_Stewart_of_Fulham" title="Michael Stewart, Baron Stewart of Fulham">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Owen" title="David Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carington,_6th_Baron_Carrington" title="Peter Carington, 6th Baron Carrington">Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hurd" title="Douglas Hurd">Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Rifkind" title="Malcolm Rifkind">Rifkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign, commonwealth and<br /> development affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Raab" title="Dominic Raab">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cleverly" title="James Cleverly">Cleverly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lammy" title="David Lammy">Lammy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Secretaries_of_State" title="Category:British Secretaries of State">Category:British Secretaries of State</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">Portal:United Kingdom</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template:Leaders of the House of Commons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template talk:Leaders of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leaders of the House of Commons</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_1st_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1757_caretaker_ministry" title="1757 caretaker ministry">Vacant (caretaker ministry)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Conway" title="Henry Seymour Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Townshend</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">Huskisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks-Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chuter_Ede" title="James Chuter Ede">Chuter Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Crookshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bowden,_Baron_Aylestone" title="Herbert Bowden, Baron Aylestone">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prior" title="Jim Prior">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_St_John-Stevas" title="Norman St John-Stevas">St John-Stevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biffen" title="John Biffen">Biffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wakeham" title="John Wakeham">Wakeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacGregor,_Baron_MacGregor_of_Pulham_Market" title="John MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market">MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Newton,_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree" title="Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Taylor,_Baroness_Taylor_of_Bolton" title="Ann Taylor, Baroness Taylor of Bolton">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hain" title="Peter Hain">Hain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Hoon" title="Geoff Hoon">Hoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Young,_Baron_Young_of_Cookham" title="George Young, Baron Young of Cookham">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lansley" title="Andrew Lansley">Lansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Grayling" title="Chris Grayling">Grayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lidington" title="David Lidington">Lidington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Leadsom" title="Andrea Leadsom">Leadsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Stride" title="Mel Stride">Stride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rees-Mogg" title="Jacob Rees-Mogg">Rees-Mogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Spencer_(British_politician)" title="Mark Spencer (British politician)">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Mordaunt" title="Penny Mordaunt">Mordaunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Powell" title="Lucy Powell">Powell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society444" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_Statistical_Society_presidents" title="Template:Royal Statistical Society presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_Statistical_Society_presidents" title="Template talk:Royal Statistical Society presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Statistical_Society_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal Statistical Society presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society444" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Statistical Society">Presidents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society" title="Royal Statistical Society">Royal Statistical Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1834–1836 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">The Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li>1836–1838 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lemon" title="Charles Lemon">Sir Charles Lemon, Bt</a></li> <li>1838–1840 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth-Fitzwilliam,_5th_Earl_Fitzwilliam" title="Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam">The Earl FitzWilliam</a></li> <li>1840–1842 <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_2nd_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby">Viscount Sandon</a></li> <li>1842–1843 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">The Marquess of Lansdowne</a></li> <li>1843–1845 <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_7th_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury">Lord Ashley</a></li> <li>1845–1847 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spring_Rice,_1st_Baron_Monteagle_of_Brandon" title="Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon">The Lord Monteagle of Brandon</a></li> <li>1847–1849 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth-Fitzwilliam,_5th_Earl_Fitzwilliam" title="Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam">The Earl FitzWilliam</a></li> <li>1849–1851 <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_2nd_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby">The Earl of Harrowby</a></li> <li>1851–1853 <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jones-Loyd,_1st_Baron_Overstone" title="Samuel Jones-Loyd, 1st Baron Overstone">The Lord Overstone</a></li> <li>1853–1855 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wentworth-Fitzwilliam,_5th_Earl_Fitzwilliam" title="Charles Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam">The Earl FitzWilliam</a></li> <li>1855–1857 <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_2nd_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 2nd Earl of Harrowby">The Earl of Harrowby</a></li> <li>1857–1859 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanley,_15th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby">Lord Stanley</a></li> <li>1859–1861 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lord John Russell</a></li> <li>1861–1863 <a href="/wiki/John_Pakington,_1st_Baron_Hampton" title="John Pakington, 1st Baron Hampton">Sir John Pakington, Bt</a></li> <li>1863–1865 <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Sykes" title="William Henry Sykes">William Henry Sykes</a></li> <li>1865–1867 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Monckton_Milnes,_1st_Baron_Houghton" title="Richard Monckton Milnes, 1st Baron Houghton">The Lord Houghton</a></li> <li>1867–1869 <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></li> <li>1869–1871 <a href="/wiki/William_Newmarch" title="William Newmarch">William Newmarch</a></li> <li>1871–1873 <a href="/wiki/William_Farr" title="William Farr">William Farr</a></li> <li>1873–1875 <a href="/wiki/William_Guy" title="William Guy">William Guy</a></li> <li>1875–1877 <a href="/wiki/James_Heywood_(philanthropist)" title="James Heywood (philanthropist)">James Heywood</a></li> <li>1877–1879 <a href="/wiki/George_Shaw-Lefevre,_1st_Baron_Eversley" class="mw-redirect" title="George Shaw-Lefevre, 1st Baron Eversley">George Shaw-Lefevre</a></li> <li>1879–1880 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brassey,_1st_Earl_Brassey" title="Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey">Thomas Brassey</a></li> <li>1880–1882 <a href="/wiki/James_Caird_(1816-1892)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Caird (1816-1892)">James Caird</a></li> <li>1882–1884 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Giffen" title="Robert Giffen">Robert Giffen</a></li> <li>1884–1886 <a href="/wiki/Rawson_W._Rawson" title="Rawson W. Rawson">Rawson W. Rawson</a></li> <li>1886–1888 <a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">George Goschen</a></li> <li>1888–1890 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_Balfour" title="Thomas Graham Balfour">Thomas Graham Balfour</a></li> <li>1890–1892 <a href="/wiki/Frederic_J._Mouat" title="Frederic J. Mouat">Frederic J. Mouat</a></li> <li>1892–1894 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)" title="Charles Booth (social reformer)">Charles Booth</a></li> <li>1894–1896 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Farrer,_1st_Baron_Farrer" title="Thomas Farrer, 1st Baron Farrer">The Lord Farrer</a></li> <li>1896–1897 <a href="/wiki/John_Biddulph_Martin" title="John Biddulph Martin">John Biddulph Martin</a></li> <li>1897 <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Edmund_Bateman" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Edmund Bateman">Alfred Edmund Bateman</a></li> <li>1897–1899 <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Courtney,_1st_Baron_Courtney_of_Penwith" title="Leonard Courtney, 1st Baron Courtney of Penwith">Leonard Courtney</a></li> <li>1899–1900 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fowler,_1st_Viscount_Wolverhampton" title="Henry Fowler, 1st Viscount Wolverhampton">Henry Fowler</a></li> <li>1900–1902 <a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">The Lord Avebury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1902–1904 <a href="/wiki/Patrick_George_Craigie" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick George Craigie">Patrick George Craigie</a></li> <li>1904–1905 <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Powell,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Powell, 1st Baronet">Sir Francis Powell, Bt</a></li> <li>1905–1906 <a href="/wiki/William_Onslow,_4th_Earl_of_Onslow" title="William Onslow, 4th Earl of Onslow">The Earl of Onslow</a></li> <li>1906–1907 <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Martin,_1st_Baronet,_of_Overbury_Court" title="Sir Richard Martin, 1st Baronet, of Overbury Court">Richard Martin</a></li> <li>1907–1909 <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Dilke,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Dilke, 2nd Baronet">Sir Charles Dilke, Bt</a></li> <li>1909–1910 <a href="/wiki/Jervoise_Athelstane_Baines" title="Jervoise Athelstane Baines">Jervoise Athelstane Baines</a></li> <li>1910–1912 <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Hamilton" title="Lord George Hamilton">Lord George Hamilton</a></li> <li>1912–1914 <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Francis Ysidro Edgeworth</a></li> <li>1914–1915 <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Welby,_1st_Baron_Welby" title="Reginald Welby, 1st Baron Welby">The Lord Welby</a></li> <li>1915–1916 <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Hamilton" title="Lord George Hamilton">Lord George Hamilton</a></li> <li>1916–1918 <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Mallet" title="Bernard Mallet">Bernard Mallet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Registrar General">Registrar General</a></li> <li>1918–1920 <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Samuel,_1st_Viscount_Samuel" title="Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel">Herbert Samuel</a></li> <li>1920–1922 <a href="/wiki/R._Henry_Rew" title="R. Henry Rew">R. Henry Rew</a></li> <li>1922–1924 <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Emmott,_1st_Baron_Emmott" title="Alfred Emmott, 1st Baron Emmott">The Lord Emmott</a></li> <li>1924–1926 <a href="/wiki/Udny_Yule" title="Udny Yule">Udny Yule</a></li> <li>1926–1928 <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Vincent,_1st_Viscount_D%27Abernon" title="Edgar Vincent, 1st Viscount D'Abernon">The Viscount D'Abernon</a></li> <li>1928–1930 <a href="/wiki/A._William_Flux" class="mw-redirect" title="A. William Flux">A. William Flux</a></li> <li>1930–1932 <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Stamp,_1st_Baron_Stamp" title="Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp">Sir Josiah Stamp</a></li> <li>1932–1934 <a href="/wiki/James_Meston,_1st_Baron_Meston" title="James Meston, 1st Baron Meston">The Lord Meston</a></li> <li>1934–1936 <a href="/wiki/Major_Greenwood" title="Major Greenwood">Major Greenwood</a></li> <li>1936–1938 <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Young,_1st_Baron_Kennet" title="Hilton Young, 1st Baron Kennet">The Lord Kennet</a></li> <li>1938–1940 <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Lyon Bowley</a></li> <li>1940–1941 <a href="/wiki/Henry_William_Macrosty" title="Henry William Macrosty">Henry William Macrosty</a></li> <li>1941 <a href="/wiki/Hector_Leak" title="Hector Leak">Hector Leak</a></li> <li>1941–1943 <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a></li> <li>1943–1945 <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Charles_Snow" title="Ernest Charles Snow">Ernest Charles Snow</a></li> <li>1945–1947 <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marquis,_1st_Earl_of_Woolton" title="Frederick Marquis, 1st Earl of Woolton">The Lord Woolton</a></li> <li>1947–1949 <a href="/wiki/David_Heron_(statistician)" title="David Heron (statistician)">David Heron</a></li> <li>1949–1950 <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Heyworth,_1st_Baron_Heyworth" title="Geoffrey Heyworth, 1st Baron Heyworth">Sir Geoffrey Heyworth</a></li> <li>1950–1952 <a href="/wiki/Austin_Bradford_Hill" title="Austin Bradford Hill">Austin Bradford Hill</a></li> <li>1952–1954 <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a></li> <li>1954–1955 <a href="/wiki/William_Piercy,_1st_Baron_Piercy" title="William Piercy, 1st Baron Piercy">The Lord Piercy</a></li> <li>1955–1957 <a href="/wiki/Egon_Pearson" title="Egon Pearson">Egon Pearson</a></li> <li>1957–1959 <a href="/wiki/Harry_Campion" title="Harry Campion">Harry Campion</a></li> <li>1959–1960 <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Beaver" title="Hugh Beaver">Hugh Beaver</a></li> <li>1960–1962 <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Kendall" title="Maurice Kendall">Maurice Kendall</a></li> <li>1962–1964 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Oscar_Irwin" title="Joseph Oscar Irwin">Joseph Oscar Irwin</a></li> <li>1964–1965 <a href="/wiki/Paul_Chambers_(industrialist)" title="Paul Chambers (industrialist)">Sir Paul Chambers</a></li> <li>1965–1966 <a href="/wiki/L._H._C._Tippett" title="L. H. C. Tippett">L. H. C. Tippett</a></li> <li>1966–1967 <a href="/wiki/M._S._Bartlett" title="M. S. Bartlett">M. S. Bartlett</a></li> <li>1967–1968 <a href="/wiki/Frank_Yates" title="Frank Yates">Frank Yates</a></li> <li>1968–1969 <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cockfield,_Baron_Cockfield" title="Arthur Cockfield, Baron Cockfield">Arthur Cockfield</a></li> <li>1969–1970 <a href="/wiki/R._G._D._Allen" title="R. G. D. Allen">R. G. D. Allen</a></li> <li>1970–1971 <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Benjamin" title="Bernard Benjamin">Bernard Benjamin</a></li> <li>1971–1972 <a href="/wiki/George_Alfred_Barnard" title="George Alfred Barnard">George Alfred Barnard</a></li> <li>1972–1973 <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li>1973–1974 <a href="/wiki/D._J._Finney" title="D. J. Finney">D. J. Finney</a></li> <li>1974–1975 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Daniels_(statistician)" title="Henry Daniels (statistician)">Henry Daniels</a></li> <li>1975–1977 <a href="/wiki/Stella_Cunliffe" title="Stella Cunliffe">Stella Cunliffe</a></li> <li>1977–1978 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wynn" title="Henry Wynn">Henry Wynn</a></li> <li>1978–1980 <a href="/wiki/Claus_Moser,_Baron_Moser" title="Claus Moser, Baron Moser">Sir Claus Moser</a></li> <li>1980–1982 <a href="/wiki/David_Cox_(statistician)" title="David Cox (statistician)">David Cox</a></li> <li>1982–1984 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Armitage_(statistician)" title="Peter Armitage (statistician)">Peter Armitage</a></li> <li>1984–1985 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Bodmer" title="Walter Bodmer">Walter Bodmer</a></li> <li>1985–1986 <a href="/wiki/John_Nelder" title="John Nelder">John Nelder</a></li> <li>1986–1987 <a href="/wiki/James_Durbin" title="James Durbin">James Durbin</a></li> <li>1987–1989 <a href="/wiki/John_Kingman" title="John Kingman">John Kingman</a></li> <li>1989–1991 <a href="/wiki/Peter_G._Moore" title="Peter G. Moore">Peter G. Moore</a></li> <li>1991–1993 <a href="/wiki/T._M._F._Smith" title="T. M. F. Smith">T. M. F. Smith</a></li> <li>1993–1995 <a href="/wiki/D._J._Bartholomew" title="D. J. Bartholomew">D. J. Bartholomew</a></li> <li>1995–1997 <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(statistician)" title="Adrian Smith (statistician)">Adrian Smith</a></li> <li>1997–1999 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nicholas_Curnow" title="Robert Nicholas Curnow">Robert Nicholas Curnow</a></li> <li>1999–2001 <a href="/wiki/Denise_Lievesley" title="Denise Lievesley">Denise Lievesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001–2003 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Green_(statistician)" title="Peter Green (statistician)">Peter Green</a></li> <li>2003–2005 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andy_Grieve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andy Grieve (page does not exist)">Andy Grieve</a></li> <li>2005–2007 <a href="/wiki/Tim_Holt_(statistician)" title="Tim Holt (statistician)">Tim Holt</a></li> <li>2008–2009 <a href="/wiki/David_Hand_(statistician)" title="David Hand (statistician)">David Hand</a></li> <li>2010–2010 <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Silverman" title="Bernard Silverman">Bernard Silverman</a> (resigned Feb 2010; replaced <i>pro tem</i> by David Hand)</li> <li>2011–2012 <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Isham" title="Valerie Isham">Valerie Isham</a></li> <li>2013–2014 <a href="/wiki/John_Pullinger" title="John Pullinger">John Pullinger</a></li> <li>2014–2016 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Diggle" title="Peter Diggle">Peter Diggle</a></li> <li>2017–2018 <a href="/wiki/David_Spiegelhalter" title="David Spiegelhalter">David Spiegelhalter</a></li> <li>2019– <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Ashby" title="Deborah Ashby">Deborah Ashby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society" title="Category:Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Statistical_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Statistical Society">List</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society" title="Template:Presidents of the Royal Historical Society"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society" title="Template talk:Presidents of the Royal Historical Society"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the Royal Historical Society"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Historical_Society" title="Royal Historical Society">Presidents of the Royal Historical Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1871–1872 <a href="/wiki/George_Grote" title="George Grote">George Grote</a></li> <li>1873–1878 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Russell, 1st Earl Russell</a></li> <li>1878–1891 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bruce,_1st_Baron_Aberdare" title="Henry Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare">Henry Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare</a></li> <li>1891–1899 <a href="/wiki/M._E._Grant_Duff" title="M. E. Grant Duff">Sir M. E. Grant Duff</a></li> <li>1899–1901 <a href="/wiki/Adolphus_Ward" title="Adolphus Ward">Sir Adolphus Ward</a></li> <li>1901–1905 <a href="/wiki/George_Prothero" title="George Prothero">Sir George Prothero</a></li> <li>1905–1909 <a href="/wiki/William_Hunt_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hunt (clergyman)">William Hunt</a></li> <li>1909–1913 <a href="/wiki/William_Cunningham_(economist)" title="William Cunningham (economist)">William Cunningham</a></li> <li>1913–1917 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Firth_(historian)" title="Charles Firth (historian)">Sir Charles Firth</a></li> <li>1917–1921 <a href="/wiki/Charles_Oman" title="Charles Oman">Sir Charles Oman</a></li> <li>1921–1925 <a href="/wiki/John_Fortescue_(military_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Fortescue (military historian)">Sir John Fortescue</a></li> <li>1925–1929 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Frederick_Tout" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Frederick Tout">Frederick Tout</a></li> <li>1929–1933 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lodge" title="Richard Lodge">Sir Richard Lodge</a></li> <li>1933–1937 <a href="/wiki/F._M._Powicke" title="F. M. Powicke">Sir F. M. Powicke</a></li> <li>1937–1945 <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stenton" title="Frank Stenton">Sir Frank Stenton</a></li> <li>1946–1949 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Seton-Watson" title="Robert Seton-Watson">Robert William Seton-Watson</a></li> <li>1949–1953 <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Plucknett" title="Theodore Plucknett">Theodore Plucknett</a></li> <li>1953–1957 <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hale_Bellot" title="Hugh Hale Bellot">Hale Bellot</a></li> <li>1957–1961 <a href="/wiki/David_Knowles_(scholar)" title="David Knowles (scholar)">David Knowles</a></li> <li>1961–1965 <a href="/wiki/Goronwy_Edwards" title="Goronwy Edwards">Sir Goronwy Edwards</a></li> <li>1965–1969 <a href="/wiki/Robin_Humphreys" title="Robin Humphreys">Robin Humphreys</a></li> <li>1969–1973 <a href="/wiki/R._W._Southern" title="R. W. Southern">Sir R. W. Southern</a></li> <li>1973–1977 <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Elton" title="Geoffrey Elton">Sir Geoffrey Elton</a></li> <li>1977–1981 <a href="/wiki/John_Habakkuk" title="John Habakkuk">Sir John Habakkuk</a></li> <li>1981–1985 <a href="/wiki/J._C._Holt" class="mw-redirect" title="J. C. Holt">Sir J. C. Holt</a></li> <li>1985–1989 <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Aylmer" title="Gerald Aylmer">Gerald Aylmer</a></li> <li>1989–1993 <a href="/wiki/Francis_Michael_Longstreth_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Michael Longstreth Thompson">Michael Thompson</a></li> <li>1993–1997 <a href="/wiki/Rees_Davies" title="Rees Davies">Sir Rees Davies</a></li> <li>1997–2001 <a href="/wiki/P._J._Marshall" title="P. J. Marshall">Sir P. J. Marshall</a></li> <li>2001–2005 <a href="/wiki/Janet_Nelson" title="Janet Nelson">Dame Janet Nelson</a></li> <li>2005–2008 <a href="/wiki/Martin_Daunton" title="Martin Daunton">Martin Daunton</a></li> <li>2009–2012 <a href="/wiki/Colin_Jones_(historian)" title="Colin Jones (historian)">Colin Jones</a></li> <li>2012–2016 <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mandler" title="Peter Mandler">Peter Mandler</a></li> <li>2016–2020 <a href="/wiki/Margot_Finn" title="Margot Finn">Margot Finn</a></li> <li>2020-2024 <a href="/wiki/Emma_Griffin" title="Emma Griffin">Emma Griffin</a></li> <li>2024-present <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Noakes" title="Lucy Noakes">Lucy Noakes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rectors_of_the_University_of_Aberdeen171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#960018;color: #FFFFFF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rectors_of_the_University_of_Aberdeen" title="Template:Rectors of the University of Aberdeen"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rectors_of_the_University_of_Aberdeen" title="Template talk:Rectors of the University of Aberdeen"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rectors_of_the_University_of_Aberdeen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rectors of the University of Aberdeen"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rectors_of_the_University_of_Aberdeen171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_Aberdeen" title="Rector of the University of Aberdeen"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Rectors of the University of Aberdeen</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Maitland,_Lord_Barcaple" title="Edward Maitland, Lord Barcaple">Edward Maitland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Earl Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._E._Grant_Duff" title="M. E. Grant Duff">M. E. Grant Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Edward_Forster" title="William Edward Forster">W. E. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Earl of Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(philosopher)" title="Alexander Bain (philosopher)">Alexander Bain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">Viscount Goschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gordon,_11th_Marquess_of_Huntly" title="Charles Gordon, 11th Marquess of Huntly">Marquess of Huntly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Smith,_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal" title="Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal">Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie,_1st_Baron_Ritchie_of_Dundee" title="Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee">Charles Thomson Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Frederick_Treves,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Frederick Treves, 1st Baronet">Sir Frederick Treves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weetman_Pearson,_1st_Viscount_Cowdray" title="Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray">Viscount Cowdray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Horne,_1st_Viscount_Horne_of_Slamannan" title="Robert Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan">Sir Robert Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Viscount Cecil of Chelwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._E._Smith,_1st_Earl_of_Birkenhead" title="F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead">Earl of Birkenhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Keith" title="Arthur Keith">Sir Arthur Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Elliot_(Scottish_politician)" title="Walter Elliot (Scottish politician)">Walter Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Evans,_1st_Baron_Mountevans" title="Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans">Admiral Sir Edward Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Sir Stafford Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Linklater" title="Eric Linklater">Eric Linklater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Buchan,_2nd_Baron_Tweedsmuir" title="John Buchan, 2nd Baron Tweedsmuir">Baron Tweedsmuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Edwards" title="Jimmy Edwards">Jimmy Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoderick_McGrigor" title="Rhoderick McGrigor">Admiral Sir Rhoderick McGrigor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bannerman,_Baron_Bannerman_of_Kildonan" title="John Bannerman, Baron Bannerman of Kildonan">John Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Scott" title="Peter Scott">Peter Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt,_Baron_Hunt" title="John Hunt, Baron Hunt">Brigadier Sir John Hunt</a></li> <li>Frank George Thomson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Grimond" title="Jo Grimond">Jo Grimond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barratt_(television_presenter)" title="Michael Barratt (television presenter)">Michael Barratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Cuthbertson" title="Iain Cuthbertson">Iain Cuthbertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Gall" title="Sandy Gall">Sandy Gall</a></li> <li>Robert Perryment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamish_Watt" title="Hamish Watt">Hamish Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Pickard" title="Willis Pickard">Willis Pickard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Bell_(journalist)" title="Colin Bell (journalist)">Colin Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hamilton_(advocate)" title="Ian Hamilton (advocate)">Ian Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Macartney" title="Allan Macartney">Allan Macartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Dickson_Wright" title="Clarissa Dickson Wright">Clarissa Dickson Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Harper" title="Robin Harper">Robin Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_the_What%3F" title="Scotland the What?">Stephen Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitland_Mackie_(farmer)" title="Maitland Mackie (farmer)"> Maitland Mackie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Maggie Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martina_Chukwuma-Ezike" title="Martina Chukwuma-Ezike">Martina Chukwuma-Ezike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iona_Fyfe" title="Iona Fyfe">Iona Fyfe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bertrand_Russell260" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bertrand_Russell_(Navigational_box)" title="Template:Bertrand Russell (Navigational box)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bertrand_Russell_(Navigational_box)" title="Template talk:Bertrand Russell (Navigational box)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bertrand_Russell_(Navigational_box)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bertrand Russell (Navigational box)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bertrand_Russell260" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>British philosopher, logician, and social critic</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Views_on_philosophy62" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell%27s_philosophical_views" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertrand Russell's philosophical views">Views on philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copleston%E2%80%93Russell_debate" title="Copleston–Russell debate">Copleston–Russell debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_atomism" title="Logical atomism">Logical atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_teapot" title="Russell's teapot">Russell's teapot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_descriptions" title="Theory of descriptions">Theory of descriptions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Views_on_society55" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell%27s_political_views" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertrand Russell's political views">Views on society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russell%E2%80%93Einstein_Manifesto" title="Russell–Einstein Manifesto">Russell–Einstein Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Tribunal" title="Russell Tribunal">Russell Tribunal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mathematics11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peano%E2%80%93Russell_notation" title="Peano–Russell notation">Peano–Russell notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_paradox" title="Russell's paradox">Russell's paradox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png/105px-Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png/158px-Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png/210px-Bertrand_Russell_transparent_bg.png 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="1859" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_Mathematics" title="The Principles of Mathematics">The Principles of Mathematics</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Denoting" title="On Denoting">On Denoting</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Principia_Mathematica" title="Principia Mathematica">Principia Mathematica</a></i> (1910–1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Problems_of_Philosophy" title="The Problems of Philosophy">The Problems of Philosophy</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Men_Fight_(book)" title="Why Men Fight (book)">Why Men Fight</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_Mathematical_Philosophy" title="Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy">Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_Thought_and_Official_Propaganda" title="Free Thought and Official Propaganda">Free Thought and Official Propaganda</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_Morals" title="Marriage and Morals">Marriage and Morals</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Idleness_and_Other_Essays" title="In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays">In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Power:_A_New_Social_Analysis" title="Power: A New Social Analysis">Power: A New Social Analysis</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Western_Philosophy" title="A History of Western Philosophy">A History of Western Philosophy</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Philosophical_Development" title="My Philosophical Development">My Philosophical Development</a></i> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alys_Pearsall_Smith" title="Alys Pearsall Smith">Alys Pearsall Smith</a> (wife, 1894–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Russell" title="Dora Russell">Dora Russell</a> (wife, 1921–35)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Russell" title="Patricia Russell">Patricia Russell</a> (wife, 1936–51)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Finch_Russell" title="Edith Finch Russell">Edith Finch Russell</a> (wife, 1952–70)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_4th_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 4th Earl Russell">John Russell, 4th Earl Russell</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Russell,_5th_Earl_Russell" title="Conrad Russell, 5th Earl Russell">Conrad Russell, 5th Earl Russell</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Russell,_2nd_Earl_Russell" title="Frank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell">Frank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_Viscount_Amberley" title="John Russell, Viscount Amberley">John Russell, Viscount Amberley</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Russell,_Viscountess_Amberley" title="Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley">Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> (godfather)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Russell, 1st Earl Russell</a> (paternal grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Stanley,_Baroness_Stanley_of_Alderley" title="Henrietta Stanley, Baroness Stanley of Alderley">Henrietta Stanley, Baroness Stanley of Alderley</a> (maternal grandmother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bertrand_Russell_Case" title="The Bertrand Russell Case">Appointment court case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Russell" title="Earl Russell">Earl Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell_Peace_Foundation" title="Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation">Peace Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell_Professorship_of_Philosophy" title="Bertrand Russell Professorship of Philosophy">Professorship of Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Works_by_Bertrand_Russell" title="Category:Works by Bertrand Russell">Category: Works by Bertrand Russell</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Victorian_era296" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Victorian_era" title="Template:Victorian era"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Victorian_era" title="Template talk:Victorian era"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Victorian_era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Victorian era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Victorian_era296" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #ddddff;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">← Georgian era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian era →</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_and_diplomatic_history_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Political and diplomatic history of the Victorian era">Politics and diplomacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_Victorian_Era" title="British Army during the Victorian Era">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire#Britain's_imperial_century_(1815–1914)" title="British Empire">British empire</a></li> <li>By location <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_century_London" class="mw-redirect" title="19th century London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_modern_era#Late_18th_century_and_19th_century" title="Scotland in the modern era">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax Britannia">Pax Britannia</a></li> <li>Prime ministers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">The Viscount Melbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lord John Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">The Earl of Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">The Earl of Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">The Viscount Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">The Marquess of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">The Earl of Rosebery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy, society and knowledge</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Demographics of the Victorian era">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy,_industry,_and_trade_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Economy, industry, and trade of the Victorian era">Economy, industry, and trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics,_science,_technology_and_engineering_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Mathematics, science, technology and engineering of the Victorian era">Mathematics, science, technology and engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_and_culture_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Society and culture of the Victorian era">Society and culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian-era_cosmetics" title="Victorian-era cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_erotica" title="Victorian erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_fashion" title="Victorian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_house" title="Victorian house">Houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_jewellery" title="Victorian jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_masculinity" title="Victorian masculinity">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_morality" title="Victorian morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_painting" title="Victorian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_the_Victorian_era" title="Theatre in the Victorian era">Theatre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_burlesque" title="Victorian burlesque">Burlesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Victorian_era" title="Women in the Victorian era">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Victorian_era" title="Bibliography of the Victorian era">Bibliography</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Victorian_era" title="Category:Victorian era">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157259#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3131" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157259#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121305389">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44473781">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/7308/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjyJmg796VVYhVvf7qtWQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/116711086">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50022415">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/russell-john-2619">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/116711086.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/116711086">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/082388695">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hd7z19">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&oldid=1276589003">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell&oldid=1276589003</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Victorian_era" title="Category:Victorian era">Victorian era</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="Category:John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">John Russell, 1st Earl Russell</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1792_births" title="Category:1792 births">1792 births</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFNikol1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPartridge1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrest1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrest2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1820\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1820b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScherer1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrevelyan1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalpole1889a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalpole1889b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodward1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWyatt1931\"] = 1,\n [\"pp._43–63\"] = 1,\n [\"pp._67–84\"] = 1,\n [\"pp._873–882\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Ahnentafel\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bertrand Russell (Navigational box)\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Maclise\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite NIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Nuttall\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Russell, John Russell, 1st Earl\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Enum\"] = 1,\n [\"Foreign Secretary\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Hansard\"] = 8,\n [\"Hansard-contribs\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"HomeSecretary\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Leader of the House of Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Leaders of the Opposition UK\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"London Gazette\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"NPG name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nuttall\"] = 1,\n [\"Postnominals\"] = 1,\n [\"Presidents of the Royal Historical Society\"] = 1,\n [\"Rectors of the University of Aberdeen\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Royal Statistical Society presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aca\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 27,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 26,\n [\"S-break\"] = 2,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 2,\n [\"S-non\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 29,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 105,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Slink\"] = 1,\n [\"Succession box\"] = 1,\n [\"UKLiberalLeaders\"] = 1,\n [\"UKPrimeMinisters\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Victorian era\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n \"Gazette%d+\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","480","28.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","14.1"],["recursiveClone 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