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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early political career (1780–1783) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career_(1780–1783)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Member_of_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_of_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Member of Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_of_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chancellorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chancellorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Chancellorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chancellorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_the_American_War_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_the_American_War_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Effects of the American War of Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_the_American_War_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Premiership_(1783–1801)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Premiership_(1783–1801)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>First Premiership (1783–1801)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-First_Premiership_(1783–1801)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle First Premiership (1783–1801) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-First_Premiership_(1783–1801)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appointment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appointment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Appointment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appointment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_victory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_victory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Electoral victory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_victory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>First government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colonial_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Colonial reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Finances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Foreign affairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_king's_condition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_king's_condition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>The king's condition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_king's_condition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>French Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideological_struggle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideological_struggle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span>Ideological struggle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideological_struggle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span>Haiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.8</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spithead_mutiny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spithead_mutiny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.9</span> <span>Spithead mutiny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spithead_mutiny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.10</span> <span>Failure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Resignation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_(1801–1804)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_(1801–1804)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Opposition (1801–1804)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposition_(1801–1804)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Opposition (1801–1804) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opposition_(1801–1804)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Backbencher" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Backbencher"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Backbencher</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Backbencher-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Premiership_(1804–1806)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Premiership_(1804–1806)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Second Premiership (1804–1806)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_Premiership_(1804–1806)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Second Premiership (1804–1806) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Second_Premiership_(1804–1806)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reappointment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reappointment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Reappointment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reappointment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Second government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resuming_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resuming_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Resuming war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resuming_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Finances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural references subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_named_after_him" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_named_after_him"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Places named after him</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_named_after_him-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Biographical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Scholarly studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography_and_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_and_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Historiography and memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_and_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">William Pitt the Younger</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willelm_Pitt_se_Giengra" title="Willelm Pitt se Giengra – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Willelm Pitt se Giengra" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%BA%D8%B1" title="ويليام بيت الأصغر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويليام بيت الأصغر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_(el_Mozu)" title="William Pitt (el Mozu) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="William Pitt (el Mozu)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%B3_William_Pitt" title="Sió William Pitt – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sió William Pitt" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Уільям Піт Малодшы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уільям Піт Малодшы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8E%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D1%8B)" title="Ўільям Піт (малодшы) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ўільям Піт (малодшы)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82-%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Уилям Пит-младши – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилям Пит-младши" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_ar_Yaoua%C3%B1" title="William Pitt ar Yaouañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="William Pitt ar Yaouañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_%C2%ABEl_Jove%C2%BB" title="William Pitt «El Jove» – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="William Pitt «El Jove»" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_mlad%C5%A1%C3%AD" title="William Pitt mladší – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="William Pitt mladší" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt" title="William Pitt – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="William Pitt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_den_yngre" title="William Pitt den yngre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="William Pitt den yngre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_der_J%C3%BCngere" title="William Pitt der Jüngere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Pitt der Jüngere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_noorem" title="William Pitt noorem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="William Pitt noorem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CE%A0%CE%B9%CF%84_%CE%BF_%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ουίλιαμ Πιτ ο νεότερος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουίλιαμ Πιτ ο νεότερος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_(el_Joven)" title="William Pitt (el Joven) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Pitt (el Joven)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt" title="William Pitt – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="William Pitt" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitt_%22Gaztea%22" title="Pitt "Gaztea" – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pitt "Gaztea"" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ویلیام پیت جوان‌تر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام پیت جوان‌تر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_le_Jeune" title="William Pitt le Jeune – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Pitt le Jeune" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_%C3%93g" title="William Pitt Óg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="William Pitt Óg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_Beag" title="William Pitt Beag – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="William Pitt Beag" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt,_o_Novo" title="William Pitt, o Novo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="William Pitt, o Novo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%ED%94%BC%ED%8A%B8_(1759%EB%85%84)" title="윌리엄 피트 (1759년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 피트 (1759년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%BF_%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ուիլյամ Փիտ Կրտսեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուիլյամ Փիտ Կրտսեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A5%A8" title="विलियम पिट्ट २ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विलियम पिट्ट २" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_Mla%C4%91i" title="William Pitt Mlađi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="William Pitt Mlađi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_yang_Muda" title="William Pitt yang Muda – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William Pitt yang Muda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_yngri" title="William Pitt yngri – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="William Pitt yngri" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_il_Giovane" title="William Pitt il Giovane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Pitt il Giovane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%9F" title="ויליאם פיט הבן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם פיט הבן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98)" title="უილიამ პიტი (უმცროსი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უილიამ პიტი (უმცროსი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82_(%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%88%D1%96)" title="Уильям Питт (Кіші) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уильям Питт (Кіші)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_Yowynk" title="William Pitt Yowynk – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="William Pitt Yowynk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_Pitt_Iunior" title="Gulielmus Pitt Iunior – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus Pitt Iunior" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljams_Pits_Jaun%C4%81kais" title="Viljams Pits Jaunākais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viljams Pits Jaunākais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_jaunesnysis" title="William Pitt jaunesnysis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="William Pitt jaunesnysis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_(politikus,_1759%E2%80%931806)" title="William Pitt (politikus, 1759–1806) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="William Pitt (politikus, 1759–1806)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_Tanora" title="William Pitt Tanora – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="William Pitt Tanora" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F" title="धाकटा पिट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="धाकटा पिट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%BA%D8%B1" title="ويليام بيت الاصغر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويليام بيت الاصغر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_yang_Muda" title="William Pitt yang Muda – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="William Pitt yang Muda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_de_Jongere" title="William Pitt de Jongere – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Pitt de Jongere" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%94%E3%83%83%E3%83%88_(%E5%B0%8F%E3%83%94%E3%83%83%E3%83%88)" title="ウィリアム・ピット (小ピット) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・ピット (小ピット)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_den_yngre" title="William Pitt den yngre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="William Pitt den yngre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt-kichik" title="William Pitt-kichik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="William Pitt-kichik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%B1_%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%BC" title="کشر وليام پيټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کشر وليام پيټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_%C3%ABl_giovo" title="William Pitt ël giovo – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="William Pitt ël giovo" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_M%C5%82odszy" title="William Pitt Młodszy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Pitt Młodszy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt,_o_Novo" title="William Pitt, o Novo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Pitt, o Novo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_cel_T%C3%A2n%C4%83r" title="William Pitt cel Tânăr – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="William Pitt cel Tânăr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Питт, Уильям Младший – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Питт, Уильям Младший" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="William Pitt the Younger" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_mlad%C5%A1%C3%AD" title="William Pitt mladší – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="William Pitt mladší" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B8" title="Вилијам Пит Млађи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилијам Пит Млађи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_Mla%C4%91i" title="William Pitt Mlađi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="William Pitt Mlađi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_nuorempi" title="William Pitt nuorempi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="William Pitt nuorempi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_den_yngre" title="William Pitt den yngre – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="William Pitt den yngre" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C" title="วิลเลียม พิตต์ ผู้เยาว์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิลเลียม พิตต์ ผู้เยาว์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Уиллиам Питти хурдӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Уиллиам Питти хурдӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gen%C3%A7_William_Pitt" title="Genç William Pitt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Genç William Pitt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82_(%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Вільям Пітт (молодший) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільям Пітт (молодший)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%BE%D9%B9" title="ولیم پٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولیم پٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_Tr%E1%BA%BB" title="William Pitt Trẻ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="William Pitt Trẻ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9" title="小威廉·皮特 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="小威廉·皮特" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%A2%A7" title="小威廉·碧 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="小威廉·碧" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">William Pitt</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:OlderPittThe_Younger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/OlderPittThe_Younger.jpg/220px-OlderPittThe_Younger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/OlderPittThe_Younger.jpg/330px-OlderPittThe_Younger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/OlderPittThe_Younger.jpg/440px-OlderPittThe_Younger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2579" data-file-height="3299" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/John_Hoppner" title="John Hoppner">John Hoppner</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1804–05</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 May 1804 – 23 January 1806</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Henry Addington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_Grenville" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord Grenville">The Lord Grenville</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 January 1801 – 14 March 1801</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">George III</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Himself as Prime Minister of Great Britain</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Henry Addington</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Great Britain">Prime Minister of Great Britain</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 December 1783 – 1 January 1801</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Duke_of_Portland" class="mw-redirect" title="The Duke of Portland">The Duke of Portland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Himself as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 May 1804 – 23 January 1806</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Henry Addington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Henry_Petty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Henry Petty">Lord Henry Petty</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 December 1783 – 14 March 1801</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Lord John Cavendish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Henry Addington</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 July 1782 – 31 March 1783</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Lord John Cavendish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Lord John Cavendish </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Parliamentary offices </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />10 May 1804 – 23 January 1806</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Henry Addington</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />19 December 1783 – 14 March 1801</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lord_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord North">Lord North</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Henry Addington</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)">Cambridge University</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 May 1784 – 23 January 1806</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Townshend" title="Lord John Townshend">Lord John Townshend</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Lord Henry Petty</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a><br />for <a href="/wiki/Appleby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Appleby (UK Parliament constituency)">Appleby</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 January 1781 – 30 March 1784</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Lowther,_1st_Earl_of_Lonsdale" title="William Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale">William Lowther</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Leveson-Gower (Royal Navy officer)">John Leveson-Gower</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1759-05-28</span>)</span>28 May 1759<br /><a href="/wiki/Hayes,_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayes, Kent">Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 January 1806<span style="display:none">(1806-01-23)</span> (aged 46)<br /><a href="/wiki/Putney" title="Putney">Putney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hester_Pitt,_Countess_of_Chatham" title="Hester Pitt, Countess of Chatham">Lady Hester Grenville</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Cambridge" title="Pembroke College, Cambridge">Pembroke College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Pitt_the_Younger_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Pitt the Younger's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature of William Pitt the Younger in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/William_Pitt_the_Younger_Signature.svg/128px-William_Pitt_the_Younger_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/William_Pitt_the_Younger_Signature.svg/192px-William_Pitt_the_Younger_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/William_Pitt_the_Younger_Signature.svg/256px-William_Pitt_the_Younger_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="255" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data">British Militia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1802–1804</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data">Colonel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Volunteer_Corps" title="British Volunteer Corps">Trinity House Volunteer Artillery</a><br /><a href="/wiki/British_Volunteer_Corps" title="British Volunteer Corps">Cinque Ports Volunteers</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Pitt</b> (28 May 1759 – 23 January 1806) was a British statesman, the youngest and last prime minister of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> from 1783 until the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a>, and then first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">prime minister of the United Kingdom</a> from January 1801. He left office in March 1801, but served as prime minister again from 1804 until his death in 1806. He was also <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> for all of his time as prime minister. He is known as "<b>Pitt the Younger</b>" to distinguish him from his father, <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pitt the Elder">William Pitt the Elder</a>, who had also previously served as prime minister. </p><p>Pitt's prime ministerial tenure, which came during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, was dominated by major political events in Europe, including the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. Pitt, although often referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Tory_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tory (British political party)">Tory</a>, or "new Tory", called himself an "independent <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whig</a>" and was generally opposed to the development of a strict partisan political system. </p><p>Pitt was regarded as an outstanding administrator who worked for efficiency and reform, bringing in a new generation of competent administrators. He increased taxes to pay for the great war against France and cracked down on radicalism. To counter the threat of Irish support for France, he engineered the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a> and tried (but failed) to secure <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a> as part of the Union. He created the "new Toryism", which revived the Tory Party and enabled it to stay in power for the next quarter-century. </p><p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Asa_Briggs" title="Asa Briggs">Asa Briggs</a> argues that his personality did not endear itself to the British mind, for Pitt was too solitary and too colourless, and too often exuded an attitude of superiority. His greatness came in the war with France. Pitt reacted to become what <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Lord Minto</a> called "the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_(mythology)" title="Atlas (mythology)">Atlas</a> of our reeling globe". <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a> said, "For personal purity, disinterestedness and love of this country, I have never known his equal."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959148–149_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959148–149-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Petrie,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Petrie, 3rd Baronet">Charles Petrie</a> concludes that he was one of the greatest prime ministers "if on no other ground than that he enabled the country to pass from the old order to the new without any violent upheaval ... He understood the new Britain."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this he is <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historical rankings of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">ranked highly</a> amongst all British prime ministers in multiple surveys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrangioHartWalter2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkMu2nAZmMbECpgPA225_225]_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrangioHartWalter2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkMu2nAZmMbECpgPA225_225]-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseHansenEgan2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPEsM1ibpcJQCpgPA298_298]_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseHansenEgan2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPEsM1ibpcJQCpgPA298_298]-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pitt served as prime minister for a total of eighteen years, 343 days, making him the second-longest-serving British prime minister of all time, after <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Robert Walpole</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pitt_family" title="Pitt family">Pitt family</a></div> <p>William Pitt, the second son of <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham</a>, was born on 28 May 1759 at Hayes Place in the village of <a href="/wiki/Hayes,_Bromley" title="Hayes, Bromley">Hayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague200514_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague200514-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was from a political family on both sides, as his mother, <a href="/wiki/Hester_Pitt,_Countess_of_Chatham" title="Hester Pitt, Countess of Chatham">Hester Grenville</a>, was sister of former prime minister <a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">George Grenville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague200519_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague200519-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to biographer <a href="/wiki/John_Ehrman" title="John Ehrman">John Ehrman</a>, Pitt exhibited the brilliance and dynamism of his father's line, and the determined, methodical nature of the Grenvilles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman19694Vol._1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman19694Vol._1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suffering from occasional poor health as a boy, he was educated at home by the Reverend Edward Wilson. An intelligent child, Pitt quickly became proficient in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>. He was admitted to <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Cambridge" title="Pembroke College, Cambridge">Pembroke College, Cambridge</a>, on 26 April 1773,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a month before turning fourteen, going up to Cambridge in October 1773.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague200524_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague200524-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied political philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classics</a>, mathematics, <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and history.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Cambridge, Pitt was tutored by <a href="/wiki/George_Pretyman" class="mw-redirect" title="George Pretyman">George Pretyman</a>, who became a close personal friend and looked after Pitt whilst at University.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt later appointed Pretyman <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln" title="Bishop of Lincoln">Bishop of Lincoln</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester" title="Bishop of Winchester">Winchester</a>, and drew upon his advice throughout his political career.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at Cambridge, he befriended the young <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>, who became a lifelong friend and political ally in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt tended to socialise only with fellow students and others already known to him, rarely venturing outside the university grounds. Yet he was described as charming and friendly. According to Wilberforce, Pitt had an exceptional wit along with an endearingly gentle sense of humour: "no man ... ever indulged more freely or happily in that playful facetiousness which gratifies all without wounding any."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague200530_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague200530-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of Pitt's innocent wit was recorded by Sir John Sinclair. In the early years' of Pitt's ministry there was great interest in the new young First minister. Sinclair was required to write an account of Pitt to satisfy foreign curiosity when he was abroad. At the end of a long description of Britain's eminent leader he added: ‘Of all the places where you have been, where did you fare best?’ My answer was, ‘In Poland; for the nobility live there with uncommon taste and splendour; their cooks are French,- their confectioners Italian, - and their wine Tokey.’ He immediately observed, ‘I have heard before of The Polish diet.’<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1776, Pitt, plagued by poor health, took advantage of a little-used privilege available only to the sons of noblemen, and chose to graduate without having to pass examinations. Pitt's father was said to have insisted that his son spontaneously translate passages of classical literature orally into English, and declaim impromptu upon unfamiliar topics in an effort to develop his oratorical skills.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalcombe1859110_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalcombe1859110-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt's father, who had by then been raised to the peerage as Earl of Chatham, died in 1778. As the younger son, Pitt received only a small inheritance.In the months following the death of the Earl of Chatham, Pitt was forced to defend his father's reputation. This came about when the Bute family made claims that the late Lord had sought out the Earl of Bute with the desire to form a political coalition. Pitt although just over nineteen years of age publicly argued that this was not the case. Faced with Pitt's arguments the Bute family backed off and ceased making their claims. <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He acquired his legal education at <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn" title="Lincoln's Inn">Lincoln's Inn</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Called_to_the_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Called to the bar">called to the bar</a> in the summer of 1780.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague200546_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague200546-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career_(1780–1783)"><span id="Early_political_career_.281780.E2.80.931783.29"></span>Early political career (1780–1783)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early political career (1780–1783)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Member_of_Parliament">Member of Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Member of Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the general elections of September 1780, at the age of 21, Pitt contested the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)">University of Cambridge seat</a>, but lost, coming bottom of the poll of the five candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt had campaigned on his own merit, not as part of any group or with prominent backers. He explained to a friend that 'I do not wish to be thought inlisted [sic] in any party or to call myself anything but the Independent Whig, which in words is hardly a distinction, as every one alike pretends to it.'<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intent on entering Parliament, Pitt secured the patronage of <a href="/wiki/James_Lowther,_1st_Earl_of_Lonsdale" title="James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale">James Lowther</a>, later 1st Earl Lowther, with the help of his university friend, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Manners,_4th_Duke_of_Rutland" title="Charles Manners, 4th Duke of Rutland">Charles Manners, 4th Duke of Rutland</a>. Lowther effectively controlled the <a href="/wiki/Pocket_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket borough">pocket borough</a> of <a href="/wiki/Appleby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Appleby (UK Parliament constituency)">Appleby</a>; a by-election in that constituency sent Pitt to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Great_Britain" title="House of Commons of Great Britain">House of Commons</a> in January 1781.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt's entry into parliament is somewhat ironic as he later railed against the very same <a href="/wiki/Rotten_and_pocket_boroughs" title="Rotten and pocket boroughs">pocket and rotten boroughs</a> that had given him his seat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague200589_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague200589-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Parliament, the youthful Pitt cast aside his tendency to be withdrawn in public, emerging as a noted debater right from his <a href="/wiki/Maiden_speech" title="Maiden speech">maiden speech</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague200562–65_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague200562–65-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt's first speech made a dramatic impression. Sir John Sinclair, member of Parliament for Lostwithiel, thought that Pitt's first speech was never surpassed and ‘rarely equalled by any ever delivered in that assembly.’ When Pitt resumed his seat after finishing speaking there was thunderous applause. Sinclair noted that there was ‘utter astonishment … by an audience accustomed to the most splendid efforts of eloquence.’<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt originally aligned himself with prominent <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a>. With the Whigs, Pitt denounced the continuation of the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a>, as his father strongly had. Instead he proposed that the prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Lord_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord North">Lord North</a>, make peace with the rebellious American colonies. Pitt also supported parliamentary reform measures, including a proposal that would have checked electoral corruption. He renewed his friendship with William Wilberforce, now <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a> for <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>, with whom he frequently met in the gallery of the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague200571_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague200571-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chancellorship">Chancellorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chancellorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Lord North's ministry collapsed in 1782, the Whig <a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham</a>, was appointed prime minister. Pitt was offered the minor post of <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer_of_Ireland" title="Lord High Treasurer of Ireland">Vice-Treasurer of Ireland</a>, but he refused, considering the post overly subordinate. Lord Rockingham died only three months after coming to power; he was succeeded by another Whig, <a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne</a>. Many Whigs who had formed a part of the Rockingham ministry, including Fox, now refused to serve under Lord Shelburne, the new prime minister. Pitt, however, was comfortable with Shelburne, and thus joined his government; he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague200599_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague200599-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fox, who became Pitt's lifelong political rival, then joined a coalition with Lord North, with whom he collaborated to bring about the defeat of the Shelburne administration. When Lord Shelburne resigned in 1783, King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, who despised Fox, offered to appoint Pitt to the office of prime minister. But Pitt wisely declined, for he knew he would be incapable of securing the support of the House of Commons. The <a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a> rose to power in a government nominally headed by <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005124_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005124-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pitt, who had been stripped of his post as Chancellor of the Exchequer, joined the <a href="/wiki/Political_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Political opposition">Opposition</a>. He raised the issue of parliamentary reform in order to strain the uneasy Fox–North coalition, which included both supporters and detractors of reform. He did not advocate an expansion of the electoral franchise, but he did seek to address bribery and rotten boroughs. Though his proposal failed, many reformers in Parliament came to regard him as their leader, instead of Charles James Fox. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_the_American_War_of_Independence">Effects of the American War of Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Effects of the American War of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Losing the war and the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> was a shock to the British system. The war revealed the limitations of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Fiscal-military_state" title="Fiscal-military state">fiscal-military state</a> when it had powerful enemies and no allies, depended on extended and vulnerable transatlantic lines of communication, and was faced for the first time since the 17th century by both Protestant and Catholic foes. The defeat heightened dissension and escalated political antagonism to the king's ministers. Inside parliament, the primary concern changed from fears of an over-mighty monarch to the issues of representation, parliamentary reform, and government retrenchment. Reformers sought to destroy what they saw as widespread <a href="/wiki/Institutional_corruption" title="Institutional corruption">institutional corruption</a>. The result was a crisis from 1776 to 1783. The peace in 1783 left France financially prostrate, while the British economy boomed due to the return of American business. That crisis ended in 1784 as a result of the king's shrewdness in outwitting Fox<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (September 2023)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and renewed confidence in the system engendered by the leadership of Pitt. Historians conclude that the loss of the American colonies enabled Britain to deal with the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> with more unity and organisation than would otherwise have been the case.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack2006_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack2006-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Britain turned towards Asia, the Pacific, and later Africa with subsequent exploration leading to the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Second_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Second British Empire">Second British Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanny199892_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanny199892-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Premiership_(1783–1801)"><span id="First_Premiership_.281783.E2.80.931801.29"></span>First Premiership (1783–1801)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First Premiership (1783–1801)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article titled <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Premierships_of_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Premierships of Pitt the Younger (page does not exist)">Premierships of Pitt the Younger</a></i>. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="Talk:William Pitt the Younger">Discuss</a>) <small><i>(August 2024)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Pitt_ministry" title="First Pitt ministry">First Pitt ministry</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="padding-bottom:2px; padding-top:2px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:0; padding-bottom:1px;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Pitt_the_Younger.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William_Pitt_the_Younger"><img alt="William_Pitt_the_Younger" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/William_Pitt_the_Younger.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="332" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="332" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-top:2px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b><span style="font-size:120%">First premiership of Pitt the Younger</span></b></span><br />19 December 1783 – 14 March 1801</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_Pitt_ministry" title="First Pitt ministry">First Pitt ministry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:1px;"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_the_Duke_of_Portland" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiership of the Duke of Portland">Duke of Portland</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Henry_Addington" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiership of Henry Addington">Henry Addington</a> →</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <hr class="nomobile" style="background:#eee; height:5px; clear:both; margin:0 0 8px;" /> <div class="center"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:6px 0 2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_(HM_Government)_(St_Edwards_Crown).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/100px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/150px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg/200px-Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%28HM_Government%29_%28St_Edwards_Crown%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1256" /></a></span></div><br /><div style="line-height:normal; min-height:1px; padding-bottom:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_HM_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of HM Government">Coat of arms of HM Government</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Fox–North Coalition fell in December 1783, after Fox had introduced <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>'s bill to reform the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> to gain the patronage he so greatly lacked while the king refused to support him. Fox stated the bill was necessary to save the company from bankruptcy. Pitt responded that: "Necessity is the plea for every infringement of human freedom. It is the argument of tyrants; it is the creed of slaves."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005140_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005140-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king was opposed to the bill; when it passed in the House of Commons, he secured its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> by threatening to regard anyone who voted for it as his enemy. Following the bill's failure in the Upper House, George III dismissed the coalition government and finally entrusted the premiership to William Pitt, after having offered the position to him three times previously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005146_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005146-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Appointment">Appointment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Appointment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A constitutional crisis arose when the king dismissed the Fox–North coalition government and named Pitt to replace it. Though faced with a hostile majority in Parliament, Pitt was able to solidify his position within a few months. Some historians argue that his success was inevitable given the decisive importance of monarchical power; others argue that the king gambled on Pitt and that both would have failed but for a run of good fortune.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pitt, at the age of 24, became Great Britain's youngest prime minister ever. The contemporary satire <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rolliad" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rolliad">The Rolliad</a></i> ridiculed him for his youth:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShort1785[httpsbabelhathitrustorgcgiptiduc2ark13960t1hh6g811view1upseq65_61]_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShort1785[httpsbabelhathitrustorgcgiptiduc2ark13960t1hh6g811view1upseq65_61]-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Above the rest, majestically great,<br /> Behold the infant Atlas of the state,<br /> The matchless miracle of modern days,<br /> In whom Britannia to the world displays<br /> A sight to make surrounding nations stare;<br /> A kingdom trusted to a school-boy's care. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Many saw Pitt as a stop-gap appointment until some more senior statesman took on the role. However, although it was widely predicted that the new "mince-pie administration" would not outlast the Christmas season,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it survived for seventeen years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005152_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005152-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>So as to reduce the power of the <a href="/wiki/Political_opposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Political opposition">Opposition</a>, Pitt offered Charles James Fox and his allies posts in the Cabinet; Pitt's refusal to include Lord North, however, thwarted his efforts. The new government was immediately on the defensive and in January 1784 was defeated on a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">motion of no confidence</a>. Pitt, however, took the unprecedented step of refusing to resign, despite this defeat. He retained the support of the king, who would not entrust the reins of power to the Fox–North Coalition. He also received the support of the House of Lords, which passed supportive motions, and many messages of support from the country at large, in the form of petitions approving of his appointment which influenced some <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Members</a> to switch their support to Pitt. At the same time, he was granted the Freedom of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>. When he returned from the ceremony to mark this, men of the City pulled Pitt's coach home themselves, as a sign of respect. When passing a Whig club, the coach came under attack from a group of men who tried to assault Pitt. When news of this spread, it was assumed Fox and his associates had tried to bring down Pitt by any means.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005166_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005166-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electoral_victory">Electoral victory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electoral victory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George-Romney-xx-William-Pitt-the-Younger-xx-Tate-Britain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/George-Romney-xx-William-Pitt-the-Younger-xx-Tate-Britain.jpg/250px-George-Romney-xx-William-Pitt-the-Younger-xx-Tate-Britain.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/George-Romney-xx-William-Pitt-the-Younger-xx-Tate-Britain.jpg/375px-George-Romney-xx-William-Pitt-the-Younger-xx-Tate-Britain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/George-Romney-xx-William-Pitt-the-Younger-xx-Tate-Britain.jpg/500px-George-Romney-xx-William-Pitt-the-Younger-xx-Tate-Britain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2770" data-file-height="3543" /></a><figcaption>William Pitt in 1783, by <a href="/wiki/George_Romney_(painter)" title="George Romney (painter)">George Romney</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pitt gained great popularity with the public at large as "Honest Billy" who was seen as a refreshing change from the dishonesty, corruption and lack of principles widely associated with both Fox and North. Despite a series of defeats in the House of Commons, Pitt defiantly remained in office, watching the Coalition's majority shrink as some Members of Parliament left the Opposition to abstain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005166_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005166-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1784, Parliament was dissolved, and a <a href="/wiki/1784_British_general_election" title="1784 British general election">general election</a> ensued. An electoral defeat for the government was out of the question because Pitt enjoyed the support of King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>. <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">Patronage</a> and bribes paid by the Treasury were normally expected to be enough to secure the government a comfortable majority in the House of Commons, but on this occasion, the government reaped much popular support as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005173_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005173-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most popular constituencies, the election was fought between candidates clearly representing either Pitt or Fox and North. Early returns showed a massive swing to Pitt with the result that many Opposition Members who still had not faced election either defected, stood down, or made deals with their opponents to avoid expensive defeats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005170_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005170-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notable exception came in Fox's own constituency of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)">Westminster</a>, which contained one of the largest electorates in the country. In a contest estimated to have cost a quarter of the total spending in the entire country, Fox bitterly fought against two <a href="/wiki/Pittite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittite">Pittite</a> candidates to secure one of the two seats for the constituency. Great legal wranglings ensued, including the examination of every single vote cast, which dragged on for more than a year. Meanwhile, Fox sat for the Scottish pocket borough of <a href="/wiki/Tain_Burghs_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Tain Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)">Tain Burghs</a>. Many saw the dragging out of the result as being unduly vindictive on the part of Pitt and eventually the examinations were abandoned with Fox declared elected. Elsewhere, Pitt won a personal triumph when he was elected a <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)">Member for the University of Cambridge</a>, a constituency he had long coveted and which he would continue to represent for the remainder of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005170_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005170-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt's new constituency suited him perfectly as he was able to act independently. Sir James Lowther's pocket borough of Appleby, which had been Pitt's previous constituency, had strings attached. Now Pitt could really be the 'independent Whig' he identified as. <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_government">First government<span class="anchor" id="First_premiership"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: First government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Pitt_ministry" title="First Pitt ministry">First Pitt ministry</a></div> <p>In domestic politics, Pitt concerned himself with the cause of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary reform">parliamentary reform</a>. In 1785, he introduced a bill to remove the representation of thirty-six rotten boroughs, and to extend, in a small way, the electoral franchise to more individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005191_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005191-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt's support for the bill, however, was not strong enough to prevent its defeat in the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005193_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005193-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill of 1785 was the last parliamentary reform proposal introduced by Pitt to British legislators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_reform">Colonial reform</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Colonial reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipu_death.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tipu_death.jpg/220px-Tipu_death.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tipu_death.jpg/330px-Tipu_death.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Tipu_death.jpg/440px-Tipu_death.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>The fall of <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Mysore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Mysore">Sultanate of Mysore</a> in 1799</figcaption></figure> <p>His administration secure, Pitt could begin to enact his agenda. His first major piece of legislation as prime minister was the <a href="/wiki/India_Act_1784" class="mw-redirect" title="India Act 1784">India Act 1784</a>, which re-organised the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> and kept a watch over corruption. The India Act created a new <a href="/wiki/India_Board" title="India Board">Board of Control</a> to oversee the affairs of the East India Company. It differed from Fox's failed India Bill 1783 and specified that the board would be appointed by the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005182_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005182-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt was appointed, along with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Lord Sydney</a>, who was appointed <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Board_of_Control" title="President of the Board of Control">president</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005182_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005182-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The act centralised British rule in India by reducing the power of the governors of <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Madras</a> and by increasing that of <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis</a>. Further augmentations and clarifications of the governor-general's authority were made in 1786, presumably by Lord Sydney, and presumably as a result of the company's setting up of <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a> with their own superintendent (governor), Captain <a href="/wiki/Francis_Light" title="Francis Light">Francis Light</a>, in 1786. </p><p>Convicts were originally transported to the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a> in North America, but after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War of Independence</a> ended in 1783, the newly formed United States refused to accept further convicts.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt's government took the decision to settle what is now <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and found the penal colony in August 1786. The <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> of 11 vessels carried over a thousand settlers, including 778 convicts. The <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">Colony of New South Wales</a> was formally proclaimed by Governor <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a> on 7 February 1788 at Sydney.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finances">Finances</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National-Debt-Gillray.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/National-Debt-Gillray.jpeg/220px-National-Debt-Gillray.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/National-Debt-Gillray.jpeg/330px-National-Debt-Gillray.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/National-Debt-Gillray.jpeg/440px-National-Debt-Gillray.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="3146" /></a><figcaption>In "A new way to pay the National Debt" (1786), <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a> caricatured <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Charlotte">Queen Charlotte</a> and George III awash with treasury funds to cover royal debts, with Pitt handing them another moneybag.</figcaption></figure> <p>Another important domestic issue with which Pitt had to concern himself was the national debt, which had doubled to £243 million during the American war.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every year, a third of the budget of £24 million went to pay interest. Pitt sought to reduce the national debt by imposing new taxes. In 1786, he instituted a <a href="/wiki/Sinking_fund" title="Sinking fund">sinking fund</a> so that £1 million a year was added to a fund so that it could accumulate interest; eventually, the money in the fund was to be used to pay off the national debt. Pitt had learned of the idea of the 'Sinking Fund' from his father in 1772. Earl Chatham had been informed of the Welshman, Sir Richard Price's idea, Pitt approved of the idea and adopted it when he was in office.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1792, the debt had fallen to £170 million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner200394_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner200394-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pitt always paid careful attention to financial issues. A fifth of Britain's imports were smuggled in without paying taxes. He made it easier for honest merchants to import goods by lowering tariffs on easily smuggled items such as tea, wine, spirits, and tobacco. This policy raised customs revenues by nearly £2 million a year.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Income_tax"></span>In 1797, Pitt was forced to protect the kingdom's gold reserves by preventing individuals from exchanging banknotes for gold. Great Britain would continue to use paper money for over two decades. Pitt also introduced Great Britain's first-ever <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a>. The new tax helped offset losses in indirect tax revenue, which had been caused by a decline in trade.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt's two policies of suspending cash payments and introducing Income Tax were later cited by the French Minister of Finance as being 'genius'. As they had stopped the French from destroying Britain's economy. <sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pitt sought European alliances to restrict French influence, forming the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1788)" title="Triple Alliance (1788)">Triple Alliance</a> with <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Holland</a> in 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Sound_Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nootka Sound Controversy">Nootka Sound Controversy</a> in 1790, Pitt took advantage of the alliance to force Spain to give up its claim to exclusive control over the western coast of North and South America. The Alliance, however, failed to produce any other important benefits for Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHm0SQ_sRpCMCpgPA155_149–155]_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHm0SQ_sRpCMCpgPA155_149–155]-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pitt was alarmed at Russian expansion in the 1780s at the expense of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relations between Russia and Britain were disturbed during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792</a> by Pitt's subscription to the view of the Prussian government that the Triple Alliance could not with impunity allow the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> in Eastern Europe to be disturbed. In peace talks with the Ottomans, Russia refused to return the key <a href="/wiki/Ochakiv" title="Ochakiv">Ochakov</a> fortress. Pitt wanted to threaten military retaliation. However Russia's ambassador <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Vorontsov" title="Semyon Vorontsov">Semyon Vorontsov</a> organised Pitt's enemies and launched a public opinion campaign. Pitt had become alarmed at the opposition to his Russian policy in parliament, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Fox</a> both uttering powerful speeches against the restoration of Ochakov to the Turks. Pitt won the vote so narrowly that he gave up.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzgbjPESz3dcCpgPA290_290]_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzgbjPESz3dcCpgPA290_290]-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1969xxVol._2_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1969xxVol._2-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and its attendant wars temporarily united Britain and Russia in an ideological alliance against French republicanism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_king's_condition"><span id="The_king.27s_condition"></span>The king's condition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The king's condition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1788, Pitt faced a major crisis when the king fell victim to a mysterious illness,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a form of mental disorder that incapacitated him. If the sovereign was incapable of fulfilling his constitutional duties, Parliament would need to appoint a regent to rule in his place. All factions agreed that the only viable candidate was the king's eldest son and <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_IV_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George IV of the United Kingdom">George, Prince of Wales</a>. The Prince, however, was a supporter of Charles James Fox. Had the Prince come to power, he would almost surely have dismissed Pitt. He did not have such an opportunity, however, as Parliament spent months debating legal technicalities relating to the regency. Fortunately for Pitt, the king recovered in February 1789, just after a <a href="/wiki/Regency_Bill_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency Bill 1789">Regency Bill</a> had been introduced and passed in the House of Commons.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The general elections of 1790 resulted in a majority for the government, and Pitt continued as prime minister. In 1791, he proceeded to address one of the problems facing the growing <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>: the future of <a href="/wiki/British_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="British Canada">British Canada</a>. By the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Act_of_1791" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Act of 1791">Constitutional Act of 1791</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">province of Quebec</a> was divided into two separate provinces: the predominantly French <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> and the predominantly English <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a>. In August 1792, coincident with the <a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">capture of Louis XVI by the French revolutionaries</a>, George III appointed Pitt as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports" title="Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports">Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports</a>, a position whose incumbent was responsible for the coastal defences of the realm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005309_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005309-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The king had in 1791 offered him a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Knighthood of the Garter</a>, but he suggested the honour go to his <a href="/wiki/John_Pitt,_2nd_Earl_of_Chatham" title="John Pitt, 2nd Earl of Chatham">elder brother</a>, the second Earl of Chatham.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005309_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005309-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French_Revolution">French Revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: French Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg/220px-The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg/330px-The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg/440px-The_House_of_Commons_1793-94_by_Karl_Anton_Hickel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1740" /></a><figcaption>Pitt (standing centre) addressing the Commons on the outbreak of the war with France (1793); <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Commons,_1793%E2%80%9394" title="The House of Commons, 1793–94">The House of Commons, 1793–94</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Hickel" title="Anton Hickel">Anton Hickel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>An early favourable response to the French Revolution encouraged many in Great Britain to reopen the issue of parliamentary reform, which had been dormant since Pitt's reform bill was defeated in 1785. The reformers, however, were quickly labelled as radicals and associates of the French revolutionaries. Pitt, due to economic reasons, wanted to remain aloof from War with France. However, this option was taken away from him by an ultimatum from King George III. Pitt could either resign or go to war. Committed to making Britain financially stable Pitt agreed, albeit very reluctantly, to go to war against the French Revolutionaries. Though France's declaration of hostilities against Britain meant that Britain was forced into war. <sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, in 1794, Pitt's administration <a href="/wiki/1794_Treason_Trials" title="1794 Treason Trials">tried three of them for treason</a> but lost. Parliament began to enact repressive legislation in order to silence the reformers. Individuals who published <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">seditious</a> material were punished, and, in 1794, the writ of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a> was suspended. Other repressive measures included the <a href="/wiki/Seditious_Meetings_Act_1795" title="Seditious Meetings Act 1795">Seditious Meetings Act 1795</a>, which restricted the right of individuals to assemble publicly, and the <a href="/wiki/Combination_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Combination Act">Combination Acts</a>, which restricted the formation of societies or organisations that favoured political reforms. Problems manning the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> also led to Pitt to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Quota_System_(Royal_Navy)" title="Quota System (Royal Navy)">Quota System</a> in 1795 in addition to the existing system of <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">impressment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnnis200234_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnnis200234-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war with France was extremely expensive, straining Great Britain's finances. Unlike in the latter stages of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, at this point Britain had only a very small standing army, and thus contributed to the war effort mainly through sea power and by supplying funds to other coalition members facing France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ideological_struggle">Ideological struggle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ideological struggle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Pitt_the_Younger_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/William_Pitt_the_Younger_2.jpg/170px-William_Pitt_the_Younger_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/William_Pitt_the_Younger_2.jpg/255px-William_Pitt_the_Younger_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/William_Pitt_the_Younger_2.jpg/340px-William_Pitt_the_Younger_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>William Pitt by <a href="/wiki/Gainsborough_Dupont" title="Gainsborough Dupont">Gainsborough Dupont</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Burrell_Collection" title="Burrell Collection">Burrell Collection</a>, Glasgow</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the 1790s, the war against France was presented as an ideological struggle between French republicanism vs. British monarchism with the British government seeking to mobilise public opinion in support of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200257_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200257-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pitt government waged a vigorous propaganda campaign contrasting the ordered society of Britain dominated by the aristocracy and the gentry vs. the "anarchy" of the French revolution and always sought to associate British "radicals" with the revolution in France. Some of the writers the British government subsidized (often from Secret Service funds) included <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Cobbett" title="William Cobbett">William Cobbett</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Playfair" title="William Playfair">William Playfair</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Reeves_(activist)" title="John Reeves (activist)">John Reeves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> (the last through the pension granted him in 1762).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200259_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200259-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the Pitt government did drastically reduce civil liberties and created a nationwide spy network with ordinary people being encouraged to denounce any "radicals" that might be in their midst, the historian <a href="/wiki/Eric_J._Evans" title="Eric J. Evans">Eric J. Evans</a> argued the picture of Pitt's "reign of terror" as portrayed by the Marxist historian <a href="/wiki/E.P._Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="E.P. Thompson">E.P. Thompson</a> is incorrect, stating there is much evidence of a "popular conservative movement" that rallied in defence of King and Country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200258_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200258-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evans wrote that there were about 200 prosecutions of "radicals" suspected of sympathy with the French revolution in British courts in the 1790s, which was much less than the prosecutions of suspected Jacobites after the rebellions of 1715 and 1745.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200259_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200259-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the spy network maintained by the government was efficient. In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Northanger_Abbey" title="Northanger Abbey">Northanger Abbey</a></i>, which was written in the 1790s, but not published until 1817, one of the characters remarks that it is not possible for a family to keep secrets in these modern times when spies for the government were lurking everywhere. This comment captures well the tense, paranoid atmosphere of the 1790s, when people were being encouraged to report "radicals" to the authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrvine200593_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrvine200593-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haiti">Haiti</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Haiti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1794_na.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1794_na.png/220px-Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1794_na.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1794_na.png/330px-Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1794_na.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1794_na.png/440px-Political_Evolution_of_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_1794_na.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_Caribbean" title="Territorial evolution of the Caribbean">European colonies</a> in the Caribbean in 1794</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1793, Pitt decided to take advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> to seize <a href="/wiki/St._Domingue" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Domingue">St. Domingue</a>, the richest French colony in the world, believing this would strike a great blow at France while bringing St. Domingue into the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and ensuring that the slaves in the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a> would not be inspired to revolt likewise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry200563–64_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry200563–64-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of those who owned slave plantations in the British West Indies had been greatly alarmed by the revolution, which began in 1791, and they were strongly pressing Pitt to restore slavery in St. Domingue, lest their own slaves be inspired to seek freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy198728_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy198728-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dundas,_1st_Viscount_Melville" title="Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville">Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville</a>, who was Pitt's <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War">Secretary of State for War</a>, instructed Sir Adam Williamson, the lieutenant-governor of Jamaica, to sign an agreement with representatives of the French colonists that promised to restore the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien regime">ancien regime</a></i></span>, slavery, and discrimination against mixed-race colonists, a move that drew criticism from abolitionists <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clarkson" title="Thomas Clarkson">Thomas Clarkson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1938109_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1938109-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeggus1982[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeggus1982[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British landed in St. Domingue on 20 September 1793, stating they had come to protect the white population from the blacks, and were able to seize some coastal enclaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry200564_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry200564-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that the British had come to restore slavery in St. Domingue inspired ferocious resistance from the Haitians, who had no desire to be forced into chains again. The heavy death toll caused by <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>, the much dreaded "black vomit", made conquering St. Domingue impossible, but an undeterred Pitt launched what he called the "great push" in 1795, sending out an even larger British expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry200569_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry200569-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1795, some 218 ships left Portsmouth for St. Domingue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy1987197_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy1987197-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_France_(1795)" title="Invasion of France (1795)">Quiberon expedition</a> earlier in 1795, when the British landed a force of French royalists on the coast of France who were annihilated by the forces of the republic, Pitt had decided it was crucial for Britain to have St. Domingue, no matter what the cost in lives and money, to improve Britain's negotiating hand when it came time to make peace with the French republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy1987162_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy1987162-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British historian Michael Duffy argued that since Pitt committed far more manpower and money to the Caribbean expeditions, especially the one to St. Domingue, than he ever did to Europe in the years 1793–1798, it is proper to view the West Indies as Britain's main theatre of war and Europe as more of a sideshow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy1987370–372_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy1987370–372-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1795, 50% of the British Army was deployed in the West Indies (with the largest contingent in St. Domingue), whereas the rest of the British Army was divided among Britain, Europe, India, and North America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200250_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200250-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the British death toll, largely caused by yellow fever, continued to climb, Pitt was criticised in the House of Commons. Several MPs suggested it might be better to abandon the expedition, but Pitt insisted that Britain had given its word of honour that it would protect the French planters from their former slaves, and the expedition to St. Domingue could not be abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry200573_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry200573-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British attempt to conquer St. Domingue in 1793 ended in disaster; the British pulled out on 31 August 1798 after having spent 4 million pounds (roughly £500 million in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UKGDP_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UKGDP-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and having lost about 100,000 men—dead or crippled for life, mostly from disease—over the preceding five years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry200575–76_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry200575–76-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British historian Sir <a href="/wiki/John_William_Fortescue" class="mw-redirect" title="John William Fortescue">John William Fortescue</a> wrote that Pitt and his cabinet had tried to destroy French power "in these pestilent islands ... only to discover, when it was too late, that they practically destroyed the British army".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry200569_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry200569-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fortescue concluded that Pitt's attempt to add St. Domingue to the British empire had killed off most of the British army, cost the British treasury a fortune and weakened British influence in Europe, making British power "fettered, numbered and paralysed", all for nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry200576_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry200576-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pitt maintained close control over Ireland. The Lord Lieutenants were to follow his policy of Protestant control and very little reform for the Catholic majority. When the opposition Portland group joined Pitt's ministry, splitting the Foxite opposition, Pitt was put in a difficult situation. He wanted to replace his friend Westmorland, who was Lord Lieutenant, with Lord Camden, whom he could trust. However, one of Portland's group, Earl Fitzwilliam, wanted the position. Pitt, to keep Portland on side, appointed Fitzwilliam but allowed the new Lord Liuetantant to believe that he had free range to reform the government in Ireland. Thus when Fitzwilliam's reforms became public in London he was quickly recalled and Camden replaced him. This ensured Pitt had his man in Dublin Castle, whilst also retaining Portland and his group. The unfortunate effect was to produce optimism amongst Irish Catholics who wanted political reform.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1798, the long-simmering unrest in Ireland exploded into outright rebellion with the <a href="/wiki/United_Irishmen_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="United Irishmen Society">United Irishmen Society</a> launching a revolt to win independence for Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200267–68_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200267–68-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt took an extremely repressive approach to the United Irishmen with the Crown executing about 1,500 United Irishmen after the revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200267–68_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200267–68-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revolt of 1798 destroyed Pitt's faith in the governing competence of the Dublin parliament (dominated by <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a> families). Thinking a less sectarian and more conciliatory approach would have avoided the uprising, Pitt <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800#Passage" title="Acts of Union 1800">sought an Act of Union</a> that would make Ireland an official part of the United Kingdom and end the "<a href="/wiki/Irish_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Question">Irish Question</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200268_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200268-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French expeditions to Ireland in 1796 and 1798 (to support the United Irishmen) were regarded by Pitt as near-misses that might have provided an Irish base for French attacks on Britain, thus making the "Irish Question" a national security matter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200268_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200268-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Dublin parliament</a> did not wish to disband, Pitt made generous use of what would now be called "<a href="/wiki/Pork_barrel_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pork barrel politics">pork barrel politics</a>" to bribe Irish MPs to vote for the Act of Union.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200268–69_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200268–69-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_the_Irish_rebellion_in_1798_-_with_memoirs_of_the_union,_and_Emmett%27s_insurrection_in_1803_(1854)_(14797903353).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/History_of_the_Irish_rebellion_in_1798_-_with_memoirs_of_the_union%2C_and_Emmett%27s_insurrection_in_1803_%281854%29_%2814797903353%29.jpg/220px-History_of_the_Irish_rebellion_in_1798_-_with_memoirs_of_the_union%2C_and_Emmett%27s_insurrection_in_1803_%281854%29_%2814797903353%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/History_of_the_Irish_rebellion_in_1798_-_with_memoirs_of_the_union%2C_and_Emmett%27s_insurrection_in_1803_%281854%29_%2814797903353%29.jpg/330px-History_of_the_Irish_rebellion_in_1798_-_with_memoirs_of_the_union%2C_and_Emmett%27s_insurrection_in_1803_%281854%29_%2814797903353%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/History_of_the_Irish_rebellion_in_1798_-_with_memoirs_of_the_union%2C_and_Emmett%27s_insurrection_in_1803_%281854%29_%2814797903353%29.jpg/440px-History_of_the_Irish_rebellion_in_1798_-_with_memoirs_of_the_union%2C_and_Emmett%27s_insurrection_in_1803_%281854%29_%2814797903353%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2352" data-file-height="1558" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the 1790s, the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">Society of United Irishmen</a> grew. Influenced by the American and French revolutions, this movement demanded independence and republicanism for Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200267_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200267-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United Irishmen Society was very anti-clerical, being equally opposed to the "superstitions" promoted by both the Church of England and the Roman Catholic church, which caused the latter to support the Crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200265_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200265-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Realising that the Catholic church was an ally in the struggle against the French Revolution, Pitt had tried fruitlessly to persuade the Dublin parliament to loosen the anti-Catholic laws to "keep things quiet in Ireland".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200266_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200266-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt's efforts to soften the anti-Catholic laws failed in the face of determined resistance from the families of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a> in Ireland, who forced Pitt to recall <a href="/wiki/William_Fitzwilliam,_4th_Earl_Fitzwilliam" title="William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam">Earl Fitzwilliam</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a> in 1795, when the latter had indicated he would support a bill for Catholic relief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200266–67_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200266–67-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the actions of Fitzwilliam had been encouraged by Pitt who wanted an excuse to remove Fitzwilliam and replace him with the Earl of Camden, however, Pitt had managed this feat without witnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt was very much opposed to Catholic relief and the repeal of their political disabilities which were contained in the Test and Corporation Laws. <sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In much of rural Ireland, law and order had broken down as an economic crisis further impoverished the already poor Irish peasantry, and a sectarian war with many atrocities on both sides had begun in 1793 between Catholic "<a href="/wiki/Defenders_(Ireland)" title="Defenders (Ireland)">Defenders</a>" versus Protestant "<a href="/wiki/Peep_o%27_Day_Boys" title="Peep o' Day Boys">Peep o' Day Boys</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200267_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200267-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A section of the Peep o'Day Boys who had renamed themselves the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Loyal Orange Order</a> in September 1795 were fanatically committed to upholding Protestant supremacy in Ireland at "almost any cost".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200267_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200267-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1796, a French invasion of Ireland led by General <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a> (scheduled to coordinate with a rising of the United Irishmen) was only <a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche#Ireland_and_Austria" title="Lazare Hoche">thwarted by bad weather</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200267_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200267-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To crush the United Irishmen, Pitt sent <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Lake,_1st_Viscount_Lake" title="Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake">General Lake</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> in 1797 to call out <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Irish">Protestant Irish</a> militiamen and organised an intelligence network of spies and informers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200267_89-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200267-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spithead_mutiny">Spithead mutiny</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Spithead mutiny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1797, the <a href="/wiki/Spithead_and_Nore_mutinies" title="Spithead and Nore mutinies">mutiny of the entire Spithead fleet</a> shook the government (sailors demanded a pay increase to match inflation). This mutiny occurred at the same moment that the Franco-Dutch alliance were preparing an invasion of Britain. To regain control of the fleet, Pitt agreed to navy pay increases and had <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative_of_mercy" title="Royal prerogative of mercy">George III pardon</a> the mutineers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By contrast, the more political "floating republic" <a href="/wiki/Spithead_and_Nore_mutinies" title="Spithead and Nore mutinies">naval mutiny at the Nore</a> in June 1797 led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Parker_(mutineer)" title="Richard Parker (mutineer)">Richard Parker</a> was handled more repressively. Pitt refused to negotiate with Parker, whom he wanted to see hanged as a mutineer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In response to the 1797 mutinies, Pitt passed the <a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_Mutiny_Act_1797" title="Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797">Incitement to Mutiny Act 1797</a> making it unlawful to advocate breaking oaths to the Crown. In 1798, he passed the Defence of the Realm act, which further restricted civil liberties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200257_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200257-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the major concerns to Britain's defences when the navy mutinied Pitt remained calm and in control. He was confident that the matter would be resolved. Lord Spencer, the First Lord of the Admiralty recalled how calm Pitt was. Very late one evening after visiting the Minister with desperate news of the fleet, as Spencer proceeded away from Downing Street he remembered he had some more information to give to Pitt. He immediately returned to Number 10 only to be infomred that Pitt was fast asleep. Henry Dundas, who was President of the Board of Control, Treasurer of the Navy, Secretary at War and a close friend of Pitt, envied the First Minister for his ability to sleep well in all crcumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Failure">Failure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite Pitt's efforts, the French continued to defeat the <a href="/wiki/First_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="First Coalition">First Coalition</a>, which collapsed in 1798. A <a href="/wiki/Second_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a>, consisting of Great Britain, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, was formed, but it, too, failed to overcome the French. The fall of the Second Coalition with the defeat of the Austrians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> (14 June 1800) and at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> (3 December 1800) left Great Britain facing France alone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resignation">Resignation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Resignation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a>, Pitt sought to inaugurate the new <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> by granting concessions to Roman Catholics, who formed a 75% majority of the population in Ireland, by abolishing various political restrictions under which they suffered. The king was strongly opposed to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a>; he argued that to grant additional liberty would violate <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Oath_Act_1688" title="Coronation Oath Act 1688">his coronation oath</a>, in which he had promised to protect the established <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. Pitt, unable to change the king's strong views, resigned on 16 February 1801 so as to allow <a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Henry Addington</a>, his political friend, to form a new administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005479_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005479-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about the same time, however, the king suffered a renewed bout of madness, with the consequence that Addington could not receive his formal appointment. Though he had resigned, Pitt temporarily continued to discharge his duties; on 18 February 1801, he brought forward the annual budget. Power was transferred from Pitt to Addington on 14 March, when the king recovered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005484_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005484-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_(1801–1804)"><span id="Opposition_.281801.E2.80.931804.29"></span>Opposition (1801–1804)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Opposition (1801–1804)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Backbencher">Backbencher</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Backbencher"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britannia-between-Death-and-the-Doctors-Gillray.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Britannia-between-Death-and-the-Doctors-Gillray.jpeg/220px-Britannia-between-Death-and-the-Doctors-Gillray.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Britannia-between-Death-and-the-Doctors-Gillray.jpeg/330px-Britannia-between-Death-and-the-Doctors-Gillray.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Britannia-between-Death-and-the-Doctors-Gillray.jpeg/440px-Britannia-between-Death-and-the-Doctors-Gillray.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4241" data-file-height="2871" /></a><figcaption>In <i>Britannia between Death and the Doctor's</i> (1804), Gillray caricatured Pitt as a doctor kicking Addington (the previous doctor) out of Britannia's sickroom.</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after leaving office, Pitt supported the new administration under Addington, but with little enthusiasm; he frequently absented himself from Parliament, preferring to remain in his <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports" title="Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports">Lord Warden</a>'s residence of <a href="/wiki/Walmer_Castle" title="Walmer Castle">Walmer Castle</a>—before 1802 usually spending an annual late-summer holiday there, and later often present from the spring until the autumn. </p><p>From the castle, he helped organise a local <a href="/wiki/British_Volunteer_Corps" title="British Volunteer Corps">Volunteer Corps</a> in anticipation of a French invasion, acted as colonel of a battalion raised by <a href="/wiki/Trinity_House" title="Trinity House">Trinity House</a>—he was also a Master of Trinity House—and encouraged the construction of <a href="/wiki/Martello_tower" title="Martello tower">Martello towers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Canal" title="Royal Military Canal">Royal Military Canal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romney_Marsh" title="Romney Marsh">Romney Marsh</a>. He rented land abutting the Castle to farm on which to lay out trees and walks. His niece <a href="/wiki/Lady_Hester_Stanhope" title="Lady Hester Stanhope">Lady Hester Stanhope</a> designed and managed the gardens and acted as his hostess. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> in 1802 between France and Britain marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>. Everyone expected it to be only a short truce. By 1803, war had broken out again with <a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">France</a> under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>. Although Addington had previously invited him to join the Cabinet, Pitt preferred to join the Opposition, becoming increasingly critical of the government's policies. Addington, unable to face the combined opposition of Pitt and Fox, saw his majority gradually evaporate and resigned in late April 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005526_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005526-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Premiership_(1804–1806)"><span id="Second_Premiership_.281804.E2.80.931806.29"></span>Second Premiership (1804–1806)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Second Premiership (1804–1806)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reappointment">Reappointment<span class="anchor" id="Second_premiership"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Reappointment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_Pitt_ministry" title="Second Pitt ministry">Second Pitt ministry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uncorking-Old-Sherry-Gillray.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Uncorking-Old-Sherry-Gillray.jpeg/170px-Uncorking-Old-Sherry-Gillray.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Uncorking-Old-Sherry-Gillray.jpeg/255px-Uncorking-Old-Sherry-Gillray.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Uncorking-Old-Sherry-Gillray.jpeg/340px-Uncorking-Old-Sherry-Gillray.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2783" data-file-height="3988" /></a><figcaption>In <i><a href="/wiki/Uncorking_Old_Sherry" title="Uncorking Old Sherry">Uncorking Old Sherry</a></i> (1805), Gillray caricatured Pitt uncorking a bottle of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Sheridan" title="Richard Brinsley Sheridan">Sheridan</a> that is bursting out with puns and invective.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pitt finally returned to the premiership on 10 May 1804. He had originally planned to form a broad coalition government, with both the Tories and Whigs under one government.<sup id="cite_ref-victorianwebb_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victorianwebb-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But Pitt faced the opposition of George III to the inclusion of Fox, due to the king's dislike. Moreover, many of Pitt's former supporters, including the allies of Addington, joined the Opposition. Thus, Pitt's second ministry was considerably weaker than his first.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005529–533_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005529–533-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, Pitt formed <a href="/wiki/Second_Pitt_ministry" title="Second Pitt ministry">a second government</a> which consisted of largely <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tories (British political faction)">Tory</a> members with some former ministers of the previous ministry. These include <a href="/wiki/John_Scott,_1st_Earl_of_Eldon" title="John Scott, 1st Earl of Eldon">Lord Eldon</a> as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>, former Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Lord Hawkesbury</a> as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for the Home Department">Home Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Ryder,_1st_Earl_of_Harrowby" title="Dudley Ryder, 1st Earl of Harrowby">Lord Harrowby</a> as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)">Foreign Secretary</a>, former prime ministers <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Duke of Portland</a> and Addington as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council" title="Lord President of the Council">Lord President of the Council</a>, with Pitt's prominent allies <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dundas,_1st_Viscount_Melville" title="Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville">the Viscount Melville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Lord Castlereagh</a> as <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-victorianwebb_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victorianwebb-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_government">Second government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Second government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resuming_war">Resuming war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Resuming war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the time Pitt became prime minister in 1804, the war in Europe had been escalating for sometime since the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">peace of Amiens</a> in 1801 and in 1803 the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a> began.<sup id="cite_ref-victorianwebb_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victorianwebb-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt's new government resumed the war effort yet again to confront the French and to defeat Napoleon. Pitt had initially allied Britain with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and now renewed the alliance with Austria Prussia and Russia against <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic France">Napoleonic France</a> and its allies. </p><p>The British government began placing pressure on the French Emperor, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoleon I</a>. By imposing sanctions, putting up a blockade across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> and undermining French naval activities, Pitt's efforts proved a success and thanks to his efforts, the United Kingdom joined the <a href="/wiki/Third_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a>, an alliance that included Austria, Russia, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-victorianwebb_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-victorianwebb-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1805, the British Admiral <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson</a>, won a crushing victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a>, ensuring British naval supremacy for the remainder of the war. At the annual <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor</a>'s Banquet toasting him as "the Saviour of Europe", Pitt responded in a few words that became the most famous speech of his life: </p> <dl><dd>I return you many thanks for the honour you have done me; but Europe is not to be saved by any single man. England has saved herself by her exertions, and will, as I trust, save Europe by her example.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005565_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005565-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Nevertheless, the Coalition collapsed, having suffered significant defeats at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Battle of Ulm</a> (October 1805) and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a> (December 1805). After hearing the news of Austerlitz Pitt referred to a map of Europe, "Roll up that map; it will not be wanted these ten years."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanhope1862369_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanhope1862369-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finances_2">Finances</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pitt was an expert in finance and served as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_exchequer" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the exchequer">chancellor of the exchequer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critical to his success in confronting Napoleon was using Britain's superior economic resources. He was able to mobilise the nation's industrial and financial resources and apply them to defeating France. </p><p>With a population of 16 million, the United Kingdom was barely half the size of France, which had a population of 30 million. In terms of soldiers, however, the French numerical advantage was offset by British subsidies that paid for a large proportion of the Austrian and Russian soldiers, peaking at about 450,000 in 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1987128–129_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1987128–129-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Britain used its economic power to expand the Royal Navy, doubling the number of frigates and increasing the number of the larger <a href="/wiki/Ships_of_the_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Ships of the line">ships of the line</a> by 50%, while increasing the roster of sailors from 15,000 to 133,000 in eight years after the war began in 1793. The British national output remained strong, and the well-organised business sector channelled products into what the military needed. France, meanwhile, saw its navy shrink by more than half.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959143_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959143-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system of smuggling finished products into the continent undermined French efforts to ruin the British economy by cutting off markets. </p><p>By 1814, the budget that Pitt in his last years had largely shaped had expanded to £66 million,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including £10 million for the Navy, £40 million for the Army, £10 million for the Allies, and £38 million as interest on the national debt. The national debt soared to £679 million,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> more than <a href="/wiki/Debt-to-GDP_ratio" title="Debt-to-GDP ratio">double the GDP</a>. It was willingly supported by hundreds of thousands of investors and tax payers, despite the higher taxes on land and a new income tax.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The whole cost of the war came to £831 million. The French financial system was inadequate and Napoleon's forces had to rely in part on requisitions from conquered lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalévy1924205–228_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalévy1924205–228-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2014[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWatson1960374–277,_406–407,_463–471_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatson1960374–277,_406–407,_463–471-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_huge_monument_to_William_Pitt_the_Younger,_Guildhall,_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_huge_monument_to_William_Pitt_the_Younger%2C_Guildhall%2C_London.JPG/220px-The_huge_monument_to_William_Pitt_the_Younger%2C_Guildhall%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_huge_monument_to_William_Pitt_the_Younger%2C_Guildhall%2C_London.JPG/330px-The_huge_monument_to_William_Pitt_the_Younger%2C_Guildhall%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/The_huge_monument_to_William_Pitt_the_Younger%2C_Guildhall%2C_London.JPG/440px-The_huge_monument_to_William_Pitt_the_Younger%2C_Guildhall%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>The monument to William Pitt the Younger by <a href="/wiki/J._G._Bubb" title="J. G. Bubb">J. G. Bubb</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Guildhall,_London" title="Guildhall, London">Guildhall, London</a>, faces an equally huge monument to his father, <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pitt the Elder">William Pitt the Elder</a>, in a balanced composition.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The setbacks took a toll on Pitt's health. He had long suffered from poor health, beginning in childhood, and was plagued with <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Biliousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Biliousness">biliousness</a>", which was worsened by a fondness for <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port</a> that began when he was advised to consume it to deal with his chronic ill health.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 January 1806, Pitt died at Bowling Green House on <a href="/wiki/Putney" title="Putney">Putney Heath</a>, probably from <a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">peptic ulceration</a> of his stomach or <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>; he was unmarried and left no children.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005578_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005578-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pitt's debts amounted to £40,000 (equivalent to £4,100,000 in 2023) when he died, but Parliament agreed to pay them on his behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-histparl_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-histparl-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A motion was made to honour him with a public funeral and a monument; it passed despite some opposition. Pitt's body was buried in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> on 22 February, having lain in state for two days in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pitt was succeeded as prime minister by his first cousin <a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville</a>, who headed the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_All_the_Talents" title="Ministry of All the Talents">Ministry of All the Talents</a>, a coalition which included Charles James Fox.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005581_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005581-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Pitt_the_Younger.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arms_of_Pitt_the_Younger.svg/150px-Arms_of_Pitt_the_Younger.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arms_of_Pitt_the_Younger.svg/225px-Arms_of_Pitt_the_Younger.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Arms_of_Pitt_the_Younger.svg/300px-Arms_of_Pitt_the_Younger.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Arms of William Pitt the Younger</figcaption></figure> <p>Pitt became known as a "three-bottle man" in reference to his heavy consumption of <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port wine</a>. Each of these bottles would be around 350 millilitres (12 US fl oz) in volume.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At one point rumours emerged of an intended marriage to <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Eden" title="Eleanor Eden">Eleanor Eden</a>, to whom Pitt had grown close. Pitt broke off the potential marriage in 1797, writing to her father, <a href="/wiki/William_Eden,_1st_Baron_Auckland" title="William Eden, 1st Baron Auckland">Lord Auckland</a>, "I am compelled to say that I find the obstacles to it decisive and insurmountable".<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Of his social relationships, biographer <a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a> writes: </p><blockquote><p>Pitt was happiest among his Cambridge companions or family. He had no social ambitions, and it was rare for him to set out to make a friend. The talented collaborators of his first 18 months in office—Beresford, Wyvil and Twining—passed in and out of his mind along with their areas of expertise. Pitt's lack of interest in enlarging his social circle meant that it did not grow to encompass any women outside his own family, a fact that produced a good deal of rumour. From late 1784, a series of satirical verses appeared in <i>The Morning Herald</i> drawing attention to Pitt's lack of knowledge of women: "Tis true, indeed, we oft abuse him,/Because he bends to no man;/But slander's self dares not accuse him/Of stiffness to a woman." Others made snide references to Pitt's friendship with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Steele_(British_politician)" title="Thomas Steele (British politician)">Tom Steele</a>, Secretary to the Treasury. At the height of the constitutional crisis in 1784, Sheridan had compared Pitt to <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>'s favourite, the <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Duke of Buckingham</a>, a clear reference to homosexuality. Socially, Pitt preferred the company of young men, and would continue to do so into his thirties and forties. It may be that Pitt had homosexual leanings but suppressed any urge to act on them for the sake of his ambitions. He could be charming to women, but it seems certain that he rejected intimacy whenever it was proffered—and would do so publicly at a later date. In practical terms it appears that Pitt was essentially <a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">asexual</a> throughout his life.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Street_Pitt_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/George_Street_Pitt_04.jpg/170px-George_Street_Pitt_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/George_Street_Pitt_04.jpg/255px-George_Street_Pitt_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/George_Street_Pitt_04.jpg/340px-George_Street_Pitt_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1985" data-file-height="2798" /></a><figcaption>Statue in <a href="/wiki/George_Street,_Edinburgh" title="George Street, Edinburgh">George Street, Edinburgh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>William Pitt the Younger was a prime minister who consolidated the powers of his office. Though he was sometimes opposed by members of his Cabinet, he helped define the role of the Prime Minister as the supervisor and co-ordinator of the various government departments. After his death the conservatives embraced him as a great patriotic hero.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Pitt's accomplishments was a rehabilitation of the nation's finances after the American War of Independence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pitt made changes to the tax system in order to improve its capture of revenue, which helped manage the mounting national debt.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of Pitt's domestic plans were not successful; he failed to secure parliamentary reform, emancipation, or the abolition of the slave trade although this last took place with the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_1807" title="Slave Trade Act 1807">Slave Trade Act 1807</a>, the year after his death. The 1792 Slave Trade Bill passed the House of Commons mangled and mutilated by the modifications and amendments of Pitt, it lay for years, in the House of Lords.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biographer <a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">William Hague</a> considers the unfinished abolition of the slave trade to be Pitt's greatest failure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005589_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005589-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notes that by the end of Pitt's career, conditions were in place that would have allowed a skillful attempt to pass an abolition bill to succeed, partly because of the long campaigning Pitt had encouraged with his friend <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>. Hague goes on to note that the failure was likely due to Pitt being a "spent force" by the time favourable conditions had arisen. In Hague's opinion, Pitt's long premiership, "tested the natural limits of how long it is possible to be at the top. From 1783 to 1792, he faced each fresh challenge with brilliance; from 1793 he showed determination but sometimes faltered; and from 1804 he was worn down by ... the combination of a narrow majority and war".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005590_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005590-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian Marie Peters has compared his strengths and weaknesses with his father: </p> <dl><dd>Having some of his father's volatility and much of the self-confidence bordering on arrogance, the younger Pitt inherited superb and carefully nurtured oratorical gifts. These gave him, like his father, unsurpassed command of the Commons and power to embody the national will in wartime. There were, however, significant differences. The younger Pitt's eloquence, unlike his father's, included the force of sustained reasoned exposition. This was perhaps in part expression of his thoroughly professional approach to politics, so unlike his father's, but possibly deriving something from Shelburne. The younger Pitt was continuously engaged in depth with major issues of his day. He regularly and energetically sought the best information. He was genuinely progressive, as his father was not, on parliamentary reform, Catholic emancipation, commercial policy, and administrative reform. His constructive capacity in his chief responsibility, financial policy and administration, far surpassed his father's record, if it was less impressive and perhaps more equally matched in foreign and imperial policy and strategy. With good reason, his long career in high office was the mirror image of his father's short tenure. In contrast, only briefly was Chatham able to rise to the challenge of his age. By his last decade time had passed him by.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_(1769-1830)_-_William_Pitt_(1759-1806)_-_RCIN_400645_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_William_Pitt_%281759-1806%29_-_RCIN_400645_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/220px-Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_William_Pitt_%281759-1806%29_-_RCIN_400645_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_William_Pitt_%281759-1806%29_-_RCIN_400645_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/330px-Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_William_Pitt_%281759-1806%29_-_RCIN_400645_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_William_Pitt_%281759-1806%29_-_RCIN_400645_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/440px-Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_William_Pitt_%281759-1806%29_-_RCIN_400645_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1223" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_William_Pitt_(Lawrence)" title="Portrait of William Pitt (Lawrence)">Portrait of William Pitt</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence" title="Thomas Lawrence">Thomas Lawrence</a>, 1807</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>William Pitt is depicted in several films and television programs. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Donat" title="Robert Donat">Robert Donat</a> portrays Pitt in the 1942 <a href="/wiki/Biopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopic">biopic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Mr._Pitt" title="The Young Mr. Pitt">The Young Mr. Pitt</a></i>, which chronicles the historical events of Pitt's life.</li> <li>Pitt's attempts during his tenure as prime minister to cope with the dementia of King George III are portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Julian_Wadham" title="Julian Wadham">Julian Wadham</a> in the 1994 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Madness_of_King_George" title="The Madness of King George">The Madness of King George</a></i>.</li> <li>The 2006 film <i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Grace_(2006_film)" title="Amazing Grace (2006 film)">Amazing Grace</a></i>, with <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch" title="Benedict Cumberbatch">Benedict Cumberbatch</a> in the role of Pitt, depicts his close friendship with <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>, the leading abolitionist in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pitt is caricatured as a boy prime minister in the <a href="/wiki/Blackadder_the_Third" title="Blackadder the Third">third series</a> of the television comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Blackadder" title="Blackadder">Blackadder</a></i>, in which Simon Osborne plays a fictionalised Pitt as a petulant teenager who has just come to power "right in the middle of [his] exams" in the episode "Dish and Dishonesty". A fictionalised younger brother, "Pitt the Even Younger", appeared as a candidate standing in the Dunny-on-the-Wold by-election.</li> <li>In the series of prime ministerial biographies <i>Number 10</i>, produced by <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire Television">Yorkshire Television</a>, Pitt was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Brett" title="Jeremy Brett">Jeremy Brett</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_named_after_him">Places named after him</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Places named after him"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Pitt_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitt Club">University Pitt Club</a>, a club for students at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, was founded in 1835 "to do honour to the name and memory of Mr William Pitt".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher20111_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher20111-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittwater" title="Pittwater">Pittwater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> was named in 1788 by British explorer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitt_Street" title="Pitt Street">Pitt Street</a> is the main financial precinct street in the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_central_business_district" title="Sydney central business district">central business district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitt_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitt Town">Pitt Town</a> near Windsor outside of Sydney, together with another township called Wilberforce</li> <li>Mount Pitt, second-highest mountain on <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li>Pitt Water, a body of water in South East <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%27s_Head" title="Pitt's Head">Pitt's Head</a> in <a href="/wiki/Snowdonia" title="Snowdonia">Snowdonia</a> National Park in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> was named after the rock formation's resemblance to the Prime Minister.</li> <li>While <a href="/wiki/Chatham_County,_North_Carolina" title="Chatham County, North Carolina">Chatham County, North Carolina</a> was named after his father, <a href="/wiki/Pittsboro,_North_Carolina" title="Pittsboro, North Carolina">Pittsboro, North Carolina</a> was named after Pitt the Younger.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, Pitt Street and Pitt Lane were named for him, as British prime minister when <a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang">George Town</a> was founded in 1786.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, a street on <a href="/wiki/Kowloon" title="Kowloon">Kowloon</a> side, Pitt Street, is named after him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Kingston" title="Pittsburgh, Kingston">Pittsburgh, Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitt_Street" title="Pitt Street">Pitt Street</a> in <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> is named after William Pitt the Younger.</li> <li>Pitt Street in <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Ontario" title="Windsor, Ontario">Windsor, Ontario</a></li> <li>Pitt Street in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a></li> <li>Pitt Street in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall,_Ontario" title="Cornwall, Ontario">Cornwall, Ontario</a></li> <li>Rue Pitt, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> Quebec</li> <li>Chemin Pitt, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> Quebec</li> <li>Pitt Street, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Mines" title="Sydney Mines">Sydney Mines</a>, Nova Scotia</li> <li>Pitt Street, <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a></li> <li>Pitt House, <a href="/wiki/Wycombe_Abbey_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycombe Abbey School">High Wycombe</a> Buckinghamshire</li> <li>Pitt's Cottage <a href="/wiki/Westerham,_Kent" class="mw-redirect" title="Westerham, Kent">Westerham, Kent</a>, former home of Pitt the Younger and more recently a local curry house (now closed)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pitt_River" title="Pitt River">Pitt River</a>, in British Columbia, Canada</li> <li>William Pitt Avenue, Deal, Kent</li> <li>Pitt Street in <a href="/wiki/Southport,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Southport, England">Southport, England</a></li> <li>Pitt Street in <a href="/wiki/Auckland,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Auckland, New Zealand">Auckland, New Zealand</a></li></ul> <p>Note, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> was named for his father, <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">about £40 billion today</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">about £23 billion today</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">about £319 million today</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The consensus view among historians is that the king was suffering from the blood disorder <a href="/wiki/Porphyria" title="Porphyria">porphyria</a>, which was unknown at this time. If protracted and untreated, it has serious mentally debilitating effects.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">about £5 billion today</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">about £55 billion today</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959148–149-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959148–149_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriggs1959">Briggs 1959</a>, pp. 148–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Petrie, "The Bicentenary of the Younger Pitt", <i>Quarterly Review</i>, 1959, Vol. 297 Issue 621, pp 254–265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrangioHartWalter2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkMu2nAZmMbECpgPA225_225]-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrangioHartWalter2013[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidkMu2nAZmMbECpgPA225_225]_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrangioHartWalter2013">Strangio, Hart & Walter 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kMu2nAZmMbEC&pg=PA225">225</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiseHansenEgan2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPEsM1ibpcJQCpgPA298_298]-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWiseHansenEgan2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidPEsM1ibpcJQCpgPA298_298]_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWiseHansenEgan2005">Wise, Hansen & Egan 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PEsM1ibpcJQC&pg=PA298">298</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague200514-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague200514_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHague2005">Hague 2005</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague200519-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague200519_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHague2005">Hague 2005</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman19694Vol._1-7"><span 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"Mince-pie administration (act. 1783–1784)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). 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Charles Potter, Government Printer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project+Gutenberg+of+Australia&rft.atitle=History+of+New+South+Wales+From+the+Records%2C+Volume+I+-+Governor+Phillip+-+Chapter+1.4&rft.date=1889&rft.au=George+Burnett+Barton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.net.au%2Febooks12%2F1204171h.html%23ch-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alter 'Pitt' Volume 1 (2024) see pages 115 and 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner200394-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner200394_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2003">Turner 2003</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Foster, R. E. (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131214181515/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-194427484/forever-young-myth-reality-and-william-pitt-r">"Forever Young: Myth, Reality and William Pitt"</a>. <i>History Review</i>. No. 63. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-194427484/forever-young-myth-reality-and-william-pitt-r">the original</a> on 14 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Review&rft.atitle=Forever+Young%3A+Myth%2C+Reality+and+William+Pitt&rft.issue=63&rft.date=2009-03&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1G1-194427484%2Fforever-young-myth-reality-and-william-pitt-r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoh-CheungMui1961" class="citation journal cs1">Hoh-Cheung; Mui, Lorna H. (1961). "William Pitt and the Enforcement of the Commutation Act, 1784-1788". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>76</b> (300): 447–465. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXVI.CCC.447">10.1093/ehr/LXXVI.CCC.447</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/558296">558296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=William+Pitt+and+the+Enforcement+of+the+Commutation+Act%2C+1784-1788&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=300&rft.pages=447-465&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXVI.CCC.447&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F558296%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Hoh-Cheung&rft.au=Mui%2C+Lorna+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, S. J.; "The first income tax, political arithmetic, and the measurement of economic growth"; <i>Economic History Review</i>, Vol. 66, No. 3 (2013), pp. 873-894; <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42922026">42922026</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alter 'Pitt' Volume 1 (2024) <i>pp</i>375-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack1994">Black 1994</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHm0SQ_sRpCMCpgPA155_149–155]-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHm0SQ_sRpCMCpgPA155_149–155]_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner2003">Turner 2003</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hm0SQ_sRpCMC&pg=PA155">149–155</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Holland_Rose" title="John Holland Rose">Holland Rose, John</a>, <i>William Pitt and National Revival</i> (1911) pp. 589-607.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlack1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzgbjPESz3dcCpgPA290_290]-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlack1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidzgbjPESz3dcCpgPA290_290]_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack1994">Black 1994</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zgbjPESz3dcC&pg=PA290">290</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrman1969xxVol._2-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrman1969xxVol._2_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEhrman1969">Ehrman 1969</a>, p. xx, Vol. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGronbeck1970" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Gronbeck, Bruce E. (Fall 1970). 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005309_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHague2005">Hague 2005</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alter 'Pitt' Volume 1 (2024) <i>see p 169 and Appendix A</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnnis200234-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnnis200234_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEnnis2002">Ennis 2002</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200257-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200257_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200257_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2002">Evans 2002</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur Aspinall, <i>Politics and the Press</i> (London: Home & Van Thal, 1949) available at the Internet Archive <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/politicspressc170000aspi">https://archive.org/details/politicspressc170000aspi</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennifer Mori, "Languages of Loyalism: Patriotism, Nationhood and the State in the 1790s" <i>English Historical Review</i> (February 2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article-abstract/118/475/33/473630?login=false">https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article-abstract/118/475/33/473630?login=false</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200259-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200259_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200259_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2002">Evans 2002</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200258-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200258_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2002">Evans 2002</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrvine200593-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIrvine200593_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIrvine2005">Irvine 2005</a>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry200563–64-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry200563–64_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerry2005">Perry 2005</a>, pp. 63–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy198728-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy198728_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy1987">Duffy 1987</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1938109-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1938109_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames1938">James 1938</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeggus1982[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeggus1982[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeggus1982">Geggus 1982</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry200564-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry200564_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerry2005">Perry 2005</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry200569-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry200569_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry200569_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerry2005">Perry 2005</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy1987197-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy1987197_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy1987">Duffy 1987</a>, p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy1987162-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy1987162_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy1987">Duffy 1987</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuffy1987370–372-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuffy1987370–372_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuffy1987">Duffy 1987</a>, pp. 370–372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200250-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200250_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2002">Evans 2002</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry200573-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry200573_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerry2005">Perry 2005</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-UKGDP-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-UKGDP_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product_deflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product deflator">Gross Domestic Product deflator</a> figures follow the <i>MeasuringWorth</i> "consistent series" supplied in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasWilliamson2024" class="citation web cs1">Thomas, Ryland; Williamson, Samuel H. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+U.K.+GDP+Then%3F&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Ryland&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Samuel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fukgdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry200575–76-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry200575–76_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerry2005">Perry 2005</a>, pp. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerry200576-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerry200576_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPerry2005">Perry 2005</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alter 'Pitt' Volume 1 (2024) <i>pp</i>239-263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200267–68-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200267–68_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200267–68_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2002">Evans 2002</a>, pp. 67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200268-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200268_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200268_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2002">Evans 2002</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200268–69-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200268–69_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2002">Evans 2002</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200267-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200267_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200267_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200267_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200267_89-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200267_89-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2002">Evans 2002</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200265-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200265_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2002">Evans 2002</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200266-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200266_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2002">Evans 2002</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans200266–67-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans200266–67_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2002">Evans 2002</a>, pp. 66–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alter 'Pitt' Volume 1 (2024) <i>pp</i>239-63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alter 'Pitt' Volume 1 (2024) <i>see pp</i>232-7, 248-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alter 'Pitt' Volume 1 (2024) p 390</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005479-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005479_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHague2005">Hague 2005</a>, p. 479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005484-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005484_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHague2005">Hague 2005</a>, p. 484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005526-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005526_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHague2005">Hague 2005</a>, p. 526.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-victorianwebb-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-victorianwebb_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-victorianwebb_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-victorianwebb_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-victorianwebb_99-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span 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class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHague2005">Hague 2005</a>, p. 565.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanhope1862369-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanhope1862369_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStanhope1862">Stanhope 1862</a>, p. 369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Brien, Patrick; "Political Biography and Pitt the Younger as Chancellor of the Exchequer"; <i>History</i> (1998) Vol. 83, No. 270, pp. 225–233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1987128–129-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1987128–129_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1987">Kennedy 1987</a>, pp. 128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959143-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1959143_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBriggs1959">Briggs 1959</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1982" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper, Richard (1982). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Private+Life+of+William+Pitt+%281759-1806%29&rft.atitle=Bowling+Green+House%2C+Putney+Heath&rft.date=2013-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theprivatelifeofpitt.com%2F2013%2F11%2Fbowling-green-house-putney-heath.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-histparl-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-histparl_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histparl.ac.uk/volume/1790-1820/member/pitt-hon-william-1759-1806">"PITT, Hon. William (1759–1806), of Holwood and Walmer Castle, Kent"</a>. <i>The History of Parliament</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"William Pitt, Taxation, and the Needs of War". <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 94–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F385799">10.1086/385799</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9371">0021-9371</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/175658">175658</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144666348">144666348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=William+Pitt%2C+Taxation%2C+and+the+Needs+of+War&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=94-103&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0021-9371&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144666348%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F175658%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F385799&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParliament1817" class="citation book cs1">Parliament, Great Britain (1817). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4wcxAQAAMAAJ"><i>Cobbett's Parliamentary History of England, from the Earliest Period to the Year 1803</i></a>. Vol. XXIX. p. 1293.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cobbett%27s+Parliamentary+History+of+England%2C+from+the+Earliest+Period+to+the+Year+1803&rft.pages=1293&rft.date=1817&rft.aulast=Parliament&rft.aufirst=Great+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4wcxAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NxtDAAAAcAAJ"><i>Journal of the House of Lords</i></a>. Vol. XXXIX. H.M. Stationery Office. 1790. pp. 391–738.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+House+of+Lords&rft.pages=391-738&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1790&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNxtDAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005589-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005589_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHague2005">Hague 2005</a>, p. 589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHague2005590-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHague2005590_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHague2005">Hague 2005</a>, p. 590.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Peters, Marie (23 September 2004). "Pitt, William, first earl of Chatham [Pitt the elder] (1708–1778)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22337">10.1093/ref:odnb/22337</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pitt%2C+William%2C+first+earl+of+Chatham+%5BPitt+the+elder%5D+%281708%E2%80%931778%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F22337&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181127030454/http://www.amazinggracemovie.com/the_film.php">"Amazing Grace (movie)"</a>. Amazinggracemovie.com. 23 February 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amazinggracemovie.com/the_film.php">the original</a> on 27 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amazing+Grace+%28movie%29&rft.pub=Amazinggracemovie.com&rft.date=2007-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazinggracemovie.com%2Fthe_film.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher20111-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher20111_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFletcher2011">Fletcher 2011</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogan2017" class="citation web cs1">Hogan, Aoife (10 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/14047">"Pitt Club vote to allow female members"</a>. <i>Varsity</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Varsity&rft.atitle=Pitt+Club+vote+to+allow+female+members&rft.date=2017-11-10&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=Aoife&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.varsity.co.uk%2Fnews%2F14047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170621211405/http://www.pittwater.nsw.gov.au/library/local_history/Pittwaters_past/pittwater">"Pittwater's past"</a>. <i>Pittwater.nsw.gov.au</i>. Pittwater Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pittwater.nsw.gov.au/library/local_history/Pittwaters_past/pittwater">the original</a> on 21 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pittwater.nsw.gov.au&rft.atitle=Pittwater%27s+past&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pittwater.nsw.gov.au%2Flibrary%2Flocal_history%2FPittwaters_past%2Fpittwater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitpittsburgh.com/things-to-do/arts-culture/history/the-pittsburgh-h/">"The Pittsburgh 'H'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Visit Pittsburgh</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Pittsburgh&rft.atitle=The+Pittsburgh+%27H%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitpittsburgh.com%2Fthings-to-do%2Farts-culture%2Fhistory%2Fthe-pittsburgh-h%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Ehrman" title="John Ehrman">Ehrman, John</a> (1969–1996). <i>The Younger Pitt</i>. Constable & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Younger+Pitt&rft.pub=Constable+%26+Co&rft.date=1969%2F1996&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span> (3 volumes) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1969" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, John (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_lYKAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Younger Pitt, Vol. 1: The Years of Acclaim</i></a>. Constable. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09455720-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09455720-8"><bdi>978-0-09455720-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Younger+Pitt%2C+Vol.+1%3A+The+Years+of+Acclaim&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-09455720-8&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_lYKAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1983" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, John (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5l5nAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Younger Pitt, Vol. 2: The Reluctant Transition</i></a>. Constable. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09464930-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09464930-9"><bdi>978-0-09464930-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Younger+Pitt%2C+Vol.+2%3A+The+Reluctant+Transition&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-09464930-9&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5l5nAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman1996" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gEXIwmWh_doC"><i>The Younger Pitt, Vol. 3: The Consuming Struggle</i></a>. Constable. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09475540-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09475540-6"><bdi>978-0-09475540-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Younger+Pitt%2C+Vol.+3%3A+The+Consuming+Struggle&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-09475540-6&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgEXIwmWh_doC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlter2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J-M_Alter_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J-M Alter (historian) (page does not exist)">Alter, J-M</a> (2024). <i>A New Biography of William Pitt the Younger-Volume 1- Years of Establishment 1759-1798</i>. Independent on Amazon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8333204790" title="Special:BookSources/979-8333204790"><bdi>979-8333204790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Biography+of+William+Pitt+the+Younger-Volume+1-+Years+of+Establishment+1759-1798&rft.pub=Independent+on+Amazon&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=979-8333204790&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.aufirst=J-M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zgbjPESz3dcC"><i>British Foreign Policy in an Age of Revolutions, 1783-1793</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521466844" title="Special:BookSources/9780521466844"><bdi>9780521466844</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Foreign+Policy+in+an+Age+of+Revolutions%2C+1783-1793&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780521466844&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzgbjPESz3dcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2006" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy (2006). "Pitt and the king". <i>George III: America's Last King</i>. pp. 264–287.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pitt+and+the+king&rft.btitle=George+III%3A+America%27s+Last+King&rft.pages=264-287&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1959" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, Asa (1959). <i>The Making of Modern England 1783–1867: The Age of Improvement</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+England+1783%E2%80%931867%3A+The+Age+of+Improvement&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Asa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanny1998" class="citation book cs1">Canny, Nicholas (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eQHSivGzEEMC"><i>The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924676-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924676-2"><bdi>978-0-19-924676-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118181126/https://books.google.com/books?id=eQHSivGzEEMC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Empire%2C+The+Oxford+History+of+the+British+Empire+Volume+I&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924676-2&rft.aulast=Canny&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeQHSivGzEEMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Duffy_(historian)" title="Michael Duffy (historian)">Duffy, Michael</a> (1987). <i>Soldiers, Sugar, and Seapower: The British Expeditions to the West Indies and the War Against Revolutionary France</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers%2C+Sugar%2C+and+Seapower%3A+The+British+Expeditions+to+the+West+Indies+and+the+War+Against+Revolutionary+France&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnnis2002" class="citation book cs1">Ennis, Daniel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xr3TGtIeNTQC"><i>Enter the press-gang: naval impressment in eighteenth-century British literature</i></a>. University of Delaware Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-755-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-755-2"><bdi>978-0-87413-755-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enter+the+press-gang%3A+naval+impressment+in+eighteenth-century+British+literature&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-87413-755-2&rft.aulast=Ennis&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXr3TGtIeNTQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2002" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Eric (2002). <i>William Pitt the Younger</i>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Pitt+the+Younger&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFletcher2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Morley_Fletcher" title="Walter Morley Fletcher">Fletcher, Walter Morley</a> (2011) [1935]. <i>The University Pitt Club: 1835–1935</i> (First Paperback ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60006-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-60006-5"><bdi>978-1-107-60006-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+University+Pitt+Club%3A+1835%E2%80%931935&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=First+Paperback&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-107-60006-5&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Walter+Morley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeggus1982" class="citation book cs1">Geggus, David (1982). <i>Slavery, War and Revolution: The British Occupation of Saint Domingue, 1793–1798</i>. 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HarperPerennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-714720-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-714720-5"><bdi>978-0-00-714720-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Pitt+the+Younger&rft.pub=HarperPerennial&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-00-714720-5&rft.aulast=Hague&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalévy1924" class="citation book cs1">Halévy, Élie (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.260327/mode/2up"><i>A History of the English People in 1815, Book 2</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+English+People+in+1815%2C+Book+2&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Hal%C3%A9vy&rft.aufirst=%C3%89lie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.260327%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalcombe1859" class="citation book cs1">Halcombe, J. J (1859). <i>The Speaker at Home</i>. London: Bell and Daldy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Speaker+at+Home&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bell+and+Daldy&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Halcombe&rft.aufirst=J.+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvine2005" class="citation book cs1">Irvine, Robert (2005). <i>Jane Austen</i>. London: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jane+Austen&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Irvine&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1938" class="citation book cs1">James, C.L.R. (1938). <i>Black Jacobins</i>. London: Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Jacobins&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=C.L.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1987" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Paul (1987). <i>The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000</i>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780394546742" title="Special:BookSources/9780394546742"><bdi>9780394546742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Great+Powers%3A+Economic+Change+and+Military+Conflict+from+1500+to+2000&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780394546742&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2014" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Roger (2014). <i>Britain Against Napoleon: The Organisation of Victory, 1793–1815</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780141038940" title="Special:BookSources/9780141038940"><bdi>9780141038940</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+Against+Napoleon%3A+The+Organisation+of+Victory%2C+1793%E2%80%931815&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780141038940&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2005" class="citation book cs1">Perry, James (2005). <i>Arrogant Armies: Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them</i>. Edison: Castle Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arrogant+Armies%3A+Great+Military+Disasters+and+the+Generals+Behind+Them&rft.place=Edison&rft.pub=Castle+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort1785" class="citation book cs1">Short, D., ed. (1785). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t1hh6g811&seq=5"><i>Criticisms on the Rolliad: Part the First</i></a> (2nd ed.). London: James Ridgway. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5203303">5203303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criticisms+on+the+Rolliad%3A+Part+the+First&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=James+Ridgway&rft.date=1785&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5203303&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft1hh6g811%26seq%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanhope1862" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_5th_Earl_Stanhope" title="Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope">Stanhope, Philip Henry</a> (1862). <i>Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt, Vol. IV</i>. John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+the+Right+Honourable+William+Pitt%2C+Vol.+IV&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Stanhope&rft.aufirst=Philip+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrangioHartWalter2013" class="citation book cs1">Strangio, Paul; Hart, Paul 't; Walter, James (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kMu2nAZmMbEC"><i>Understanding Prime-Ministerial Performance: Comparative Perspectives</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199666423" title="Special:BookSources/9780199666423"><bdi>9780199666423</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Prime-Ministerial+Performance%3A+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199666423&rft.aulast=Strangio&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Hart%2C+Paul+%27t&rft.au=Walter%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkMu2nAZmMbEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2003" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Michael (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pittyoungerlife0000turn"><i>Pitt the younger: a life</i></a></span>. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-377-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-377-8"><bdi>978-1-85285-377-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pitt+the+younger%3A+a+life&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-377-8&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpittyoungerlife0000turn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1960" class="citation book cs1">Watson, J. Steven (1960). <i>The Reign of George III 1760–1815</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198217138" title="Special:BookSources/9780198217138"><bdi>9780198217138</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+George+III+1760%E2%80%931815&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=9780198217138&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=J.+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseHansenEgan2005" class="citation book cs1">Wise, Leonard F.; Hansen, Mark Hillary; Egan, E. W. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PEsM1ibpcJQC"><i>Kings, Rulers, and Statesmen</i></a>. Sterling. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402725920" title="Special:BookSources/9781402725920"><bdi>9781402725920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings%2C+Rulers%2C+and+Statesmen&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781402725920&rft.aulast=Wise&rft.aufirst=Leonard+F.&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Mark+Hillary&rft.au=Egan%2C+E.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPEsM1ibpcJQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographical">Biographical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Biographical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Duffy_(historian)" title="Michael Duffy (historian)">Duffy, Michael</a> (2000). <i>The Younger Pitt (Profiles In Power)</i>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-05279-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-05279-6"><bdi>978-0-582-05279-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Younger+Pitt+%28Profiles+In+Power%29&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-582-05279-6&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlyle1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle, Thomas</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksofthomascar030carl/page/n165/mode/2up">"William Pitt, the Younger"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Critical_and_Miscellaneous_Essays" title="Critical and Miscellaneous Essays">Critical and Miscellaneous Essays: Volume V</a></i>. The Works of Thomas Carlyle in Thirty Volumes. Vol. XXX. New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a> (published 1904). pp. 152–167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Pitt%2C+the+Younger&rft.btitle=Critical+and+Miscellaneous+Essays%3A+Volume+V&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=The+Works+of+Thomas+Carlyle+in+Thirty+Volumes&rft.pages=152-167&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Carlyle&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworksofthomascar030carl%2Fpage%2Fn165%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Derry, J. W. <i>William Pitt, the Younger</i> (Batsford, 1962) "Makers of Britain" series</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Duffy_(historian)" title="Michael Duffy (historian)">Duffy, Michael</a> (2000). <i>The Younger Pitt (Profiles In Power)</i>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-05279-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-05279-6"><bdi>978-0-582-05279-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Younger+Pitt+%28Profiles+In+Power%29&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-582-05279-6&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ehrman, J. P. W., and Anthony Smith. "Pitt, William (1759–1806)", <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, (2004); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22338,">online 2009; accessed 12 September 2011</a></li> <li>Evans, Eric J. <i>William Pitt the Younger</i> (1999) 110 pages; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/102880277/william-pitt-the-younger">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181130114704/https://www.questia.com/library/102880277/william-pitt-the-younger">Archived</a> 30 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Furber, Holden. <i>Henry Dundas: First Viscount Melville, 1741–1811, Political Manager of Scotland, Statesman, Administrator of British India</i> (Oxford UP, 1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028005027">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarrett1974" class="citation book cs1">Jarrett, Derek (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pittyounger0000jarr"><i>Pitt the Younger</i></a></span>. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B002AMOXYK">B002AMOXYK</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pitt+the+Younger&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.co.uk%2Fdp%2FB002AMOXYK%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Jarrett&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpittyounger0000jarr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span>, a short scholarly biography</li> <li>Jupp, Peter. "Grenville, William Wyndham, Baron Grenville (1759–1834)" <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i> (2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F11501">10.1093/ref:odnb/11501</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJupp1985" class="citation cs2">Jupp, P. (1985), <i>Lord Grenville</i>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Grenville&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Jupp&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Leonard, Dick. "William Pitt, the Younger—Reformer Turned Reactionary?." in Leonard, ed. <i>Nineteenth-Century British Premiers</i> (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008) pp. 5–27.</li> <li>Mori, Jennifer. <i>William Pitt & the French Revolution, 1785–1795</i> (1997) 305pp</li> <li>Mori, Jennifer. "William Pitt the Younger" in R. Eccleshall and G. Walker, eds., <i>Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers</i> (Routledge, 1998), pp. 85–94</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReilly1978" class="citation book cs1">Reilly, Robin (1978). <i>Pitt the Younger 1759–1806</i>. Cassell Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B001OOYKNE">B001OOYKNE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pitt+the+Younger+1759%E2%80%931806&rft.pub=Cassell+Publishers&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.co.uk%2Fdp%2FB001OOYKNE%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Reilly&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rose, J. Holland. <i>William Pitt and National Revival</i> (1911); <i>William Pitt and the Great War</i> (1912), solid, detailed study superseded by Ehrman; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/William-Pitt-National-Revival-Holland/dp/1112092803/">vol 1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/William-Pitt-Great-John-Holland-ebook/dp/B0082P4MSQ/">vol 2 free</a>;</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanhope1861–1862" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_5th_Earl_Stanhope" title="Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl Stanhope">Stanhope, Philip Henry [5th Earl Stanhope]</a> (1861–1862). <i>Life of the Right Honourable William Pitt</i>. John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+the+Right+Honourable+William+Pitt&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1861%2F1862&rft.aulast=Stanhope&rft.aufirst=Philip+Henry+%5B5th+Earl+Stanhope%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span>. (4 volumes); includes many extracts from Pitt's correspondence <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liferighthonour02stangoog">vol 1 online</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/liferighthonour01stangoog">vol 2 online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_studies">Scholarly studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Scholarly studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Blanning, T. C. W. <i>The French Revolutionary Wars, 1787–1802</i> (1996)</li> <li>Bryant, Arthur. <i>Years of Endurance 1793–1802</i> (1942); and <i>Years of Victory, 1802–1812</i> (1944), well-written surveys of the British story</li> <li>Cooper, William. "William Pitt, Taxation, and the Needs of War", <i>Journal of British Studies</i> Vol. 22, No. 1 (Autumn, 1982), pp. 94–103 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/175658">175658</a></li> <li>Derry, J. <i>Politics in the Age of Fox, Pitt and Liverpool: Continuity and Transformation</i> (1990)</li> <li>Gaunt, Richard A. <i>From Pitt to Peel: Conservative Politics in the Age of Reform</i> (2014)</li> <li>Kelly, Paul. "British Politics, 1783-4: The Emergence and Triumph of the Younger Pitt's Administration", <i>Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research</i> Vol. 54, No. 123 (1981) pp. 62–78.</li> <li>Ledger-Lomas, Michael. "The Character of Pitt the Younger and Party Politics, 1830–1860." <i>The Historical Journal</i> Vol. 47, No. 3 (2004), pp. 641–661 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4091759">4091759</a></li> <li>Mori, Jennifer. "The political theory of William Pitt the Younger", <i>History</i>, April 1998, Vol. 83 Issue 270, pp. 234–248</li> <li>Richards, Gerda C. "The Creations of Peers Recommended by the Younger Pitt", <i>American Historical Review</i> Vol. 34, No. 1 (October 1928), pp. 47–54 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1836479">1836479</a></li> <li>Sack, James J. <i>From Jacobite to Conservative: Reaction and Orthodoxy in Britain c.1760–1832</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1993), does not see Pitt as a Tory</li> <li>Sack, James J. <i>The Grenvillites, 1801–29: Party Politics and Factionalism in the Age of Pitt and Liverpool</i> (U. of Illinois Press, 1979)</li> <li>Simms, Brendan. "Britain and Napoleon", <i>The Historical Journal</i> Vol. 41, No. 3 (1998) pp. 885–894 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639908">2639908</a></li> <li>Wilkinson, D. "The Pitt-Portland Coalition of 1794 and the Origins of the 'Tory' party" <i>History</i> Vol. 83 (1998), pp. 249–264</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_and_memory">Historiography and memory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Historiography and memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Foster, R. E. "Forever Young: Myth, Reality and William Pitt", <i>History Review</i> (March 2009) No. 63</li> <li>Ledger-Lomas, Michael. "The Character of Pitt the Younger and Party Politics, 1830–1860" <i>The Historical Journal</i>, Vol. 47, No. 3 (2004) pp. 641–661</li> <li>Loades, David Michael, ed. <i>Reader's guide to British history</i> (2003) 2: 1044–45</li> <li>Moncure, James A. ed. <i>Research Guide to European Historical Biography: 1450–Present</i> (4 vol 1992); 4:1640–46</li> <li>Petrie, Charles, "The Bicentenary of the Younger Pitt", <i>Quarterly Review</i> (1959), Vol. 297 Issue 621, pp 254–265</li> <li>Sack, J. J. "The Memory of Burke and the Memory of Pitt: English Conservatism Confronts its Past, 1806–1829", <i>The Historical Journal</i> Vol. 30, No. 3 (1987) pp. 623–640 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639162">2639162</a>, shows that after his death the conservatives embraced him as a great patriotic hero.</li> <li>Turner, Simon. 'I will not alter an Iota for any Mans Opinion upon Earth': "James Gillray's Portraits of William Pitt the Younger" in Kim Sloan <i>et al</i>. eds., <i>Burning Bright: Essays in Honour of David Bindman</i> (2015) pp. 197–206.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Pitt, William. <i>The Speeches of the Right Honourable William Pitt, in the House of Commons</i> (1817) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NC0BEvqsUOgC">online edition</a></li> <li>Temperley, Harold and L.M. Penson, eds. <i>Foundations of British Foreign Policy: From Pitt (1792) to Salisbury (1902)</i> (1938), primary sources <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.2629">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pitt_the_Younger&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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.sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>William Pitt the Younger</b> at Wikipedia's <a 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/William_Pitt_the_Younger" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/William Pitt the Younger">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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/></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:William_Pitt_the_Younger" class="extiw" title="s:Author:William Pitt the Younger">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greatcaricatures.com/articles_galleries/gillray/galleries/html/1791_1220_excr_home.html">1791 Caricature of William Pitt</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Gillray" title="James Gillray">James Gillray</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/history/past-prime-ministers/william-pitt">Pitt the Younger</a> on the <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a> website</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pitt, William"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pitt,_William">"Pitt, William" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pitt%2C+William&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Hague"><i>After Words</i> interview with William Hague on his book <i>William Pitt the Younger</i>, February 27, 2005</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson1892" class="citation book cs1">Hutchinson, John (1892). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Men of Kent and Kentishmen/William Pitt"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Men_of_Kent_and_Kentishmen/William_Pitt">"William Pitt" </a></span>. <i>Men of Kent and Kentishmen</i> (Subscription ed.). Canterbury: Cross & Jackman. pp. 108–110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+Pitt&rft.btitle=Men+of+Kent+and+Kentishmen&rft.place=Canterbury&rft.pages=108-110&rft.edition=Subscription&rft.pub=Cross+%26+Jackman&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Pitt+the+Younger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=pitt&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=80&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced">Biographies of William Pitt</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Lord John Cavendish</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> </b><br />1782–1783 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Lord John Cavendish</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" class="mw-redirect" title="William Henry Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">The Duke of Portland</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Great_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister of Great Britain">Prime Minister of Great Britain</a> </b><br />19 December 1783 – 31 December 1800 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a> merged<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a><br />to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Lord John Cavendish</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chancellor of the Exchequer </b><br />1783–1801 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Henry Addington</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lord_North" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord North">Lord North</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leader of the House of Commons</a> </b><br />1783–1801 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a> merged<br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a><br />to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />1 January 1801 – 14 March 1801 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Henry Addington</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="3">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Henry Addington</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Prime Minister of the United Kingdom </b><br />10 May 1804 – 23 January 1806 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_Grenville" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord Grenville">The Lord Grenville</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chancellor of the Exchequer </b><br />1804–1806 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Henry_Petty" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Henry Petty">Lord Henry Petty</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Leader of the House of Commons </b><br />1804–1806 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">The Earl of Guilford</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports" title="Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports">Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports</a> </b><br />1792–1806 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Banks_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">The Earl of Liverpool</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Honywood_(died_1785)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Honywood (died 1785)">Philip Honywood</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_Lowther,_1st_Earl_of_Lonsdale" title="William Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale">William Lowther</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Appleby_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Appleby (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Appleby</a> </b><br />1781–1784 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Honywood_(died_1785)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Honywood (died 1785)">Philip Honywood</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Leveson-Gower_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Leveson-Gower (Royal Navy officer)">John Leveson-Gower</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Richard_Penn_(governor)" title="Richard Penn (governor)">Richard Penn</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Mansfield" title="James Mansfield">James Mansfield</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Townshend" title="Lord John Townshend">Lord John Townshend</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cambridge University (UK Parliament constituency)">Member of Parliament for Cambridge University</a> </b><br />1784–1800 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/George_FitzRoy,_4th_Duke_of_Grafton" title="George FitzRoy, 4th Duke of Grafton">Earl of Euston</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Parliament of Great Britain abolished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Parliament of the United Kingdom created</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime ministers of the United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole (Orford)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_1st_Earl_of_Wilmington" title="Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington">Wilmington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_4th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 4th Duke of Devonshire">Devonshire</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">Bute</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">G. Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Chatham (Pitt the Elder)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">Grafton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pitt the Younger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Grenville,_1st_Baron_Grenville" title="William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville">Lord Grenville</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish-Bentinck,_3rd_Duke_of_Portland" title="William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland">Portland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkinson,_2nd_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Goderich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Grey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Lamb,_2nd_Viscount_Melbourne" title="William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne">Melbourne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton-Gordon,_4th_Earl_of_Aberdeen" title="George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Smith-Stanley,_14th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby">Derby</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli (Beaconsfield)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Rosebery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Douglas-Home" title="Alec Douglas-Home">Douglas-Home</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Heath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">Cameron</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theresa_May" title="Theresa May">May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Johnson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Truss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Starmer</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Prime ministers of the United Kingdom">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_the_exchequer" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer" title="Template:Chancellors of the Exchequer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer" title="Template talk:Chancellors of the Exchequer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors of the Exchequer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_the_exchequer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellors of the exchequer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_England" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_of_Fauconberg" title="Eustace of Fauconberg">Eustace of Fauconberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maunsell" title="John Maunsell">Maunsell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralf_de_Leicester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralf de Leicester (page does not exist)">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_of_Westminster_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward of Westminster (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Giffard" title="Walter Giffard">W. Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Giffard" title="Godfrey Giffard">G. Giffard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chishull" title="John Chishull">Chishull</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_de_la_Leye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger de la Leye (page does not exist)">de la Leye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_de_Willoughby" title="Philip de Willoughby">Willoughby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Benstede" title="John de Benstede">Benstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sandale" title="John Sandale">Sandale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hotham_(bishop)" title="John Hotham (bishop)">Hotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hervey_de_Stanton" title="Hervey de Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_de_Harvington" title="Adam de Harvington">Harvington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wodehouse" title="Robert Wodehouse">Wodehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Stratford" title="Robert de Stratford">Stratford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Ashby_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Ashby (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Ashby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Ashton" title="Robert de Ashton">Ashton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Barnham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Barnham (page does not exist)">Barnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Somer" title="Henry Somer">Somer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Somerset" title="John Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne_(died_1460)" title="Thomas Browne (died 1460)">Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Witham" title="Thomas Witham">Witham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thwaites_(civil_servant)" title="Thomas Thwaites (civil servant)">Thwaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Witham" title="Thomas Witham">Witham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Fowler_(chancellor)" title="Richard Fowler (chancellor)">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Catesby" title="William Catesby">Catesby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lovell" title="Thomas Lovell">Lovell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bourchier,_2nd_Baron_Berners" title="John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners">Berners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(died_1558)" title="John Baker (died 1558)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sackville_(escheator)" title="Richard Sackville (escheator)">Sackville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mildmay" title="Walter Mildmay">Mildmay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fortescue_of_Salden" title="John Fortescue of Salden">Fortescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Home,_1st_Earl_of_Dunbar" title="George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar">Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(judge)" title="Julius Caesar (judge)">Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulke_Greville,_1st_Baron_Brooke" title="Fulke Greville, 1st Baron Brooke">Greville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Weston,_1st_Earl_of_Portland" title="Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Barrett,_1st_Lord_Barrett_of_Newburgh" title="Edward Barrett, 1st Lord Barrett of Newburgh">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cottington,_1st_Baron_Cottington" title="Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington">Cottington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Colepeper,_1st_Baron_Colepeper" title="John Colepeper, 1st Baron Colepeper">Colepeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley_Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" title="Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Ashley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Duncombe_(Bury_St_Edmunds_MP)" title="John Duncombe (Bury St Edmunds MP)">Duncombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ernle" title="John Ernle">Ernle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Booth,_1st_Earl_of_Warrington" title="Henry Booth, 1st Earl of Warrington">Delamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hampden" title="Richard Hampden">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax">Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer)" title="John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">Boyle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_Great_Britain" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Boyle,_1st_Baron_Carleton" title="Henry Boyle, 1st Baron Carleton">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer)" title="John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer">Harley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Benson,_1st_Baron_Bingley" title="Robert Benson, 1st Baron Bingley">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Wyndham,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir William Wyndham, 3rd Baronet">Wyndham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Onslow,_1st_Baron_Onslow" title="Richard Onslow, 1st Baron Onslow">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stanhope,_1st_Earl_Stanhope" title="James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope">Stanhope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Aislabie" title="John Aislabie">Aislabie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Pratt_(judge)" title="John Pratt (judge)">Pratt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_(English_judge)" title="William Lee (English judge)">Lee</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lyttelton,_1st_Baron_Lyttelton" title="George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton">Lyttelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Murray,_1st_Earl_of_Mansfield" title="William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield">Mansfield</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bilson-Legge" title="Henry Bilson-Legge">Bilson-Legge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dashwood,_11th_Baron_le_Despencer" title="Francis Dashwood, 11th Baron le Despencer">Dashwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dowdeswell_(politician,_born_1721)" title="William Dowdeswell (politician, born 1721)">Dowdeswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Townshend" title="Charles Townshend">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Cavendish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_John_Cavendish" title="Lord John Cavendish">Cavendish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pitt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Baron_Ellenborough" title="Edward Law, 1st Baron Ellenborough">Ellenborough</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Petty-Fitzmaurice,_3rd_Marquess_of_Lansdowne" title="Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne">Petty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Bexley" title="Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley">Vansittart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_Exchequer_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Vansittart,_1st_Baron_Bexley" title="Nicholas Vansittart, 1st Baron Bexley">Vansittart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._J._Robinson,_1st_Viscount_Goderich" title="F. J. Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Abbott,_1st_Baron_Tenterden" title="Charles Abbott, 1st Baron Tenterden">Tenterden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Charles_Herries" title="John Charles Herries">Herries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Denman,_1st_Baron_Denman" title="Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman">Denman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spring_Rice,_1st_Baron_Monteagle_of_Brandon" title="Thomas Spring Rice, 1st Baron Monteagle of Brandon">Spring Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Baring,_1st_Baron_Northbrook" title="Francis Baring, 1st Baron Northbrook">Baring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Goulburn" title="Henry Goulburn">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wood,_1st_Viscount_Halifax" title="Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cornewall_Lewis" title="George Cornewall Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ward_Hunt" title="George Ward Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe" title="Robert Lowe">Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Childers" title="Hugh Childers">Childers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Goschen,_1st_Viscount_Goschen" title="George Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen">Goschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ritchie,_1st_Baron_Ritchie_of_Dundee" title="Charles Ritchie, 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Horne,_1st_Viscount_Horne_of_Slamannan" title="Robert Horne, 1st Viscount Horne of Slamannan">Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Snowden,_1st_Viscount_Snowden" title="Philip Snowden, 1st Viscount Snowden">Snowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Simon,_1st_Viscount_Simon" title="John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsley_Wood" title="Kingsley Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson,_1st_Viscount_Waverley" title="John Anderson, 1st Viscount Waverley">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Dalton" title="Hugh Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Macmillan" title="Harold Macmillan">Macmillan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thorneycroft" title="Peter Thorneycroft">Thorneycroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derick_Heathcoat-Amory,_1st_Viscount_Amory" title="Derick Heathcoat-Amory, 1st Viscount Amory">Heathcoat-Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Maudling" title="Reginald Maudling">Maudling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Barber" title="Anthony Barber">Barber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Healey" title="Denis Healey">Healey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Lawson" title="Nigel Lawson">Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lamont" title="Norman Lamont">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke" title="Kenneth Clarke">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Darling" title="Alistair Darling">Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Osborne" title="George Osborne">Osborne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hammond" title="Philip Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Javid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Sunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadhim_Zahawi" title="Nadhim Zahawi">Zahawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwasi_Kwarteng" title="Kwasi Kwarteng">Kwarteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Hunt" title="Jeremy Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Reeves" title="Rachel Reeves">Reeves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italic:</i> Interim Chancellor of the Exchequer, as <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_England_and_Wales" title="Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales">Lord Chief Justice</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Template talk:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leader of the House of Commons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_House_of_Commons" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons" title="Leader of the House of Commons">Leaders of the House of Commons</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walpole" title="Robert Walpole">Walpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sandys,_1st_Baron_Sandys" title="Samuel Sandys, 1st Baron Sandys">Sandys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham" title="Henry Pelham">Pelham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson,_1st_Baron_Grantham" title="Thomas Robinson, 1st Baron Grantham">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1757_caretaker_ministry" title="1757 caretaker ministry">Vacant (caretaker ministry)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt,_1st_Earl_of_Chatham" title="William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham">Pitt the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">H. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Grenville" title="George Grenville">Grenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Seymour_Conway" title="Henry Seymour Conway">Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Townshend,_1st_Viscount_Sydney" title="Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney">Townshend</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Addington" title="Henry Addington">Addington</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pitt the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">C. Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_2nd_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey">Howick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Perceval" title="Spencer Perceval">Perceval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Viscount_Castlereagh" title="Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">Huskisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer,_3rd_Earl_Spencer" title="John Spencer, 3rd Earl Spencer">Althorp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Peel" title="Robert Peel">Peel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_Russell" title="John Russell, 1st Earl Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Northcote,_1st_Earl_of_Iddesleigh" title="Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh">Northcote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn" title="Michael Hicks Beach, 1st Earl St Aldwyn">Hicks-Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">R. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Smith_(1825%E2%80%931891)" title="William Henry Smith (1825–1891)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Harcourt_(politician)" title="William Harcourt (politician)">Harcourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman" title="Henry Campbell-Bannerman">Campbell-Bannerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">Asquith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">A. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonar_Law" title="Bonar Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neville_Chamberlain" title="Neville Chamberlain">N. Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">W. Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Morrison" title="Herbert Morrison">Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chuter_Ede" title="James Chuter Ede">Chuter Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Crookshank" title="Harry Crookshank">Crookshank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iain_Macleod" title="Iain Macleod">Macleod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selwyn_Lloyd" title="Selwyn Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Bowden,_Baron_Aylestone" title="Herbert Bowden, Baron Aylestone">Bowden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Crossman" title="Richard Crossman">Crossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Peart,_Baron_Peart" title="Fred Peart, Baron Peart">Peart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whitelaw" title="William Whitelaw">Whitelaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr" title="Robert Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Prior" title="Jim Prior">Prior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Short,_Baron_Glenamara" title="Edward Short, Baron Glenamara">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foot" title="Michael Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_St_John-Stevas" title="Norman St John-Stevas">St John-Stevas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pym" title="Francis Pym">Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Biffen" title="John Biffen">Biffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wakeham" title="John Wakeham">Wakeham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Howe" title="Geoffrey Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_MacGregor,_Baron_MacGregor_of_Pulham_Market" title="John MacGregor, Baron MacGregor of Pulham Market">MacGregor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Newton,_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree" title="Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Taylor,_Baroness_Taylor_of_Bolton" title="Ann Taylor, Baroness Taylor of Bolton">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beckett" title="Margaret Beckett">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Reid,_Baron_Reid_of_Cardowan" title="John Reid, Baron Reid of Cardowan">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hain" title="Peter Hain">Hain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Hoon" title="Geoff Hoon">Hoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Harman" title="Harriet Harman">Harman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Young,_Baron_Young_of_Cookham" title="George Young, Baron Young of Cookham">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lansley" title="Andrew Lansley">Lansley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hague" title="William Hague">Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Grayling" title="Chris Grayling">Grayling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lidington" title="David Lidington">Lidington</a></li> <li><a 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