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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American engineer (1846–1937)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ambrose Swasey</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambrose_Swasey_(1918).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ambrose_Swasey_%281918%29.jpg/220px-Ambrose_Swasey_%281918%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ambrose_Swasey_%281918%29.jpg/330px-Ambrose_Swasey_%281918%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ambrose_Swasey_%281918%29.jpg/440px-Ambrose_Swasey_%281918%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="1241" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ambrose Swasey</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">December 19, 1846<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Exeter,_New_Hampshire" title="Exeter, New Hampshire">Exeter, New Hampshire</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 15, 1937<span style="display:none">(1937-06-15)</span> (aged 90)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Exeter,_New_Hampshire" title="Exeter, New Hampshire">Exeter, New Hampshire</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Engineer, inventor, machinist, entrepreneur, executive, philanthropist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Warner_%26_Swasey_Company" title="Warner & Swasey Company">Warner & Swasey Company</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Lavinia Marston Cummings</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ambrose Swasey</b> (December 19, 1846 – June 15, 1937) was an American mechanical engineer, inventor, entrepreneur, manager, astronomer, and philanthropist. With <a href="/wiki/Worcester_Reed_Warner" title="Worcester Reed Warner">Worcester R. Warner</a> he co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Warner_%26_Swasey_Company" title="Warner & Swasey Company">Warner & Swasey Company</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_work">Life and work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose_Swasey&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swasey was born near <a href="/wiki/Exeter,_New_Hampshire" title="Exeter, New Hampshire">Exeter, New Hampshire</a><sup id="cite_ref-WS1920p13_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WS1920p13-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to Nathaniel and Abigail Swasey. He apprenticed as a machinist at the Exeter Machine Works and was afterwards employed at <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Measurement_Systems" title="Pratt & Whitney Measurement Systems">Pratt & Whitney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WS1920p13_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WS1920p13-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As his career progressed, he became a foreman in the gear-cutting section. He developed a new technique for making gear-tooth cutters.<sup id="cite_ref-WS1920p13_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WS1920p13-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1880, he and Warner formed their eponymous firm,<sup id="cite_ref-WS1920p19_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WS1920p19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which quickly moved to <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>. Swasey would perform the engineering and machine development at this company. </p><p>The close friends Warner and Swasey built their homes next to each other on <a href="/wiki/Euclid_Avenue_(Cleveland,_Ohio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Euclid Avenue (Cleveland, Ohio)">Euclid Avenue</a> in Cleveland, a street that was known as "Millionaire's Row". </p><p>In addition to army ordnance contracts, the firm of Warner & Swasey became notable for their work on astronomical observatories and equipment. The founders were interested in astronomy as an avocation, and in the field's quest for better optical telescopes, which was burgeoning at the time. They also realized that obtaining contracts to build large astronomical observatories would provide publicity for their company. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SwaseyObservatoryChapelDenisonUniversity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SwaseyObservatoryChapelDenisonUniversity.jpg/220px-SwaseyObservatoryChapelDenisonUniversity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SwaseyObservatoryChapelDenisonUniversity.jpg/330px-SwaseyObservatoryChapelDenisonUniversity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/SwaseyObservatoryChapelDenisonUniversity.jpg/440px-SwaseyObservatoryChapelDenisonUniversity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Swasey Observatory at Denison University</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1885, Swasey completed work at <a href="/wiki/McCormick_Observatory" title="McCormick Observatory">McCormick Observatory</a> on the 45-foot <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">dome</a>, which was the largest in the world, and had a unique, 3 shutter design. In 1887, Swasey built the mount for the 36-inch <a href="/wiki/Refracting_telescope" title="Refracting telescope">refracting telescope</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lick_Observatory" title="Lick Observatory">Lick Observatory</a>. In 1898, he manufactured a <a href="/wiki/Dividing_engine" title="Dividing engine">dividing engine</a> for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Naval_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Naval Observatory">U.S. Naval Observatory</a> that was used to make the meridian circles. Both the building and dome of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_Astrophysical_Observatory" title="Dominion Astrophysical Observatory">Dominion Astrophysical Observatory</a> were made by Warner and Swasey Co. Other observatory telescopes and components were built by the company at the Kenwood Observatory, <a href="/wiki/Yerkes_Observatory" title="Yerkes Observatory">Yerkes Observatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentine_National_Observatory" title="Argentine National Observatory">Argentine National Observatory</a>, the Swasey Observatory at <a href="/wiki/Denison_University" title="Denison University">Denison University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case School of Applied Science</a> Observatory. </p><p>From 1904<sup id="cite_ref-WS1920p13_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WS1920p13-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until 1905, he was the president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose_Swasey&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denison_univ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Denison_univ.jpg/220px-Denison_univ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Denison_univ.jpg/330px-Denison_univ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Denison_univ.jpg/440px-Denison_univ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Swasey Chapel at Denison University</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E9%93%9C%E5%83%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E9%93%9C%E5%83%8F.jpg/220px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E9%93%9C%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E9%93%9C%E5%83%8F.jpg/330px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E9%93%9C%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E9%93%9C%E5%83%8F.jpg/440px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%B1%B1%E9%93%9C%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1684" data-file-height="2526" /></a><figcaption>Swasey Hall in front of the statue of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Sun Yat-sen University">Sun Yat-sen University</a>, Guangzhou, China.</figcaption></figure> <p>Both Warner and Swasey were amateur astronomers. In 1920, they made a joint donation to the <a href="/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University" title="Case Western Reserve University">Case School of Applied Science</a> to fund the construction of an observatory. This was named the <a href="/wiki/Warner_and_Swasey_Observatory" title="Warner and Swasey Observatory">Warner and Swasey Observatory</a> in their honor, and the observatory was used for research by the Case astronomy department. The observatory maintained by the department today is still known by this name today. </p><p>Swasey Hall (1917, "懷士堂"), a red brick hall, is the landmark of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Sun Yat-sen University">Sun Yat-sen University</a>, one of the top colleges in China. It was named after Swasey for his USD$25000 donation to the then university Christian <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a> society hall. Now it serves as a conference hall. </p><p>Other donations made by Swasey include the Swasey Chapel at Denison University in Granville, Ohio (1924), a bandstand in Exeter by architect <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bacon" title="Henry Bacon">Henry Bacon</a> (1916), a library building to <a href="/wiki/Colgate_Rochester_Divinity_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Colgate Rochester Divinity School">Colgate Rochester Divinity School</a> and the endowment of a chair for a professor of physics at the Case School of Applied Sciences. The chimes in the chapel were included as a memorial to his wife, Lavinia Marston Swasey. </p><p>Swasey died in Exeter. The Warner & Swasey Company he cofounded would continue until 1980, when it was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Bendix_Corporation" title="Bendix Corporation">Bendix Corporation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose_Swasey&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The crater <a href="/wiki/Swasey_(crater)" title="Swasey (crater)">Swasey</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> is named after him, as is the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/992_Swasey" title="992 Swasey">992 Swasey</a>.</li> <li>At CWRU, the chair of "Ambrose Swasey Professor of Physics" was named for his endowment. (<a href="/wiki/Lawrence_M._Krauss" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence M. Krauss">Lawrence M. Krauss</a> was named to this position in 1993.)</li> <li>In 1919 he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1922 he was elected to the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1932 he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a>.</li> <li>in 1933 he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/ASME_Medal" title="ASME Medal">ASME Medal</a>.</li> <li>In 1936 he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Medal" title="Hoover Medal">Hoover Medal</a>.</li> <li>Swasey was a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Research_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Research Council">United States National Research Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WS1920p14_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WS1920p14-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1982 Swasey was elected to the Machine Tool Hall of Fame of the <a href="/wiki/American_Precision_Museum" title="American Precision Museum">American Precision Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose_Swasey&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WS1920p13-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WS1920p13_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WS1920p13_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WS1920p13_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WS1920p13_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner_&_Swasey_Company1920">Warner & Swasey Company 1920</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mz5tAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13">p. 13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WS1920p19-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WS1920p19_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner_&_Swasey_Company1920">Warner & Swasey Company 1920</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mz5tAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19">p. 19</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Ambrose+Swasey&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DAmbrose%2BSwasey%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose+Swasey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20000900.html">"Ambrose Swasey"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Ambrose+Swasey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F20000900.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose+Swasey" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WS1920p14-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WS1920p14_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWarner_&_Swasey_Company1920">Warner & Swasey Company 1920</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mz5tAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA14">p. 14</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmerican_Precision_Museum1982">American Precision Museum 1982</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose_Swasey&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Precision_Museum1982" class="citation cs2">American Precision Museum (1982), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719115257/http://www.americanprecision.org/task,image/id,103/option,com_easygallery/Itemid,116/">"Ambrose Swasey (1846–1937)"</a>, <i>Machine Tool Hall of Fame</i>, American Precision Museum, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanprecision.org/task,image/id,103/option,com_easygallery/Itemid,116/">the original</a> on 2011-07-19<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-23</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Machine+Tool+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Ambrose+Swasey+%281846%E2%80%931937%29&rft.date=1982&rft.au=American+Precision+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanprecision.org%2Ftask%2Cimage%2Fid%2C103%2Foption%2Ccom_easygallery%2FItemid%2C116%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose+Swasey" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner_&_Swasey_Company1920" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Warner_%26_Swasey_Company" title="Warner & Swasey Company">Warner & Swasey Company</a> (1920), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mz5tAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA2"><i>The Warner & Swasey Company, 1880–1920</i></a>, Cleveland, Ohio: Warner & Swasey Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warner+%26+Swasey+Company%2C+1880%E2%80%931920&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Warner+%26+Swasey+Company&rft.date=1920&rft.au=Warner+%26+Swasey+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmz5tAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose+Swasey" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner_&_Swasey_Company1930" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Warner_%26_Swasey_Company" title="Warner & Swasey Company">Warner & Swasey Company</a> (1930), <i>The Warner & Swasey Company, 1880–1930</i>, Cleveland, Ohio: Warner & Swasey Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warner+%26+Swasey+Company%2C+1880%E2%80%931930&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Warner+%26+Swasey+Company&rft.date=1930&rft.au=Warner+%26+Swasey+Company&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmbrose+Swasey" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambrose_Swasey&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.ucsc.edu/cdm/search/collection/p265101coll10/searchterm/Ambrose%20Swasey/order/title">Portrait of Ambrose Swasey from the Lick Observatory Records Digital Archive, UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305013418/http://digitalcollections.ucsc.edu/cdm/search/collection/p265101coll10/searchterm/Ambrose%20Swasey/order/title">Archived</a> 2016-03-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_ASME_Medal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ASME_Medal" title="Template:ASME Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ASME_Medal" title="Template talk:ASME Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ASME_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ASME Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_ASME_Medal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/ASME_Medal" title="ASME Medal">ASME Medal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1921–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_G._Carlson" title="Hjalmar G. Carlson">Hjalmar G. Carlson</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Halsey" title="Frederick A. Halsey">Frederick A. Halsey</a></li> <li>1923: <a href="/wiki/John_R._Freeman" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Freeman">John R. Freeman</a></li> <li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert Andrews Millikan</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Lewis" title="Wilfred Lewis">Wilfred Lewis</a></li> <li>1928: <a href="/wiki/Julian_Kennedy" title="Julian Kennedy">Julian Kennedy</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/W._L._R._Emmet" class="mw-redirect" title="W. L. R. Emmet">W. L. R. Emmet</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kingsbury" title="Albert Kingsbury">Albert Kingsbury</a></li> <li>1933: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ambrose Swasey</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Carrier" title="Willis Carrier">Willis Carrier</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Main" title="Charles T. Main">Charles T. Main</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bausch" title="Edward Bausch">Edward Bausch</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Bullard_Jr." title="Edward P. Bullard Jr.">Edward P. Bullard Jr.</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Pigott" title="Stephen J. Pigott">Stephen J. Pigott</a></li> <li>1939: <a href="/wiki/James_E._Gleason" title="James E. Gleason">James E. Gleason</a></li> <li>1940: <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Kettering" title="Charles F. Kettering">Charles F. Kettering</a></li> <li>1941: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></li> <li>1942: <a href="/wiki/Ervin_G._Bailey" title="Ervin G. Bailey">Ervin G. Bailey</a></li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_K._Sillcox" title="Lewis K. Sillcox">Lewis K. Sillcox</a></li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Budd" title="Edward G. Budd">Edward G. Budd</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/William_F._Durand" title="William F. Durand">William F. Durand</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Morris_E._Leeds" title="Morris E. Leeds">Morris E. Leeds</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Paul_W._Kiefer" title="Paul W. Kiefer">Paul W. Kiefer</a></li> <li>1948: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_G._Keyes" title="Frederick G. Keyes">Frederick G. Keyes</a></li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/Fred_L._Dornbrook" title="Fred L. Dornbrook">Fred L. Dornbrook</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_C._Knowles" title="Harvey C. Knowles">Harvey C. Knowles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/Glenn_B._Warren" title="Glenn B. Warren">Glenn B. Warren</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Nevin_E._Funk" title="Nevin E. Funk">Nevin E. Funk</a></li> <li>1953: <a href="/wiki/Crosby_Field" title="Crosby Field">Crosby Field</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/E._Burnley_Powell" title="E. Burnley Powell">E. Burnley Powell</a></li> <li>1955: <a href="/wiki/Granville_M._Read" title="Granville M. Read">Granville M. Read</a></li> <li>1956: <a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Vickers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry F. Vickers">Harry F. Vickers</a></li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_M._K._Boelter" title="Llewellyn M. K. Boelter">Llewellyn M. K. Boelter</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_H._Armacost" title="Wilbur H. Armacost">Wilbur H. Armacost</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Frisch" title="Martin Frisch">Martin Frisch</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/C._Richard_Soderberg" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Richard Soderberg">C. Richard Soderberg</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sporn" title="Philip Sporn">Philip Sporn</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/Igor_I._Sikorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor I. Sikorsky">Igor I. Sikorsky</a></li> <li>1964: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Howard_(engineer)" title="Alan Howard (engineer)">Alan Howard</a></li> <li>1965: <a href="/wiki/Jan_Burgers" title="Jan Burgers">Jan Burgers</a></li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Mayo_D._Hersey" title="Mayo D. Hersey">Mayo D. Hersey</a></li> <li>1968: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Collins" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel C. Collins">Samuel C. Collins</a></li> <li>1969: <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_H._Donnell" title="Lloyd H. Donnell">Lloyd H. Donnell</a></li> <li>1970: <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Gilruth" title="Robert R. Gilruth">Robert R. Gilruth</a></li> <li>1971: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_Smart_Beattie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horace Smart Beattie (page does not exist)">Horace Smart Beattie</a></li> <li>1972: <a href="/wiki/Waloddi_Weibull" title="Waloddi Weibull">Waloddi Weibull</a></li> <li>1973: <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr." title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr.">Christopher C. Kraft Jr.</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_J._Hoff" title="Nicholas J. Hoff">Nicholas J. Hoff</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Maxime_A._Faget" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxime A. Faget">Maxime A. Faget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_D._Mindlin" title="Raymond D. Mindlin">Raymond D. Mindlin</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_W._Mann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert W. Mann (page does not exist)">Robert W. Mann</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Pieter_Den_Hartog" title="Jacob Pieter Den Hartog">Jacob P. Den Hartog</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Soichiro_Honda" title="Soichiro Honda">Soichiro Honda</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_S._Hahn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert S. Hahn (page does not exist)">Robert S. Hahn</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_N._Binns_Sr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack N. Binns Sr. (page does not exist)">Jack N. Binns Sr.</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Cohen_(Deputy_NASA_administrator)" title="Aaron Cohen (Deputy NASA administrator)">Aaron Cohen</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milton_C._Shaw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milton C. Shaw (page does not exist)">Milton C. Shaw</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orlan_W._Boston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orlan W. Boston (page does not exist)">Orlan W. Boston</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/Philip_G._Hodge" title="Philip G. Hodge">Philip G. Hodge</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Reissner" title="Eric Reissner">Eric Reissner</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/William_R._Sears" title="William R. Sears">William R. Sears</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Harley_A._Wilhelm" title="Harley A. Wilhelm">Harley A. Wilhelm</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Gallagher" title="Richard H. Gallagher">Richard H. Gallagher</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_C._Dean_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert C. Dean Jr. (page does not exist)">Robert C. Dean Jr.</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Budiansky" title="Bernard Budiansky">Bernard Budiansky</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kreith" title="Frank Kreith">Frank Kreith</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/H._Norman_Abramson" title="H. Norman Abramson">H. Norman Abramson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_E._Bergles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur E. Bergles (page does not exist)">Arthur E. Bergles</a></li> <li>2001: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warren_M._Rohsenow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warren M. Rohsenow (page does not exist)">Warren M. Rohsenow</a></li> <li>2002: <a href="/wiki/Leroy_S._Fletcher" title="Leroy S. Fletcher">Leroy S. Fletcher</a></li> <li>2003: <a href="/wiki/Norman_R._Augustine" title="Norman R. Augustine">Norman R. Augustine</a></li> <li>2004: <a href="/wiki/Bradford_W._Parkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradford W. Parkinson">Bradford W. Parkinson</a></li> <li>2005: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Uhrig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert E. Uhrig (page does not exist)">Robert E. Uhrig</a></li> <li>2006: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_J._Goldstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard J. Goldstein (page does not exist)">Richard J. Goldstein</a></li> <li>2007: <a href="/wiki/Dean_L._Kamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean L. Kamen">Dean L. Kamen</a></li> <li>2008: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_E._Talke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank E. Talke (page does not exist)">Frank E. Talke</a></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Suh_Nam-pyo" title="Suh Nam-pyo">Nam-pyo Suh</a></li> <li>2010: <a href="/wiki/John_Abele" title="John Abele">John Abele</a></li> <li>2011: <a href="/wiki/C._Daniel_Mote,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="C. Daniel Mote, Jr.">C. Daniel Mote, Jr.</a></li> <li>2012: <a href="/wiki/Jan_D._Achenbach" title="Jan D. Achenbach">Jan D. Achenbach</a></li> <li>2013: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siavouche_Nemat-Nasser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siavouche Nemat-Nasser (page does not exist)">Siavouche Nemat-Nasser</a></li> <li>2014: <a href="/wiki/Van_C._Mow" title="Van C. Mow">Van C. Mow</a></li> <li>2015: <a href="/wiki/James_R._Rice" title="James R. Rice">James R. Rice</a></li> <li>2016: <a href="/wiki/J._N._Reddy_(engineer)" title="J. N. Reddy (engineer)">J. N. Reddy</a></li> <li>2017: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zd%C4%9Bnek_P._Ba%C5%BEant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zděnek P. Bažant (page does not exist)">Zděnek P. Bažant</a></li> <li>2018: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J.R._Hughes" title="Thomas J.R. Hughes">Thomas J.R. Hughes</a></li> <li>2019: <a href="/wiki/Reginald_I._Vachon" title="Reginald I. Vachon">Reginald I. Vachon</a></li> <li>2020: <a href="/wiki/Subra_Suresh" title="Subra Suresh">Subra Suresh</a></li> <li>2021: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pol_D._Spanos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pol D. Spanos (page does not exist)">Pol D. Spanos</a></li> <li>2022: <a href="/wiki/Katepalli_R._Sreenivasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Katepalli R. Sreenivasan">Katepalli R. Sreenivasan</a></li> <li>2023: <a href="/wiki/Huajian_Gao" title="Huajian Gao">Huajian Gao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Fritz_Medal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Template:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Template talk:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Fritz_Medal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal" title="John Fritz Medal">John Fritz Medal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1902–1924</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1902 : <a href="/wiki/John_Fritz" title="John Fritz">John Fritz</a></li> <li>1903 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>1904 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>1905 : <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a></li> <li>1906 : <a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li>1907 : <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li>1908 : <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li>1909 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_Talbot_Porter" title="Charles Talbot Porter">Charles Talbot Porter</a></li> <li>1910 : <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Noble_(engineer)" title="Alfred Noble (engineer)">Alfred Noble</a></li> <li>1911 : Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_White" title="William Henry White">William Henry White</a></li> <li>1912 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woolston_Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Woolston Hunt">Robert Woolston Hunt</a></li> <li>1913 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>1914 : <a href="/wiki/John_Edson_Sweet" title="John Edson Sweet">John Edson Sweet</a></li> <li>1915 : <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(businessman)" title="James Douglas (businessman)">James Douglas</a></li> <li>1916 : <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a></li> <li>1917 : <a href="/wiki/Henry_Marion_Howe" title="Henry Marion Howe">Henry Marion Howe</a></li> <li>1918 : <a href="/wiki/J._Waldo_Smith" title="J. Waldo Smith">J. Waldo Smith</a></li> <li>1919 : Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_W._Goethals" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Goethals">George W. Goethals</a></li> <li>1920 : <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li>1921 : Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hadfield" title="Robert Hadfield">Robert Hadfield</a></li> <li>1922 : <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Schneider_II" title="Eugène Schneider II">Charles P. E. Schneider</a></li> <li>1923 : <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li>1924 : <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ambrose Swasey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1925–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1925 : <a href="/wiki/John_Frank_Stevens" title="John Frank Stevens">John Frank Stevens</a></li> <li>1926 : <a href="/wiki/Edward_Dean_Adams" title="Edward Dean Adams">Edward Dean Adams</a></li> <li>1927 : <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry">Elmer Ambrose Sperry</a></li> <li>1928 : <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Carty" class="mw-redirect" title="John Joseph Carty">John Joseph Carty</a></li> <li>1929 : <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Clark_Hoover" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Clark Hoover">Herbert Clark Hoover</a></li> <li>1930 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Modjeski" title="Ralph Modjeski">Ralph Modjeski</a></li> <li>1931 : <a href="/wiki/David_Watson_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="David Watson Taylor">David Watson Taylor</a></li> <li>1932 : <a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Idvorski_Pupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin">Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin</a></li> <li>1933 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cowan_Jackling" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Cowan Jackling">Daniel Cowan Jackling</a></li> <li>1934 : <a href="/wiki/John_Ripley_Freeman" title="John Ripley Freeman">John Ripley Freeman</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1935 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Julian Sprague">Frank Julian Sprague</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1936 : <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Durand" class="mw-redirect" title="William Frederick Durand">William Frederick Durand</a></li> <li>1937 : <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Newell_Talbot" title="Arthur Newell Talbot">Arthur Newell Talbot</a></li> <li>1938 : <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dyer_Merica" title="Paul Dyer Merica">Paul Dyer Merica</a></li> <li>1939 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Baldwin_Jewett" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Baldwin Jewett">Frank Baldwin Jewett</a></li> <li>1940 : <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Floyd_Hirshfeld" title="Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld">Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1941 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Budd" title="Ralph Budd">Ralph Budd</a></li> <li>1942 : <a href="/wiki/Everette_Lee_DeGolyer" title="Everette Lee DeGolyer">Everette Lee DeGolyer</a></li> <li>1943 : <a href="/wiki/Willis_Rodney_Whitney" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis Rodney Whitney">Willis Rodney Whitney</a></li> <li>1944 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Kettering" title="Charles F. Kettering">Charles F. Kettering</a></li> <li>1945 : <a href="/wiki/John_L._Savage" title="John L. Savage">John Lucian Savage</a></li> <li>1946 : <a href="/wiki/Zay_Jeffries" title="Zay Jeffries">Zay Jeffries</a></li> <li>1947 : <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Warrington_Chubb" title="Lewis Warrington Chubb">Lewis Warrington Chubb</a></li> <li>1948 : <a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></li> <li>1949 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_Metcalf_Allen" title="Charles Metcalf Allen">Charles Metcalf Allen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1974</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1950 : <a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Aldridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter H. Aldridge">Walter H. Aldridge</a></li> <li>1951 : <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li>1952 : <a href="/wiki/Ervin_George_Bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ervin George Bailey">Ervin George Bailey</a></li> <li>1953 : <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Fairless" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin F. Fairless">Benjamin F. Fairless</a></li> <li>1954 : <a href="/wiki/William_Embry_Wrather" title="William Embry Wrather">William Embry Wrather</a></li> <li>1955 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Alonzo_Winne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Alonzo Winne (page does not exist)">Harry Alonzo Winne</a></li> <li>1956 : <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sporn" title="Philip Sporn">Philip Sporn</a></li> <li>1957 : <a href="/wiki/Ben_Moreell" title="Ben Moreell">Ben Moreell</a></li> <li>1958 : <a href="/wiki/John_R._Suman" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Suman">John R. Suman</a></li> <li>1959 : <a href="/wiki/Mervin_Kelly" title="Mervin Kelly">Mervin J. Kelly</a></li> <li>1960 : <a href="/wiki/Gwilym_A._Price" title="Gwilym A. Price">Gwilym A. Price</a></li> <li>1961 : <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Bechtel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen D. Bechtel">Stephen D. Bechtel</a></li> <li>1962 : <a href="/wiki/Crawford_H._Greenewalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Crawford H. Greenewalt">Crawford H. Greenewalt</a></li> <li>1963 : <a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Dryden">Hugh L. Dryden</a></li> <li>1964 : <a href="/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay">Lucius D. Clay</a></li> <li>1965 : <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kappel" title="Frederick Kappel">Frederick Kappel</a></li> <li>1966 : <a href="/wiki/Warren_K._Lewis" title="Warren K. Lewis">Warren K. Lewis</a></li> <li>1967 : <a href="/wiki/Walker_L._Cisler" class="mw-redirect" title="Walker L. Cisler">Walker L. Cisler</a></li> <li>1968 : <a href="/wiki/Igor_Ivan_Sikorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Ivan Sikorsky">Igor Ivan Sikorsky</a></li> <li>1969 : <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_Haider" title="Michael Lawrence Haider">Michael Lawrence Haider</a></li> <li>1970 : <a href="/wiki/Glenn_B._Warren" title="Glenn B. Warren">Glenn B. Warren</a></li> <li>1971 : <a href="/wiki/Patrick_E._Haggerty" title="Patrick E. Haggerty">Patrick E. Haggerty</a></li> <li>1972 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Webster_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Webster (engineer) (page does not exist)">William Webster</a></li> <li>1973 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Wilber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyman Wilber (page does not exist)">Lyman Wilber</a></li> <li>1974 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=H._I._Romnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. I. Romnes (page does not exist)">H. I. Romnes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1975 : <a href="/wiki/Manson_Benedict" title="Manson Benedict">Manson Benedict</a></li> <li>1976 : <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine" title="Thomas O. Paine">Thomas O. Paine</a></li> <li>1977 : <a href="/wiki/George_R._Brown" title="George R. Brown">George R. Brown</a></li> <li>1978 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_G._Heitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert G. Heitz (page does not exist)">Robert G. Heitz</a></li> <li>1979 : <a href="/wiki/Nathan_M._Newmark" title="Nathan M. Newmark">Nathan M. Newmark</a></li> <li>1980 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Louis_Austin,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. Louis Austin, Jr. (page does not exist)">T. Louis Austin, Jr.</a></li> <li>1981 : <a href="/wiki/Ian_MacGregor" title="Ian MacGregor">Ian MacGregor</a></li> <li>1982 : <a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a></li> <li>1983 : <a href="/wiki/Claude_Elwood_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Elwood Shannon">Claude Elwood Shannon</a></li> <li>1984 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_A._Roe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth A. Roe (page does not exist)">Kenneth A. Roe</a></li> <li>1985 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a></li> <li>1986 : <a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></li> <li>1987 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Landau" title="Ralph Landau">Ralph Landau</a></li> <li>1988 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_B._Peck" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph B. Peck">Ralph B. Peck</a></li> <li>1989 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Noyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert N. Noyce">Robert N. Noyce</a></li> <li>1990 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_A._Cain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon A. Cain (page does not exist)">Gordon A. Cain</a></li> <li>1991 : <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Rouse" title="Hunter Rouse">Hunter Rouse</a></li> <li>1992 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serge_Gratch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serge Gratch (page does not exist)">Serge Gratch</a></li> <li>1993 : <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a></li> <li>1994 : <a href="/wiki/Hoyt_C._Hottel" title="Hoyt C. Hottel">Hoyt C. Hottel</a></li> <li>1995 : <a href="/wiki/Lynn_S._Beedle" title="Lynn S. Beedle">Lynn S. Beedle</a></li> <li>1996 : <a href="/wiki/George_N._Hatsopoulos" title="George N. Hatsopoulos">George N. Hatsopoulos</a></li> <li>1997 : <a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Humphrey" title="Arthur E. Humphrey">Arthur E. Humphrey</a></li> <li>1998 : <a href="/wiki/Ivan_A._Getting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan A. Getting">Ivan A. Getting</a></li> <li>1999 : <a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 : <a href="/wiki/John_W._Fisher" title="John W. Fisher">John W. Fisher</a></li> <li>2001 : <a href="/wiki/Paul_C._W._Chu" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. W. Chu">Paul C. W. Chu</a></li> <li>2002 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldin" title="Daniel Goldin">Daniel Goldin</a></li> <li>2003 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a></li> <li>2004 : <a href="/wiki/John_A._Swanson" title="John A. Swanson">John A. Swanson</a></li> <li>2005 : <a href="/wiki/George_Tamaro" title="George Tamaro">George Tamaro</a></li> <li>2006 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2007 : <a href="/wiki/Gavriel_Salvendy" title="Gavriel Salvendy">Gavriel Salvendy</a></li> <li>2008 : <a href="/wiki/Kristina_M._Johnson" title="Kristina M. Johnson">Kristina M. Johnson</a></li> <li>2009 : <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Claeys_Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvonne Claeys Brill">Yvonne Claeys Brill</a></li> <li>2010 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_J._Posakony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald J. Posakony (page does not exist)">Gerald J. Posakony</a></li> <li>2011 : <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew Viterbi</a></li> <li>2012 : <a href="/wiki/Leslie_E._Robertson" title="Leslie E. Robertson">Leslie E. Robertson</a></li> <li>2013 : <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stephanopoulos" title="Gregory Stephanopoulos">Gregory Stephanopoulos</a></li> <li>2014 : <a href="/wiki/Julia_Weertman" title="Julia Weertman">Julia Weertman</a></li> <li>2015 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_D._Magnusson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon D. Magnusson (page does not exist)">Jon D. Magnusson</a></li> <li>2017 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kreith" title="Frank Kreith">Frank Kreith</a></li> <li>2018 : <a href="/wiki/Anne_S._Kiremidjian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne S. Kiremidjian">Anne S. Kiremidjian</a></li> <li>2019 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2020 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2021 : <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></li> <li>2022 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2023 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asad_M._Madni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asad M. Madni (page does not exist)">Asad M. Madni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Template:Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Template talk:Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="American Society of Mechanical Engineers">Presidents of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1880–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Thurston" title="Robert Henry Thurston">Robert H. Thurston</a> (1880–1882)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin_Leavitt_Jr." title="Erasmus Darwin Leavitt Jr.">Erasmus D. Leavitt</a> (1883–1884)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Edson_Sweet" title="John Edson Sweet">John E. Sweet</a> (1884–1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josephus_Flavius_Holloway" title="Josephus Flavius Holloway">Josephus F. Holloway</a> (1885–1886)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coleman_Sellers_II" title="Coleman Sellers II">Coleman Sellers II</a> (1886–1887)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Herman_Babcock" title="George Herman Babcock">George H. Babcock</a> (1887–1888)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_See" title="Horace See">Horace See</a> (1888–1889)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Towne" title="Henry R. Towne">Henry R. Towne</a> (1889–1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oberlin_Smith" title="Oberlin Smith">Oberlin Smith</a> (1890–1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Hunt" title="Robert W. Hunt">Robert W. Hunt</a> (1891–1892)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harding_Loring" title="Charles Harding Loring">Charles H. Loring</a> (1892–1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eckley_Brinton_Coxe" title="Eckley Brinton Coxe">Eckley B. Coxe</a> (1893–1894)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_F._C._Davis" title="Edward F. C. Davis">Edward F. C. Davis</a> (1894–1895)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Billings" title="Charles E. Billings">Charles E. Billings</a> (1895–1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Fritz" title="John Fritz">John Fritz</a> (1896–1897)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Worcester_Reed_Warner" title="Worcester Reed Warner">Worcester R. Warner</a> (1897–1898)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wallace_Hunt" title="Charles Wallace Hunt">Charles W. Hunt</a> (1898–1899)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Melville" title="George W. Melville">George W. Melville</a> (1899–1900)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900–1919</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hill_Morgan" title="Charles Hill Morgan">Charles H. Morgan</a> (1900–1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_T._Wellman" title="Samuel T. Wellman">Samuel T. Wellman</a> (1901–1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Reynolds_(engineer)" title="Edwin Reynolds (engineer)">Edwin Reynolds</a> (1902–1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Mapes_Dodge" title="James Mapes Dodge">James M. Dodge</a> (1903–1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ambrose Swasey</a> (1904–1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Ripley_Freeman" title="John Ripley Freeman">John R. Freeman</a> (1905–1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor" title="Frederick Winslow Taylor">Frederick W. Taylor</a> (1906–1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Remsen_Hutton" title="Frederick Remsen Hutton">Frederick R. Hutton</a> (1907–1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Minard_Lafever_Holman" title="Minard Lafever Holman">Minard L. Holman</a> (1908–1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Merrick_Smith" title="Jesse Merrick Smith">Jesse M. Smith</a> (1909–1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a> (1910–1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Daniel_Meier" title="Edward Daniel Meier">Edward D. Meier</a> (1911–1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Crombie_Humphreys" title="Alexander Crombie Humphreys">Alexander C. Humphreys</a> (1912–1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Freeman_Myrick_Goss" title="William Freeman Myrick Goss">William F. M. Goss</a> (1913–1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Hartness" title="James Hartness">James Hartness</a> (1914–1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Brashear" title="John Brashear">John Brashear</a> (1915–1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Schenk_Jacobus" title="David Schenk Jacobus">David S. Jacobus</a> (1916–1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ira_Nelson_Hollis" title="Ira Nelson Hollis">Ira N. Hollis</a> (1917–1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._Main" title="Charles T. Main">Charles T. Main</a> (1918–1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_Elwyn_Cooley" title="Mortimer Elwyn Cooley">Mortimer E. Cooley</a> (1919–1920)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920–1939</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_J._Miller" title="Fred J. Miller">Fred J. Miller</a> (1920–1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Salisbury_Carman" title="Edwin Salisbury Carman">Edwin S. Carman</a> (1921–1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dexter_S._Kimball" title="Dexter S. Kimball">Dexter S. Kimball</a> (1922–1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_L._Harrington" title="John L. Harrington">John L. Harrington</a> (1923–1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Low" title="Fred R. Low">Fred R. Low</a> (1924–1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_F._Durand" title="William F. Durand">William F. Durand</a> (1925–1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Abbott" title="William L. Abbott">William L. Abbott</a> (1926–1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Schwab" title="Charles M. Schwab">Charles M. Schwab</a> (1927–1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Dow" title="Alex Dow">Alex Dow</a> (1928–1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry">Elmer A. Sperry</a> (1929–1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Piez" title="Charles Piez">Charles Piez</a> (1930–1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Roy_V._Wright" title="Roy V. Wright">Roy V. Wright</a> (1931–1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conrad_N._Lauer" title="Conrad N. Lauer">Conrad N. Lauer</a> (1932–1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Abraham_Potter" title="Andrey Abraham Potter">A. A. Potter</a> (1933–1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Aaron_Langevin_Doty" title="Paul Aaron Langevin Doty">Paul Doty</a> (1934–1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Flanders" title="Ralph Flanders">Ralph E. Flanders</a> (1935–1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Loren_Batt" title="William Loren Batt">William L. Batt</a> (1936–1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Hervey_Herron" title="James Hervey Herron">James H. Herron</a> (1937–1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_N._Davis" title="Harvey N. Davis">Harvey N. Davis</a> (1938–1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Christie" title="Alexander Graham Christie">Alexander G. Christie</a> (1939–1940)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Horton_McBryde" title="Warren Horton McBryde">Warren H. McBryde</a> (1940–1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Hanley" title="William A. Hanley">William A. Hanley</a> (1941–1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Wentworth_Parker" title="James Wentworth Parker">James W. Parker</a> (1942–1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harold_V._Coes" title="Harold V. Coes">Harold V. Coes</a> (1943–1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_McFarland_Gates" title="Robert McFarland Gates">Robert M. Gates</a> (1944–1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Davison_Bailey" title="Alex Davison Bailey">Alex D. Bailey</a> (1945–1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D._Robert_Yarnall" title="D. Robert Yarnall">David R. Yarnall</a> (1946–1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_W._O%27Brien" title="Eugene W. O'Brien">Eugene W. O'Brien</a> (1947–1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ervin_G._Bailey" title="Ervin G. Bailey">Ervin G. Bailey</a> (1948–1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Todd" title="James M. Todd">James M. Todd</a> (1949–1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_D._Cunningham" title="James D. Cunningham">James D. Cunningham</a> (1950–1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._Calvin_Brown" title="J. Calvin Brown">J. Calvin Brown</a> (1951–1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_J._S._Pigott" title="Reginald J. S. Pigott">Reginald J. Pigott</a> (1952–1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Steele_Blackall_Jr." title="Frederick Steele Blackall Jr.">Frederick S. Blackall Jr.</a> (1953–1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_K._Sillcox" title="Lewis K. Sillcox">Lewis K. Sillcox</a> (1954–1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_William_Rowsen_Morgan" title="David William Rowsen Morgan">David W. Morgan</a> (1955–1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Warren_Barker" title="Joseph Warren Barker">Joseph W. Barker</a> (1956–1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_F._Ryan_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William F. Ryan (engineer) (page does not exist)">William F. Ryan</a> (1957–1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Nobel_Landis" title="James Nobel Landis">James N. Landis</a> (1958–1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_B._Warren" title="Glenn B. Warren">Glenn B. Warren</a> (1959–1960)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walker_Lee_Cisler" title="Walker Lee Cisler">Walker L. Cisler</a> (1960–1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_H._Bryne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William H. Bryne (page does not exist)">William H. Bryne</a> (1961–1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clifford_Harold_Shumaker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clifford Harold Shumaker (page does not exist)">Clifford H. Shumaker</a> (1962–1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_B._Smith" title="Ronald B. Smith">Ronald B. Smith</a> (1963–1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Otto_Bergman" title="Elmer Otto Bergman">Elmer O. Bergman</a> (1964–1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_N._Muller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry N. Muller (page does not exist)">Henry N. Muller</a> (1965–1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_H._Harlow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James H. Harlow (page does not exist)">James H. Harlow</a> (1966–1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_N._Rowley_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis N. Rowley Jr. (page does not exist)">Louis N. Rowley Jr.</a> (1967–1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_F._Habach" title="George F. Habach">George F. Habach</a> (1968–1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Edward_Marlowe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Edward Marlowe (page does not exist)">Donald E. Marlowe</a> (1969–1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allen_Franklin_Rhodes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allen Franklin Rhodes (page does not exist)">Allen F. Rhodes</a> (1970–1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Andrew_Roe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Andrew Roe (page does not exist)">Kenneth A. Roe</a> (1971–1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Folsom" title="Richard G. Folsom">Richard G. Folsom</a> (1972–1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a> (1973–1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_B._Robertson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard B. Robertson (page does not exist)">Richard B. Robertson</a> (1974–1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Tutt_III" title="Charles L. Tutt III">Charles L. Tutt III</a> (1975–1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Earle_C._Miller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earle C. Miller (page does not exist)">Earle C. Miller</a> (1976–1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stothe_Peter_Kezios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stothe Peter Kezios (page does not exist)">Stothe P. Kezios</a> (1977–1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Orval_Leroy_Lewis" title="Orval Leroy Lewis">Orval L. Lewis</a> (1978–1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Nelson_Zwiep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Nelson Zwiep (page does not exist)">Donald N. Zwiep</a> (1979–1980)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_E._Jones_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles E. Jones (engineer) (page does not exist)">Charles E. Jones</a> (1980–1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Gaither" title="Robert B. Gaither">Robert B. Gaither</a> (1981–1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serge_Gratch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serge Gratch (page does not exist)">Serge Gratch</a> (1982–1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_M._Scott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank M. Scott (page does not exist)">Frank M. Scott</a> (1983–1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Kotnick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Kotnick (page does not exist)">George Kotnick</a> (1984–1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leroy_S._Fletcher" title="Leroy S. Fletcher">Leroy S. Fletcher</a> (1985–1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Deloye_Fitzroy" title="Nancy Deloye Fitzroy">Nancy D. Fitzroy</a> (1986–1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Rosenberg_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Rosenberg (engineer) (page does not exist)">Richard Rosenberg</a> (1987–1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_L._Daman" title="Ernest L. Daman">Ernest L. Daman</a> (1988–1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_O._Velzy" title="Charles O. Velzy">Charles O. Velzy</a> (1989–1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_E._Bergles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur E. Bergles (page does not exist)">Arthur E. Bergles</a> (1990–1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathan_H._Hurt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathan H. Hurt (page does not exist)">Nathan H. Hurt</a> (1991–1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Falcon" title="Joseph A. Falcon">Joseph A. Falcon</a> (1992–1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_H._Fernandes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John H. Fernandes (page does not exist)">John H. Fernandes</a> (1993–1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_J._Torpey" title="Paul J. Torpey">Paul J. Torpey</a> (1994–1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_T._Koenig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel T. Koenig (page does not exist)">Daniel T. Koenig</a> (1995–1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_J._Goldstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard J. Goldstein (page does not exist)">Richard J. Goldstein</a> (1996–1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keith_B._Thayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keith B. Thayer (page does not exist)">Keith B. Thayer</a> (1997–1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winfred_M._Phillips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winfred M. Phillips (page does not exist)">Winfred M. Phillips</a> (1998–1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Nickell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert E. Nickell (page does not exist)">Robert E. Nickell</a> (1999–2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_R._Parker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John R. Parker (page does not exist)">John R. Parker</a> (2000–2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_A._Weiblen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William A. Weiblen (page does not exist)">William A. Weiblen</a> (2001–2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Susan_H._Skemp" class="mw-redirect" title="Susan H. Skemp">Susan H. Skemp</a> (2002–2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_I._Vachon" title="Reginald I. Vachon">Reginald I. Vachon</a> (2003–2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Armen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Armen (page does not exist)">Harry Armen</a> (2004–2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_E._Feigel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard E. Feigel (page does not exist)">Richard E. Feigel</a> (2005–2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terry_E._Shoup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terry E. Shoup (page does not exist)">Terry E. Shoup</a> (2006–2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sam_Y._Zamrik" title="Sam Y. Zamrik">Sam Y. Zamrik</a> (2007–2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_M._Barlow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas M. Barlow (page does not exist)">Thomas M. Barlow</a> (2008–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amos_E._Holt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amos E. Holt (page does not exist)">Amos E. Holt</a> (2009–2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_T._Simmons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert T. Simmons (page does not exist)">Robert T. Simmons</a> (2010–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Rockwell" title="Victoria Rockwell">Victoria Rockwell</a> (2011–2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Goldsmith" title="Marc Goldsmith">Marc Goldsmith</a> (2012–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madiha_Kotb" title="Madiha Kotb">Madiha Kotb</a> (2013–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Sims" title="J. Robert Sims">J. Robert Sims</a> (2014–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julio_C._Guerrero&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julio C. Guerrero (page does not exist)">Julio C. Guerrero</a> (2015–2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._Keith_Roe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. Keith Roe (page does not exist)">K. Keith Roe</a> (2016–2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charla_K._Wise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charla K. Wise (page does not exist)">Charla K. Wise</a> (2017–2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Said_Jahanmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Said Jahanmir (page does not exist)">Said Jahanmir</a> (2018–2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Laudenat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Laudenat (page does not exist)">Richard Laudenat</a> (2019–2020)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">2020–present</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryan_A._Erler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryan A. Erler (page does not exist)">Bryan A. Erler</a> (2020–2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahantesh_Hiremath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahantesh Hiremath (page does not exist)">Mahantesh Hiremath</a> (2021–2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_Ohland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karen Ohland (page does not exist)">Karen Ohland</a> (2022-2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_R._Kurfess&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas R. Kurfess (page does not exist)">Thomas R. Kurfess</a> (2023–2024)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Ipri-Brown&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan Ipri-Brown (page does not exist)">Susan Ipri-Brown</a> (2024–2025)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4741864#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4741864#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4741864#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000032133992">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/75520400">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/317204/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj4wGHTjbWPppT8H4kYyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93015780">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69p69rc">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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