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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Frank J. Sprague</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="فرانك سبراغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانك سبراغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فرانک سپری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانک سپری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague" title="Frank Julian Sprague – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frank Julian Sprague" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague" title="Frank Julian Sprague – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frank Julian Sprague" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_J._Sprague" title="Frank J. Sprague – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frank J. Sprague" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فرانک سپری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانک سپری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_J._Sprague" title="Frank J. Sprague – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frank J. Sprague" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_J._Sprague" title="Frank J. Sprague – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Frank J. Sprague" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague" title="Frank Julian Sprague – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frank Julian Sprague" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B0" title="フランク・スプレイグ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランク・スプレイグ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sprague" title="Frank Sprague – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frank Sprague" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague" title="Frank Julian Sprague – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frank Julian Sprague" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B3,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Спрейг, Фрэнк Джулиан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спрейг, Фрэнк Джулиан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_J._Sprague" title="Frank J. Sprague – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frank J. Sprague" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B3" title="Френк Джуліан Спрейг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Френк Джуліан Спрейг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%C2%B7J%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="法蘭克·J·史伯格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法蘭克·J·史伯格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Julian_Sprague&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Julian Sprague">Frank Julian Sprague</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American inventor and pioneer in electrical engineering (1857-1934)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Frank Sprague" redirects here. For the guitarist, see <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lee_Sprague" title="Frank Lee Sprague">Frank Lee Sprague</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Frank J. Sprague</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_J._Sprague_-_NYSPPM_3_126.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Frank_J._Sprague_-_NYSPPM_3_126.jpg/250px-Frank_J._Sprague_-_NYSPPM_3_126.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Frank_J._Sprague_-_NYSPPM_3_126.jpg/375px-Frank_J._Sprague_-_NYSPPM_3_126.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Frank_J._Sprague_-_NYSPPM_3_126.jpg/500px-Frank_J._Sprague_-_NYSPPM_3_126.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="1470" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Frank J. Sprague, "father of electric traction"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1857-07-25</span>)</span>July 25, 1857<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Milford,_Connecticut" title="Milford, Connecticut">Milford, Connecticut</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 25, 1934<span style="display:none">(1934-10-25)</span> (aged 77)<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE-bio_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical Engineering">Electrical Engineering</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1903)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Edison_Medal" title="IEEE Edison Medal">IEEE Edison Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal" title="John Fritz Medal">John Fritz Medal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Posthumous, 1935)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Frank Julian Sprague</b> (July 25, 1857 – October 25, 1934) was an American inventor who contributed to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway electrification system">electric railways</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">electric elevators</a>. His contributions were especially important in promoting <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urban</a> development by increasing the size cities could reasonably attain (through better transportation) and by allowing greater concentration of business in commercial sections (through use of electric elevators in <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscrapers</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE-bio_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became known as the "father of electric traction". Demonstrating an aptitude for science and mathematics, Sprague secured an appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy in 1874 and, after graduation in 1878 and 2 years at sea, resigned to pursue his career in electrical engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sprague was born in <a href="/wiki/Milford,_Connecticut" title="Milford, Connecticut">Milford, Connecticut</a>, in 1857 to David Cummings Sprague and Frances Julia King Sprague, a school teacher<sup id="cite_ref-Most_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Most-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 79">: 79 </span></sup> His mother died when he was ten, and was sent by his father to live with an aunt in New York. He attended <a href="/wiki/Drury_High_School" title="Drury High School">Drury High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Adams,_Massachusetts" title="North Adams, Massachusetts">North Adams, Massachusetts</a>, and excelled in mathematics. After graduating high school, Sprague went to <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a>, to take an entrance exam for <a href="/wiki/West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a>, but somehow unexpectedly was taking the four day entrance exam for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hwd_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hwd-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He got the highest score (twelve others took the exam), and to go to the school he needed to borrow money. A local contractor and a bank loaned him four thousand dollars, and he travelled to Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-Most_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Most-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There, he graduated seventh (out of thirty-six) in the class of 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-EKirby_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EKirby-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_Navy,_inventor"><span id="United_States_Navy.2C_inventor"></span>United States Navy, inventor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United States Navy, inventor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notes_on_seamanship,_with_drawings_of_sail_boat_parts,_and_electrical_equipment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Frank J. Sprague, notes on seamanship, with drawings of sailboat parts, and electrical equipment, 1878-1880" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Notes_on_seamanship%2C_with_drawings_of_sail_boat_parts%2C_and_electrical_equipment.jpg/220px-Notes_on_seamanship%2C_with_drawings_of_sail_boat_parts%2C_and_electrical_equipment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Notes_on_seamanship%2C_with_drawings_of_sail_boat_parts%2C_and_electrical_equipment.jpg/330px-Notes_on_seamanship%2C_with_drawings_of_sail_boat_parts%2C_and_electrical_equipment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Notes_on_seamanship%2C_with_drawings_of_sail_boat_parts%2C_and_electrical_equipment.jpg/440px-Notes_on_seamanship%2C_with_drawings_of_sail_boat_parts%2C_and_electrical_equipment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="2559" /></a><figcaption>Notes on seamanship, with drawings of sailboat parts, and electrical equipment, by Frank J. Sprague, 1878-1880</figcaption></figure> <p>He was commissioned as an <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(rank)" title="Ensign (rank)">ensign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. During his ensuing naval service, he first served on the <a href="/wiki/USS_Richmond_(1860)" title="USS Richmond (1860)">USS <i>Richmond</i></a>, then the <a href="/wiki/USS_Minnesota_(1855)" title="USS Minnesota (1855)">USS <i>Minnesota</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-robbins_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robbins-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 95">: 95 </span></sup> While in Asia, Sprague wrote stories he filed for the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Herald" title="Boston Herald">Boston Herald</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Most_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Most-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While his ship was in <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>, in 1881, Sprague invented the inverted type of <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamo</a>. After he was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/USS_Lancaster_(1858)" title="USS Lancaster (1858)">USS <i>Lancaster</i></a>, the flagship of the European Squadron, he installed the first electric call-bell system on a United States Navy ship. Sprague took leave to attend the <a href="/wiki/International_Exposition_of_Electricity" title="International Exposition of Electricity">International Exposition of Electricity</a> of 1881 in Paris and the <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">Crystal Palace</a> Exhibition in <a href="/wiki/Sydenham,_London" title="Sydenham, London">Sydenham</a>, England, in 1882, where he was on the jury of awards for gas engines, <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamos</a> and lamps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineer_for_Edison">Engineer for Edison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Engineer for Edison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1883, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hibberd_Johnson" title="Edward Hibberd Johnson">Edward H. Johnson</a>, a business associate of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>, persuaded Sprague to resign his naval commission to work for Edison.<sup id="cite_ref-Most_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Most-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 81">: 81 </span></sup> Sprague, who began at a salary of $2,500, was neither happy with his salary nor his assignments. Sprague wanted to focus on motors, while motors bored Edison, who was consumed in making his incandescent lighting work. Edison sent Sprague to run the construction departments where Edison had built central power stations for his lighting systems in <a href="/wiki/Sunbury,_Pennsylvania" title="Sunbury, Pennsylvania">Sunbury, Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Most_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Most-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85">: 85 </span></sup> </p><p>Sprague did important work for Edison, including correcting Edison's system of mains and feeders for central station distribution. </p><p>In 1884, he decided his interests in the exploitation of electricity lay elsewhere, and he left Edison to found the Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company.<sup id="cite_ref-robbins_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robbins-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96">: 96 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_pioneer">Electrical pioneer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electrical pioneer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1886, Sprague's company had introduced two important inventions: a constant-speed, non-sparking motor with fixed brushes, and <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_brake" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerative brake">regenerative braking</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-robbins_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robbins-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96">: 96 </span></sup> a method of braking that uses the drive motor to return power to the main supply system. His motor was the first to maintain constant speed under varying load. It was immediately popular and was endorsed by Edison as the only practical electric motor available. His regenerative braking system was important in the development of the electric train and the electric elevator. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_streetcars">Electric streetcars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Electric streetcars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theatrical_District,_Richmond,_Virginia,_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Theatrical_District%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia%2C_1923.jpg/300px-Theatrical_District%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia%2C_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Theatrical_District%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia%2C_1923.jpg/450px-Theatrical_District%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia%2C_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Theatrical_District%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia%2C_1923.jpg/600px-Theatrical_District%2C_Richmond%2C_Virginia%2C_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Postcard of electric trolley-powered streetcars of the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Union_Passenger_Railway" title="Richmond Union Passenger Railway">Richmond Union Passenger Railway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, in 1923, two generations after Frank J. Sprague successfully demonstrated his new system on the hills in 1888. The intersection shown is at 8th & Broad Streets.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sprague's inventions included several improvements to designs for systems of electric <a href="/wiki/Tram" title="Tram">streetcars</a> collecting electricity from <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead lines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-middleton_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-middleton-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He improved designs for a spring-loaded <a href="/wiki/Trolley_pole" title="Trolley pole">trolley pole</a> that had been developed in 1885 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Van_Depoele" title="Charles Joseph Van Depoele">Charles Van Depoele</a>, devised a greatly improved mounting for streetcar <a href="/wiki/Traction_motor" title="Traction motor">motors</a> and better gear designs,<sup id="cite_ref-middleton_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-middleton-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and proved that regenerative braking was practical. After testing his trolley system in late 1887 and early 1888, Sprague installed the first successful large electric street railway system – the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Union_Passenger_Railway" title="Richmond Union Passenger Railway">Richmond Union Passenger Railway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, which began passenger operation on February 2, 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-hwd_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hwd-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long a transportation obstacle, the hills of Richmond included <a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">grades</a> of over 10%, and were an excellent proving ground for acceptance of his new technology in other cities, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_cable_car_system" title="San Francisco cable car system">cable cars</a> which climbed the steepest grades of <a href="/wiki/Nob_Hill,_San_Francisco" title="Nob Hill, San Francisco">Nob Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> at the time. </p><p>By the summer of 1888, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Melville_Whitney" title="Henry Melville Whitney">Henry M. Whitney</a> of the <a href="/wiki/West_End_Street_Railway" title="West End Street Railway">West End Street Railway</a> in Boston had witnessed the simultaneous startup of multiple streetcars on a single power source and had signed up for conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-Cudahy_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cudahy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> By January 1889, Boston had its first electric streetcars – which would be the first in the Americas to go underground, some eight years later, as the <a href="/wiki/Tremont_Street_Subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremont Street Subway">Tremont Street Subway</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and which had become so popular and noteworthy that poet <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes</a> composed a verse about the new trolley pole technology, and the sparking contact shoe at its apex:<sup id="cite_ref-Cudahy_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cudahy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </p> <blockquote> <dl><dd>Since then on many a car you'll see</dd> <dd>A broomstick as plain as plain can be;</dd> <dd>On every stick there's a witch astride—</dd> <dd>The string you see to her leg is tied.</dd></dl> </blockquote> <p>Within a year, electric power had started to replace more costly <a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">horsecars</a> in many cities. By 1889, 110 electric railways incorporating Sprague's equipment had been begun or planned on several continents. In 1890, Edison, who manufactured most of Sprague's equipment, <a href="/wiki/Buyout" title="Buyout">bought him out</a>, and Sprague turned his attention to electric elevators. However, he continued to be interested in the use of electricity for urban transportation and proposed a major expansion of <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London's Underground</a> in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sprague's system of electric supply was a great advantage in relation to the first bipolar U-tube overhead lines, in everyday use since 1883 on the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6dling_and_Hinterbr%C3%BChl_Tram" title="Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram">Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_elevators">Electric elevators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Electric elevators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While electrifying the streetcars of Richmond, the increased passenger capacity and speed gave Sprague the notion that similar results could be achieved in vertical transportation — electric <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevators</a>. He saw that increasing the capacity of elevator shafts would not only save passengers' time but would also increase the earnings of tall buildings, with height limited by the total floor space taken up in the shaftways by slow hydraulic-powered elevators. </p><p>In 1892, Sprague founded the Sprague Electric Elevator Company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreller20145_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreller20145-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_R._Pratt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles R. Pratt (page does not exist)">Charles R. Pratt</a> he developed the Sprague-Pratt Electric Elevator, the first of which was installed in the <a href="/wiki/Postal_Telegraph_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Postal Telegraph Building">Postal Telegraph Building</a> in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryce_2020_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryce_2020-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company developed floor control, automatic elevators, acceleration control of car safeties, and a number of freight elevators. The Sprague-Pratt <a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">elevator</a> ran faster and with larger loads than hydraulic or steam elevators, and 584 elevators had been installed worldwide. Sprague sold his company to the <a href="/wiki/Otis_Elevator_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Otis Elevator Company">Otis Elevator Company</a> in 1895. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprague_Electric_Company,_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sprague_Electric_Company%2C_1898.jpg/220px-Sprague_Electric_Company%2C_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sprague_Electric_Company%2C_1898.jpg/330px-Sprague_Electric_Company%2C_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sprague_Electric_Company%2C_1898.jpg/440px-Sprague_Electric_Company%2C_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Sprague Electric Company, 1898</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_unit_train_controls">Multiple unit train controls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Multiple unit train controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sprague's experience with electric elevators lead him to devise a <a href="/wiki/Multiple-unit_train_control" title="Multiple-unit train control">multiple unit</a> system of electric railway operation, which accelerated the development of <a href="/wiki/Railway_electric_traction" title="Railway electric traction">electric traction</a>. In the multiple-unit system, each car of the train carries electric traction motors. By means of relays energized by train-line wires, the <a href="/wiki/Railroad_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad engineer">engineer</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Motorman_(locomotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorman (locomotive)">motorman</a>) commands all of the traction motors in the train to act together. For lighter trains there is no need for <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotives</a>, so every car in the train can generate revenue. Where locomotives are used, one person can control all of them. </p><p>Sprague's first multiple unit order was from the <a href="/wiki/South_Side_Elevated_Railroad" title="South Side Elevated Railroad">South Side Elevated Railroad</a> (the first of several elevated railways locally known as the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_%22L%22" title="Chicago "L"">"L"</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>. This success was quickly followed by substantial multiple-unit contracts in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn, New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York:_Grand_Central,_elevators_in_skyscrapers"><span id="New_York:_Grand_Central.2C_elevators_in_skyscrapers"></span>New York: Grand Central, elevators in skyscrapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New York: Grand Central, elevators in skyscrapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1896 to 1900 Sprague served on the Commission for Terminal Electrification of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad" title="New York Central Railroad">New York Central Railroad</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Central Station">Grand Central Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, New York">New York City</a>, where he designed a system of automatic train control to ensure compliance with trackside signals. He founded the Sprague Safety Control & Signal Corporation to develop and build this system. Along with <a href="/wiki/William_J._Wilgus" title="William J. Wilgus">William J. Wilgus</a>, he designed the Wilgus-Sprague bottom contact <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a> system used by the railroads leading into Grand Central Terminal.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Sprague served on the Naval Consulting Board. Then, in the 1920s, he devised a method for safely running two independent elevators, local and express, in a single shaft, to conserve floor space. He sold this system, along with systems for activating elevator car safety systems when acceleration or speed became too great, to the <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_(1886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Electric (1886)">Westinghouse Company</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sprague's developments in electric traction let cities grow larger, while his development of the elevator permitted greater concentration in their commercial sections and increased the profitability of commercial buildings. Sprague's inventions made modern <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> systems possible, which today still function on the same principles. </p><p>The iconic <a href="/wiki/Sprague-Thomson" title="Sprague-Thomson">Sprague-Thomson</a> <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_M%C3%A9tro" title="Paris Métro">Paris Métro</a>, in service from 1908 to 1983, are still referred to as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">les rames Sprague</i></span> ("Sprague <a href="/wiki/Trainset" class="mw-redirect" title="Trainset">trainsets</a>") today. </p><p>Sprague's engines were used as far afield as <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Harbour">Sydney Harbour</a> in Australia. A five-horsepower Lundell electric motor used at the <a href="/wiki/Cockatoo_Island_Dockyard" title="Cockatoo Island Dockyard">Cockatoo Island Dockyard</a> between 1900 and 1980 is now in the collection of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Australia" title="National Museum of Australia">National Museum of Australia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognition">Awards and recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Awards and recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presentation_of_the_first_Franklin_Medal_in_Philadelphia_in_1915._Thomas_Edison_and_Mina_Edison_with_(standing),_D.R.B._Owens,_J_(2287c3af58e542258439dd02790c0303).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Presentation_of_the_first_Franklin_Medal_in_Philadelphia_in_1915._Thomas_Edison_and_Mina_Edison_with_%28standing%29%2C_D.R.B._Owens%2C_J_%282287c3af58e542258439dd02790c0303%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Presentation_of_the_first_Franklin_Medal_in_Philadelphia_in_1915._Thomas_Edison_and_Mina_Edison_with_%28standing%29%2C_D.R.B._Owens%2C_J_%282287c3af58e542258439dd02790c0303%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Presentation_of_the_first_Franklin_Medal_in_Philadelphia_in_1915._Thomas_Edison_and_Mina_Edison_with_%28standing%29%2C_D.R.B._Owens%2C_J_%282287c3af58e542258439dd02790c0303%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption>Presentation of the first Franklin Medal in Philadelphia in 1915; Sprague stands immediately behind Thomas Edison</figcaption></figure> <p>Sprague was awarded the gold medal In Paris at the <a href="/wiki/International_Exposition_of_Electricity" title="International Exposition of Electricity">International Exposition of Electricity</a> in 1889,<sup id="cite_ref-ElectricalWorld_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElectricalWorld-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the grand prize at the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition">Louisiana Purchase Exposition</a> in 1904,<sup id="cite_ref-ElectricalWorld_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElectricalWorld-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> in 1904,<sup id="cite_ref-ElectricalWorld_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElectricalWorld-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Edison_Medal" title="IEEE Edison Medal">Edison Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="American Institute of Electrical Engineers">American Institute of Electrical Engineers</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a>), for "meritorious achievement in electrical science, engineering and arts as exemplified in his contributions thereto" in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE-bio_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, he received the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> in 1921 and was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/John_Fritz_Gold_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="John Fritz Gold Medal">John Fritz Gold Medal</a> in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-ElectricalWorld_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElectricalWorld-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprague_Frank_J_Arlington_National_Cemetery_B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sprague_Frank_J_Arlington_National_Cemetery_B.jpg/220px-Sprague_Frank_J_Arlington_National_Cemetery_B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sprague_Frank_J_Arlington_National_Cemetery_B.jpg/330px-Sprague_Frank_J_Arlington_National_Cemetery_B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Sprague_Frank_J_Arlington_National_Cemetery_B.jpg/440px-Sprague_Frank_J_Arlington_National_Cemetery_B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>Grave at Arlington National Cemetery</figcaption></figure><p> Sprague was twice married, first to a Mary Keatinge,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="(February 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and thereafter to Harriet Chapman Jones.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE-bio_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frank and Mary had one son, Frank Desmond.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frank and Harriet had two sons and a daughter: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Sprague" title="Robert C. Sprague">Robert C. Sprague</a> (also an inventor), Julian K. and Frances A.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Remembering his father, Robert wrote in 1935:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All through his life and up to his last day, Frank Sprague had a prodigious capacity for work ... And once having made up his mind on a new invention or a new line of work, he was tireless and always striving for improvement. He had a brilliantly alert mind and was impatient of any half-way compromise. His interest in his work never ceased; only a few hours before the end, he asked to have a newly designed model of his latest invention brought to his bedside.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (February 2017)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>Sprague died on October 25, 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE-bio_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was buried with full U.S. Navy honors at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a> in Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE-bio_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE-bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreller20147_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreller20147-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His wife Harriet was interred with him after her death in 1969. After Sprague's death, Harriet turned over a substantial amount of material from his collection to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>, where it remains today accessible to the public via the rare books division.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other papers, including six volumes of congratulatory letters and photographs presented to Sprague on the occasion of his 75th birthday, are held at the Chapin Library, <a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959, Harriet Sprague donated funds for the Sprague Building at the <a href="/wiki/Shore_Line_Trolley_Museum" title="Shore Line Trolley Museum">Shore Line Trolley Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/East_Haven,_Connecticut" title="East Haven, Connecticut">East Haven, Connecticut</a>, not far from Sprague's boyhood home in Milford. The museum is the oldest operating trolley museum in the United States and has one of the largest collections of trolley artifacts in the United States. </p><p>Frank's son <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Sprague" title="Robert C. Sprague">Robert C. Sprague</a> would go on to found and lead the <a href="/wiki/Sprague_Electric_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprague Electric Company">Sprague Electric Company</a> as its president (1926–1953) and <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a> (1953–1987). At its peak, Sprague Electric employed 12,000 people worldwide with plants in Scotland, France, Italy, and Japan, in addition to multiple locations in the United States, to become a leading manufacturer of capacitors and other electronic components. Sprague Electric was eventually acquired by <a href="/wiki/General_Cable" title="General Cable">General Cable</a> in 1979 and then <a href="/wiki/Vishay_Intertechnology" title="Vishay Intertechnology">Vishay Intertechnology</a> in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frank and Harriet's grandson Peter Sprague, an entrepreneur, would become CEO of <a href="/wiki/National_Semiconductor" title="National Semiconductor">National Semiconductor</a> (1965–1995). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tributes">Tributes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: further information on scholarly and public remembrance, including biographies, documentaries, appearance in public spaces and art, etc. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1999, grandsons, John L. Sprague and Peter Sprague cut the ribbon and started an 1884 Sprague motor at a new exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/Shore_Line_Trolley_Museum" title="Shore Line Trolley Museum">Shore Line Trolley Museum</a>, where a permanent exhibit, "Frank J. Sprague: Inventor, Scientist, Engineer", tells the story of the role of the "father of electric traction" and the role of electricity in the growth of cities. </p><p>In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Trolley_Museum" title="Pennsylvania Trolley Museum">Pennsylvania Trolley Museum</a> adopted a stray cat, naming it after Sprague: Frank the Trolley Cat.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, Sprague was the subject of an episode on season 29 of <i><a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a></i>, a documentary series that was broadcast on <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> television stations. Titled <i>The Race Underground</i>, it partly chronicled <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(MBTA)#History" title="Green Line (MBTA)">the beginnings of the Boston-area MBTA's streetcar network</a>, and described Sprague as "The Forgotten Hero of the American Subway".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IEEE-bio-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE-bio_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE-bio_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE-bio_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE-bio_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE-bio_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEEE-bio_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethw.org/Frank_J._Sprague">"Frank J. Sprague"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Engineering_and_Technology_History_Wiki" title="Engineering and Technology History Wiki">Engineering and Technology History Wiki</a></i>. January 25, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engineering+and+Technology+History+Wiki&rft.atitle=Frank+J.+Sprague&rft.date=2016-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2FFrank_J._Sprague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2023)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/electrical-engineering-biographies/frank-j-sprague">"Frank J. Sprague"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frank+J.+Sprague&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fpeople%2Fscience-and-technology%2Felectrical-engineering-biographies%2Ffrank-j-sprague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Most-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Most_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Most_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Most_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Most_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Most_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMost,_Doug2014" class="citation book cs1">Most, Doug (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312591328"><i>The Race Underground: Boston, New York, and the Incredible Rivalry that Built America's First Subway</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, New York">New York, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Griffin" class="mw-redirect" title="St Martin's Griffin">St Martin's Griffin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-59132-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-59132-8"><bdi>978-0-312-59132-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Race+Underground%3A+Boston%2C+New+York%2C+and+the+Incredible+Rivalry+that+Built+America%27s+First+Subway&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=St+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-312-59132-8&rft.au=Most%2C+Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780312591328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hwd-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hwd_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hwd_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemoro,_Harre_W.1986" class="citation book cs1">Demoro, Harre W. (1986). <i>California's Electric Railways</i>. <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_California" title="Glendale, California">Glendale, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/Interurban_Press" title="Interurban Press">Interurban Press</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916374-74-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-916374-74-2"><bdi>0-916374-74-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=California%27s+Electric+Railways&rft.place=Glendale%2C+California&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Interurban+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-916374-74-2&rft.au=Demoro%2C+Harre+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EKirby-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EKirby_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirby" class="citation web cs1">Kirby, Ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219020028/http://www.sharonhist.org/inventor-frank-sprague.pdf">"Inventor Frank Sprague"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Seldom Told Tales of Sharon (Book 3)</i>. Sharon, Connecticut: The Sharon Historical Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sharonhist.org/inventor-frank-sprague.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seldom+Told+Tales+of+Sharon+%28Book+3%29&rft.atitle=Inventor+Frank+Sprague&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sharonhist.org%2Finventor-frank-sprague.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robbins-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-robbins_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robbins_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-robbins_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2012" class="citation journal cs1">Robbins, Michael (26 October 2012). "The Early Years of Electric Traction". <i>The Journal of Transport History</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 92–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7227%2FTJTH.21.1.6">10.7227/TJTH.21.1.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:109210400">109210400</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Transport+History&rft.atitle=The+Early+Years+of+Electric+Traction&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=92-101&rft.date=2012-10-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7227%2FTJTH.21.1.6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A109210400%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-middleton-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-middleton_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-middleton_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_D._Middleton" title="William D. Middleton">Middleton, William D.</a> (1966). <i>The Time of the Trolley</i>, pp. 63–73. Milwaukee: <a href="/wiki/Kalmbach_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmbach Publishing">Kalmbach Publishing</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89024-013-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89024-013-2">0-89024-013-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cudahy-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cudahy_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cudahy_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCudahy1972" class="citation book cs1">Cudahy, Brian J. 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Greene Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8289-0173-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8289-0173-2"><bdi>0-8289-0173-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Change+at+Park+Street+Under%3B+The+Story+of+Boston%27s+Subways&rft.place=Brattleboro%2C+Vt.&rft.pub=S.+Greene+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-8289-0173-2&rft.aulast=Cudahy&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchangeatparkstre00cuda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethw.org/Milestones:Power_System_of_Boston%27s_Rapid_Transit,_1889">"Milestones:Power System of Boston's Rapid Transit, 1889"</a>. <i>ethw.org</i>. IEEE Boston Section. November 10, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2017</span>. <q>Electrical engineers all across the country were aware of what was going on in Boston, including AlEE members. The AlEE Handbook of 1900 reported that the 1890 General Meeting held in Boston included a tour of the West End 's facilities. The Secretary at that time wrote: "This was the most extensive system of electric railway work then proposed and every facility being granted for its thorough inspection, the occasion proved one of the great interests." Surprisingly, the project progressed very rapidly, without hesitation or false starts. Each company line was rebuilt, electrified, then placed into service. The last horse was finally retired sometime in 1897.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ethw.org&rft.atitle=Milestones%3APower+System+of+Boston%27s+Rapid+Transit%2C+1889&rft.date=2004-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fethw.org%2FMilestones%3APower_System_of_Boston%2527s_Rapid_Transit%2C_1889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprague1901" class="citation journal cs1">Sprague, Frank J. (October 1901). "The Rapid Transit Problem in London". <i>The Engineering Magazine</i>. <b>XXIII</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Engineering+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Rapid+Transit+Problem+in+London&rft.volume=XXIII&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1901-10&rft.aulast=Sprague&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span>The article was reprinted at the time as a booklet, now scarce</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreller20145-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreller20145_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreller2014">Greller (2014)</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryce_2020-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bryce_2020_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Bryce, Robert (2020-03-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5799872/electric-elevator-history/">"How Electric Elevators Transformed the Modern City"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=How+Electric+Elevators+Transformed+the+Modern+City&rft.date=2020-03-10&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F5799872%2Felectric-elevator-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCudahy2003" class="citation book cs1">Cudahy, Brian J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Century_of_Subways/fJGUDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover"><i>A Century of Subways: Celebrating 100 Years of New York's Underground Railways</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University_Press" title="Fordham University Press">Fordham University Press</a>. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823222957" title="Special:BookSources/9780823222957"><bdi>9780823222957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Century+of+Subways%3A+Celebrating+100+Years+of+New+York%27s+Underground+Railways&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780823222957&rft.aulast=Cudahy&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FA_Century_of_Subways%2FfJGUDwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nma.gov.au/collections-search/display?irn=126079">"Five-horsepower Lundell electric motor with Sprague Electric plates"</a>. <i>www.nma.gov.au</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Australia" title="National Museum of Australia">National Museum of Australia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nma.gov.au&rft.atitle=Five-horsepower+Lundell+electric+motor+with+Sprague+Electric+plates.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nma.gov.au%2Fcollections-search%2Fdisplay%3Firn%3D126079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span> Five-horsepower Lundell electric motor with "Sprague Electric Co. USA Lundell motor, pat. dates: Aug 30, 1892, Sept. 26, 1893, Aug 3 1897. No. 180 96 H Edge and Edge Sydney" on bronze plates</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ElectricalWorld-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ElectricalWorld_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElectricalWorld_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElectricalWorld_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ElectricalWorld_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Electrical World</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ethw.org/w/images/d/df/Sprague_-_obituaries_for_sprague.pdf">Obituary</a>, November 10, 1934</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:2W3Z-GJ5">"FamilySearch.org"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FamilySearch" title="FamilySearch">FamilySearch</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FamilySearch&rft.atitle=FamilySearch.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffamilysearch.org%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3A2W3Z-GJ5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:M5ZN-B38">"FamilySearch.org"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/FamilySearch" title="FamilySearch">FamilySearch</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FamilySearch&rft.atitle=FamilySearch.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffamilysearch.org%2Fark%3A%2F61903%2F1%3A1%3AM5ZN-B38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreller20147-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreller20147_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreller2014">Greller (2014)</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York Public Library, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/mss/2850">Frank J. Sprague papers</a>, Retrieved February 3, 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://librarysearch.williams.edu/01WIL:everything_scope:01WIL_ALMA21147664270002786">"Frank J. Sprague seventy-fifth birthday albums Frank J. Sprague, (Frank Julian), 1857-1934"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frank+J.+Sprague+seventy-fifth+birthday+albums+Frank+J.+Sprague%2C+%28Frank+Julian%29%2C+1857-1934&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrarysearch.williams.edu%2F01WIL%3Aeverything_scope%3A01WIL_ALMA21147664270002786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibselectronics.biz/passive/vishay-sprague.htm">"Vishay Sprague | Vishay Brands | capacitors distributor"</a>. <i>www.ibselectronics.biz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ibselectronics.biz&rft.atitle=Vishay+Sprague+%26%23124%3B+Vishay+Brands+%26%23124%3B+capacitors+distributor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibselectronics.biz%2Fpassive%2Fvishay-sprague.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2012" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Barbara S. (September 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120926012407/http://www.observer-reporter.com/or/story11/frank-trolley-cat">"Feline Frank top cat at trolley museum"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Observer%E2%80%93Reporter" title="Observer–Reporter">Observer–Reporter</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.observer-reporter.com/or/story11/frank-trolley-cat">the original</a> on September 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observer%E2%80%93Reporter&rft.atitle=Feline+Frank+top+cat+at+trolley+museum&rft.date=2012-09-24&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Barbara+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.observer-reporter.com%2For%2Fstory11%2Ffrank-trolley-cat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Doug Most, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/race-underground-forgotten-hero-american-subway/">"The Forgotten Hero of the American Subway"</a>, <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrittain1997" class="citation journal cs1">Brittain, J.E. (1997). "Frank J. Sprague and the electrification of urban transportation". <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_IEEE" title="Proceedings of the IEEE">Proceedings of the IEEE</a></i>. <b>85</b> (7, July): 1183–1184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fjproc.1997.611124">10.1109/jproc.1997.611124</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44994978">44994978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+IEEE&rft.atitle=Frank+J.+Sprague+and+the+electrification+of+urban+transportation&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=7%2C+July&rft.pages=1183-1184&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fjproc.1997.611124&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44994978%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brittain&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalzell2009" class="citation book cs1">Dalzell, Frederick (2009). <i>Engineering Invention: Frank J. Sprague and the U.S. Electrical Industry, 1880-1900</i>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04256-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-04256-7"><bdi>978-0-262-04256-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+Invention%3A+Frank+J.+Sprague+and+the+U.S.+Electrical+Industry%2C+1880-1900&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-262-04256-7&rft.aulast=Dalzell&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreller2014" class="citation book cs1">Greller, James Clifford (2014). <i>The Men who Pioneered Electric Transportation</i>. West Orange, NJ: Xplorer Press Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9853551-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9853551-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9853551-0-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/918986909">918986909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Men+who+Pioneered+Electric+Transportation&rft.place=West+Orange%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Xplorer+Press+Inc.&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F918986909&rft.isbn=978-0-9853551-0-4&rft.aulast=Greller&rft.aufirst=James+Clifford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddletonMiddleton_III2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_D._Middleton" title="William D. Middleton">Middleton, William D.</a>; Middleton III, William D. (2009). <i>Frank Julian Sprague: Electrical Inventor and Engineer</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35383-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35383-2"><bdi>978-0-253-35383-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frank+Julian+Sprague%3A+Electrical+Inventor+and+Engineer&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35383-2&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft.au=Middleton+III%2C+William+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMost2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Doug_Most" title="Doug Most">Most, Doug</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312591328"><i>The Race Underground: Boston, New York, and the Incredible Rivalry That Built America's First Subway</i></a>. St. Martin's Griffin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-59132-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-59132-8"><bdi>978-0-312-59132-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Race+Underground%3A+Boston%2C+New+York%2C+and+the+Incredible+Rivalry+That+Built+America%27s+First+Subway&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-312-59132-8&rft.aulast=Most&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780312591328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasser1952" class="citation book cs1">Passer, Harold Clarence (1952). <i>Frank Julian Sprague, father of electric traction, 1857-1934</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007E04CS">B0007E04CS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frank+Julian+Sprague%2C+father+of+electric+traction%2C+1857-1934.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007E04CS%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Passer&rft.aufirst=Harold+Clarence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSprague1947" class="citation book cs1">Sprague, Harriet Chapman Jones (1947). <i>Frank J. Sprague and the Edison myth</i>. New York: William-Frederick Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006ARGTC">B0006ARGTC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frank+J.+Sprague+and+the+Edison+myth&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William-Frederick+Press&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006ARGTC%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Sprague&rft.aufirst=Harriet+Chapman+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+J.+Sprague" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Frank_J._Sprague" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Frank J. Sprague">Frank J. Sprague</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/special/ead/findingaids/0628">Frank J. Sprague Papers (#628)</a>, East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J. Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA.</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theelevatormuseum.org/e/e-1.htm">Another page about Frank J. Sprague</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516214858/http://www.theelevatormuseum.org/e/e-1.htm">Archived</a> 2011-05-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bera.org/articles/sprague.html">Shore Line Trolley Museum - new permanent exhibit: "Frank J. Sprague: Inventor, Scientist, Engineer"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Frank_J._Sprague">IEEE Biography of Sprague</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vishay.com/company/history/">Vishay Electronics Company History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032457/http://www.vishay.com/company/history/">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edisontechcenter.org/FrankSprague.html">The accomplishments and life of F.J. Sprague</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/fjsprague.htm">arlingtoncemetery.net</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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Sprague</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Stanley, Jr.">William Stanley, Jr.</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Brush" title="Charles F. Brush">Charles F. Brush</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Carty" title="John J. Carty">John J. Carty</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_G._Lamme" title="Benjamin G. Lamme">Benjamin G. Lamme</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Le_Roy_Emmet" title="William Le Roy Emmet">William Le Roy Emmet</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Pupin" title="Mihajlo Pupin">Mihajlo Pupin</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cummings_C._Chesney" title="Cummings C. Chesney">Cummings C. Chesney</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert A. Millikan</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Lieb" title="John W. Lieb">John W. Lieb</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_White_Howell" title="John White Howell">John W. Howell</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_J._Ryan" title="Harris J. Ryan">Harris J. Ryan</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Fritz_Medal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Template:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Template talk:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Fritz_Medal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Fritz Medal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Fritz_Medal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Fritz_Medal" title="John Fritz Medal">John Fritz Medal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1902–1924</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1902 : <a href="/wiki/John_Fritz" title="John Fritz">John Fritz</a></li> <li>1903 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>1904 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>1905 : <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a></li> <li>1906 : <a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li>1907 : <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li>1908 : <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li>1909 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_Talbot_Porter" title="Charles Talbot Porter">Charles Talbot Porter</a></li> <li>1910 : <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Noble_(engineer)" title="Alfred Noble (engineer)">Alfred Noble</a></li> <li>1911 : Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_White" title="William Henry White">William Henry White</a></li> <li>1912 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woolston_Hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Woolston Hunt">Robert Woolston Hunt</a></li> <li>1913 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>1914 : <a href="/wiki/John_Edson_Sweet" title="John Edson Sweet">John Edson Sweet</a></li> <li>1915 : <a href="/wiki/James_Douglas_(businessman)" title="James Douglas (businessman)">James Douglas</a></li> <li>1916 : <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Thomson" title="Elihu Thomson">Elihu Thomson</a></li> <li>1917 : <a href="/wiki/Henry_Marion_Howe" title="Henry Marion Howe">Henry Marion Howe</a></li> <li>1918 : <a href="/wiki/J._Waldo_Smith" title="J. Waldo Smith">J. Waldo Smith</a></li> <li>1919 : Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_W._Goethals" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Goethals">George W. Goethals</a></li> <li>1920 : <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li>1921 : Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hadfield" title="Robert Hadfield">Robert Hadfield</a></li> <li>1922 : <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Schneider_II" title="Eugène Schneider II">Charles P. E. Schneider</a></li> <li>1923 : <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li>1924 : <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Swasey" title="Ambrose Swasey">Ambrose Swasey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1925–1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1925 : <a href="/wiki/John_Frank_Stevens" title="John Frank Stevens">John Frank Stevens</a></li> <li>1926 : <a href="/wiki/Edward_Dean_Adams" title="Edward Dean Adams">Edward Dean Adams</a></li> <li>1927 : <a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ambrose_Sperry" title="Elmer Ambrose Sperry">Elmer Ambrose Sperry</a></li> <li>1928 : <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Carty" class="mw-redirect" title="John Joseph Carty">John Joseph Carty</a></li> <li>1929 : <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Clark_Hoover" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Clark Hoover">Herbert Clark Hoover</a></li> <li>1930 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Modjeski" title="Ralph Modjeski">Ralph Modjeski</a></li> <li>1931 : <a href="/wiki/David_Watson_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="David Watson Taylor">David Watson Taylor</a></li> <li>1932 : <a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Idvorski_Pupin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin">Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin</a></li> <li>1933 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cowan_Jackling" class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Cowan Jackling">Daniel Cowan Jackling</a></li> <li>1934 : <a href="/wiki/John_Ripley_Freeman" title="John Ripley Freeman">John Ripley Freeman</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1935 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Julian_Sprague" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Julian Sprague">Frank Julian Sprague</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1936 : <a href="/wiki/William_Frederick_Durand" class="mw-redirect" title="William Frederick Durand">William Frederick Durand</a></li> <li>1937 : <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Newell_Talbot" title="Arthur Newell Talbot">Arthur Newell Talbot</a></li> <li>1938 : <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dyer_Merica" title="Paul Dyer Merica">Paul Dyer Merica</a></li> <li>1939 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Baldwin_Jewett" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Baldwin Jewett">Frank Baldwin Jewett</a></li> <li>1940 : <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Floyd_Hirshfeld" title="Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld">Clarence Floyd Hirshfeld</a> (posthumous)</li> <li>1941 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Budd" title="Ralph Budd">Ralph Budd</a></li> <li>1942 : <a href="/wiki/Everette_Lee_DeGolyer" title="Everette Lee DeGolyer">Everette Lee DeGolyer</a></li> <li>1943 : <a href="/wiki/Willis_Rodney_Whitney" class="mw-redirect" title="Willis Rodney Whitney">Willis Rodney Whitney</a></li> <li>1944 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Kettering" title="Charles F. Kettering">Charles F. Kettering</a></li> <li>1945 : <a href="/wiki/John_L._Savage" title="John L. Savage">John Lucian Savage</a></li> <li>1946 : <a href="/wiki/Zay_Jeffries" title="Zay Jeffries">Zay Jeffries</a></li> <li>1947 : <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Warrington_Chubb" title="Lewis Warrington Chubb">Lewis Warrington Chubb</a></li> <li>1948 : <a href="/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n" title="Theodore von Kármán">Theodore von Kármán</a></li> <li>1949 : <a href="/wiki/Charles_Metcalf_Allen" title="Charles Metcalf Allen">Charles Metcalf Allen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1974</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1950 : <a href="/wiki/Walter_H._Aldridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter H. Aldridge">Walter H. Aldridge</a></li> <li>1951 : <a href="/wiki/Vannevar_Bush" title="Vannevar Bush">Vannevar Bush</a></li> <li>1952 : <a href="/wiki/Ervin_George_Bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ervin George Bailey">Ervin George Bailey</a></li> <li>1953 : <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Fairless" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin F. Fairless">Benjamin F. Fairless</a></li> <li>1954 : <a href="/wiki/William_Embry_Wrather" title="William Embry Wrather">William Embry Wrather</a></li> <li>1955 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Alonzo_Winne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Alonzo Winne (page does not exist)">Harry Alonzo Winne</a></li> <li>1956 : <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sporn" title="Philip Sporn">Philip Sporn</a></li> <li>1957 : <a href="/wiki/Ben_Moreell" title="Ben Moreell">Ben Moreell</a></li> <li>1958 : <a href="/wiki/John_R._Suman" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Suman">John R. Suman</a></li> <li>1959 : <a href="/wiki/Mervin_Kelly" title="Mervin Kelly">Mervin J. Kelly</a></li> <li>1960 : <a href="/wiki/Gwilym_A._Price" title="Gwilym A. Price">Gwilym A. Price</a></li> <li>1961 : <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Bechtel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen D. Bechtel">Stephen D. Bechtel</a></li> <li>1962 : <a href="/wiki/Crawford_H._Greenewalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Crawford H. Greenewalt">Crawford H. Greenewalt</a></li> <li>1963 : <a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Dryden" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh L. Dryden">Hugh L. Dryden</a></li> <li>1964 : <a href="/wiki/Lucius_D._Clay" title="Lucius D. Clay">Lucius D. Clay</a></li> <li>1965 : <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kappel" title="Frederick Kappel">Frederick Kappel</a></li> <li>1966 : <a href="/wiki/Warren_K._Lewis" title="Warren K. Lewis">Warren K. Lewis</a></li> <li>1967 : <a href="/wiki/Walker_L._Cisler" class="mw-redirect" title="Walker L. Cisler">Walker L. Cisler</a></li> <li>1968 : <a href="/wiki/Igor_Ivan_Sikorsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Ivan Sikorsky">Igor Ivan Sikorsky</a></li> <li>1969 : <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lawrence_Haider" title="Michael Lawrence Haider">Michael Lawrence Haider</a></li> <li>1970 : <a href="/wiki/Glenn_B._Warren" title="Glenn B. Warren">Glenn B. Warren</a></li> <li>1971 : <a href="/wiki/Patrick_E._Haggerty" title="Patrick E. Haggerty">Patrick E. Haggerty</a></li> <li>1972 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Webster_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Webster (engineer) (page does not exist)">William Webster</a></li> <li>1973 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lyman_Wilber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lyman Wilber (page does not exist)">Lyman Wilber</a></li> <li>1974 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=H._I._Romnes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H. I. Romnes (page does not exist)">H. I. Romnes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1975 : <a href="/wiki/Manson_Benedict" title="Manson Benedict">Manson Benedict</a></li> <li>1976 : <a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine" title="Thomas O. Paine">Thomas O. Paine</a></li> <li>1977 : <a href="/wiki/George_R._Brown" title="George R. Brown">George R. Brown</a></li> <li>1978 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_G._Heitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert G. Heitz (page does not exist)">Robert G. Heitz</a></li> <li>1979 : <a href="/wiki/Nathan_M._Newmark" title="Nathan M. Newmark">Nathan M. Newmark</a></li> <li>1980 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=T._Louis_Austin,_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T. Louis Austin, Jr. (page does not exist)">T. Louis Austin, Jr.</a></li> <li>1981 : <a href="/wiki/Ian_MacGregor" title="Ian MacGregor">Ian MacGregor</a></li> <li>1982 : <a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a></li> <li>1983 : <a href="/wiki/Claude_Elwood_Shannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Elwood Shannon">Claude Elwood Shannon</a></li> <li>1984 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_A._Roe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth A. Roe (page does not exist)">Kenneth A. Roe</a></li> <li>1985 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Drucker" title="Daniel C. Drucker">Daniel C. Drucker</a></li> <li>1986 : <a href="/wiki/Simon_Ramo" title="Simon Ramo">Simon Ramo</a></li> <li>1987 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Landau" title="Ralph Landau">Ralph Landau</a></li> <li>1988 : <a href="/wiki/Ralph_B._Peck" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph B. Peck">Ralph B. Peck</a></li> <li>1989 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Noyce" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert N. Noyce">Robert N. Noyce</a></li> <li>1990 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordon_A._Cain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordon A. Cain (page does not exist)">Gordon A. Cain</a></li> <li>1991 : <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Rouse" title="Hunter Rouse">Hunter Rouse</a></li> <li>1992 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Serge_Gratch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serge Gratch (page does not exist)">Serge Gratch</a></li> <li>1993 : <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a></li> <li>1994 : <a href="/wiki/Hoyt_C._Hottel" title="Hoyt C. Hottel">Hoyt C. Hottel</a></li> <li>1995 : <a href="/wiki/Lynn_S._Beedle" title="Lynn S. Beedle">Lynn S. Beedle</a></li> <li>1996 : <a href="/wiki/George_N._Hatsopoulos" title="George N. Hatsopoulos">George N. Hatsopoulos</a></li> <li>1997 : <a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Humphrey" title="Arthur E. Humphrey">Arthur E. Humphrey</a></li> <li>1998 : <a href="/wiki/Ivan_A._Getting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan A. Getting">Ivan A. Getting</a></li> <li>1999 : <a href="/wiki/George_H._Heilmeier" title="George H. Heilmeier">George H. Heilmeier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 : <a href="/wiki/John_W._Fisher" title="John W. Fisher">John W. Fisher</a></li> <li>2001 : <a href="/wiki/Paul_C._W._Chu" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul C. W. Chu">Paul C. W. Chu</a></li> <li>2002 : <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldin" title="Daniel Goldin">Daniel Goldin</a></li> <li>2003 : <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Langer" title="Robert S. Langer">Robert S. Langer</a></li> <li>2004 : <a href="/wiki/John_A._Swanson" title="John A. Swanson">John A. Swanson</a></li> <li>2005 : <a href="/wiki/George_Tamaro" title="George Tamaro">George Tamaro</a></li> <li>2006 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2007 : <a href="/wiki/Gavriel_Salvendy" title="Gavriel Salvendy">Gavriel Salvendy</a></li> <li>2008 : <a href="/wiki/Kristina_M._Johnson" title="Kristina M. Johnson">Kristina M. Johnson</a></li> <li>2009 : <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Claeys_Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="Yvonne Claeys Brill">Yvonne Claeys Brill</a></li> <li>2010 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_J._Posakony&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald J. Posakony (page does not exist)">Gerald J. Posakony</a></li> <li>2011 : <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Viterbi" title="Andrew Viterbi">Andrew Viterbi</a></li> <li>2012 : <a href="/wiki/Leslie_E._Robertson" title="Leslie E. Robertson">Leslie E. Robertson</a></li> <li>2013 : <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Stephanopoulos" title="Gregory Stephanopoulos">Gregory Stephanopoulos</a></li> <li>2014 : <a href="/wiki/Julia_Weertman" title="Julia Weertman">Julia Weertman</a></li> <li>2015 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_D._Magnusson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon D. Magnusson (page does not exist)">Jon D. Magnusson</a></li> <li>2017 : <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kreith" title="Frank Kreith">Frank Kreith</a></li> <li>2018 : <a href="/wiki/Anne_S._Kiremidjian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne S. Kiremidjian">Anne S. Kiremidjian</a></li> <li>2019 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2020 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2021 : <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a></li> <li>2022 : <i>No award</i></li> <li>2023 : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asad_M._Madni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asad M. Madni (page does not exist)">Asad M. Madni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1343169#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1343169#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1343169#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000058887477">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/69993989">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1733201/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxcRkFvBh8QDf4xXkjcT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/128910992">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89613828">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb162062292">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb162062292">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p322840570">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007312540905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63b7qz3">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&oldid=1246703490">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_J._Sprague&oldid=1246703490</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1857_births" title="Category:1857 births">1857 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1934_deaths" title="Category:1934 deaths">1934 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Edison_Pioneers" title="Category:Edison 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