CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html lang="en"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="571616861122BF8AE888B1CFB984458E" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <title>Hydrogen Economy 2023-2033: Production, Storage, Distribution & Applications: IDTechEx</title> <meta name="description" content="In this report IDTechEx assesses the global opportunities emerging across the entire hydrogen value chain, including low-carbon hydrogen production, storage, distribution, fuel cells and hydrogen end-use sectors. It includes technological analyses of all relevant technologies, techno-economic comparisons, detail on key commercial activities (including projects as well as established and emerging companies), major innovations, and major market trends across all value chain components. The report also provides granular 10-year forecasts for hydrogen demand by applications in Mtpa (7 sectors), hydrogen production capacity by source in Mtpa (grey, blue and green) and the hydrogen market in US$B (grey, blue and green)."> <meta property="og:type" content="book" > <meta property="og:title" content="Hydrogen Economy 2023-2033: Production, Storage, Distribution & Applications" > <meta property="og:description" content="In this report IDTechEx assesses the global opportunities emerging across the entire hydrogen value chain, including low-carbon hydrogen production, storage, distribution, fuel cells and hydrogen end-use sectors. It includes technological analyses of all relevant technologies, techno-economic comparisons, detail on key commercial activities (including projects as well as established and emerging companies), major innovations, and major market trends across all value chain components. The report also provides granular 10-year forecasts for hydrogen demand by applications in Mtpa (7 sectors), hydrogen production capacity by source in Mtpa (grey, blue and green) and the hydrogen market in US$B (grey, blue and green)."> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.idtechex.com/en/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946"> <meta property="og:image" content="//idtxs3.imgix.net/si/40000/AD/D2.png?w=1066&h=600&fit=crop&crop=faces,entropy&q=50&fm=pjpg" > <meta property="article:published_time" content="2023-06-30"> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/IDTechExResearch/"> <meta property="book:author" content="https://www.idtechex.com/en/team/chingis-idrissov/2887"> <meta property="book:author" content="https://www.idtechex.com/en/team/dr-alex-holland/2544"> <meta property="book:author" content="https://www.idtechex.com/en/team/dr-conor-obrien/2845"> <meta property="book:author" content="https://www.idtechex.com/en/team/luke-gear/2390"> <meta property="book:isbn" content="9781915514776"> <meta property="book:released_date" content="2023-06-30"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="IDTechEx"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1905389916393394"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@idtechex"> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@idtechex"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Hydrogen Economy 2023-2033: Production, Storage, Distribution & Applications: IDTechEx"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="In this report IDTechEx assesses the global opportunities emerging across the entire hydrogen value chain, including low-carbon hydrogen production, storage, distribution, fuel cells and hydrogen end-use sectors. It includes technological analyses of all relevant technologies, techno-economic comparisons, detail on key commercial activities (including projects as well as established and emerging companies), major innovations, and major market trends across all value chain components. The report also provides granular 10-year forecasts for hydrogen demand by applications in Mtpa (7 sectors), hydrogen production capacity by source in Mtpa (grey, blue and green) and the hydrogen market in US$B (grey, blue and green)."> <meta name="twitter:image" content="http://idtxs3.imgix.net/si/40000/AD/D2.png?w=1066&h=600&fit=crop&crop=faces,entropy&q=50&fm=pjpg" /> <meta name="keywords" content="Market research reports,Market insights,Market forecast"><link href="//cdn.idtechex.com/css/core.css?bn=216" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//cdn.idtechex.com/css/font-awesome.min.css?bn=216" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//cdn.idtechex.com/css/staticpage.css?bn=216" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//cdn.idtechex.com/css/bootstrap/bootstrap-theme.css?bn=2" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//cdn.idtechex.com/css/bootstrap/bootstrap4.min.css?bn=2" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//cdn.idtechex.com/css/main_v6d.css?bn=216" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//cdn.idtechex.com/css/content_v6.css?bn=216" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//cdn.idtechex.com/css/menu_v5c.css?bn=216" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//cdn.idtechex.com/css/rhs_v5b.css?bn=216" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//cdn.idtechex.com/css/nav_BS4.css?bn=216" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//cdn.idtechex.com/css/layout_v6.css?bn=216" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//cdn.idtechex.com/css/jquery/jquery-ui.1.13.2.min.css?bn=0" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//cdn.idtechex.com/css/report_v6.css?bn=216" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//cdn.idtechex.com/mainsite/css/research-report.css?bn=25" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//cdn.idtechex.com/mainsite/css/prices.css?bn=25" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//cdn.idtechex.com/css/pwchecker.css?bn=216" rel="stylesheet"> <link REL="ICON" HREF="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"> <link REL="SHORTCUT ICON" HREF="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.idtechex.com/en/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="en" href="https://www.idtechex.com/en/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="ja" href="https://www.idtechex.com/ja/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://www.idtechex.com/zh/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="ko" href="https://www.idtechex.com/ko/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="th" href="https://www.idtechex.com/th/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="de" href="https://www.idtechex.com/de/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://www.idtechex.com/fr/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="es" href="https://www.idtechex.com/es/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="it" href="https://www.idtechex.com/it/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" /><link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://www.idtechex.com/en/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" /></head><body> <header id="header"> <div class="top-bar position-absolute w-100"></div> <div class="container header-container mw-100 px-0"> <nav class="navbar navbar-light pt-0 pb-0 navbar-expand-md"> <a class="navbar-brand contact" href="/"> <img src="//cdn.idtechex.com/images/top/IDTechEx_logo.svg" alt="IDTechEx logo"> </a> <div class="nav-sub-mb nav-sub staticv-loggedin position-absolute"><a href="/portal.v2/pages/" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm d-block d-md-none" aria-expanded="false"><span class="txt">Access Subscription</span></a></div> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarNav" aria-controls="navbarNav" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <a class="shopping-basket-icon d-block position-absolute text-dark d-md-none" href="/en/estore?cartpageid=30"><span class="fa fa-shopping-cart"></span><span class="basket-line-count"></span></a> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse justify-content-md-between p-3" id="navbarNav"> <ul class="navbar-nav"> <li class="nav-item px-lg-2 align-self-md-center dropdown"><a href="/en/research-reports" id="products" name="products" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-mod" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span class="txt">Products</span> <b class="caret"></b></a> <div class="dropdown-menu d-md-none"> <a class="dropdown-item research-v2" href="/en/research">Reports</a> <a class="dropdown-item subs" href="/en/research/market-intelligence-subscription">Subscriptions</a> <a class="dropdown-item consulting" href="/en/consultancy">Consulting</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item px-lg-2 align-self-md-center dropdown"><a href="/en/research/emerging-technologies" id="resources" name="resources" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-mod" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span class="txt">Resources</span> <b class="caret"></b></a> <div class="dropdown-menu d-md-none"> <a class="dropdown-item webinars" href="/en/research/webinars">Webinars</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/en/research/blog">Research Articles</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/en/research-article/idtechex-technology-innovations-outlook-2025-2035/31918">2035 Outlook</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/en/research/web-journals">Web Journals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/en/timeline">Timelines</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/en/research/podcast">Podcast</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item px-lg-2 align-self-md-center dropdown"><a href="/en/contact/about-us" id="about" name="about" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-mod" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span class="txt">About</span> <b class="caret"></b></a> <div class="dropdown-menu d-md-none"> <a class="dropdown-item nochildren" href="/en/contact/about-us">About IDTechEx</a> <a class="dropdown-item nochildren" href="/en/contact/idtechex-jobs">Careers</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item px-lg-2 contact flex-fill align-self-md-center"><a href="/en/contact" class="nav-link" aria-expanded="false"><span class="txt">Contact</span></a> </li> <li class="nav-item px-lg-2 nav-sub staticv-loggedin align-self-md-center"><a href="https://www.idtechex.com/portal.v2/pages/" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm d-none d-xl-block" aria-expanded="false"><span class="txt">Access Subscription</span></a></li><li class="nav-item staticv-loggedin staticv-logged-in-name-mainsitetopmenu px-lg-2 align-self-md-center login dropdown"><a href="/en/users/user" id="user" name="user" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-mod" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span class="fa fa-user">  </span><span class="txt">User</span> <b class="caret"></b></a> <div class="dropdown-menu d-md-none"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.idtechex.com/portal.v2/pages/">Portal</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/en/users/dashboard">My Access</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/en/users/user?p=edit">Edit Details</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/en/estore">e-Store</a> <a class="dropdown-item staticv-logout" href="/en/action/logout?p=1">Log Out</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item staticv-loggedout px-lg-2 align-self-md-center login dropdown"><a href="/users" id="login" name="login" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-mod" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"><span class="fa fa-user">  </span><span class="txt">Login</span> <b class="caret"></b></a> <div class="dropdown-menu d-md-none"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/en/users/user">Log in/Register</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="/en/estore">e-Store</a> </div> </li> <li id="search" class="nav-item d-none d-md-block align-self-md-center ml-3"><a class="nav-link" data-toggle="collapse" href="#collapseSearch" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseSearch"><i class="fa fa-search"></i></a></li> <li class="nav-item dropdown login align-self-md-center pl-md-3"> <a id="language" name="language" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" class="nav-link dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-mod" data-toggle="dropdown"><span class="fa fa-globe">  </span><span class="txt">English </span></a> <div class="dropdown-menu d-md-none"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.idtechex.com/ja/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946">日本語</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.idtechex.com/zh/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946">简体中文</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.idtechex.com/ko/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946">한국어</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.idtechex.com/th/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946">ไทย</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.idtechex.com/de/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946">Deutsch</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.idtechex.com/fr/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946">Français</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.idtechex.com/es/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946">Español</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://www.idtechex.com/it/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946">Italiano</a> </div> </li> <li id="basket" class="nav-item px-lg-2 nav-sub align-self-md-center d-none d-md-inline-flex flex-nowrap align-self-md-top ml-3"><a class="shopping-basket-icon" href="/en/estore?cartpageid=30"><span class="fa fa-shopping-cart"></span><span class="basket-line-count"></span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div class="row d-none d-md-block"> <div class="col col1"> <div class="collapse collapse-mod" id="products_menu" top-menu="products"> <div class="btn-group-vertical dropright btn-group-vertical-mod float-left pb-2" role="group" aria-label="products menu"> <div id="reports" class="btn-group dropright services-group"> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap services-hover-mod research-v2" href="/en/research" role="button" name="reports">Reports</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod no-bg services-hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="false" aria-expanded="false" name="reports"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap subs" href="/en/research/market-intelligence-subscription" role="button" name="subscriptions">Subscriptions</a> <div id="consulting" class="btn-group dropright services-group"> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap services-hover-mod consulting" href="/en/consultancy" role="button" name="consulting">Consulting</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod no-bg services-hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="false" aria-expanded="false" name="consulting"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod" id="resources_menu" top-menu="resources"> <div class="btn-group-vertical dropright btn-group-vertical-mod float-right pb-2" role="group" aria-label="resources menu"> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap services-hover-mod webinars" href="/en/research/webinars" role="button" name="webinars">Webinars</a> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap" href="/en/research/blog" role="button" name="researcharticles">Research Articles</a> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap" href="/en/research-article/idtechex-technology-innovations-outlook-2025-2035/31918" role="button" name="2035outlook">2035 Outlook</a> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap" href="/en/research/web-journals" role="button" name="webjournals">Web Journals</a> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap" href="/en/timeline" role="button" name="timelines">Timelines</a> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap" href="/en/research/podcast" role="button" name="podcast">Podcast</a> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod" id="about_menu" top-menu="about"> <div class="btn-group-vertical dropright btn-group-vertical-mod float-right pb-2" role="group" aria-label="about menu"> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap nochildren" href="/en/contact/about-us" role="button" name="aboutidtechex">About IDTechEx</a> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap nochildren" href="/en/contact/idtechex-jobs" role="button" name="careers">Careers</a> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod" id="user_menu" top-menu="user"> <div class="btn-group-vertical dropright btn-group-vertical-mod float-right pb-2" role="group" aria-label="user menu"> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap" href="https://www.idtechex.com/portal.v2/pages/" role="button" name="portal">Portal</a> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap" href="/en/users/dashboard" role="button" name="myaccess">My Access</a> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap" href="/en/users/user?p=edit" role="button" name="editdetails">Edit Details</a> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap" href="/en/estore" role="button" name="e-store">e-Store</a> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap staticv-logout" href="/en/action/logout?p=1" role="button" name="logout">Log Out</a> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod" id="login_menu" top-menu="login"> <div class="btn-group-vertical dropright btn-group-vertical-mod float-right pb-2" role="group" aria-label="login menu"> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap" href="/en/users/user" role="button" name="login/register">Log in/Register</a> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap" href="/en/estore" role="button" name="e-store">e-Store</a> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod" id="language_menu" top-menu="language"> <div class="btn-group-vertical dropright btn-group-vertical-mod float-right pb-2" role="group" aria-label="language menu"> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap" href="https://www.idtechex.com/ja/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" role="button">日本語</a> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap" href="https://www.idtechex.com/zh/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" role="button">简体中文</a> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap" href="https://www.idtechex.com/ko/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" role="button">한국어</a> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap" href="https://www.idtechex.com/th/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" role="button">ไทย</a> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap" href="https://www.idtechex.com/de/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" role="button">Deutsch</a> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap" href="https://www.idtechex.com/fr/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" role="button">Français</a> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap" href="https://www.idtechex.com/es/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" role="button">Español</a> <a class="btn btn-primary no-bg btn-wrap" href="https://www.idtechex.com/it/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" role="button">Italiano</a> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod float-right" id="collapseSearch"><form method="get" action="/search/" role="search" class="form-inline p-3 d-none d-md-block"><input class="form-control-sm mr-sm-2" name="query" type="text" id="inputSearch-sm" placeholder="Search" aria-label="Search"><button class="btn btn-sm btn-outline-secondary my-2 my-sm-0 submit-mod" type="submit">Submit</button></form></div> </div> <div class="col col2"> <div class="collapse collapse-mod sub-menu" id="reports_menu"> <div class="btn-group-vertical btn-group-vertical-mod ml-1 mb-2 float-left" role="group" aria-label="Reports menu"> <div id="webtopic47" class="btn-group dropright report-group"> <a href="/en/reports/3d-printing/47" class="btn btn-sm btn-light btn-wrap no-bg reports_hover-mod" name="webtopic47">3D Printing</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-light dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod reports_hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" name="webtopic47"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> <div id="webtopic9" class="btn-group dropright border-top report-group"> <a href="/en/reports/5g-6g-rfid-and-telecoms/9" class="btn btn-sm btn-light btn-wrap no-bg reports_hover-mod" name="webtopic9">5G, 6G, RFID & Telecoms</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-light dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod reports_hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" name="webtopic9"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> <div id="webtopic77" class="btn-group dropright border-top report-group"> <a href="/en/reports/advanced-materials-and-critical-minerals/77" class="btn btn-sm btn-light btn-wrap no-bg reports_hover-mod" name="webtopic77">Advanced Materials & Critical Minerals</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-light dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod reports_hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" name="webtopic77"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> <div id="webtopic8" class="btn-group dropright border-top report-group"> <a href="/en/reports/batteries-and-energy-storage/8" class="btn btn-sm btn-light btn-wrap no-bg reports_hover-mod" name="webtopic8">Batteries & Energy Storage</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-light dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod reports_hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" name="webtopic8"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> <div id="webtopic2" class="btn-group dropright border-top report-group"> <a href="/en/reports/electric-vehicles/2" class="btn btn-sm btn-light btn-wrap no-bg reports_hover-mod" name="webtopic2">Electric Vehicles</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-light dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod reports_hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" name="webtopic2"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> <div id="webtopic115" class="btn-group dropright border-top report-group"> <a href="/en/reports/energy-and-decarbonization/115" class="btn btn-sm btn-light btn-wrap no-bg reports_hover-mod" name="webtopic115">Energy & Decarbonization</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-light dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod reports_hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" name="webtopic115"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> <div id="webtopic118" class="btn-group dropright border-top report-group"> <a href="/en/reports/food-and-agtech/118" class="btn btn-sm btn-light btn-wrap no-bg reports_hover-mod" name="webtopic118">Food & AgTech</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-light dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod reports_hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" name="webtopic118"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> <div id="webtopic110" class="btn-group dropright border-top report-group"> <a href="/en/reports/healthcare/110" class="btn btn-sm btn-light btn-wrap no-bg reports_hover-mod" name="webtopic110">Healthcare</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-light dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod reports_hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" name="webtopic110"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> <div id="webtopic124" class="btn-group dropright border-top report-group"> <a href="/en/reports/hydrogen/124" class="btn btn-sm btn-light btn-wrap no-bg reports_hover-mod" name="webtopic124">Hydrogen</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-light dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod reports_hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" name="webtopic124"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> <div id="webtopic116" class="btn-group dropright border-top report-group"> <a href="/en/reports/photonics/116" class="btn btn-sm btn-light btn-wrap no-bg reports_hover-mod" name="webtopic116">Photonics</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-light dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod reports_hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" name="webtopic116"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> <div id="webtopic1" class="btn-group dropright border-top report-group"> <a href="/en/reports/printed-and-flexible-electronics/1" class="btn btn-sm btn-light btn-wrap no-bg reports_hover-mod" name="webtopic1">Printed & Flexible Electronics</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-light dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod reports_hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" name="webtopic1"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> <div id="webtopic122" class="btn-group dropright border-top report-group"> <a href="/en/reports/quantum-technologies/122" class="btn btn-sm btn-light btn-wrap no-bg reports_hover-mod" name="webtopic122">Quantum Technologies</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-light dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod reports_hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" name="webtopic122"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> <div id="webtopic99" class="btn-group dropright border-top report-group"> <a href="/en/reports/robotics-and-autonomy/99" class="btn btn-sm btn-light btn-wrap no-bg reports_hover-mod" name="webtopic99">Robotics & Autonomy</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-light dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod reports_hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" name="webtopic99"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> <div id="webtopic121" class="btn-group dropright border-top report-group"> <a href="/en/reports/semiconductors-computing-and-ai/121" class="btn btn-sm btn-light btn-wrap no-bg reports_hover-mod" name="webtopic121">Semiconductors, Computing & AI</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-light dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod reports_hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" name="webtopic121"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> <div id="webtopic95" class="btn-group dropright border-top report-group"> <a href="/en/reports/sensors-haptics-and-displays/95" class="btn btn-sm btn-light btn-wrap no-bg reports_hover-mod" name="webtopic95">Sensors, Haptics & Displays</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-light dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod reports_hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" name="webtopic95"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> <div id="webtopic120" class="btn-group dropright border-top report-group"> <a href="/en/reports/sustainability/120" class="btn btn-sm btn-light btn-wrap no-bg reports_hover-mod" name="webtopic120">Sustainability</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-light dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod reports_hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" name="webtopic120"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> <div id="webtopic123" class="btn-group dropright border-top report-group"> <a href="/en/reports/thermal-management/123" class="btn btn-sm btn-light btn-wrap no-bg reports_hover-mod" name="webtopic123">Thermal Management</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-light dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod reports_hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" name="webtopic123"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> <div id="webtopic52" class="btn-group dropright border-top report-group"> <a href="/en/reports/wearable-technology/52" class="btn btn-sm btn-light btn-wrap no-bg reports_hover-mod" name="webtopic52">Wearable Technology</a> <button type="button" class="btn btn-sm btn-light dropdown-toggle dropdown-toggle-split dropdown-toggle-split-mod reports_hover-mod" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" name="webtopic52"></button> <div class="dropdown-menu d-none"></div> </div> <a href="/en/research-reports" class="btn btn-sm btn-light btn-wrap no-bg btn-separator-mod reports_hover-mod" name="clear">List All Reports</a> </div> </div> <div class="row mx-0 collapse collapse-mod sub-menu" id="consulting_menu"> <div class="col-4 px-0" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="btn-group-vertical mb-2 w-100" role="group" aria-label="Consulting menu"> <a href="/en/consultancy" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary btn-wrap no-bg">Consulting</a> <a href="/en/consultancy" class="btn btn-sm no-bg btn-light btn-wrap btn-separator-mod">Areas of expertise</a> <a href="/en/consultancy/consultants" class="btn btn-sm no-bg btn-light btn-wrap btn-separator-mod">Analysts & Consultants</a> <a href="/en/consultancy/success-stories" class="btn btn-sm no-bg btn-light btn-wrap btn-separator-mod">Success Stories</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-4 px-0 ml-2" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="btn-group-vertical mb-2 w-100" role="group" aria-label="Services menu"> <a href="/en/consultancy" class="btn btn-sm btn-primary btn-wrap no-bg">Services</a> <a href="/en/consultancy/future-growth-opportunities-market-appraisal-end-user-validation" class="btn btn-sm no-bg btn-light btn-wrap btn-separator-mod">Future Growth Opportunities</a> <a href="/en/consultancy/commercialization-strategy-and-business-plan-development" class="btn btn-sm no-bg btn-light btn-wrap btn-separator-mod">Commercialization Strategy</a> <a href="/en/consultancy/product-positioning-and-competitive-analysis" class="btn btn-sm no-bg btn-light btn-wrap btn-separator-mod">Technology Evaluation & Competitor Analysis</a> <a href="/en/consultancy/partnership-and-customer-development" class="btn btn-sm no-bg btn-light btn-wrap btn-separator-mod">Partnerships & Business Development</a> <a href="/en/consultancy/technology-scouting-and-market-trending" class="btn btn-sm no-bg btn-light btn-wrap btn-separator-mod">Technology Scouting</a> <a href="/en/consultancy/due-diligence-investment-decision-and-m-a" class="btn btn-sm no-bg btn-light btn-wrap btn-separator-mod">Due Diligence</a> <a href="/en/consultancy/patent-analytics-services" class="btn btn-sm no-bg btn-light btn-wrap btn-separator-mod">Patent Analytics Services</a> <a href="/en/consultancy/strategy-sessions-and-masterclasses" class="btn btn-sm no-bg btn-light btn-wrap btn-separator-mod">Strategy Sessions and Masterclasses</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col col3"> <div class="collapse collapse-mod report-menu row mx-0" id="webtopic47_menu"> <div class="col-6 px-0" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/3d-printing/47" class="colour- colour-webtopic47 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">3D Printing</a> <a href="/en/research-report/3d-printing-and-additive-manufacturing-2024-2034-technology-and-market-outlook/981" class="list-group-item-secondary list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller border-top"><span class="font-weight-light">Overview Report</span><br><span class="font-weight-bold">3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing</span></a> <a href="/en/research-report/3d-electronics-additive-electronics-2024-2034-technologies-players-and-markets/1003" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">3D Electronics/Additive Electronics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/3d-printing-ceramics-2022-2032-technology-and-market-outlook/834" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">3D Printing Ceramics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/3d-printing-composites-2021-2031-technology-and-market-analysis/827" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">3D Printing Composites</a> <a href="/en/research-report/3d-printing-hardware-2022-2032-technology-and-market-outlook/853" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">3D Printing Hardware</a> <a href="/en/research-report/3d-printing-materials-market-2022-2032/873" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">3D Printing Materials Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/metal-additive-manufacturing-2022-2032-technology-and-market-outlook/861" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Metal Additive Manufacturing</a> <a href="/en/research-report/polymer-additive-manufacturing-2023-2033-technology-and-market-outlook/891" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Polymer Additive Manufacturing</a> <a href="/en/reports/3d-printing/47" class="colour- colour-webtopic47 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">See all reports on the topic</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod report-menu row mx-0" id="webtopic9_menu"> <div class="col-6 px-0" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/5g-6g-rfid-and-telecoms/9" class="colour- colour-webtopic9 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">5G, 6G, RFID & Telecoms</a> <a href="/en/research-report/5g-market-2023-2033-technology-trends-forecasts-players/895" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">5G Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/5g-small-cells-2021-2031-technologies-markets-forecast/825" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">5G Small Cells</a> <a href="/en/research-report/6g-market-2023-2043-technology-trends-forecasts-players/911" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">6G Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/antenna-in-package-aip-for-5g-and-6g-2024-2034-technologies-trends-markets/989" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Antenna in Package (AiP) for 5G and 6G</a> <a href="/en/research-report/low-loss-materials-for-5g-and-6g-2024-2034-markets-trends-forecasts/986" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Low-Loss Materials for 5G and 6G</a> <a href="/en/research-report/metamaterials-markets-2024-2034-optical-and-radio-frequency/1010" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Metamaterials Markets</a> <a href="/en/research-report/quantum-communication-market-2024-2034-technology-trends-players-forecasts/984" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Quantum Communication Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/rfid-forecasts-players-and-opportunities-2023-2033/927" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">RFID Forecasts, Players and Opportunities</a> <a href="/en/research-report/smart-packaging-2023-2033/931" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Smart Packaging</a> <a href="/en/research-report/software-defined-vehicles-connected-cars-and-ai-in-cars-2024-2034-markets-trends-and-forecasts/974" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Software-Defined Vehicles, Connected Cars, and AI in Cars</a> <a href="/en/research-report/thermal-management-for-5g-2022-2032/857" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Thermal Management for 5G</a> <a href="/en/reports/5g-6g-rfid-and-telecoms/9" class="colour- colour-webtopic9 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">See all reports on the topic</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod report-menu row mx-0" id="webtopic77_menu"> <div class="col px-0" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/advanced-materials-and-critical-minerals/77" class="colour- colour-webtopic77 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod-top-left list-group-item-action btn-sm">Advanced Materials & Critical Minerals</a> <a href="/en/research-report/aerogels-2024-2034-technologies-markets-and-players/954" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Aerogels</a> <a href="/en/research-report/bioplastics-2025-2035-technology-market-players-and-forecasts/1032" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Bioplastics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/carbon-nanotubes-2023-2033-market-technology-and-players/947" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Carbon Nanotubes</a> <a href="/en/research-report/copper-demand-for-cars-2024-2034-trends-utilization-forecasts/973" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Copper Demand for Cars</a> <a href="/en/research-report/critical-material-recovery-2025-2045-technologies-markets-players/1023" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Critical Material Recovery</a> <a href="/en/research-report/direct-lithium-extraction-2025-2035-technologies-players-markets-and-forecasts/1026" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Direct Lithium Extraction</a> <a href="/en/research-report/electrically-conductive-adhesives-2022-2032-technologies-markets-and-forecasts/830" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Electrically Conductive Adhesives</a> <a href="/en/research-report/emerging-alternative-leathers-2024-2034-technologies-trends-players/980" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Emerging Alternative Leathers</a> <a href="/en/research-report/emi-shielding-for-electronics-2024-2034-forecasts-technologies-applications/961" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">EMI Shielding for Electronics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/fire-protection-materials-for-ev-batteries-2024-2034-markets-trends-and-forecasts/988" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Fire Protection Materials for EV Batteries</a> <a href="/en/research-report/gas-separation-membranes-2023-2033/940" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Gas Separation Membranes</a> <a href="/en/research-report/graphene-market-and-2d-materials-assessment-2024-2034-technologies-markets-players/967" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Graphene Market & 2D Materials Assessment</a> <a href="/en/research-report/helium-market-2025-2035-applications-alternatives-and-reclamation/1025" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Helium Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/low-loss-materials-for-5g-and-6g-2024-2034-markets-trends-forecasts/986" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Low-Loss Materials for 5G and 6G</a> <a href="/en/research-report/materials-for-electric-vehicle-battery-cells-and-packs-2023-2033/936" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Materials for Electric Vehicle Battery Cells and Packs</a> <a href="/en/research-report/materials-for-green-hydrogen-production-2024-2034-technologies-players-forecasts/970" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Materials for Green Hydrogen Production</a> <a href="/en/research-report/materials-for-pem-fuel-cells-2024-2034-technologies-markets-players/987" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Materials for PEM Fuel Cells</a> <a href="/en/research-report/materials-informatics-2024-2034-markets-strategies-players/990" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Materials Informatics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/metal-organic-frameworks-mofs-2024-2034-market-technology-and-players/1004" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)</a> <a href="/en/reports/advanced-materials-and-critical-minerals/77" class="colour- colour-webtopic77 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod-bottom-left list-group-item-action btn-sm"></a> </div> </div> <div class="col px-0" style="margin-left:2px; margin-right:2px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/advanced-materials-and-critical-minerals/77" class="colour- colour-webtopic77 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod-top-right list-group-item-action btn-sm"></a> <a href="/en/research-report/metamaterials-markets-2024-2034-optical-and-radio-frequency/1010" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Metamaterials Markets</a> <a href="/en/research-report/per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas-2024-emerging-applications-alternatives-regulations/999" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) 2024</a> <a href="/en/research-report/quantum-dot-materials-and-technologies-2024-2034-trends-markets-applications/952" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Quantum Dot Materials and Technologies</a> <a href="/en/research-report/thermal-interface-materials-2024-2034-technologies-markets-and-forecasts/1011" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Thermal Interface Materials</a> <a href="/en/research-report/white-biotechnology-2024-2034/959" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">White Biotechnology</a> <a href="/en/reports/advanced-materials-and-critical-minerals/77" class="colour- colour-webtopic77 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod-bottom-right list-group-item-action btn-sm">See all reports on the topic</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod report-menu row mx-0" id="webtopic8_menu"> <div class="col-6 px-0" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/batteries-and-energy-storage/8" class="colour- colour-webtopic8 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">Batteries & Energy Storage</a> <a href="/en/research/energy-market-intelligence-subscription" class="list-group-item-secondary list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller border-top"><span class="font-weight-light">Subscription</span><br><span class="font-weight-bold">Energy Research Subscription</span></a> <a href="/en/research-report/advanced-li-ion-battery-technologies-2024-2034-technologies-players-forecasts/1002" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Advanced Li-ion Battery Technologies</a> <a href="/en/research-report/ai-driven-battery-technology-2025-2035-technology-innovation-and-opportunities/1049" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">AI-Driven Battery Technology</a> <a href="/en/research-report/batteries-for-stationary-energy-storage-2025-2035-markets-forecasts-players-and-technologies/1021" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Batteries for Stationary Energy Storage</a> <a href="/en/research-report/battery-markets-in-construction-agriculture-and-mining-machines-2024-2034/1008" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Battery Markets in Construction, Agriculture & Mining Machines</a> <a href="/en/research-report/direct-lithium-extraction-2025-2035-technologies-players-markets-and-forecasts/1026" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Direct Lithium Extraction</a> <a href="/en/research-report/fire-protection-materials-for-ev-batteries-2024-2034-markets-trends-and-forecasts/988" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Fire Protection Materials for EV Batteries</a> <a href="/en/research-report/flexible-batteries-market-2025-2035-technologies-forecasts-and-players/1018" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Flexible Batteries Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/li-ion-batteries-and-battery-management-systems-for-electric-vehicles-2024-2034/957" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Li-ion Batteries and Battery Management Systems for Electric Vehicles</a> <a href="/en/research-report/li-ion-battery-market-2025-2035-technologies-players-applications-outlooks-and-forecasts/1027" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Li-ion Battery Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/li-ion-battery-recycling-market-2023-2043/939" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Li-ion Battery Recycling Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/long-duration-energy-storage-market-2024-2044-technologies-players-forecasts/983" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Long Duration Energy Storage Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/redox-flow-batteries-market-2024-2034-forecasts-technologies-markets/963" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Redox Flow Batteries Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/scenario-forecasting-spreadsheet-materials-for-electric-vehicle-battery-cells-and-packs/803" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Scenario Forecasting Spreadsheet</a> <a href="/en/research-report/second-life-electric-vehicle-batteries-2023-2033/924" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Second-life Electric Vehicle Batteries</a> <a href="/en/research-report/silicon-anode-battery-technologies-and-markets-2025-2035-players-technologies-applications-markets-forecasts/1052" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Silicon Anode Battery Technologies and Markets</a> <a href="/en/research-report/sodium-ion-batteries-2024-2034-technology-players-markets-and-forecasts/978" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Sodium-ion Batteries</a> <a href="/en/research-report/solid-state-and-polymer-batteries-2023-2033-technology-forecasts-players/917" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Solid-State and Polymer Batteries</a> <a href="/en/research-report/thermal-energy-storage-2024-2034-technologies-players-markets-and-forecasts/1001" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Thermal Energy Storage</a> <a href="/en/reports/batteries-and-energy-storage/8" class="colour- colour-webtopic8 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">See all reports on the topic</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod report-menu row mx-0" id="webtopic2_menu"> <div class="col px-0" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/electric-vehicles/2" class="colour- colour-webtopic2 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod-top-left list-group-item-action btn-sm">Electric Vehicles</a> <a href="/en/research/future-mobility-subscription" class="list-group-item-secondary list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller border-top"><span class="font-weight-light">Subscription</span><br><span class="font-weight-bold">Future Mobility Subscription</span></a> <a href="/en/research-report/electric-vehicles-land-sea-and-air-2024-2044/962" class="list-group-item-secondary list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller border-top"><span class="font-weight-light">Overview Report</span><br><span class="font-weight-bold">Electric Vehicles</span></a> <a href="/en/research-report/electric-car-sales-models-and-technologies-database/824" class="list-group-item-secondary list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller border-top"><span class="font-weight-light">Data & Tools</span><br><span class="font-weight-bold">Electric Car Sales, Models & Technologies Database</span></a> <a href="/en/research-report/air-taxis-electric-vertical-take-off-and-landing-evtol-aircraft-2024-2044-technologies-players/998" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Air Taxis</a> <a href="/en/research-report/autonomous-trucks-2024-2044-technologies-trends-forecasts/1016" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Autonomous Trucks</a> <a href="/en/research-report/autonomous-vehicles-market-2025-2045-robotaxis-autonomous-cars-sensors/1045" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Autonomous Vehicles Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/battery-electric-and-hydrogen-fuel-cell-trains-2023-2043/930" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Battery Electric & Hydrogen Fuel Cell Trains</a> <a href="/en/research-report/battery-markets-in-construction-agriculture-and-mining-machines-2024-2034/1008" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Battery Markets in Construction, Agriculture & Mining Machines</a> <a href="/en/research-report/battery-swapping-for-electric-vehicles-2022-2032-technology-players-and-forecasts/868" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Battery Swapping for Electric Vehicles</a> <a href="/en/research-report/charging-infrastructure-for-electric-vehicles-and-fleets-2025-2035-markets-technologies-and-forecasts/1035" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles and Fleets</a> <a href="/en/research-report/copper-demand-for-cars-2024-2034-trends-utilization-forecasts/973" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Copper Demand for Cars</a> <a href="/en/research-report/electric-and-fuel-cell-buses-2025-2045-markets-players-technologies-and-forecasts/1012" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Electric and Fuel Cell Buses</a> <a href="/en/research-report/electric-and-fuel-cell-trucks-2024-2044-markets-technologies-and-forecasts/971" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Electric and Fuel Cell Trucks</a> <a href="/en/research-report/electric-boats-and-ships-2024-2044/948" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Electric Boats & Ships</a> <a href="/en/research-report/electric-light-commercial-vehicles-2025-2045-markets-players-forecasts/1048" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Electric Light Commercial Vehicles</a> <a href="/en/research-report/electric-motors-for-electric-vehicles-2025-2035-technologies-materials-markets-and-forecasts/1031" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Electric Motors for Electric Vehicles</a> <a href="/en/research-report/electric-vehicles-in-construction-2024-2044-technologies-players-forecasts/1022" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Electric Vehicles in Construction</a> <a href="/en/research-report/electric-vehicles-in-india-2021-2041/793" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Electric Vehicles in India</a> <a href="/en/research-report/electric-vehicles-in-mining-2024-2044-technologies-players-and-forecasts/994" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Electric Vehicles in Mining</a> <a href="/en/research-report/electric-hybrid-and-fuel-cell-light-commercial-vehicles-2021-2041/783" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Electric, Hybrid & Fuel Cell Light Commercial Vehicles</a> <a href="/en/reports/electric-vehicles/2" class="colour- colour-webtopic2 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod-bottom-left list-group-item-action btn-sm"></a> </div> </div> <div class="col px-0" style="margin-left:2px; margin-right:2px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/electric-vehicles/2" class="colour- colour-webtopic2 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod-top-right list-group-item-action btn-sm"></a> <a href="/en/research-report/fire-protection-materials-for-ev-batteries-2024-2034-markets-trends-and-forecasts/988" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Fire Protection Materials for EV Batteries</a> <a href="/en/research-report/fuel-cell-boats-and-ships-2023-2033-pemfc-sofc-hydrogen-ammonia-lng/907" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Fuel Cell Boats & Ships</a> <a href="/en/research-report/fuel-cell-electric-vehicles-2024-2044-markets-technologies-and-forecasts/977" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles</a> <a href="/en/research-report/future-automotive-technologies-2024-2034-applications-megatrends-forecasts/979" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Future Automotive Technologies</a> <a href="/en/research-report/heads-up-displays-2024-2034-technologies-players-opportunities/991" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Heads-up Displays</a> <a href="/en/research-report/high-voltage-hybrid-cars-buses-and-trucks-2021-2041/788" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">High Voltage Hybrid Cars, Buses and Trucks</a> <a href="/en/research-report/li-ion-batteries-and-battery-management-systems-for-electric-vehicles-2024-2034/957" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Li-ion Batteries and Battery Management Systems for Electric Vehicles</a> <a href="/en/research-report/li-ion-battery-market-2025-2035-technologies-players-applications-outlooks-and-forecasts/1027" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Li-ion Battery Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/materials-for-electric-vehicle-battery-cells-and-packs-2023-2033/936" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Materials for Electric Vehicle Battery Cells and Packs</a> <a href="/en/research-report/micro-evs-2023-2043-electric-two-wheelers-three-wheelers-and-microcars/915" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Micro EVs</a> <a href="/en/research-report/off-grid-charging-for-electric-vehicles-2024-2034-technologies-benchmarking-players-and-forecasts/997" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Off-Grid Charging For Electric Vehicles</a> <a href="/en/research-report/plug-in-hybrid-and-battery-electric-cars-2025-2045-technologies-players-regulations-market-forecasts/1043" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Plug-in Hybrid and Battery Electric Cars</a> <a href="/en/research-report/power-electronics-for-electric-vehicles-2025-2035-technologies-markets-and-forecasts/1014" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Power Electronics for Electric Vehicles</a> <a href="/en/research-report/roboshuttles-and-autonomous-buses-2024-2044-technologies-trends-forecasts/1020" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Roboshuttles and Autonomous Buses</a> <a href="/en/research-report/scenario-forecasting-spreadsheet-materials-for-electric-vehicle-battery-cells-and-packs/803" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Scenario Forecasting Spreadsheet</a> <a href="/en/research-report/semiconductors-for-autonomous-and-electric-vehicles-2023-2033/921" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Semiconductors for Autonomous and Electric Vehicles</a> <a href="/en/research-report/silicon-anode-battery-technologies-and-markets-2025-2035-players-technologies-applications-markets-forecasts/1052" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Silicon Anode Battery Technologies and Markets</a> <a href="/en/research-report/sustainable-future-aviation-2025-2045-trends-technologies-forecasts/1033" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Sustainable Future Aviation</a> <a href="/en/research-report/thermal-interface-materials-2024-2034-technologies-markets-and-forecasts/1011" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Thermal Interface Materials</a> <a href="/en/research-report/thermal-management-for-electric-vehicles-2025-2035-materials-markets-and-technologies/1015" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Thermal Management for Electric Vehicles</a> <a href="/en/research-report/thermal-management-for-ev-power-electronics-2024-2034-forecasts-technologies-markets-and-trends/1000" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Thermal Management for EV Power Electronics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/wireless-charging-market-for-electric-vehicles-2023-2033-technology-players-and-forecasts/896" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Wireless Charging Market for Electric Vehicles</a> <a href="/en/reports/electric-vehicles/2" class="colour- colour-webtopic2 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod-bottom-right list-group-item-action btn-sm">See all reports on the topic</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod report-menu row mx-0" id="webtopic115_menu"> <div class="col-6 px-0" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/energy-and-decarbonization/115" class="colour- colour-webtopic115 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">Energy & Decarbonization</a> <a href="/en/research/energy-market-intelligence-subscription" class="list-group-item-secondary list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller border-top"><span class="font-weight-light">Subscription</span><br><span class="font-weight-bold">Energy Research Subscription</span></a> <a href="/en/research-report/blue-hydrogen-production-and-markets-2023-2033-technologies-forecasts-players/922" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Blue Hydrogen Production and Markets</a> <a href="/en/research-report/carbon-capture-utilization-and-storage-ccus-markets-2025-2045-technologies-market-forecasts-and-players/1017" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Markets</a> <a href="/en/research-report/carbon-dioxide-removal-cdr-2024-2044-technologies-players-carbon-credit-markets-and-forecasts/1007" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)</a> <a href="/en/research-report/carbon-dioxide-utilization-2025-2045-technologies-market-forecasts-and-players/1028" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Carbon Dioxide Utilization</a> <a href="/en/research-report/decarbonization-of-cement-2025-2035-technologies-market-forecasts-and-players/1050" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Decarbonization of Cement</a> <a href="/en/research-report/green-hydrogen-production-and-electrolyzer-market-2024-2034-technologies-players-forecasts/992" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Green Hydrogen Production & Electrolyzer Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Hydrogen Economy</a> <a href="/en/research-report/hydrogen-internal-combustion-engines-2025-2045-applications-technologies-market-status-and-forecasts/1030" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines</a> <a href="/en/research-report/materials-for-green-hydrogen-production-2024-2034-technologies-players-forecasts/970" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Materials for Green Hydrogen Production</a> <a href="/en/research-report/materials-for-pem-fuel-cells-2024-2034-technologies-markets-players/987" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Materials for PEM Fuel Cells</a> <a href="/en/research-report/nuclear-small-modular-reactors-smrs-2023-2043/934" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Nuclear Small Modular Reactors (SMRs)</a> <a href="/en/research-report/perovskite-photovoltaics-2023-2033/872" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Perovskite Photovoltaics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/stationary-fuel-cell-markets-2025-2035-technologies-players-and-forecasts/1037" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Stationary Fuel Cell Markets</a> <a href="/en/research-report/sustainable-biofuels-and-e-fuels-market-2025-2035-technologies-players-forecasts/1039" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Sustainable Biofuels & E-Fuels Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/thermal-energy-storage-2024-2034-technologies-players-markets-and-forecasts/1001" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Thermal Energy Storage</a> <a href="/en/research-report/thin-film-and-flexible-photovoltaics-2023-2033/885" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Thin Film & Flexible Photovoltaics</a> <a href="/en/reports/energy-and-decarbonization/115" class="colour- colour-webtopic115 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">See all reports on the topic</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod report-menu row mx-0" id="webtopic118_menu"> <div class="col-6 px-0" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/food-and-agtech/118" class="colour- colour-webtopic118 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">Food & AgTech</a> <a href="/en/research-report/agricultural-robots-and-drones-2022-2032-technologies-markets-and-players/837" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Agricultural Robots and Drones</a> <a href="/en/research-report/biostimulants-and-biopesticides-2021-2031-technologies-markets-and-forecasts/773" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Biostimulants and Biopesticides</a> <a href="/en/research-report/cultured-meat-2023-2043/913" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Cultured Meat</a> <a href="/en/research-report/genetic-engineering-in-agriculture-2021-2031/750" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Genetic Engineering in Agriculture</a> <a href="/en/research-report/pfas-treatment-2025-2035-technologies-regulations-players-applications/1040" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">PFAS Treatment</a> <a href="/en/research-report/plant-based-meat-2021-2031/823" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Plant-Based Meat</a> <a href="/en/research-report/vertical-farming-2022-2032/871" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Vertical Farming</a> <a href="/en/reports/food-and-agtech/118" class="colour- colour-webtopic118 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">See all reports on the topic</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod report-menu row mx-0" id="webtopic110_menu"> <div class="col-6 px-0" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/healthcare/110" class="colour- colour-webtopic110 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">Healthcare</a> <a href="/en/research-report/advanced-wound-care-technologies-2020-2030/682" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Advanced Wound Care Technologies</a> <a href="/en/research-report/ai-in-drug-discovery-2021-players-technologies-and-applications/818" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">AI in Drug Discovery 2021</a> <a href="/en/research-report/ai-in-medical-diagnostics-2020-2030-image-recognition-players-clinical-applications-forecasts/766" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">AI in Medical Diagnostics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/antiviral-and-antimicrobial-technology-market-2023-2033/942" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Antiviral and Antimicrobial Technology Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/biosensors-for-point-of-care-diagnostics-2022-2032-technology-opportunities-players-and-forecasts/863" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Biosensors for Point-of-Care Diagnostics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/diabetes-management-technologies-2022-2032-markets-players-and-forecasts/862" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Diabetes Management Technologies</a> <a href="/en/research-report/digital-health-and-artificial-intelligence-2024-2034-trends-opportunities-and-outlook/985" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Digital Health and Artificial Intelligence</a> <a href="/en/research-report/dna-sequencing-2023-2033-technologies-markets-and-forecasts/887" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">DNA Sequencing</a> <a href="/en/research-report/electronic-skin-patches-2023-2033/900" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Electronic Skin Patches</a> <a href="/en/research-report/flexible-electronics-in-healthcare-2020-2030/731" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Flexible Electronics in Healthcare</a> <a href="/en/research-report/remote-patient-monitoring-2023-2033-technologies-markets-and-opportunities/890" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Remote Patient Monitoring</a> <a href="/en/research-report/skin-sensors-2020-2030-technologies-markets-players-forecasts/752" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Skin Sensors</a> <a href="/en/reports/healthcare/110" class="colour- colour-webtopic110 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">See all reports on the topic</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod report-menu row mx-0" id="webtopic124_menu"> <div class="col-6 px-0" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/hydrogen/124" class="colour- colour-webtopic124 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">Hydrogen</a> <a href="/en/research-report/battery-electric-and-hydrogen-fuel-cell-trains-2023-2043/930" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Battery Electric & Hydrogen Fuel Cell Trains</a> <a href="/en/research-report/blue-hydrogen-production-and-markets-2023-2033-technologies-forecasts-players/922" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Blue Hydrogen Production and Markets</a> <a href="/en/research-report/electric-and-fuel-cell-trucks-2024-2044-markets-technologies-and-forecasts/971" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Electric and Fuel Cell Trucks</a> <a href="/en/research-report/fuel-cell-electric-vehicles-2024-2044-markets-technologies-and-forecasts/977" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles</a> <a href="/en/research-report/green-hydrogen-production-and-electrolyzer-market-2024-2034-technologies-players-forecasts/992" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Green Hydrogen Production & Electrolyzer Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Hydrogen Economy</a> <a href="/en/research-report/hydrogen-internal-combustion-engines-2025-2045-applications-technologies-market-status-and-forecasts/1030" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engines</a> <a href="/en/research-report/long-duration-energy-storage-market-2024-2044-technologies-players-forecasts/983" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Long Duration Energy Storage Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/materials-for-green-hydrogen-production-2024-2034-technologies-players-forecasts/970" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Materials for Green Hydrogen Production</a> <a href="/en/research-report/materials-for-pem-fuel-cells-2024-2034-technologies-markets-players/987" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Materials for PEM Fuel Cells</a> <a href="/en/research-report/off-grid-charging-for-electric-vehicles-2024-2034-technologies-benchmarking-players-and-forecasts/997" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Off-Grid Charging For Electric Vehicles</a> <a href="/en/research-report/per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas-2024-emerging-applications-alternatives-regulations/999" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) 2024</a> <a href="/en/research-report/stationary-fuel-cell-markets-2025-2035-technologies-players-and-forecasts/1037" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Stationary Fuel Cell Markets</a> <a href="/en/research-report/sustainable-future-aviation-2025-2045-trends-technologies-forecasts/1033" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Sustainable Future Aviation</a> <a href="/en/reports/hydrogen/124" class="colour- colour-webtopic124 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">See all reports on the topic</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod report-menu row mx-0" id="webtopic116_menu"> <div class="col-6 px-0" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/photonics/116" class="colour- colour-webtopic116 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">Photonics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/advanced-semiconductor-packaging-2025-2035-forecasts-technologies-applications/1042" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Advanced Semiconductor Packaging</a> <a href="/en/research-report/automotive-displays-2024-2034-technologies-players-opportunities/958" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Automotive Displays</a> <a href="/en/research-report/heads-up-displays-2024-2034-technologies-players-opportunities/991" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Heads-up Displays</a> <a href="/en/research-report/lidar-2024-2034-technologies-players-markets-and-forecasts/995" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Lidar</a> <a href="/en/research-report/metamaterials-markets-2024-2034-optical-and-radio-frequency/1010" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Metamaterials Markets</a> <a href="/en/research-report/micro-led-displays-2024-2034-technology-commercialization-opportunity-market-and-players/968" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Micro-LED Displays</a> <a href="/en/research-report/silicon-photonics-and-photonic-integrated-circuits-2024-2034-market-technologies-and-forecasts/1006" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Silicon Photonics and Photonic Integrated Circuits</a> <a href="/en/reports/photonics/116" class="colour- colour-webtopic116 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">See all reports on the topic</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod report-menu row mx-0" id="webtopic1_menu"> <div class="col-6 px-0" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/printed-and-flexible-electronics/1" class="colour- colour-webtopic1 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">Printed & Flexible Electronics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/flexible-and-printed-electronics-2023-2033-forecasts-technologies-markets/943" class="list-group-item-secondary list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller border-top"><span class="font-weight-light">Overview Report</span><br><span class="font-weight-bold">Flexible & Printed Electronics</span></a> <a href="/en/research-report/3d-electronics-additive-electronics-2024-2034-technologies-players-and-markets/1003" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">3D Electronics/Additive Electronics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/conductive-inks-market-2024-2034-technologies-applications-players/1013" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Conductive Inks Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/electronic-skin-patches-2023-2033/900" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Electronic Skin Patches</a> <a href="/en/research-report/flexible-batteries-market-2025-2035-technologies-forecasts-and-players/1018" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Flexible Batteries Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/flexible-electronics-in-healthcare-2020-2030/731" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Flexible Electronics in Healthcare</a> <a href="/en/research-report/flexible-hybrid-electronics-2024-2034/950" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Flexible Hybrid Electronics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/in-mold-electronics-2023-2033/919" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">In-Mold Electronics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/manufacturing-printed-electronics-2023-2033/916" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Manufacturing Printed Electronics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/materials-for-printed-flexible-electronics-2021-2031-technologies-applications-market-forecasts/785" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Materials for Printed/Flexible Electronics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/printed-and-flexible-electronics-for-automotive-applications-2021-2031-technologies-and-markets/806" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Printed and Flexible Electronics for Automotive Applications</a> <a href="/en/research-report/printed-and-flexible-sensors-2024-2034-technologies-players-markets/993" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Printed and Flexible Sensors</a> <a href="/en/research-report/smart-packaging-2023-2033/931" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Smart Packaging</a> <a href="/en/research-report/stretchable-and-conformal-electronics-2019-2029/636" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Stretchable and Conformal Electronics</a> <a href="/en/reports/printed-and-flexible-electronics/1" class="colour- colour-webtopic1 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">See all reports on the topic</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod report-menu row mx-0" id="webtopic122_menu"> <div class="col-6 px-0" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/quantum-technologies/122" class="colour- colour-webtopic122 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">Quantum Technologies</a> <a href="/en/research-report/quantum-communication-market-2024-2034-technology-trends-players-forecasts/984" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Quantum Communication Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/quantum-computing-market-2024-2044-technology-trends-players-forecasts/996" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Quantum Computing Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/quantum-sensors-market-2024-2044/951" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Quantum Sensors Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/quantum-technology-market-2024-2034-trends-players-forecasts/1005" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Quantum Technology Market</a> <a href="/en/reports/quantum-technologies/122" class="colour- colour-webtopic122 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">See all reports on the topic</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod report-menu row mx-0" id="webtopic99_menu"> <div class="col-6 px-0" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/robotics-and-autonomy/99" class="colour- colour-webtopic99 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">Robotics & Autonomy</a> <a href="/en/research-report/agricultural-robots-and-drones-2022-2032-technologies-markets-and-players/837" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Agricultural Robots and Drones</a> <a href="/en/research-report/automotive-radar-2024-2044-forecasts-technologies-applications/966" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Automotive Radar</a> <a href="/en/research-report/autonomous-trucks-2024-2044-technologies-trends-forecasts/1016" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Autonomous Trucks</a> <a href="/en/research-report/autonomous-vehicles-market-2025-2045-robotaxis-autonomous-cars-sensors/1045" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Autonomous Vehicles Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/collaborative-robots-2025-2045-technologies-players-and-markets/1046" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Collaborative Robots</a> <a href="/en/research-report/drone-market-and-industries-2021-2041/787" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Drone Market and Industries</a> <a href="/en/research-report/future-automotive-technologies-2024-2034-applications-megatrends-forecasts/979" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Future Automotive Technologies</a> <a href="/en/research-report/infrared-ir-cameras-for-automotive-2025-2035-technologies-opportunities-forecasts/1029" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Infrared (IR) Cameras for Automotive</a> <a href="/en/research-report/lidar-2024-2034-technologies-players-markets-and-forecasts/995" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Lidar</a> <a href="/en/research-report/mobile-robotics-in-logistics-warehousing-and-delivery-2024-2044/960" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Mobile Robotics in Logistics, Warehousing and Delivery</a> <a href="/en/research-report/quantum-communication-market-2024-2034-technology-trends-players-forecasts/984" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Quantum Communication Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/roboshuttles-and-autonomous-buses-2024-2044-technologies-trends-forecasts/1020" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Roboshuttles and Autonomous Buses</a> <a href="/en/research-report/sensors-for-robotics-2023-2043-technologies-markets-and-forecasts/908" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Sensors for Robotics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/service-robots-2022-2032-technologies-players-and-markets/864" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Service Robots</a> <a href="/en/research-report/software-defined-vehicles-connected-cars-and-ai-in-cars-2024-2034-markets-trends-and-forecasts/974" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Software-Defined Vehicles, Connected Cars, and AI in Cars</a> <a href="/en/research-report/thermal-management-for-advanced-driver-assistance-systems-adas-2023-2033/875" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Thermal Management for Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS)</a> <a href="/en/reports/robotics-and-autonomy/99" class="colour- colour-webtopic99 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">See all reports on the topic</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod report-menu row mx-0" id="webtopic121_menu"> <div class="col-6 px-0" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/semiconductors-computing-and-ai/121" class="colour- colour-webtopic121 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">Semiconductors, Computing & AI</a> <a href="/en/research-report/advanced-semiconductor-packaging-2025-2035-forecasts-technologies-applications/1042" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Advanced Semiconductor Packaging</a> <a href="/en/research-report/ai-chips-2023-2033/937" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">AI Chips</a> <a href="/en/research-report/ai-chips-for-edge-applications-2024-2034-artificial-intelligence-at-the-edge/956" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">AI Chips for Edge Applications</a> <a href="/en/research-report/ai-in-drug-discovery-2021-players-technologies-and-applications/818" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">AI in Drug Discovery 2021</a> <a href="/en/research-report/ai-in-medical-diagnostics-2020-2030-image-recognition-players-clinical-applications-forecasts/766" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">AI in Medical Diagnostics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/antenna-in-package-aip-for-5g-and-6g-2024-2034-technologies-trends-markets/989" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Antenna in Package (AiP) for 5G and 6G</a> <a href="/en/research-report/automotive-radar-2024-2044-forecasts-technologies-applications/966" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Automotive Radar</a> <a href="/en/research-report/chiplet-technology-2025-2035-technology-opportunities-applications/1041" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Chiplet Technology</a> <a href="/en/research-report/co-packaged-optics-cpo-2025-2035-technologies-market-and-forecasts/1019" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Co-Packaged Optics (CPO)</a> <a href="/en/research-report/electrically-conductive-adhesives-2022-2032-technologies-markets-and-forecasts/830" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Electrically Conductive Adhesives</a> <a href="/en/research-report/flexible-hybrid-electronics-2024-2034/950" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Flexible Hybrid Electronics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/materials-and-processing-for-advanced-semiconductor-packaging-2025-2035-technologies-players-forecasts/1044" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Materials and Processing for Advanced Semiconductor Packaging</a> <a href="/en/research-report/materials-informatics-2024-2034-markets-strategies-players/990" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Materials Informatics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/quantum-communication-market-2024-2034-technology-trends-players-forecasts/984" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Quantum Communication Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/quantum-computing-market-2024-2044-technology-trends-players-forecasts/996" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Quantum Computing Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/quantum-technology-market-2024-2034-trends-players-forecasts/1005" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Quantum Technology Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/semiconductors-for-autonomous-and-electric-vehicles-2023-2033/921" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Semiconductors for Autonomous and Electric Vehicles</a> <a href="/en/research-report/silicon-photonics-and-photonic-integrated-circuits-2024-2034-market-technologies-and-forecasts/1006" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Silicon Photonics and Photonic Integrated Circuits</a> <a href="/en/research-report/thermal-management-for-5g-2022-2032/857" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Thermal Management for 5G</a> <a href="/en/research-report/thermal-management-for-data-centers-2025-2035-technologies-markets-and-opportunities/1036" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Thermal Management for Data Centers</a> <a href="/en/research-report/thermal-management-for-ev-power-electronics-2024-2034-forecasts-technologies-markets-and-trends/1000" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Thermal Management for EV Power Electronics</a> <a href="/en/reports/semiconductors-computing-and-ai/121" class="colour- colour-webtopic121 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">See all reports on the topic</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod report-menu row mx-0" id="webtopic95_menu"> <div class="col-6 px-0" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/sensors-haptics-and-displays/95" class="colour- colour-webtopic95 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">Sensors, Haptics & Displays</a> <a href="/en/research-report/automotive-radar-2024-2044-forecasts-technologies-applications/966" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Automotive Radar</a> <a href="/en/research-report/brain-computer-interfaces-2025-2045-technologies-players-forecasts/1024" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Brain Computer Interfaces</a> <a href="/en/research-report/displays-for-virtual-augmented-and-mixed-reality-2024-2034-forecasts-technologies-markets/955" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Displays for Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality</a> <a href="/en/research-report/emerging-image-sensor-technologies-2024-2034-applications-and-markets/965" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Emerging Image Sensor Technologies</a> <a href="/en/research-report/environmental-gas-sensor-market-2024-2034-technology-trends-forecasts-players/964" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Environmental Gas Sensor Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/haptics-2025-2035-technologies-markets-players/1034" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Haptics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/heads-up-displays-2024-2034-technologies-players-opportunities/991" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Heads-up Displays</a> <a href="/en/research-report/in-cabin-sensing-2024-2034-technologies-opportunities-and-markets/972" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">In-Cabin Sensing</a> <a href="/en/research-report/infrared-ir-cameras-for-automotive-2025-2035-technologies-opportunities-forecasts/1029" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Infrared (IR) Cameras for Automotive</a> <a href="/en/research-report/lidar-2024-2034-technologies-players-markets-and-forecasts/995" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Lidar</a> <a href="/en/research-report/micro-led-displays-2024-2034-technology-commercialization-opportunity-market-and-players/968" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Micro-LED Displays</a> <a href="/en/research-report/printed-and-flexible-sensors-2024-2034-technologies-players-markets/993" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Printed and Flexible Sensors</a> <a href="/en/research-report/quantum-sensors-market-2024-2044/951" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Quantum Sensors Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/quantum-technology-market-2024-2034-trends-players-forecasts/1005" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Quantum Technology Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/sensor-market-2025-2035-technologies-trends-players-forecasts/1038" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Sensor Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/sensors-for-robotics-2023-2043-technologies-markets-and-forecasts/908" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Sensors for Robotics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/skin-sensors-2020-2030-technologies-markets-players-forecasts/752" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Skin Sensors</a> <a href="/en/research-report/thermal-management-for-advanced-driver-assistance-systems-adas-2023-2033/875" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Thermal Management for Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS)</a> <a href="/en/research-report/wearable-sensors-market-2025-2035-technologies-trends-players-forecasts/1051" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Wearable Sensors Market</a> <a href="/en/reports/sensors-haptics-and-displays/95" class="colour- colour-webtopic95 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">See all reports on the topic</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod report-menu row mx-0" id="webtopic120_menu"> <div class="col-6 px-0" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/sustainability/120" class="colour- colour-webtopic120 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">Sustainability</a> <a href="/en/research-report/bioplastics-2025-2035-technology-market-players-and-forecasts/1032" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Bioplastics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/carbon-capture-utilization-and-storage-ccus-markets-2025-2045-technologies-market-forecasts-and-players/1017" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Markets</a> <a href="/en/research-report/carbon-dioxide-removal-cdr-2024-2044-technologies-players-carbon-credit-markets-and-forecasts/1007" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR)</a> <a href="/en/research-report/carbon-dioxide-utilization-2025-2045-technologies-market-forecasts-and-players/1028" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Carbon Dioxide Utilization</a> <a href="/en/research-report/chemical-recycling-and-dissolution-of-plastics-2024-2034-technologies-players-markets-forecasts/1009" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Chemical Recycling and Dissolution of Plastics</a> <a href="/en/research-report/cultured-meat-2023-2043/913" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Cultured Meat</a> <a href="/en/research-report/decarbonization-of-cement-2025-2035-technologies-market-forecasts-and-players/1050" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Decarbonization of Cement</a> <a href="/en/research-report/emerging-alternative-leathers-2024-2034-technologies-trends-players/980" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Emerging Alternative Leathers</a> <a href="/en/research-report/per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas-2024-emerging-applications-alternatives-regulations/999" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) 2024</a> <a href="/en/research-report/pfas-treatment-2025-2035-technologies-regulations-players-applications/1040" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">PFAS Treatment</a> <a href="/en/research-report/second-life-electric-vehicle-batteries-2023-2033/924" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Second-life Electric Vehicle Batteries</a> <a href="/en/research-report/sustainable-biofuels-and-e-fuels-market-2025-2035-technologies-players-forecasts/1039" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Sustainable Biofuels & E-Fuels Market</a> <a href="/en/research-report/sustainable-electronics-manufacturing-2023-2033/902" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Sustainable Electronics Manufacturing</a> <a href="/en/research-report/sustainable-packaging-market-2023-2033/929" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Sustainable Packaging Market</a> <a href="/en/reports/sustainability/120" class="colour- colour-webtopic120 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">See all reports on the topic</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod report-menu row mx-0" id="webtopic123_menu"> <div class="col-6 px-0" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/thermal-management/123" class="colour- colour-webtopic123 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">Thermal Management</a> <a href="/en/research-report/fire-protection-materials-for-ev-batteries-2024-2034-markets-trends-and-forecasts/988" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Fire Protection Materials for EV Batteries</a> <a href="/en/research-report/thermal-interface-materials-2024-2034-technologies-markets-and-forecasts/1011" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Thermal Interface Materials</a> <a href="/en/research-report/thermal-management-for-5g-2022-2032/857" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Thermal Management for 5G</a> <a href="/en/research-report/thermal-management-for-advanced-driver-assistance-systems-adas-2023-2033/875" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Thermal Management for Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems (ADAS)</a> <a href="/en/research-report/thermal-management-for-data-centers-2025-2035-technologies-markets-and-opportunities/1036" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Thermal Management for Data Centers</a> <a href="/en/research-report/thermal-management-for-electric-vehicles-2025-2035-materials-markets-and-technologies/1015" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Thermal Management for Electric Vehicles</a> <a href="/en/research-report/thermal-management-for-ev-power-electronics-2024-2034-forecasts-technologies-markets-and-trends/1000" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Thermal Management for EV Power Electronics</a> <a href="/en/reports/thermal-management/123" class="colour- colour-webtopic123 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">See all reports on the topic</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="collapse collapse-mod report-menu row mx-0" id="webtopic52_menu"> <div class="col-6 px-0" style="margin-left:3px;"> <div class="list-group mr-0 pb-2"> <a href="/en/reports/wearable-technology/52" class="colour- colour-webtopic52 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">Wearable Technology</a> <a href="/en/research-report/wearable-technology-forecasts-2023-2033/928" class="list-group-item-secondary list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller border-top"><span class="font-weight-light">Overview Report</span><br><span class="font-weight-bold">Wearable Technology Forecasts</span></a> <a href="/en/research-report/advanced-wound-care-technologies-2020-2030/682" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Advanced Wound Care Technologies</a> <a href="/en/research-report/brain-computer-interfaces-2025-2045-technologies-players-forecasts/1024" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Brain Computer Interfaces</a> <a href="/en/research-report/digital-health-and-artificial-intelligence-2024-2034-trends-opportunities-and-outlook/985" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Digital Health and Artificial Intelligence</a> <a href="/en/research-report/displays-for-virtual-augmented-and-mixed-reality-2024-2034-forecasts-technologies-markets/955" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Displays for Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality</a> <a href="/en/research-report/e-textiles-and-smart-clothing-markets-2023-2033-technologies-players-and-applications/925" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">E-Textiles and Smart Clothing Markets</a> <a href="/en/research-report/electronic-skin-patches-2023-2033/900" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Electronic Skin Patches</a> <a href="/en/research-report/optics-for-virtual-augmented-and-mixed-reality-2024-2034-technologies-players-and-markets/969" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Optics for Virtual, Augmented and Mixed Reality</a> <a href="/en/research-report/virtual-reality-and-augmented-reality-headsets-2023-2033-technologies-players-and-markets/889" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller">Virtual Reality & Augmented Reality Headsets</a> <a href="/en/research-report/wearable-sensors-market-2025-2035-technologies-trends-players-forecasts/1051" class="list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm pl-2 fs-smaller bg-stripe">Wearable Sensors Market</a> <a href="/en/reports/wearable-technology/52" class="colour- colour-webtopic52 text-white list-group-item list-group-item-mod list-group-item-action btn-sm">See all reports on the topic</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <section class="content maincontent"> <div class="contentholder"> <div class="container-fluid"> <div id="lhs" class="lhscontainer"> <nav><ul class="nav navlhs"><li class="nochildren"><a href="/en/reports/3d-printing/47">3D Printing</a></li><li class="nochildren"><a href="/en/reports/5g-6g-rfid-and-telecoms/9">5G, 6G, RFID & Telecoms</a></li><li class="nochildren"><a href="/en/reports/advanced-materials-and-critical-minerals/77">Advanced Materials & Critical Minerals</a></li><li class="nochildren"><a href="/en/reports/electric-vehicles/2">Electric Vehicles</a></li><li class="nochildren"><a href="/en/reports/energy-and-decarbonization/115">Energy & Decarbonization</a></li><li class="nochildren"><a href="/en/reports/energy-storage/8">Batteries & Energy Storage</a></li><li class="nochildren"><a href="/en/reports/food-and-agtech/118">Food & AgTech</a></li><li class="nochildren"><a href="/en/reports/healthcare/110">Healthcare</a></li><li class="nochildren"><a href="/en/reports/photonics/116">Photonics</a></li><li class="nochildren"><a href="/en/reports/printed-and-flexible-electronics/1">Printed & Flexible Electronics</a></li><li class="nochildren"><a href="/en/reports/robotics-and-autonomy/99">Robotics & Autonomy</a></li><li class="nochildren"><a href="/en/reports/semiconductors-computing-and-ai/121">Semiconductors, Computing & AI</a></li><li class="nochildren"><a href="/en/reports/sensors-and-haptics/95">Sensors & Haptics</a></li><li class="nochildren"><a href="/en/reports/sustainability/120">Sustainability</a></li><li class="nochildren"><a href="/en/reports/wearable-technology/52">Wearable Technology</a></li></ul></nav> </div> <div class="widemain"> <div class="pre-title"></div> <nav><div class="breadcrumb-v6"><a href="/">Home</a><a href="/en/research-reports">Research Reports</a><a href="/en/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946">Hydrogen Economy 2023-2033: Production, Storage, Distribution & Applications</a></div></nav> <div id="report-main" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork"> <div class="promostat" itemprop="headline"> The global low-carbon hydrogen market is expected to reach US$130B by 2033 </div><img src="//idtxs3.imgix.net/si/40000/AD/D2.png?w=1066&h=600&fit=crop&crop=faces,entropy&q=50&fm=pjpg" alt="Hydrogen Economy 2023-2033: Production, Storage, Distribution & Applications" align="left" class="mainlogo" itemprop="image"><h1 class="std" itemprop="name" id="page-title">Hydrogen Economy 2023-2033: Production, Storage, Distribution & Applications</h1> <h2 class="booksubtitle" itemprop="alternativeHeadline">Comprehensive review of the hydrogen value chain. Company profiles, technology analysis, key players and hydrogen market forecasts.</h2> <div style="display:none;" class="sectionsellingpoint"></div> <div class="sectionauthors">By <a rel="author" href="https://www.idtechex.com/en/team/chingis-idrissov/2887">Chingis Idrissov</a>, <a rel="author" href="https://www.idtechex.com/en/team/dr-alex-holland/2544">Dr Alex Holland</a> and <a rel="author" href="https://www.idtechex.com/en/team/dr-conor-obrien/2845">Dr Conor O'Brien</a></div> <div role="alert" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true" class="toast hide" data-delay="10000" style="position: fixed; top: 10px; right: 25px;z-index:1100"> <div class="toast-header"> <i class="fa fa-exclamation-circle" style="color: darkblue;font-size:1.25em" aria-hidden="true"></i> <strong class="mr-auto">  IDTechEx</strong> <button type="button" class="ml-2 mb-1 close" data-dismiss="toast" aria-label="Close"> <span aria-hidden="true">×</span> </button> </div> <div class="toast-body"></div> </div> <div class="modal fade" id="loginModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="modal-dialog modal-dialog-centered" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-body"> <ul class="nav nav-tabs" style="padding-left:0" id="myTab" role="tablist"> <li style="list-style-image: none; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0px;width:50%;" class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" id="signup-tab" data-toggle="tab" href="#signup" role="tab" aria-controls="signup" aria-selected="false">Sign Up</a></li> <li style="list-style-image: none; padding: 0px; text-indent: 0px;width:50%" class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link active" id="articles-tab" data-toggle="tab" href="#articles" role="tab" aria-controls="articles" aria-selected="true">Login</a></li> </ul> <div style="padding-top: 15px" class="tab-content" id="myTabContent"> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="signup" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="signup-tab"> <form id="signupform"> <input type="hidden" value="946" name="publicationid"> <input type="hidden" value="REPORT" name="regcode"> <input type="hidden" value="new" name="id"> <input type="hidden" value="registeruser" name="action"> <div class="form-row"> <div class="col form-group"> <label data-name="First Name" for="firstname">First Name<span class="reqd">*</span></label> <input data-title="First Name" oninput="validateSignUpData(this)" name="firstname" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="" size="25" maxlength="30"> <small class="msg"></small> </div> <div class="col form-group"> <label>Last Name<span class="reqd">*</span></label> <input data-title="Last Name" oninput="validateSignUpData(this)" name="lastname" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder=" " size="25" maxlength="30"> <small class="msg"></small> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label>Email Address<span class="reqd">*</span></label> <input data-title="Email Address" oninput="validateSignUpData(this)" id="signupemail" name="email" type="email" class="form-control" placeholder="" size="60" maxlength="255"> <small class="msg"></small> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="password">Password<span class="reqd">*</span></label> <input data-title="Password" oninput="validateSignUpData(this)" type="password" class="form-control password pwchecker" name="password" id="password" autocomplete="off" size="40" maxlength="50"> <small class="msg"></small> </div> <div class="form-row"> <div class="form-group col"> <label for="company">Company<span class="reqd">*</span></label> <input data-title="Company" data-regexp=".{2,}" oninput="validateSignUpData(this)" type="text" class="form-control" name="company" id="company" size="40" maxlength="100"> <small class="msg"></small> </div> <div class="form-group col"> <label for="jobtitle">Job Title<span class="reqd">*</span></label> <input data-title="Job Title" oninput="validateSignUpData(this)" list="jobs" type="text" class="form-control" name="jobtitle" id="jobtitle" size="40" maxlength="100"> <datalist id="jobs"> <option data-value="10">CTO/R&D Manager</option><option data-value="20">Project Manager/Product Development</option><option data-value="30">Business Development Manager</option><option data-value="40">Market Research Manager/Information Manager</option><option data-value="50">Sales & Marketing Manager</option><option data-value="60">Consultant</option><option data-value="70">CEO</option><option data-value="72">Managing Director</option><option data-value="74">Chairman</option><option data-value="76">Owner</option><option data-value="78">President</option> </datalist> <small class="msg"></small> </div> </div> <div class="form-row"> <div class="form-group col"> <label for="county">State/County<span class="reqd">*</span></label> <input data-title="State/County" oninput="validateSignUpData(this)" type="text" class="form-control" name="state" id="county" size="40" maxlength="50"> <small class="msg"></small> </div> <div class="form-group col"> <label for="usercountryid">Country<span class="reqd">*</span></label> <div class="uf2-value" data-fieldname="usercountry" data-vregexp=".+" data-invmsg="Please select your country"> <select name="countryid" id="usercountrydd" class="form-control" oninput="validateSignUpData(this)" data-title="Country"><option value=""></option><option value="229">Afghanistan</option><option value="240">Aland Islands</option><option value="93">Albania</option><option value="94">Algeria</option><option value="241">American Samoa</option><option value="95">Andorra</option><option value="96">Angola</option><option value="97">Anguilla</option><option value="98">Antarctica</option><option value="99">Antigua And Barbuda</option><option value="34">Argentina</option><option value="100">Armenia</option><option value="230">Aruba</option><option value="11">Australia</option><option value="24">Austria</option><option value="101">Azerbaijan</option><option value="102">Bahamas</option><option value="64">Bahrain</option><option value="103">Bangladesh</option><option value="104">Barbados</option><option value="105">Belarus</option><option value="8">Belgium</option><option value="106">Belize</option><option value="107">Benin</option><option value="70">Bermuda</option><option value="108">Bhutan</option><option value="86">Bolivia</option><option value="109">Bosnia and Herzegovina</option><option value="110">Botswana</option><option value="27">Brazil</option><option value="111">British Virgin Islands</option><option value="112">Brunei</option><option value="56">Bulgaria</option><option value="113">Burkina Faso</option><option value="114">Burma</option><option value="115">Burundi</option><option value="116">Cambodia</option><option value="80">Cameroon</option><option value="7">Canada</option><option value="232">Cape Verde</option><option value="117">Cayman Islands</option><option value="118">Central African Republic</option><option value="119">Chad</option><option value="83">Channel Islands</option><option value="44">Chile</option><option value="22">China</option><option value="120">Christmas Island</option><option value="42">Colombia</option><option value="121">Comoros</option><option value="123">Cook Islands</option><option value="68">Costa Rica</option><option value="124">Cote d'Ivoire</option><option value="85">Croatia</option><option value="233">Cuba</option><option value="81">Cyprus</option><option value="43">Czechia</option><option value="122">Democratic Republic of Congo</option><option value="23">Denmark</option><option value="125">Djibouti</option><option value="126">Dominica</option><option value="127">Dominican Republic</option><option value="128">East Timor</option><option value="69">Ecuador</option><option value="47">Egypt</option><option value="129">El Salvador</option><option value="130">Equatorial Guinea</option><option value="131">Eritrea</option><option value="132">Estonia</option><option value="133">Ethiopia</option><option value="134">Falkland Islands</option><option value="135">Faroe Islands</option><option value="136">Fiji</option><option value="21">Finland</option><option value="3">France</option><option value="137">French Guiana</option><option value="138">French Polynesia</option><option value="139">French Southern Territories</option><option value="140">Gabon</option><option value="141">Gambia</option><option value="142">Georgia</option><option value="4">Germany</option><option value="79">Ghana</option><option value="143">Gibraltar</option><option value="33">Greece</option><option value="144">Greenland</option><option value="145">Grenada</option><option value="146">Guadeloupe</option><option value="147">Guam</option><option value="148">Guatemala</option><option value="149">Guinea</option><option value="150">Guinea-Bissau</option><option value="151">Guyana</option><option value="152">Haiti</option><option value="153">Honduras</option><option value="26">Hong Kong</option><option value="46">Hungary</option><option value="59">Iceland</option><option value="20">India</option><option value="45">Indonesia</option><option value="55">Iran</option><option value="92">Iraq</option><option value="28">Ireland</option><option value="17">Israel</option><option value="9">Italy</option><option value="154">Jamaica</option><option value="5">Japan</option><option value="71">Jordan</option><option value="76">Kazakhstan</option><option value="57">Kenya</option><option value="155">Kiribati</option><option value="91">Korea</option><option value="228">Kosovo</option><option value="54">Kuwait</option><option value="156">Kyrgyzstan</option><option value="157">Laos</option><option value="82">Latvia</option><option value="158">Lebanon</option><option value="159">Lesotho</option><option value="160">Liberia</option><option value="227">Libya</option><option value="65">Liechtenstein</option><option value="67">Lithuania</option><option value="50">Luxembourg</option><option value="62">Macau</option><option value="161">Macedonia</option><option value="162">Madagascar</option><option value="163">Malawi</option><option value="25">Malaysia</option><option value="164">Maldives</option><option value="165">Mali</option><option value="74">Malta</option><option value="231">Marshall Islands</option><option value="166">Martinique</option><option value="167">Mauritania</option><option value="72">Mauritius</option><option value="30">Mexico</option><option value="168">Micronesia</option><option value="169">Moldova</option><option value="170">Monaco</option><option value="171">Mongolia</option><option value="234">Montenegro</option><option value="172">Montserrat</option><option value="87">Morocco</option><option value="173">Mozambique</option><option value="174">Myanmar</option><option value="175">Namibia</option><option value="176">Nauru</option><option value="177">Nepal</option><option value="6">Netherlands</option><option value="178">Netherlands Antilles</option><option value="179">New Caledonia</option><option value="29">New Zealand</option><option value="180">Nicaragua</option><option value="181">Niger</option><option value="182">Nigeria</option><option value="183">Niue</option><option value="184">North Korea</option><option value="38">Norway</option><option value="63">Oman</option><option value="53">Pakistan</option><option value="185">Palau</option><option value="235">Palestine</option><option value="186">Panama</option><option value="187">Papua New Guinea</option><option value="90">Paraguay</option><option value="60">Peru</option><option value="39">Philippines</option><option value="188">Pitcairn</option><option value="37">Poland</option><option value="32">Portugal</option><option value="189">Puerto Rico</option><option value="75">Qatar</option><option value="239">Republic of Congo</option><option value="190">Reunion</option><option value="48">Romania</option><option value="31">Russia</option><option value="191">Russian Federation</option><option value="192">Rwanda</option><option value="196">Samoa</option><option value="197">San Marino</option><option value="236">São Tomé and Príncipe</option><option value="51">Saudi Arabia</option><option value="198">Senegal</option><option value="84">Serbia</option><option value="199">Seychelles</option><option value="200">Sierra Leone</option><option value="16">Singapore</option><option value="58">Slovakia</option><option value="40">Slovenia</option><option value="201">Solomon Islands</option><option value="202">Somalia</option><option value="19">South Africa</option><option value="203">South Georgia</option><option value="204">South Sandwich Islands</option><option value="238">South Sudan</option><option value="18">Spain</option><option value="49">Sri Lanka</option><option value="205">St Helena</option><option value="193">St Kitts and Nevis</option><option value="194">St Lucia</option><option value="195">St Vincent & Grenadines</option><option value="237">Sudan</option><option value="206">Suriname</option><option value="207">Swaziland</option><option value="14">Sweden</option><option value="12">Switzerland</option><option value="78">Syria</option><option value="15">Taiwan</option><option value="208">Tajikistan</option><option value="209">Tanzania</option><option value="36">Thailand</option><option value="210">Togo</option><option value="211">Tonga</option><option value="77">Trinidad</option><option value="212">Trinidad and Tobago</option><option value="213">Tunisia</option><option value="35">Turkey</option><option value="214">Turkmenistan</option><option value="215">Turks and Caicos Islands</option><option value="216">Tuvalu</option><option value="88">Uganda</option><option value="61">Ukraine</option><option value="41">United Arab Emirates</option><option value="2">United Kingdom</option><option value="1">United States</option><option value="66">Uruguay</option><option value="218">US Virgin Islands</option><option value="220">Uzbekistan</option><option value="221">Vanuatu</option><option value="222">Vatican City State</option><option value="73">Venezuela</option><option value="52">Vietnam</option><option value="223">Western Sahara</option><option value="224">Yemen</option><option value="225">Zambia</option><option value="226">Zimbabwe</option></select> </div> <small class="msg"></small> </div> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label for="userphone">Phone Number<span class="reqd">*</span></label> <input data-title="Phone Number" oninput="validateSignUpData(this)" class="form-control" type="tel" name="phone" id="userphone" data-regexp="[\d\s\+\-]{5,}[\d\s\+\-\/directx\,]*" size="40" value="" maxlength="30"> <small class="msg"></small> </div>  <button onclick="getCaptchaIfComplete()" type="button" class="btn btn-info btn-block btn-round" id="signupcaptcha">Next</button> <div id="captchaholder"> </div> <button onclick="signUpUser()" type="button" class="btn btn-info btn-block btn-round wait-on-captcha-btn" id="signupbutton">Sign Up</button> </form> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade active show" id="articles" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="articles-tab"> <form id="loginform"> <input type="hidden" value="loginuser" name="action"> <input type="hidden" value="946" name="publicationid"> <input type="hidden" value="https://advancedbatteriesresearch.com/en/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946" name="creturl" id="creturl"> <input type="hidden" value="REPORT" name="regcode"> <div class="form-group"> <label>Email Address</label> <input type="email" class="form-control" name="email" id="loginemail" placeholder="Email Address"> </div> <div class="form-group"> <label>Password</label> <input type="password" class="form-control" name="password" placeholder="Password"> </div> <button onclick="loginUser()" type="button" class="btn btn-info btn-block btn-round">Login</button> <a href="#" onclick="displayForgotPW()" class="more">Forgot password?</a> <div id="captchaholderlogin"> </div> <button onclick="sendResetLink()" type="button" class="btn btn-info btn-block btn-round wait-on-captcha-btn" id="resetpwbutton">Send Reset Link</button>  </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <br/> <input type="hidden" class="samplepages" id="samplepages" value="https://www.idtechex.com/users/action/dl.asp?documentid=27350"> <div class="ajaxrep" data-name="orderbtns" data-publicationid="946" data-pv=""> <div class="single-row-table top-aligned"> <div> <a class="btn btn-info btn-push-10 btn-sm btn-bright order-now-btn" href="https://www.idtechex.com/estore/order.asp?productcategoryid=1167"><span>Order now</span></a> <a href="mailto:research@idtechex.com" style="display:block;font-size:0.8em;text-align:center;margin-right:10px">Ask a question</a> </div> <div> <span class="ajaxrep" data-name="orderbtn" data-publicationid="946" data-pv=""> <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="btn btn-info btn-sm order-in-sub-btn btn-push-10 btn-bright">Order in a Subscription</a> </span> <a href="/en/research/market-intelligence-subscription" target="_blank" style="display:block;font-size:0.8em;text-align:center;">About subscriptions</a> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.idtechex.com/users/action/dl.asp?documentid=27350" class="btn btn-sm samplepages" style="color:white !important;background-color:#577cbb !important"><span>Download Sample Pages<span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="viewoption"> <span class="selected">Show All</span> <span data-show="description">Description</span> <span data-show="contents">Contents, Table & Figures List</span> <span class="pricing" data-show="orderinfo">Pricing</span> <span class="d-none" data-show="relatedcontent">Related Content</span></div> <div class="report-description"> <div class="blanksectionheading pagesection"></div> <div class="sectioncontent"><div><a href=""></a><a href=""></a><a href=""></a>IDTechEx projects that the low-carbon hydrogen market will grow substantially over the next decade, reaching US$130 billion by 2033 based on projected production capacities. This report evaluates the necessary components to foster the growth of the hydrogen economy, offering a comprehensive review of the entire value chain.<a href=""></a>It includes technological analyses of all relevant technologies, techno-economic comparisons, detail on key commercial activities (including projects as well as established and emerging companies), major innovations, and market trends across all value chain components.</div><div> </div><div>The hydrogen economy envisions a future energy infrastructure, where low-carbon hydrogen is utilized to decarbonize critical industrial sectors and long-haul transportation while satisfying the increasing demand for low-carbon energy. This economy implies a significant shift in global energy use and industrial processes, with hydrogen technology taking a central role. This transformation will not happen rapidly but there are significant opportunities in developing infrastructure across the whole hydrogen value chain.</div><div> </div><div><img src="//idtxs3.imgix.net/si/40000/BB/42.png?w=1200&q=50&px=16&fm=png" data-src="//idtxs3.imgix.net/si/40000/BB/42.png?w=1200&q=50" class="lazyload mediaimg imgzmr" data-imgzmr-url="//cdn.idtechex.com/si/40000/BB/42.png" width="1200"></div><div> </div><div><i>Overview of the hydrogen value chain. Source: IDTechEx</i></div><div> </div><div>For this vision to materialize, various value chain components, including low-carbon hydrogen production, storage, and distribution infrastructure, must align with demand from hydrogen end-use sectors. Like the oil & gas industry, the hydrogen value chain is divided into upstream (production), midstream (storage & transport), and downstream (end-use sectors) elements. Each of these hydrogen value chain components brings its own technical and socio-economic challenges.</div><div> </div><div><span class="sectionbold">Low-Carbon Hydrogen Production</span></div><div>At present, over 95% of the world's hydrogen comes from fossil fuel-based grey and black hydrogen produced by steam methane reforming and coal gasification plants. Thus, many companies worldwide are focused on developing new low-carbon hydrogen production assets, either blue (natural gas reforming with CO<sub>2</sub> emissions captured) or green (water electrolysis powered by renewable energy). These projects are located near industrial users, often in industrial zones with many potential users, which allows for future expansion as these sectors begin to decarbonize.</div><div> </div><div><a href=""></a>IDTechEx projects that the low-carbon hydrogen market will grow substantially over the next decade, reaching US$130 billion by 2033 based on projected production capacities. Yet, the upstream is only one part of the value chain that needs to be developed. While most acknowledge the need for substantial production infrastructure, many underestimate the need for a vast midstream (storage & distribution) infrastructure to connect the upstream and downstream assets.</div><div> </div><div><span class="sectionbold">Hydrogen Storage & Distribution</span></div><div><a href=""></a><img src="//idtxs3.imgix.net/si/40000/BB/43.png?w=1200&q=50&px=16&fm=png" data-src="//idtxs3.imgix.net/si/40000/BB/43.png?w=1200&q=50" class="lazyload mediaimg imgzmr" data-imgzmr-url="//cdn.idtechex.com/si/40000/BB/43.png" width="1200"></div><div> </div><div><i>Overview of hydrogen storage & distribution methods covered in the report. Source: IDTechEx</i></div><div> </div><div>One of the primary challenges with hydrogen, despite its excellent energy characteristics (energy density of 120 MJ/kg), is its complicated storage and transportation due to its extremely low density (0.084 kg/m<sup>3</sup>) at ambient conditions. Large volumes of hydrogen must be compressed to high pressures (100 to 700 bars) or liquefied at cryogenic temperatures (boiling point of -253°C) to store adequate amounts.</div><div> </div><div>Although these methods are the most commercially and technologically mature, they have significant drawbacks. They consume considerable amounts of energy, thus reducing the effective energy content of the hydrogen. Compression uses around 10-30% of the hydrogen's original energy content, depending on the pressure. Liquefaction is even more energy-intensive, consuming 30-40% of the hydrogen's energy content. These factors considerably affect applications in mobility and energy storage by drastically reducing overall round trip energy efficiency. Furthermore, safety risks are associated with compressed gas storage, and liquid H<sub>2</sub> storage has boil-off issues, leading to some stored hydrogen being wasted. These issues make transportation, especially internationally, expensive, and inefficient.</div><div> </div><div>Promising alternatives for stationary storage include metal hydride systems for small scale storage and underground storage (like salt caverns) for large scale diurnal or seasonal storage. For transportation, pipelines will play a significant role in connecting production to end-use. Several worldwide players are developing new pure H<sub>2</sub> pipelines, with some looking to repurpose existing natural gas pipelines. Ammonia and liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs) are considered promising, especially for international transport, as they can leverage existing chemical and petrochemical transport infrastructure. The report provides detailed analyses and comparisons of these storage and distribution methods.</div><div> </div><div><span class="sectionbold">End-Use Sectors for Low-Carbon Hydrogen & Hydrogen Fuel Cells</span></div><div> </div><div><img src="//idtxs3.imgix.net/si/40000/BB/44.png?w=1200&q=50&px=16&fm=png" data-src="//idtxs3.imgix.net/si/40000/BB/44.png?w=1200&q=50" class="lazyload mediaimg imgzmr" data-imgzmr-url="//cdn.idtechex.com/si/40000/BB/44.png" width="1200"></div><div> </div><div><i>Overview of hydrogen end-use sectors and fuel cell technologies covered in the report. Source: IDTechEx</i></div><div> </div><div>Hydrogen will play a significant role in decarbonizing industries where it is conventionally used, including refining and the production of ammonia and methanol. These sectors will decarbonize primarily by replacing grey hydrogen with blue and green hydrogen. Another promising sector is steelmaking, where hydrogen can serve as a reducing gas to produce direct reduced iron (DRI). Large steelmakers consider this process as the future of sustainable steel as it will eventually replace the carbon-intensive blast furnace process. Emerging industrial uses of hydrogen include bio- and synfuel production as well as power and heat applications (energy storage, combined heat and power generation, heating for residential/commercial and industrial sectors).</div><div> </div><div>Hydrogen also offers an alternative to electrification in fuel cell mobility sectors. Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are gaining traction worldwide, particularly in Asia, with the increasing development of refueling infrastructure and new vehicle concepts for light-, medium- and heavy-duty vehicles. Long-haul transport sectors, including marine, rail, and aviation, also aim to use hydrogen fuel cell propulsion systems. All these sectors will require a combination of fuel cells, suitable hydrogen storage methods, and efficient integration of balance of plant components to operate efficiently.</div><div> </div><div>The report provides technological analysis, opportunities for hydrogen integration and associated challenges, commercial activities, as well as key innovations for each end-use sector outlined above. Hydrogen demand from each sector is presented in the hydrogen demand market forecast.</div><div> </div><div>In addition, the report offers an overview of fuel cells, mainly proton exchange membrane (PEMFC) and solid oxide (SOFC), as well as alternative technologies, such as methanol and molten carbonate fuel cells. Technological analysis, commercial developments, key players, and comparisons of fuel cell technologies are also offered.</div><div> </div><div><span class="sectionbold">Key takeaways from this report</span></div><div><a href=""></a>This report provides an overview of the entire hydrogen value chain, drawing on IDTechEx's extensive knowledge across many aspects of the sector. Covering hydrogen production, storage, distribution, fuel cells and end-use applications, the report provides:</div><div> </div><ul><li>An introduction and motivation for the hydrogen economy.</li><li>Recent policy developments in the hydrogen industry.</li><li>Discussion of key trends in the hydrogen industry.</li><li>Analysis of underlying technologies across all value chain components, including hydrogen production (e.g. electrolyzers), storage (e.g. metal hydrides), distribution (e.g. pipelines) and end-use sectors (e.g. sustainable steelmaking).</li><li>Techno-economic comparisons and benchmarking of hydrogen production, storage and distribution methods.</li><li>Recent innovations and new technologies across all value chain components.</li><li>Potential decarbonization pathways for hydrogen end-use sectors.</li><li>Commercial activities including key players and projects under development.</li><li>SWOT analyses and key takeaways from various parts of the value chain.</li><li>Assessments of technical and commercial readiness.</li><li><a href=""></a>Granular 10-year market forecasts for hydrogen demand by applications (7 sectors), hydrogen production by source<a href=""></a>(grey, blue and green) and the hydrogen market (grey, blue and green).</li><li>28 company profiles covering established and emerging players across various parts of the value chain.</li></ul><div> </div><div><span class="sectionbold">IDTechEx's hydrogen research portfolio</span></div><div>This report includes entirely new content on the materials and components for water electrolyzers, drawing on IDTechEx's existing research in green hydrogen production and fuel cells. Further information on the hydrogen economy, low-carbon hydrogen production, fuel cells, fuel cell mobility sectors can be found in these reports:</div><div> </div><ul><li><a href="https://www.idtechex.com/electrolyzer" target="_blank">Green Hydrogen Production: Electrolyzer Markets</a></li><li><a href="https://www.idtechex.com/greenhydrogen" target="_blank">Materials for Green Hydrogen Production: Technologies, Players, Forecasts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.idtechex.com/bluehydrogen" target="_blank">Blue Hydrogen Production and Markets: Technologies, Forecasts, Players</a></li><li><a href="https://www.idtechex.com/MPEMFC" target="_blank">Materials for PEM Fuel Cells</a></li><li><a href="https://www.idtechex.com/sofc" target="_blank">Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Technology, Applications and Market Forecasts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.idtechex.com/fuelcell" target="_blank">Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles: Markets, Technologies, and Forecasts</a></li><li><a href="https://www.idtechex.com/marineFC" target="_blank">Fuel Cell Boats & Ships: PEMFC, SOFC, Hydrogen, Ammonia, LNG</a></li><li><a href="https://www.idtechex.com/train" target="_blank">Battery Electric & Hydrogen Fuel Cell Trains</a></li><li><a href="https://www.idtechex.com/cars" target="_blank">Electric Cars</a></li><li><a href="https://www.idtechex.com/etruck" target="_blank">Electric and Fuel Cell Trucks</a></li></ul></div> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="blanksectionheading pagesection"></div> <div class="sectioncontent"><div><style type="text/css">.actable, .acth{border: 1px solid white;border-collapse: collapse;padding: 10px;}.actable{border-radius: 25px;}.acthead .acth{background-color:#162667;color:#ffffff;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}.actbody .acth{background-color:#375ca0;color:#ffffff;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;vertical-align:top}.actd{text-align:center;vertical-align:top;border-top: 1px solid #162667;padding: 10px;}</style><table class="actable"><thead class="acthead"><tr><th class="acth">Report Metrics</th><th class="acth">Details</th></tr></thead><tbody class="actbody"><tr><th class="acth">CAGR</th><td class="actd">The global low-carbon hydrogen market will grow at a CAGR of 41% reaching US$130B by 2033.</td></tr><tr><th class="acth">Forecast Period</th><td class="actd">2023 - 2033</td></tr><tr><th class="acth">Forecast Units</th><td class="actd">Million tonnes of hydrogen per annum (Mtpa), US$ billions (US$B)</td></tr><tr><th class="acth">Regions Covered</th><td class="actd">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th class="acth">Segments Covered</th><td class="actd">Hydrogen demand: refining, ammonia, methanol, iron & steel (DRI), fuel cell mobility (cars, marine, rail), combined heat and power (CHP) generation, alternative fuels Hydrogen production: grey & black, blue and green hydrogen Hydrogen market: grey & black, blue and green hydrogen</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="sectionheading">Analyst access from IDTechEx</div> <div class="sectioncontent"> <div>All report purchases include up to 30 minutes telephone time with an expert analyst who will help you link key findings in the report to the business issues you're addressing. This needs to be used within three months of purchasing the report.</div> </div> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="sectionheading">Further information</div> <div class="sectioncontent"> <div>If you have any questions about this report, please do not hesitate to contact our report team at <a href="mailto:research@IDTechEx.com">research@IDTechEx.com</a> or call one of our sales managers:<br></div> <div><br></div> <div><span class="sectionbold">AMERICAS (USA)</span>: <a href="tel:+1-617-577-7890">+1 617 577 7890</a><br></div> <div><span class="sectionbold">ASIA (Japan):</span> <a href="tel:+81-3-3216-7209">+81 3 3216 7209</a><br></div> <div><span class="sectionbold">ASIA:</span> <a href="tel:+82-10-3896-6219">+82 10 3896 6219</a></div> <div><span class="sectionbold">EUROPE (UK)</span> <a href="tel:+44-1223-812300">+44 1223 812300</a><br></div> </div> <div class="clr"></div> </div> <div class="order-mid"> <input type="hidden" class="samplepages" id="samplepages" value="https://www.idtechex.com/users/action/dl.asp?documentid=27350"> <div class="ajaxrep" data-name="orderbtns" data-publicationid="946" data-pv=""> <div class="single-row-table top-aligned"> <div> <a class="btn btn-info btn-push-10 btn-sm btn-bright order-now-btn" href="https://www.idtechex.com/estore/order.asp?productcategoryid=1167"><span>Order now</span></a> <a href="mailto:research@idtechex.com" style="display:block;font-size:0.8em;text-align:center;margin-right:10px">Ask a question</a> </div> <div> <span class="ajaxrep" data-name="orderbtn" data-publicationid="946" data-pv=""> <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="btn btn-info btn-sm order-in-sub-btn btn-push-10 btn-bright">Order in a Subscription</a> </span> <a href="/en/research/market-intelligence-subscription" target="_blank" style="display:block;font-size:0.8em;text-align:center;">About subscriptions</a> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.idtechex.com/users/action/dl.asp?documentid=27350" class="btn btn-sm samplepages" style="color:white !important;background-color:#577cbb !important"><span>Download Sample Pages<span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding:10px 0px;"></div> </div> <div class="report-contents"> <div class="sectionheading"><a name="toc"></a>Table of Contents</div> <table style="margin-left:10px"> <tr><td class="tocsection1">1.</td><td class="tocname1">EXECUTIVE SUMMARY</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">1.1.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen economy and its key components</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen economy development needs (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen economy development needs (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.3.</td><td class="tocname3">The future hydrogen value chain</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen production: green, blue & turquoise</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.5.</td><td class="tocname3">National hydrogen strategies</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.6.</td><td class="tocname3">The colors of hydrogen</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Removing CO2 emissions from hydrogen production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Electrolyzer systems overview</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Pros and cons of electrolyzer technologies</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.10.</td><td class="tocname3">The focus on PEM electrolyzers</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.11.</td><td class="tocname3">The push towards gigafactories</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Global electrolyzer players</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.13.</td><td class="tocname3">Important competing factors for the green H2 market</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.14.</td><td class="tocname3">The challenges in green hydrogen production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.15.</td><td class="tocname3">The case for blue hydrogen production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.16.</td><td class="tocname3">Blue hydrogen production - general overview</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.17.</td><td class="tocname3">Main blue hydrogen technologies</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.18.</td><td class="tocname3">Turquoise hydrogen from methane pyrolysis</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.19.</td><td class="tocname3">Blue hydrogen production value chain</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.20.</td><td class="tocname3">Value chain example: ATR + CCUS</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.21.</td><td class="tocname3">Leading blue hydrogen companies</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.22.</td><td class="tocname3">Blue H2 process comparison summary & key takeaways</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.23.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen production processes by stage of development</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.24.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen storage & distribution</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.25.</td><td class="tocname3">Overview of hydrogen storage & distribution</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.26.</td><td class="tocname3">Problems with compressed & cryogenic storage & distribution</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.27.</td><td class="tocname3">H2 storage & distribution technical comparison</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.28.</td><td class="tocname3">Storage technology pros & cons comparison</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.29.</td><td class="tocname3">Distribution technology pros & cons comparison</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.30.</td><td class="tocname3">Storage technology comparison</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.31.</td><td class="tocname3">Distribution technology comparison</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.32.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen storage methods by stage of development</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.33.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen distribution methods by stage of development</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.34.</td><td class="tocname3">Storage cost comparison summary</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.35.</td><td class="tocname3">Distribution cost comparison</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.36.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways from hydrogen storage & distribution</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.37.</td><td class="tocname3">Fuel cells</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.38.</td><td class="tocname3">Introduction to fuel cells</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.39.</td><td class="tocname3">Overview of fuel cell technologies</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.40.</td><td class="tocname3">Comparison of fuel cell technologies</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.1.41.</td><td class="tocname3">Fuel cells company landscape</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">1.2.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen end-use sectors</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.2.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen end-use sectors</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.2.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Drivers for improving hydrogen cost-competitiveness</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.2.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for hydrogen use in refining</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.2.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for hydrogen use in low-carbon ammonia production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.2.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for hydrogen use in low-carbon methanol production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.2.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for hydrogen use in alternative fuel production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.2.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for hydrogen use in sustainable steelmaking</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.2.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for hydrogen use in power & heat generation</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.2.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for hydrogen use in FCEVs</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.2.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for hydrogen use in the maritime sector</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.2.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for hydrogen use in rail transport</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.2.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways from hydrogen aviation</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">1.3.</td><td class="tocname2">IDTechEx's outlook on the hydrogen economy</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.3.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen demand forecast</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.3.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen production forecast</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.3.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen market forecast (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.3.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen market forecast (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">1.3.5.</td><td class="tocname3">IDTechEx's outlook on low-carbon hydrogen</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection1">2.</td><td class="tocname1">INTRODUCTION TO THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">2.1.</td><td class="tocname2">The need for unprecedented CO2 emission reductions</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">2.2.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen is gaining momentum</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">2.3.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen economy and its key components</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">2.4.</td><td class="tocname2">Production: the colors of hydrogen (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">2.5.</td><td class="tocname2">Production: the colors of hydrogen (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">2.6.</td><td class="tocname2">Storage & distribution</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">2.7.</td><td class="tocname2">End-use: which sectors could hydrogen decarbonize? (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">2.8.</td><td class="tocname2">End-use: which sectors could hydrogen decarbonize? (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">2.9.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen economy development needs (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">2.10.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen economy development needs (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection1">3.</td><td class="tocname1">GLOBAL HYDROGEN POLICIES</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">3.1.</td><td class="tocname2">Overview</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.1.1.</td><td class="tocname3">2021-2022 Geopolitics</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.1.2.</td><td class="tocname3">National hydrogen strategies (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.1.3.</td><td class="tocname3">National hydrogen strategies (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.1.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Policy developments (1/3)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.1.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Policy developments (2/3)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.1.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Policy developments (3/3)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.1.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Global policy impacts</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.1.8.</td><td class="tocname3">European Union (EU) hydrogen strategy</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.1.9.</td><td class="tocname3">EU's hydrogen strategy</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.1.10.</td><td class="tocname3">EU's hydrogen strategy - focuses & key actions</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.1.11.</td><td class="tocname3">EU's hydrogen strategy - investments</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.1.12.</td><td class="tocname3">REPowerEU, ES Joint Declaration & RED revision</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.1.13.</td><td class="tocname3">Clean Hydrogen Partnership</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.1.14.</td><td class="tocname3">National strategies vs EU strategy</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.1.15.</td><td class="tocname3">National strategy example - Netherlands</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">3.2.</td><td class="tocname2">USA hydrogen strategy</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.2.1.</td><td class="tocname3">US' hydrogen strategy</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.2.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Tax credit changes in the US IRA fostering blue hydrogen</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.2.3.</td><td class="tocname3">The impact of IRA tax credits on the cost of hydrogen</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">3.3.</td><td class="tocname2">UK hydrogen strategy</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.3.1.</td><td class="tocname3">UK's hydrogen strategy</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.3.2.</td><td class="tocname3">The UK's CCUS clusters for blue hydrogen</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.3.3.</td><td class="tocname3">UK's CCUS clusters: East Coast Cluster</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.3.4.</td><td class="tocname3">UK's CCUS clusters: HyNet North West Cluster</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">3.4.</td><td class="tocname2">Other countries' hydrogen strategies</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.4.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Canada's hydrogen strategy</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.4.2.</td><td class="tocname3">China's hydrogen strategy</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.4.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Japan's hydrogen strategy</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.4.4.</td><td class="tocname3">South Korea's hydrogen strategy</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">3.5.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen certification</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.5.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Why is hydrogen certification needed?</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.5.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Elements for a successful certification scheme</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.5.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Emissions system boundaries for blue & green H2</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.5.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Landscape of hydrogen certification schemes (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.5.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Landscape of hydrogen certification schemes (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.5.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Voluntary certification standards</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.5.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Mandatory certification standards</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">3.5.8.</td><td class="tocname3">The potential role of carbon pricing in the hydrogen economy</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection1">4.</td><td class="tocname1">LOW-CARBON HYDROGEN PRODUCTION</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">4.1.</td><td class="tocname2">Overview</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.1.1.</td><td class="tocname3">State of the hydrogen industry</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.1.2.</td><td class="tocname3">The colors of hydrogen</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.1.3.</td><td class="tocname3">The colors of hydrogen</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.1.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Traditional hydrogen production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.1.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Removing CO2 emissions from hydrogen production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.1.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen production processes by stage of development</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.1.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Recent development in the hydrogen market</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">4.2.</td><td class="tocname2">Green hydrogen</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.1.</td><td class="tocname3">What is green hydrogen?</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Types of water electrolyzer</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Electrolyzer systems overview</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Typical green hydrogen plant layout</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Alkaline water electrolyzer (AWE)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.6.</td><td class="tocname3">AWE system design example</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Anion exchange membrane electrolyzer (AEMEL)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Proton exchange membrane electrolyzer (PEMEL)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.9.</td><td class="tocname3">PEMEL system design example</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.10.</td><td class="tocname3">The focus on PEM electrolyzers</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Plug-and-play & customizable PEMEL systems</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.12.</td><td class="tocname3">AWE is still a popular technology</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.13.</td><td class="tocname3">Battolyser - battery & electrolyzer system</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.14.</td><td class="tocname3">Solid oxide electrolyzer (SOEL)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.15.</td><td class="tocname3">SOEL systems: a substitute for AWE?</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.16.</td><td class="tocname3">SOEC system design example</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.17.</td><td class="tocname3">Electrolyzer degradation</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.18.</td><td class="tocname3">Considerations for choosing electrolyzer technology</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.19.</td><td class="tocname3">Pros and cons of electrolyzer technologies</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.20.</td><td class="tocname3">Electrolyzer improvements</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.21.</td><td class="tocname3">Electrolyzer market overview</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.22.</td><td class="tocname3">Electrolyzer overview</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.23.</td><td class="tocname3">Global electrolyzer players</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.24.</td><td class="tocname3">Electrolyzer vendors by region</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.25.</td><td class="tocname3">Market addressed by EL manufacturer</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.26.</td><td class="tocname3">The push towards gigafactories</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.27.</td><td class="tocname3">Electrolyzer suppliers partnering with project developers</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.28.</td><td class="tocname3">Other projects discussed at WHS 2023</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.29.</td><td class="tocname3">Future trend of the electrolyzer market</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.30.</td><td class="tocname3">Important competing factors for the green H2 market</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.31.</td><td class="tocname3">Drivers and restraints for green hydrogen</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.2.32.</td><td class="tocname3">The challenges in green hydrogen production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">4.3.</td><td class="tocname2">Blue & turquoise hydrogen</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.1.</td><td class="tocname3">The case for blue hydrogen production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Key drivers for blue hydrogen development</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Blue hydrogen supply chain</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Blue hydrogen production - general overview</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Main blue hydrogen technologies</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Overview of production methods covered</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Autothermal reforming (ATR) - a promising blue H2 technology</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Autothermal reforming (ATR) - a promising blue H2 technology</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Turquoise hydrogen from methane pyrolysis</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Methane pyrolysis variations</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Pre- vs post-combustion CO2 capture for blue hydrogen</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.13.</td><td class="tocname3">Carbon capture technologies</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.14.</td><td class="tocname3">Key considerations in designing blue hydrogen processes</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.15.</td><td class="tocname3">Novel processes for blue hydrogen production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.16.</td><td class="tocname3">Pros & cons of production technologies (1/3)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.17.</td><td class="tocname3">Pros & cons of production technologies (2/3)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.18.</td><td class="tocname3">Pros & cons of production technologies (3/3)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.19.</td><td class="tocname3">Blue H2 process comparison summary & key takeaways</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.20.</td><td class="tocname3">Blue hydrogen production value chain</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.21.</td><td class="tocname3">SMR + CCUS value chain</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.22.</td><td class="tocname3">POX + CCUS value chain</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.23.</td><td class="tocname3">ATR + CCUS value chain</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.24.</td><td class="tocname3">Methane pyrolysis activities around the world</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.25.</td><td class="tocname3">CCUS company landscape</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.26.</td><td class="tocname3">The UK will be a leading blue hydrogen hub</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.27.</td><td class="tocname3">Leading blue hydrogen companies</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.28.</td><td class="tocname3">Potential business model for blue hydrogen projects</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.29.</td><td class="tocname3">Is blue hydrogen production innovative?</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.30.</td><td class="tocname3">Key innovations in blue hydrogen technology (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.31.</td><td class="tocname3">Key innovations in blue hydrogen technology (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.32.</td><td class="tocname3">Innovation example - more compact units</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.33.</td><td class="tocname3">Technological challenges & opportunities for innovation</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.34.</td><td class="tocname3">Potential key challenges with blue hydrogen</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">4.3.35.</td><td class="tocname3">CCUS technological challenges & opportunities for innovation</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection1">5.</td><td class="tocname1">HYDROGEN STORAGE & DISTRIBUTION</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">5.1.</td><td class="tocname2">Overview</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.1.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Motivation for hydrogen storage & distribution</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.1.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Energy density of hydrogen</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.1.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Problems with compressed & cryogenic storage & distribution</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.1.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Need for alternative storage & distribution</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.1.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Motivation & challenges with pipeline transmission</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.1.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Overview of storage methods</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.1.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Overview of distribution methods</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.1.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways from hydrogen storage & distribution</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">5.2.</td><td class="tocname2">Comparison of hydrogen storage & distribution methods</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.2.1.</td><td class="tocname3">H2 storage & distribution technical comparison (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.2.2.</td><td class="tocname3">H2 storage & distribution technical comparison (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.2.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Storage technology pros & cons comparison</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.2.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Distribution technology pros & cons comparison</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.2.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Storage technology comparison</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.2.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Distribution technology comparison</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.2.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen storage methods by stage of development</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.2.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen distribution methods by stage of development</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.2.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Storage cost comparison for stationary storage</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.2.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Storage cost comparison summary</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.2.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Distribution cost comparison</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">5.3.</td><td class="tocname2">Compressed gas storage & distribution</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.3.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways from compressed hydrogen storage</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.3.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Compressed hydrogen storage</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.3.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Compressed storage vessel classification</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.3.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Reduction in compressed cylinder weight</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.3.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Stationary storage systems</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.3.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Compressed tube trailers</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.3.7.</td><td class="tocname3">FCEV onboard hydrogen tanks</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.3.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Type V hydrogen storage</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.3.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Balance of plant (BOP) components</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.3.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen compression equipment</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.3.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Bulk storage & distribution system suppliers</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.3.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Onboard FCEV tank suppliers</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.3.13.</td><td class="tocname3">Stationary & onboard FCEV storage suppliers</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">5.4.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen liquefaction, LH2 storage & distribution</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for H2 liquefaction, LH2 storage & distribution</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Liquid hydrogen (LH2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Ortho-para conversion (OPC)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Types of hydrogen liquefaction cycles & refrigerants</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen liquefaction - helium Brayton cycle</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen liquefaction - hydrogen Claude cycle</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.7.</td><td class="tocname3">State-of-the-art liquefaction plants</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Cost of LH2 production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Improving hydrogen liquefaction</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Commercial liquefaction units</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.11.</td><td class="tocname3">LH2 storage tanks</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Spherical LH2 storage vessels</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.13.</td><td class="tocname3">LH2 tanks for onboard FCEV storage</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.14.</td><td class="tocname3">Cryo-compressed hydrogen storage (CcH2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.15.</td><td class="tocname3">BMW'S Cryo-compressed storage tank</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.16.</td><td class="tocname3">LH2 transport trailers</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.17.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain (HESC) - Australia & Japan</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.18.</td><td class="tocname3">Liquefied hydrogen tanker</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.19.</td><td class="tocname3">LH2 loading, receiving & bunkering facilities</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.20.</td><td class="tocname3">Components needed for loading/unloading of LH2</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.21.</td><td class="tocname3">Challenges with LH2 transport</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.22.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen liquefaction plant suppliers</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.23.</td><td class="tocname3">Cryogenic hydrogen storage suppliers</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.4.24.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen liquefaction, LH2 storage & distribution SWOT</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">5.5.</td><td class="tocname2">Underground hydrogen storage (UHS)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for underground hydrogen storage</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Introduction to underground hydrogen storage</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Salt caverns</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Salt cavern formation by solution mining</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Porous rock formations</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Porous rock formations - oil & gas fields</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Porous rock formations - aquifers</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Lined rock caverns for H2, NH3 & LOHC storage</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.9.</td><td class="tocname3">UHS mechanism & key storage parameters</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Storage mechanism & surface facilities for UHS</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Major cost components of UHS</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Potential use cases for UHS</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.13.</td><td class="tocname3">Pros & cons of salt cavern storage</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.14.</td><td class="tocname3">Pros & cons of depleted oil & gas fields</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.15.</td><td class="tocname3">Pros & cons of aquifers</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.16.</td><td class="tocname3">Pros & cons of line rock caverns (LRCs)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.17.</td><td class="tocname3">Current sites used for UHS</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.18.</td><td class="tocname3">Salt cavern project examples</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.19.</td><td class="tocname3">Commercial project example: H2CAST Etzel</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.20.</td><td class="tocname3">Porous rock & LRC projects</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.21.</td><td class="tocname3">Company landscape for UHS</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.22.</td><td class="tocname3">Comparison of UHS methods</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.5.23.</td><td class="tocname3">Underground hydrogen storage SWOT analysis</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">5.6.</td><td class="tocname2">Solid-state storage: hydrides</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.6.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Summary of solid-state hydrogen storage</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.6.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Introduction to solid-state hydrogen storage</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.6.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrides for hydrogen storage</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.6.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydride classification</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.6.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Thermodynamic & kinetic considerations for metal hydrides</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.6.6.</td><td class="tocname3">The need for room temperature alloys</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.6.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Common room temperature alloy types & examples</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.6.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Complex hydrides (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.6.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Complex hydrides (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.6.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Complex hydride case study - Electriq Global</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.6.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Comparison of hydride materials</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.6.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Typical metal hydride absorption/desorption cycle</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.6.13.</td><td class="tocname3">Integration of metal hydrides into storage tanks</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.6.14.</td><td class="tocname3">Metal hydride storage system design</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.6.15.</td><td class="tocname3">Commercial system case study: GKN Hydrogen</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.6.16.</td><td class="tocname3">Potential hydrogen storage applications for metal hydrides</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.6.17.</td><td class="tocname3">Key players in hydride storage systems</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.6.18.</td><td class="tocname3">Company landscape for hydrides</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">5.7.</td><td class="tocname2">Solid-state storage: novel materials & methods</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.7.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Storage by reduction of iron oxide - AMBARtec case study</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.7.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.7.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Zeolites</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.7.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Other novel materials</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">5.8.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen carriers: ammonia, methanol & LOHC</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Summary of hydrogen carriers</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Introduction to hydrogen carriers</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Methanol as a hydrogen carrier</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Supply chain using ammonia</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Supply chain considerations for ammonia</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Options for green & blue NH3 production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Ammonia cracking - a key missing component</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Membranes in ammonia cracking</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Japan's ammonia supply chain initiatives</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Energy efficiency concerns for ammonia</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.11.</td><td class="tocname3">NH3 supply chain efforts</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Supply chain using LOHCs</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.13.</td><td class="tocname3">Supply chain considerations for LOHCs</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.14.</td><td class="tocname3">Critical considerations in developing LOHC systems</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.15.</td><td class="tocname3">Examples of LOHC systems</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.16.</td><td class="tocname3">SPERA Hydrogen - Chiyoda's LOHC project</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.17.</td><td class="tocname3">Direct MCH synthesis - ENEOS Corporation</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.18.</td><td class="tocname3">LOHC supply chain efforts</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.19.</td><td class="tocname3">Comparison of hydrogen carrier properties</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.20.</td><td class="tocname3">Comparison of hydrogen carriers to LH2</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.21.</td><td class="tocname3">Pros & cons of hydrogen carriers</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.8.22.</td><td class="tocname3">Cost comparison of hydrogen carriers</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">5.9.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen pipeline transmission, blending & deblending</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen pipelines summary</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Introduction to hydrogen pipelines</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Current state of hydrogen pipelines</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen pipeline infrastructure</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Blending of H2 into natural gas - HENG (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Blending of H2 into natural gas - HENG (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen gas blending system</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen deblending from HENG (1/3)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen deblending from HENG (2/3)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen deblending from HENG (3/3)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Deblending: Linde Engineering & Evonik</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Emerging membranes for deblending</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.13.</td><td class="tocname3">Pros & cons of HENG</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.14.</td><td class="tocname3">Alloys for hydrogen pipelines & components</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.15.</td><td class="tocname3">Composite hydrogen pipelines</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.16.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen pipeline construction</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.17.</td><td class="tocname3">Above ground installations for H2 pipelines</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.18.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen compression stations (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.19.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen compression stations (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.20.</td><td class="tocname3">Challenges in repurposing natural gas pipelines</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.21.</td><td class="tocname3">Pressure considerations in H2 pipelines</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.22.</td><td class="tocname3">Estimated cost of new hydrogen pipelines</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.23.</td><td class="tocname3">European Hydrogen Backbone (EHB)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.24.</td><td class="tocname3">H2 pipeline & blending activities</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.25.</td><td class="tocname3">Case study project: HyNet North West Hydrogen Pipeline</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.26.</td><td class="tocname3">Company landscape for pipelines</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.9.27.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen pipelines SWOT analysis</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">5.10.</td><td class="tocname2">Materials for hydrogen storage & distribution vessels</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.10.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Types of hydrogen embrittlement</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.10.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen embrittlement & mechanisms</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.10.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Factors influenced H2 embrittlement</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.10.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Effect of impurities on H2 embrittlement</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.10.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen embrittlement & compatible metal alloys</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.10.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Alloys for hydrogen pipelines & components</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.10.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Composite hydrogen pipelines</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.10.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Standards for pressure vessels</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.10.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Material & manufacturing considerations for pressure vessels</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.10.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Liner materials for Type III & IV vessels</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.10.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Fiber materials for Type III & IV vessels</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.10.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Materials for cryogenic vessels</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">5.10.13.</td><td class="tocname3">Composite cryogenic vessels</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection1">6.</td><td class="tocname1">HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">6.1.</td><td class="tocname2">Introduction to fuel cells</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.1.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Overview of fuel cell technologies</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.1.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Comparison of fuel cell technologies</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.1.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Fuel cells company landscape</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">6.2.</td><td class="tocname2">PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.1.</td><td class="tocname3">What is a PEM fuel cell?</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Major components for PEM fuel cells</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.3.</td><td class="tocname3">PEMFC assembly and materials</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Membrane assembly terminology</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.5.</td><td class="tocname3">High temperature PEMFC (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.6.</td><td class="tocname3">High temperature PEMFC (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Transport applications for fuel cells</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.8.</td><td class="tocname3">PEMFC market players</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Applications for fuel cells and major players</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.10.</td><td class="tocname3">BPP: Purpose and form factor</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Materials for BPPs: Graphite vs metal</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.12.</td><td class="tocname3">GDL: Purpose and form factor</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.13.</td><td class="tocname3">Membrane: Purpose and form factor</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.14.</td><td class="tocname3">Water management in the FC</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.15.</td><td class="tocname3">Market leaders for membrane materials</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.16.</td><td class="tocname3">Catalyst: Purpose and form factor</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.17.</td><td class="tocname3">Trends for fuel cell catalysts</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.18.</td><td class="tocname3">Balance-of-plant for PEM fuel cells</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.19.</td><td class="tocname3">Fuel cells within the FCEV market</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.2.20.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen composition for PEMFCs</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">6.3.</td><td class="tocname2">Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.3.1.</td><td class="tocname3">SOFC working principle</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.3.2.</td><td class="tocname3">SOFC assembly and materials</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.3.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Electrolyte</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.3.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Anode</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.3.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Cathode</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.3.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Interconnect for planar SOFCs</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.3.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Tubular SOFC</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.3.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Polarization losses</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.3.9.</td><td class="tocname3">SOFC variations</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.3.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Fuel choices for SOFCs</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.3.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Why now?</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.3.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Overview of key players</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.3.13.</td><td class="tocname3">Main applications for SOFCs</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">6.4.</td><td class="tocname2">Alternative fuel cell technologies & comparison</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Alternative fuel cell technologies</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Alkaline fuel cell (AFC)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.3.</td><td class="tocname3">AFC electrolyte (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.4.</td><td class="tocname3">AFC electrolyte (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Comparison of AFC technologies</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.6.</td><td class="tocname3">AFC electrodes</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.8.</td><td class="tocname3">DMFC drawbacks (1/3)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.9.</td><td class="tocname3">DMFC drawbacks (2/3)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.10.</td><td class="tocname3">DMFC drawbacks (3/3)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.12.</td><td class="tocname3">PAFC electrolyte</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.13.</td><td class="tocname3">PAFC electrodes & catalyst</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.14.</td><td class="tocname3">PAFC stack</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.15.</td><td class="tocname3">PAFC cooling system</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.16.</td><td class="tocname3">PAFC cell performance</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.17.</td><td class="tocname3">Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.18.</td><td class="tocname3">MCFCs can use syngas</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.19.</td><td class="tocname3">Fuel reforming in MCFCs</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.20.</td><td class="tocname3">MCFC electrolyte</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.21.</td><td class="tocname3">MCFC anode</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.22.</td><td class="tocname3">MCFC cathode</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">6.4.23.</td><td class="tocname3">MCFC components</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection1">7.</td><td class="tocname1">END-USE SECTORS FOR HYDROGEN</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">7.1.</td><td class="tocname2">Overview</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.1.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Which sectors could hydrogen decarbonize?</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.1.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Power-to-X (P2X)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.1.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Where can low-carbon hydrogen be used?</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.1.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Current & emerging applications for hydrogen</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.1.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Which applications are the most competitive? (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.1.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Which applications are the most competitive? (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.1.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Drivers for improving hydrogen cost-competitiveness</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.1.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Conventional H2 applications</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">7.2.</td><td class="tocname2">Decarbonizing conventional hydrogen applications: refining</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.2.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for hydrogen use in refining</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.2.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen uses in petrochemical refining (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.2.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen uses in petrochemical refining (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.2.4.</td><td class="tocname3">How do refineries source hydrogen?</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.2.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Current consumption in the refining sector</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.2.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Where can low-carbon H2 integrate into refining?</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.2.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Drivers for H2 capacity growth in refining</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.2.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Combustion of fossil fuels in a refinery</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.2.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Essar's hydrogen-fired furnace</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.2.10.</td><td class="tocname3">REFHYNE project - green H2 in refining (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.2.11.</td><td class="tocname3">REFHYNE project - green H2 in refining (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.2.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Company landscape for H2 use in refining</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">7.3.</td><td class="tocname2">Decarbonizing conventional hydrogen applications: ammonia production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.3.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for hydrogen use in low-carbon ammonia production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.3.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Current state of the ammonia market</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.3.3.</td><td class="tocname3">The future of the ammonia market</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.3.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Ammonia production - Haber-Bosch process</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.3.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Options for green & blue NH3 production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.3.6.</td><td class="tocname3">New green ammonia plant designs</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.3.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Direct NH3 production by N2 electrolysis</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.3.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Cost competitiveness of blue & green NH3</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.3.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Pros & cons of NH3 plant decarbonization options</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.3.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Drivers for H2 capacity growth in ammonia</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.3.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Commercial efforts in low-carbon ammonia</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.3.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Horisont Energi - blue & green NH3 projects</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.3.13.</td><td class="tocname3">Company landscape for H2 use in ammonia</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">7.4.</td><td class="tocname2">Decarbonizing conventional hydrogen applications: methanol production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.4.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for hydrogen use in low-carbon methanol production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.4.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Current state of the methanol market</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.4.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Future methanol applications</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.4.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Traditional methanol production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.4.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Options for blue & green MeOH production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.4.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Improved methanol process - Topsoe</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.4.7.</td><td class="tocname3">E-methanol production options (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.4.8.</td><td class="tocname3">E-methanol production options (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.4.9.</td><td class="tocname3">The need for optimized e-methanol catalysts</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.4.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Bio-methanol production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.4.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Cost parity is a challenge for e-methanol</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.4.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Pros & cons of main MeOH plant decarbonization options</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.4.13.</td><td class="tocname3">Drivers for H2 capacity growth in MeOH</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.4.14.</td><td class="tocname3">Commercial low-carbon methanol efforts</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">7.5.</td><td class="tocname2">Alternative fuel production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.5.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for hydrogen use in alternative fuel production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.5.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Alternative fuels scope</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.5.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Biofuel generations</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.5.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Biofuel technology overview</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.5.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Role of hydrogen in synthetic fuel & chemical production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.5.6.</td><td class="tocname3">2nd generation biofuel production processes</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.5.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Biojet and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.5.8.</td><td class="tocname3">E-fuels</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.5.9.</td><td class="tocname3">E-fuel production pathway overview</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.5.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Routes to e-fuel production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.5.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Applications for e-fuels</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.5.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Non-fossil alternative fuel development stages</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.5.13.</td><td class="tocname3">Comparing alternative fuels</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.5.14.</td><td class="tocname3">Comparing alternative fuels - SWOT</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.5.15.</td><td class="tocname3">E-fuel players</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.5.16.</td><td class="tocname3">Biofuel supply chain</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.5.17.</td><td class="tocname3">E-fuel supply chain</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.5.18.</td><td class="tocname3">Renewable diesel player map</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">7.6.</td><td class="tocname2">Sustainable steel production using hydrogen</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for hydrogen use in sustainable steelmaking</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Introduction to sustainable steel production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Current steelmaking landscape (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Current steelmaking landscape (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Steelmaking process options</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.6.</td><td class="tocname3">The most common routes to steelmaking</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Traditional BF-BOF process</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.8.</td><td class="tocname3">DRI-EAF process</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Production, energy use & CO2 emissions by process</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Scrap-EAF process & the need for net-zero DRI-EAF</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Decarbonized process options</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Opportunities for integration of H2 technologies into steelmaking</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.13.</td><td class="tocname3">Circored - fluidized bed H2-DRI process</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.14.</td><td class="tocname3">H2-DRI-EAF using green H2</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.15.</td><td class="tocname3">The need for carbon & lime in the EAF</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.16.</td><td class="tocname3">Potential major challenges for H2-DRI-EAF</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.17.</td><td class="tocname3">Techno-economics of a H2-DRI-EAF plant</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.18.</td><td class="tocname3">Energy consumption of plant using H2-DRI</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.19.</td><td class="tocname3">Case study project: HYBRIT</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.20.</td><td class="tocname3">Major steel producers developing H2-DRI-EAF projects</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.21.</td><td class="tocname3">Company landscape for H2 use in steelmaking</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.6.22.</td><td class="tocname3">H2 in sustainable steel production SWOT</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">7.7.</td><td class="tocname2">Power & heat applications</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.7.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for hydrogen use in power & heat generation</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.7.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen in power and heating applications</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.7.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen in power-to-gas energy storage for renewables</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.7.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Battolyser - battery & electrolyzer system</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.7.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Comparison of energy storage methods</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.7.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Inefficiencies of energy storage with H2</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.7.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Commercial activity in H2 for energy storage</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.7.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Off-grid power using hydrogen</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.7.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Companies developing off-grid solutions</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.7.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Combined heat & power (CHP) generation</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.7.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Why are hydrogen CHP plants needed?</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.7.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Companies & commercial efforts in hydrogen CHP</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.7.13.</td><td class="tocname3">Main applications for SOFCs</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.7.14.</td><td class="tocname3">Classification of fuels by carbon emissions</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.7.15.</td><td class="tocname3">SOFCs for Utilities</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.7.16.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen in homes & heating appliances - THyGA</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.7.17.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen in homes & heating appliances - Cadent Gas</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.7.18.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen in industrial combustion systems</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">7.8.</td><td class="tocname2">Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.8.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for hydrogen use in FCEVs</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.8.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Outlook for fuel cell cars</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.8.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Outlook for fuel cell LCVs</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.8.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Outlook for fuel cell trucks</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.8.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Outlook for fuel cell buses</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.8.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Fuel cell passenger cars</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.8.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Transporting hydrogen to refuelling stations</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.8.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Fuel cell cars in production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.8.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Toyota Mirai 2nd generation</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.8.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Hyundai NEXO</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.8.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Light commercial vehicles (LCVs) - Vans</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.8.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Fuel cell LCVs</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.8.13.</td><td class="tocname3">Truck Classifications</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.8.14.</td><td class="tocname3">Heavy duty trucks: BEV or fuel cell?</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.8.15.</td><td class="tocname3">Fuel cell buses</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.8.16.</td><td class="tocname3">Main pros & cons of fuel cell buses</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">7.9.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen refueling for FCEVs</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.9.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen refueling stations (HRS)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.9.2.</td><td class="tocname3">State of hydrogen refueling infrastructure worldwide (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.9.3.</td><td class="tocname3">State of hydrogen refueling infrastructure worldwide (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.9.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Notable commercial efforts in HRS</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.9.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Alternative hydrogen refueling concepts</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.9.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Cost of hydrogen at the pump (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.9.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Cost of hydrogen at the pump (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">7.10.</td><td class="tocname2">Fuel cells in marine applications</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.10.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for hydrogen use in the maritime sector</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.10.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Low carbon fuels in the marine sector</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.10.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Fuel cells technologies for ships</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.10.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Fuel cell system integration into a ship</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.10.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen fuel cell ship design</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.10.6.</td><td class="tocname3">SOFC for marine</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.10.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Bunkering overview</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.10.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Alternative fuels by technology & vessel</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.10.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Energy Density Benchmarking of Fuels</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.10.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Qualitative Benchmarking of Low Carbon Fuels</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.10.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Efficiency Comparison: Battery, PEMFC, SOFC</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.10.12.</td><td class="tocname3">LNG, Hydrogen & Ammonia Compared</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">7.11.</td><td class="tocname2">Fuel cell trains</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.11.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways for hydrogen use in rail transport</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.11.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Fuel Cell Train Overview</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.11.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Fuel Cell Technology Benchmarking for Rail</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.11.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Fuel Cell Train Operating Modes</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.11.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Fuel Cell Energy Density Advantage</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.11.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Range Advantage for Fuel Cell Trains</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.11.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Rail Fuel Cell Suppliers</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.11.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen Rail History</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.11.9.</td><td class="tocname3">FC Multiple Unit Summary</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.11.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Alstom leading the way in FC multiple unit orders</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.11.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Alstom Coradia iLint schematic</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.11.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Cummins: fuel cell supplier to Alstom</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">7.12.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen aviation</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.12.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Key takeaways from hydrogen aviation</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.12.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Decarbonizing aviation</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.12.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Options for hydrogen use in aviation</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.12.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Key systems needed for hydrogen aircraft</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.12.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Example design for fuel cell aircraft</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.12.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Comparison of technology options</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.12.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Major challenges hindering hydrogen aviation</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.12.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Case study: ZeroAvia</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.12.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Smaller hydrogen FC aircraft: drones & eVTOL</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">7.12.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogen aviation company landscape</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection1">8.</td><td class="tocname1">MARKET FORECASTS</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">8.1.</td><td class="tocname2">Forecasting assumptions & methodology</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">8.2.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen demand forecast (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">8.3.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen demand forecast (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">8.4.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen production forecast (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">8.5.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen production forecast (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">8.6.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen market forecast (1/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">8.7.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen market forecast (2/2)</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">8.8.</td><td class="tocname2">IDTechEx's outlook on low-carbon hydrogen</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection1">9.</td><td class="tocname1">COMPANY PROFILES</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">9.1.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen storage & distribution</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.1.1.</td><td class="tocname3">AMBARtec</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.1.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Cadent Gas</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.1.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Chiyoda Corporation</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.1.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Cryomotive</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.1.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Electriq Global</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.1.6.</td><td class="tocname3">ENEOS Corporation</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.1.7.</td><td class="tocname3">GKN Hydrogen</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.1.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Hexagon Purus</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.1.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Hydrogenious LOHC Technologies</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.1.10.</td><td class="tocname3">Kawasaki Heavy Industries</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.1.11.</td><td class="tocname3">Storag Etzel</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.1.12.</td><td class="tocname3">Storengy</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">9.2.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen production</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.2.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Air Liquide</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.2.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Air Products</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.2.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Hazer Group</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.2.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Johnson Matthey</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.2.5.</td><td class="tocname3">Monolith</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.2.6.</td><td class="tocname3">Mote</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.2.7.</td><td class="tocname3">Shell</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.2.8.</td><td class="tocname3">Topsoe</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.2.9.</td><td class="tocname3">Transform Materials</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">9.3.</td><td class="tocname2">Hydrogen project developers</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.3.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Aker Horizons</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.3.2.</td><td class="tocname3">Equinor</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.3.3.</td><td class="tocname3">Horisont Energi</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection2">9.4.</td><td class="tocname2">End-users</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.4.1.</td><td class="tocname3">Atmonia</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.4.2.</td><td class="tocname3">H2 Green Steel</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.4.3.</td><td class="tocname3">HYBRIT</td></tr><tr><td class="tocsection3">9.4.4.</td><td class="tocname3">Midrex Technologies</td></tr> </table> <div> </div> </div> <div class="report-orderinfo"> <h2 class="sectionheading ordering-information">Ordering Information</h2> <h2>Hydrogen Economy 2023-2033: Production, Storage, Distribution & Applications</h2> <div class="prices-wrapper ajaxrep" data-name="prices" data-publicationid="946"> <div class="price-container"><div class="tabs"><span class="tab-GBP" data-curcode="GBP">£</span><span class="tab-EUR" data-curcode="EUR">€</span><span class="tab-USD" data-curcode="USD">$</span><span class="tab-JPY" data-curcode="JPY">¥</span><span class="tab-CNY" data-curcode="CNY">元</span></div><div class="pricesets"><div class="priceset priceset-GBP"><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic (1-5 users)</div> <div class="price">£5,650.00</div> </div><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic (6-10 users)</div> <div class="price">£8,050.00</div> </div><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic and 1 Hardcopy (1-5 users)</div> <div class="price">£6,450.00</div> </div><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic and 1 Hardcopy (6-10 users)</div> <div class="price">£8,850.00</div> </div></div><div class="priceset priceset-EUR"><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic (1-5 users)</div> <div class="price">€6,400.00</div> </div><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic (6-10 users)</div> <div class="price">€9,100.00</div> </div><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic and 1 Hardcopy (1-5 users)</div> <div class="price">€7,310.00</div> </div><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic and 1 Hardcopy (6-10 users)</div> <div class="price">€10,010.00</div> </div></div><div class="priceset priceset-USD"><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic (1-5 users)</div> <div class="price">$7,000.00</div> </div><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic (6-10 users)</div> <div class="price">$10,000.00</div> </div><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic and 1 Hardcopy (1-5 users)</div> <div class="price">$7,975.00</div> </div><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic and 1 Hardcopy (6-10 users)</div> <div class="price">$10,975.00</div> </div></div><div class="priceset priceset-JPY"><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic (1-5 users)</div> <div class="price">¥990,000</div> </div><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic (6-10 users)</div> <div class="price">¥1,406,000</div> </div><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic and 1 Hardcopy (1-5 users)</div> <div class="price">¥1,140,000</div> </div><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic and 1 Hardcopy (6-10 users)</div> <div class="price">¥1,556,000</div> </div></div><div class="priceset priceset-CNY"><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic (1-5 users)</div> <div class="price">元50,000.00</div> </div><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic (6-10 users)</div> <div class="price">元72,000.00</div> </div><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic and 1 Hardcopy (1-5 users)</div> <div class="price">元58,000.00</div> </div><div> <div class="prodname">Electronic and 1 Hardcopy (6-10 users)</div> <div class="price">元80,000.00</div> </div></div></div></div> <div style="margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:10px;"> <div>Click <a href="mailto:research@idtechex.com?subject=Additional%20Licences%20for%20Hydrogen%20Economy%202023-2033%3A%20Production%2C%20Storage%2C%20Distribution%20%26%20Applications">here</a> to enquire about additional licenses.</div> <div>If you are a reseller/distributor please <a href="mailto:research@idtechex.com?subject=Reseller/Distributor%20Order%20for%20Hydrogen%20Economy%202023-2033%3A%20Production%2C%20Storage%2C%20Distribution%20%26%20Applications">contact us</a> before ordering.</div> <div class="japanese-only" style="font-weight:bold;">お問合せ、見積および請求書が必要な方は<a href="mailto:m.murakoshi@idtechex.com">m.murakoshi@idtechex.com</a> までご連絡ください。</div> </div> </div> <input type="hidden" class="samplepages" id="samplepages" value="https://www.idtechex.com/users/action/dl.asp?documentid=27350"> <div class="ajaxrep" data-name="orderbtns" data-publicationid="946" data-pv=""> <div class="single-row-table top-aligned"> <div> <a class="btn btn-info btn-push-10 btn-sm btn-bright order-now-btn" href="https://www.idtechex.com/estore/order.asp?productcategoryid=1167"><span>Order now</span></a> <a href="mailto:research@idtechex.com" style="display:block;font-size:0.8em;text-align:center;margin-right:10px">Ask a question</a> </div> <div> <span class="ajaxrep" data-name="orderbtn" data-publicationid="946" data-pv=""> <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="btn btn-info btn-sm order-in-sub-btn btn-push-10 btn-bright">Order in a Subscription</a> </span> <a href="/en/research/market-intelligence-subscription" target="_blank" style="display:block;font-size:0.8em;text-align:center;">About subscriptions</a> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.idtechex.com/users/action/dl.asp?documentid=27350" class="btn btn-sm samplepages" style="color:white !important;background-color:#577cbb !important"><span>Download Sample Pages<span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="report-relatedcontent" id="report-relatedcontent"></div>   </div> <div id="report-rhs"> <div id="bm-container"></div> <section class="stats"> <h3 class="std">Report Statistics</h3> <table><tr> <th>Slides</th> <td>627</td> </tr><tr> <th>Forecasts to</th> <td>2033</td> </tr><tr> <th>ISBN</th> <td>9781915514776</td> </tr></table> </section> <div> </div> <div class="ajaxrep" data-name="rhsmyaccess" data-publicationid="946"></div> <h3 class="std">Preview Content</h3> <table width="160"> <tr class="your_access"><td> <img src="//cdn.idtechex.com/images/v5/icons/pdficon.gif" border="0" alt="pdf Document"> <b><a class="webinarslides-eoy2023" href="/users/action/dl.asp?documentid=27965">Webinar Slides - EOY 2023</a></b> </td></tr><tr class="your_access"><td> <img src="//cdn.idtechex.com/images/v5/icons/pdficon.gif" border="0" alt="pdf Document"> <b><a class="webinarslides" href="/users/action/dl.asp?documentid=27560">Webinar Slides</a></b> </td></tr><tr class="your_access"><td> <img src="//cdn.idtechex.com/images/v5/icons/pdficon.gif" border="0" alt="pdf Document"> <b><a class="samplepages" href="/users/action/dl.asp?documentid=27350">Sample pages</a></b> </td></tr> <tr><td> <div> </div> </td></tr> </table> <aside> <table class="preview"> <tr><td> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript:window.print();"><img src="//cdn.idtechex.com/images/v5/icons/16x16/print.gif" width="16" height="16" alt="print"> Print Page</a> </td></tr> <tr><td> <a href="javascript:void(0);" onclick="javascript:window.open('/users/fwdtofriend.asp?args=Hydrogen%20Economy%202023-2033%3A%20Production%2C%20Storage%2C%20Distribution%20%26%20Applications%3A%20IDTechEx__/mainsite/pages/research-report.asp%3Flang%3Den%26id%3D946%26requrl%3Den/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946__1167','idtechex_fwdtofriend','width=400,height=400,toolbar=no,scrollbars=yes,resizable=yes').focus();"><img src="//cdn.idtechex.com/images/v5/icons/16x16/email.gif" width="16" height="16" alt="email"> Forward Page</a> </td></tr> <tr><td> <a class="bullet" href="/en/research" target="_blank">Research Methodology</a> </td></tr> </table> </aside> <div> </div> <aside><h3 class="std">Contact Us</h3> <div><a href="mailto:research@IDTechEx.com?subject=Hydrogen%20Economy%202023-2033%3A%20Production%2C%20Storage%2C%20Distribution%20%26%20Applications%3A%20IDTechEx">research@IDTechEx.com</a></div> <div> </div> <div class="contact-us-list"> <div class="contact-group"><div class="contact-area"><span class="contact-us-area">AMERICAS (USA):</span></div><div><a href="tel:+1-617-577-7890">+1 617 577 7890</a></div></div><div class="contact-group"><div class="contact-area"><span class="contact-us-area">ASIA (Japan):</span></div><div><a href="tel:+81-3-3216-7209">+81 3 3216 7209</a></div></div><div class="contact-group"><div class="contact-area"><span class="contact-us-area">EUROPE (UK):</span></div><div><a href="tel:+44-1223-812300">+44 1223 812300</a></div></div><div class="contact-group"><div class="contact-area"><span class="contact-us-area">Asia:</span></div><div><a href="tel:+82-10-3896-6219">+82-10-3896-6219</a></div></div><div class="contact-group"><div class="contact-area"><span class="contact-us-area">Korea:</span></div><div><a href="tel:+82-10-3896-6219">+82-10-3896-6219</a></div></div> </div></aside> <div> </div> <aside><h3 class="std">Market Intelligence Subscription</h3> <img class="lazyload" data-src="//idtxs3.imgix.net/si/40000/87/E3.png?w=440&fm=pjpg" alt="Lightbulb illuminating topics"/> <div> </div> <div style="font-size:0.85em;line-height:1.4em;"> IDTechEx offer bespoke subscription packages with direct access to expert analysts and an extensive knowledgebase, providing you with the critical intelligence and independent analysis you need to meet your goals. </div> <div> </div> <a id="portallink" href="/en/research/market-intelligence-subscription" class="btn btn-primary btn-lg mb-10 btn-same-width" role="button">Learn More</a> <div> </div> </aside> <aside><h3 class="std">Related</h3> <div class="related-list"> <div> <a href="/en/research-report/silicon-anode-battery-technologies-and-markets-2025-2035-players-technologies-applications-markets-forecasts/1052"> <img class="lazyload" data-src="//idtxs3.imgix.net/si/40000/DE/4C.png?w=440&q=50" alt="Silicon Anode Battery Technologies and Markets 2025-2035: Players, Technologies, Applications, Markets, Forecasts"> <br> Silicon Anode Battery Technologies and Markets 2025-2035: Players, Technologies, Applications, Markets, Forecasts </a> </div><div> <a href="/en/research-report/decarbonization-of-cement-2025-2035-technologies-market-forecasts-and-players/1050"> <img class="lazyload" data-src="//idtxs3.imgix.net/si/40000/DD/39.png?w=440&q=50" alt="Decarbonization of Cement 2025-2035: Technologies, Market Forecasts, and Players"> <br> Decarbonization of Cement 2025-2035: Technologies, Market Forecasts, and Players </a> </div><div> <a href="/en/research-report/ai-driven-battery-technology-2025-2035-technology-innovation-and-opportunities/1049"> <img class="lazyload" data-src="//idtxs3.imgix.net/si/40000/DC/95.png?w=440&q=50" alt="AI-Driven Battery Technology 2025-2035: Technology, Innovation and Opportunities"> <br> AI-Driven Battery Technology 2025-2035: Technology, Innovation and Opportunities </a> </div> </div></aside> <div> </div> <aside></aside> </div> <div class="order-sub"> <div class="ajaxrep" data-name="orderbtns" data-publicationid="946" data-pv=""> <div class="single-row-table top-aligned"> <div> <a class="btn btn-info btn-push-10 btn-sm btn-bright order-now-btn" href="https://www.idtechex.com/estore/order.asp?productcategoryid=1167"><span>Order now</span></a> <a href="mailto:research@idtechex.com" style="display:block;font-size:0.8em;text-align:center;margin-right:10px">Ask a question</a> </div> <div> <span class="ajaxrep" data-name="orderbtn" data-publicationid="946" data-pv=""> <a href="javascript:void(0);" class="btn btn-info btn-sm order-in-sub-btn btn-push-10 btn-bright">Order in a Subscription</a> </span> <a href="/en/research/market-intelligence-subscription" target="_blank" style="display:block;font-size:0.8em;text-align:center;">About subscriptions</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="report-subform"> <div class="order-subscription-container"> <h2 class="std">Subscription Enquiry</h2> <div class="order-in-sub-close-btn"><span class="fa fa-times"></span></div> <div class="order-subscription-block form"> <div class="errmsg"><span class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle"></span> <span class="msg"></span></div> <input type="hidden" name="publicationid" value="946"> <input type="hidden" name="pubname" value=""> <label for="name">Name</label> <input type="text" placeholder="Your Full Name" class="formfield name staticv-logged-in-name" name="name"> <label for="email">Email</label> <input type="text" placeholder="Your Email" class="formfield staticv-logged-in-email email" name="email"> <label for="phone">Phone</label> <input type="text" placeholder="Your Phone Number" class="formfield staticv-logged-in-phone phone" name="phone"> <label for="company">Company</label> <input type="text" placeholder="Your Company" class="formfield company staticv-logged-in-company" name="company"> <label for="company">Country</label> <div id="country"></div> <div id="state-block"> <label for="state">US State</label> <div id="states"></div> </div> <label for="comments">Additional Information</label> <textarea name="comments" placeholder="Enter Additional Information"></textarea> <div id="captcha_placeholder"></div> <span class="waiting"></span><button type="button" class="submit">Submit</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <style> .fa-twitter-new:before { content: url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 512 512'%3E%3C!--!Font Awesome Free 6.5.2 by @fontawesome - https://fontawesome.com License - https://fontawesome.com/license/free Copyright 2024 Fonticons, Inc.--%3E%3Cpath d='M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8L200.7 275.5 26.8 48H172.4L272.9 180.9 389.2 48zM364.4 421.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42L364.4 421.8z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E"); display: block; width: 30px; height: 32px; margin: 4px 10px 0px 8px; filter: invert(100%) sepia(100%) saturate(1%) hue-rotate(172deg) brightness(107%) contrast(101%); } footer#fat-footer .footer-social ul li a.fa-twitter-new { background: black none repeat scroll 0 0 !important; overflow: hidden; /* Hide scrollbars */ } </style> <footer id="fat-footer"> <div class="container-fluid footer-social"> <div class="container footer-social-inner float-fix"> <ul class="pull-right"> <li><a class="fa fa-twitter-new" href="https://twitter.com/IDTechEx" target="_blank"></a></li> <li><a class="fa fa-linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/idtechex" target="_blank"></a></li> <li><a class="fa fa-youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/idtechex" target="_blank"></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="container-fluid footer-mid"> <div class="container row"> <div class="col-lg-2 col-md-4 col-sm-6 py-2"> <h4>Products</h4> <ul> <li><a title="Reports" href="/en/research">Reports</a></li> <li><a title="Subscriptions" href="/en/research/market-intelligence-subscription">Subscriptions</a></li> <li><a title="Consulting" href="/en/consultancy">Consulting</a></li> <li><a title="Webinars" href="/en/research/webinars">Webinars</a></li> <li><a title="Emerging Technologies" href="/en/research/emerging-technologies">Emerging Technologies</a></li> <li><a title="Research Articles" href="/en/research/blog">Research Articles</a></li> <li><a title="Article Archive" href="/en/research/archive">Article Archive</a></li> <li><a title="Web Journals" href="/en/research/web-journals">Web Journals</a></li> <li><a title="IDTechEx TV" href="/en/research/idtechex-tv-videos">IDTechEx TV</a></li> <li><a title="Timelines" href="/en/timeline">Timelines</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-lg-2 col-md-4 col-sm-6 py-2"> <h4>Technologies</h4> <ul><li><a title="3D Printing" href="/en/reports/3d-printing/47">3D Printing</a></li><li><a title="5G, 6G, RFID & Telecoms" href="/en/reports/5g-6g-rfid-and-telecoms/9">5G, 6G, RFID & Telecoms</a></li><li><a title="Advanced Materials & Critical Minerals" href="/en/reports/advanced-materials-and-critical-minerals/77">Advanced Materials & Critical Minerals</a></li><li><a title="Electric Vehicles" href="/en/reports/electric-vehicles/2">Electric Vehicles</a></li><li><a title="Energy & Decarbonization" href="/en/reports/energy-and-decarbonization/115">Energy & Decarbonization</a></li><li><a title="Batteries & Energy Storage" href="/en/reports/energy-storage/8">Batteries & Energy Storage</a></li><li><a title="Food & AgTech" href="/en/reports/food-and-agtech/118">Food & AgTech</a></li><li><a title="Healthcare" href="/en/reports/healthcare/110">Healthcare</a></li><li><a title="Photonics" href="/en/reports/photonics/116">Photonics</a></li><li><a title="Printed & Flexible Electronics" href="/en/reports/printed-and-flexible-electronics/1">Printed & Flexible Electronics</a></li><li><a title="Robotics & Autonomy" href="/en/reports/robotics-and-autonomy/99">Robotics & Autonomy</a></li><li><a title="Semiconductors, Computing & AI" href="/en/reports/semiconductors-computing-and-ai/121">Semiconductors, Computing & AI</a></li><li><a title="Sensors & Haptics" href="/en/reports/sensors-and-haptics/95">Sensors & Haptics</a></li><li><a title="Sustainability" href="/en/reports/sustainability/120">Sustainability</a></li><li><a title="Wearable Technology" href="/en/reports/wearable-technology/52">Wearable Technology</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="col-lg-2 col-md-4 py-2"> <h4>About</h4> <ul> <li><a title="Overview" href="/en/contact/about-us">Overview</a></li> <li><a title="Careers" href="/en/contact/idtechex-jobs">Careers</a></li> <li><a title="Associations" href="/en/contact/association-partners">Associations</a></li> <li><a title="Sitemap" href="/en/users/sitemap">Sitemap</a></li> <li><a title="Privacy policy" href="/en/users/privacy-policy">Privacy policy</a><span class="atype-indicator">Updated</span></li> <li><a title="Terms & conditions" href="/en/users/terms-and-conditions">Terms & conditions</a></li> <li><a title="FAQs" href="/en/users/faqs">FAQs</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col py-2"> <h4>Upcoming Webinars</h4> <div class="container row" style="margin-left:0;"> <div class="col-sm-6 pb-2 pl-0 ft-webinars-list"> <ul> <li><a href="/en/webinar/the-future-trajectory-of-the-additive-manufacturing-market-in-2025/644">The Future Trajectory of the Additive Manufacturing Market in 2025 (11 Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/en/webinar/innovations-across-the-battery-lifecycle-battery-technologies-mining-and-circularity/642">Innovations Across the Battery Lifecycle: Battery Technologies, Mining, and Circularity (10 Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/en/webinar/commercializing-autonomous-vehicles-robotaxis-robobuses-and-robotrucks/640">Commercializing Autonomous Vehicles: Robotaxis, Robobuses and Robotrucks (09 Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/en/webinar/sustainable-material-trends-in-2025-for-a-less-contaminated-more-circular-world/641">Sustainable Material Trends in 2025 for a Less Contaminated, More Circular World (06 Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/en/webinar/electric-light-commercial-vehicles-the-present-and-future-of-cargo/643">Electric Light Commercial Vehicles: The Present and Future of Cargo (05 Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/en/webinar/the-advanced-nanocarbon-market-boom-or-bust/637">The Advanced Nanocarbon Market: Boom or Bust? (04 Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/en/webinar/emerging-technologies-for-the-next-ten-years-of-wearables/638">Emerging Technologies for the Next Ten Years of Wearables (03 Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/en/webinar/hydrogen-and-fuel-cells-progress-in-2024-and-the-road-ahead/636">Hydrogen and Fuel Cells: Progress in 2024 and the Road Ahead (02 Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/en/webinar/autonomous-vehicles-why-level-2-will-be-bigger-than-level-3-for-now/635">Autonomous Vehicles: Why Level 2+ Will Be Bigger Than Level 3, for Now (26 Nov)</a></li> <li><a href="/en/webinar/navigating-the-momentum-pushing-the-per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas-treatment-market-to-us-2-3-billion-by-2035/639">Navigating The Momentum Pushing the Per- And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Treatment Market to US$2.3 billion by 2035 (25 Nov)</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container-fluid footer-end">  <div class="container row" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <div class="col-lg-1 ft-img-pad"> <a itemprop="url" href="/"><img itemprop="logo" src="https://cdn.idtechex.com/show/content/images/branding/idtechex-white-logo.jpg" alt="IDTechEx Logo"></a> </div> <div class="col-lg-5 ft-copyright"> © 1999-<span class="staticv-year"></span> <span itemprop="name">IDTechEx Ltd</span> | Email: <a href="mailto:info@idtechex.com"><span itemprop="email">info@idtechex.com</span></a> </div> <div class="col-lg-6 ft-text-right staticv-loggedin">Logged in as <a class="username staticv-logged-in-name" href="/users/"></a> <a class="staticv-logout" href="/users/action/logout.asp?p=2">[logout]</a></div> <div class="col-lg-6 ft-text-right staticv-loggedout">Not Logged On <a class="username" href="/users/login.asp">[login]</a></div> </div> </div> </footer> <a href="#" class="site-scroll-top" title="Back to top"><span class="fa fa-arrow-up"></span></a>  <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/js/jquery/jquery-3.6.4.min.js?bn=0"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/js/jquery/jquery-migrate-3.0.1.min.js?bn=0"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/js/systemfunctions.js?bn=136"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/js/core.js?bn=136"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/js/staticpage.js?bn=136"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/js/fesp.js?bn=136"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/js/jquery/jquery-ui.1.13.2.min.js?bn=0"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/js/jquery/velocity.min.js?bn=0"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/js/jquery/velocity.ui.min.js?bn=0"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/js/bootstrap/nav_BS4.js?bn=12"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/js/bootstrap/main.js?bn=12"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/js/ajax.js?bn=136"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/js/main_v5.js?bn=136"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/js/bootstrap/popper.min.js?bn=12"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/js/bootstrap/bootstrap4.min.js?bn=12"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/mainsite/js/prices.js?bn=32"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/mainsite/js/loginmodal.js?bn=32"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/js/pwchecker.js?bn=136"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/js/zxcvbn.js?bn=136"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/mainsite/js/research-report.js?bn=32"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.idtechex.com/js/imgzmr.js?bn=136"></script> <script type="text/javascript">StaticPage.ajaxrepurl='/mainsite/pages/research-report.ajax.asp'; StaticPage.data={}; StaticPage.context={'Adclickargs':undefined,'tableid':4,'beanid':946}; $(StaticPage.init); </script><script type="application/ld+json"> {"@graph":[{"@type":"Product","name":"Hydrogen Economy 2023-2033: Production, Storage, Distribution & Applications","image":"https://idtxs3.imgix.net/si/40000/AD/D2.png?w=728&h=411&fit=fill&bg=ffffff&border=0&q=50","brand":{"@type":"Organization","name":"IDTechEx","url":"https://www.idtechex.com"},"mpn":946,"releaseDate":"2023-06-30","description":"In this report IDTechEx assesses the global opportunities emerging across the entire hydrogen value chain, including low-carbon hydrogen production, storage, distribution, fuel cells and hydrogen end-use sectors. It includes technological analyses of all relevant technologies, techno-economic comparisons, detail on key commercial activities (including projects as well as established and emerging companies), major innovations, and major market trends across all value chain components. The report also provides granular 10-year forecasts for hydrogen demand by applications in Mtpa (7 sectors), hydrogen production capacity by source in Mtpa (grey, blue and green) and the hydrogen market in US$B (grey, blue and green).","gtin13":"9781915514776","sku":"9781915514776","offers":[{"@type":"Offer","name":"Electronic (1-5 users)","price":7000,"priceCurrency":"USD","url":"https://www.idtechex.com/en/estore?cartpageid=20&productcategoryid=1167","availability":"http://schema.org/InStock"},{"@type":"Offer","name":"Electronic (6-10 users)","price":10000,"priceCurrency":"USD","url":"https://www.idtechex.com/en/estore?cartpageid=20&productcategoryid=1167","availability":"http://schema.org/InStock"},{"@type":"Offer","name":"Electronic and 1 Hardcopy (1-5 users)","price":7975,"priceCurrency":"USD","url":"https://www.idtechex.com/en/estore?cartpageid=20&productcategoryid=1167","availability":"http://schema.org/InStock"},{"@type":"Offer","name":"Electronic and 1 Hardcopy (6-10 users)","price":10975,"priceCurrency":"USD","url":"https://www.idtechex.com/en/estore?cartpageid=20&productcategoryid=1167","availability":"http://schema.org/InStock"}]},{"@type":"Book","@id":"https://advancedbatteriesresearch.com/en/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946","url":"https://advancedbatteriesresearch.com/en/research-report/hydrogen-economy-2023-2033-production-storage-distribution-and-applications/946","name":"Hydrogen Economy 2023-2033: Production, Storage, Distribution & Applications","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Chingis Idrissov","sameAs":["https://www.idtechex.com/en/team/chingis-idrissov/2887","https://www.linkedin.com/in/idrissov-c/ "]},{"@type":"Person","name":"Dr Alex Holland","sameAs":["https://www.idtechex.com/en/team/dr-alex-holland/2544","https://www.linkedin.com/in/alex-holland-a9349ba9/"]},{"@type":"Person","name":"Dr Conor O'Brien","sameAs":"https://www.idtechex.com/en/team/dr-conor-obrien/2845"},{"@type":"Person","name":"Luke Gear"}],"workExample":{"@type":"Book","@id":"https://www.idtechex.com/mainsite/pages/research-report.asp?id=946","isbn":"9781915514776","bookFormat":"EBook","inLanguage":"en","name":"Hydrogen Economy 2023-2033: Production, Storage, Distribution & Applications","datePublished":"2023-06-30","numberOfPages":"627"}}],"@context":"https://schema.org"} </script><script type="text/javascript"> $(function() { $("#portallink").attr("href", function(i,val) { return val+"?src=subonreport"; }); Prices.curcode='USD'; PubPage.init(); }); </script><style> .order-sub .order-now-btn{ height:50px; line-height:35px; } .defered-recaptcha-google-v2{ margin:auto; } #captchaholder,#captchaholderlogin{ margin:20px; } .pwfeedback { margin-top: -50px; right: 515px !important; } :root { --error-color: #A00; --success-color: #28a745; --warning-color: #ffc107; } .form-control:focus { outline: none !important; box-shadow: 0 0 0 0 !important; } .error input { border: solid 2px var(--error-color) !important; } .error select { border: solid 2px var(--error-color) !important; } .success select { border: solid 2px var(--success-color) !important; } .success input { border: solid 2px var(--success-color) !important; } </style></body></html>