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<li id="toc-Mercantilism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mercantilism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mercantilism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mercantilism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_modern_company_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_modern_company_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Development of modern company law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_modern_company_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deregulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deregulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Deregulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deregulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limited_liability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limited_liability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Limited liability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limited_liability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Further developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ownership_and_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ownership_and_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ownership and control</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ownership_and_control-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ownership and control subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ownership_and_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Naming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Corporation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onderneming" title="Onderneming – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Onderneming" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مؤسسة تجارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مؤسسة تجارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporaci%C3%B3n" title="Corporación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Corporación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporasiya" title="Korporasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Korporasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="কর্পোরেশন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কর্পোরেশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Корпорация – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Корпорация" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporasyon" title="Korporasyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Korporasyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Корпорация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Корпорация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporacija" title="Korporacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Korporacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embregerezh" title="Embregerezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Embregerezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporaci%C3%B3" title="Corporació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Corporació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporasyon" title="Korporasyon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Korporasyon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporace" title="Korporace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Korporace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6rperschaft" title="Körperschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Körperschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporatsioon" title="Korporatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Korporatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporaci%C3%B3n" title="Corporación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corporación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmao" title="Firmao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Firmao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporazio" title="Korporazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Korporazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="کورپوریشن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کورپوریشن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Corporation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporaci%C3%B3n" title="Corporación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Corporación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%A8" title="કોર્પોરેશન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કોર્પોરેશન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%ED%8D%BC%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%85%98" title="코퍼레이션 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코퍼레이션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կորպորացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կորպորացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE" title="निगम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निगम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporacija" title="Korporacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Korporacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporaciono" title="Korporaciono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Korporaciono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_usaha" title="Badan usaha – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Badan usaha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umshumanqa" title="Umshumanqa – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umshumanqa" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporazione" title="Corporazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corporazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%93" title="תאגיד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תאגיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Корпорация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Корпорация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporasyon" title="Korporasyon – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Korporasyon" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Корпорация – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Корпорация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_(ius)" title="Collegium (ius) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Collegium (ius)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korpor%C4%81cija" title="Korporācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Korporācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporacija" title="Korporacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Korporacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpora" title="Corpora – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Corpora" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1llalat" title="Vállalat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vállalat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Корпорација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Корпорација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporat" title="Korporat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Korporat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoqosoqo" title="Isoqosoqo – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Isoqosoqo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporatie_(rechtspersoon)" title="Corporatie (rechtspersoon) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Corporatie (rechtspersoon)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE" title="निगम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="निगम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="コーポレーション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コーポレーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporatsiya" title="Korporatsiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Korporatsiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaparieshan" title="Kaaparieshan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kaaparieshan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporacja" title="Korporacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Korporacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpora%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Corporação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corporação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpora%C8%9Bie" title="Corporație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Corporație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Корпорация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Корпорация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Corporation" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporata" title="Korporata – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Korporata" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%8F" title="නීතිගත සංස්ථා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නීතිගත සංස්ථා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Corporation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86" title="ڪارپوريشن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪارپوريشن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporacija" title="Korporacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Korporacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Корпорација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Корпорација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporacija" title="Korporacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Korporacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporaatio" title="Korporaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Korporaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporation" title="Korporation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Korporation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporasyon" title="Korporasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Korporasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கூட்டு நிறுவனம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கூட்டு நிறுவனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97" title="บรรษัท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บรรษัท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermaye_%C5%9Firketi" title="Sermaye şirketi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sermaye şirketi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Корпорація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Корпорація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%81" title="شرکہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شرکہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90o%C3%A0n_th%E1%BB%83" title="Đoàn thể – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đoàn thể" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korporasyon" title="Korporasyon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Korporasyon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA%E5%9B%A2%E4%BD%93" title="法人团体 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法人团体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Corporate_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Corporate (disambiguation)">Corporate (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"Corp." redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Copyright_notice" title="Copyright notice">"Copr."</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_McDonald%27s_restaurant_in_Mount_Pleasant,_Iowa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/New_McDonald%27s_restaurant_in_Mount_Pleasant%2C_Iowa.jpg/210px-New_McDonald%27s_restaurant_in_Mount_Pleasant%2C_Iowa.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/New_McDonald%27s_restaurant_in_Mount_Pleasant%2C_Iowa.jpg/315px-New_McDonald%27s_restaurant_in_Mount_Pleasant%2C_Iowa.jpg 1.5x, 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Corporate_law" title="Category:Corporate law">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">Corporate law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Society.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/200px-Society.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/300px-Society.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Society.svg/400px-Society.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="96" data-file-height="38" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)">By jurisdiction</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillan_company_law" title="Anguillan company law">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_corporate_law" title="Australian corporate law">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands_company_law" title="British Virgin Islands company law">BVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_corporate_law" title="Canadian corporate law">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_company_law" title="Cayman Islands company law">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_company_law" title="Indian company law">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_company_law" title="South African company law">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_company_law" title="United Kingdom company law">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_corporate_law" title="United States corporate law">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law_in_Vietnam" title="Corporate law in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/European_corporate_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European corporate law">European Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_company_law" title="French company law">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_company_law" title="German company law">Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)">General corporate forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">Holding company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">Joint-stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">Partnership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_partnership" title="General partnership">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_partnership" title="Limited partnership">Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_partnership" title="Limited liability partnership">Limited liability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_limited_company" title="Private limited company">Private limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_corporation" title="Shell corporation">Shell corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf_corporation" title="Shelf corporation">Shelf corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">Sole proprietorship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_legal_entity_types_by_country" title="List of legal entity types by country">Corporate forms<br />by jurisdiction</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/European_corporate_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European corporate law">European Union</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Societas_Europaea" title="Societas Europaea"><i>Societas</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(SE)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_cooperativa_Europaea" title="Societas cooperativa Europaea"><i>Societas cooperativa</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(SCE)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_privata_Europaea" title="Societas privata Europaea"><i>Societas privata</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(SPE)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societas_unius_personae" title="Societas unius personae"><i>Societas unius personae</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(SUP)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_economic_interest_grouping" title="European economic interest grouping">Economic interest grouping <span style="font-size: 85%;">(EEIG)</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <span class="nowrap">UK / Ireland / Commonwealth</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charitable_incorporated_organisation" title="Charitable incorporated organisation">Charitable incorporated organisation (England and Wales) <span style="font-size: 85%;">(CIO)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_charitable_incorporated_organisation" title="Scottish charitable incorporated organisation">Scottish charitable incorporated organisation <span style="font-size: 85%;">(SCIO)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_interest_company" title="Community interest company">Community interest company <span style="font-size: 85%;">(CIC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_provident_society" title="Industrial and provident society">Industrial and provident society <span style="font-size: 85%;">(IPS)</span></a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Limited_company" title="Limited company">Limited company <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Ltd.)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_guarantee" class="mw-redirect" title="Private company limited by guarantee">by guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_company_limited_by_shares" title="Private company limited by shares">by shares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_company" title="Proprietary company">proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_limited_company" title="Public limited company">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_company" title="Unlimited company">Unlimited company</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> United States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_corporation" title="Benefit corporation">Benefit corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_corporation" title="C corporation">C corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">Limited liability company <span style="font-size: 85%;">(LLC)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-profit_limited_liability_company" title="Low-profit limited liability company">Low-profit LLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Series_LLC" title="Series LLC">Series LLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_limited_partnership" title="Limited liability limited partnership">Limited liability limited partnership <span style="font-size: 85%;">(LLLP)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_corporation" title="S corporation">S corporation</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Delaware_General_Corporation_Law" title="Delaware General Corporation Law">Delaware corporation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Delaware_statutory_trust" title="Delaware statutory trust">statutory trust</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_business_trust" title="Massachusetts business trust">Massachusetts business trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_corporation" title="Nevada corporation">Nevada corporation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Others</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktiebolag" title="Aktiebolag"><i>Aktiebolag</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(AB)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft" title="Aktiengesellschaft"><i>Aktiengesellschaft</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(AG)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansvarlig_selskap" title="Ansvarlig selskap"><i>Ansvarlig selskap</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(ANS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktieselskab" title="Aktieselskab"><i>Aktieselskab</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(A/S)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksjeselskap" title="Aksjeselskap"><i>Aksjeselskap</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(AS)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_mit_beschr%C3%A4nkter_Haftung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung"><i>Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(GmbH)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha" title="Kabushiki gaisha"><i>Kabushiki gaisha</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(K.K.)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naamloze_vennootschap" title="Naamloze vennootschap"><i>Naamloze vennootschap</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(N.V.)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osakeyhti%C3%B6" title="Osakeyhtiö"><i>Osakeyhtiö</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Oy)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.A._(corporation)" title="S.A. (corporation)">S.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_%C3%A0_responsabilit%C3%A9_limit%C3%A9e" title="Société à responsabilité limitée"><i>Société à responsabilité limitée</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(SARL)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_business_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of business entity">more...</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)">Doctrines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_judgment_rule" title="Business judgment rule">Business judgment rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_facto_corporation_and_corporation_by_estoppel" title="De facto corporation and corporation by estoppel"><i>De facto</i> and estoppel corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_affairs_doctrine" title="Internal affairs doctrine">Internal affairs doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability" title="Limited liability">Limited liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag-along_right" title="Tag-along right">Tag-along right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-along_right" title="Drag-along right">Drag-along right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piercing_the_corporate_veil" title="Piercing the corporate veil">Piercing the corporate veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ultra_vires" title="Ultra vires">Ultra vires</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender; line-height:130%; padding:0.3em 0em;;color: var(--color-base)">Related areas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_ownership" title="Beneficial ownership">Beneficial ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">Civil procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_company_registers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of company registers">Corporate registers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_agent" title="Registered agent">Registered agent</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Company portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Corporate_law" title="Template:Corporate law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Corporate_law" title="Template talk:Corporate law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corporate_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Corporate law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Capitalism" title="Category:Capitalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Businessperson" title="Businessperson">Businessperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">Capital markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competitive markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_surplus" title="Economic surplus">Economic surplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_capital" title="Fictitious capital">Fictitious capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_price_system" title="Free price system">Free price system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services" title="Goods and services">Goods and services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">Investor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_hand_(economics)" title="Visible hand (economics)">Visible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">Liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_seeking" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent seeking">Rent seeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">Supply and demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">Surplus value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon capitalism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Monetary_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Monetary Theory">MMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Islam" title="Capitalism and Islam">Capitalism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Revolution">Commercial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_commodity_production" title="Simple commodity production">Simple commodity production</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_capitalism" title="Community capitalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_capitalism" title="Finance capitalism">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Global capitalism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Illiberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_capitalism" title="Late capitalism">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_capitalism" title="Merchant capitalism">Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_capitalism" title="Progressive capitalism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentier_capitalism" title="Rentier capitalism">Rentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">State monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mill" title="James Mill">Mill (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill (John Stuart)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">Capitalist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Culture of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreening" title="Evergreening">Evergreening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodizations_of_capitalism" title="Periodizations of capitalism">Periodizations of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspectives on capitalism">Perspectives on capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_capitalism" title="Inclusive capitalism">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatism" title="Privatism">Privatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/16px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/24px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/32px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="912" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Capitalism" title="Portal:Capitalism">Capitalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/20px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/40px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>corporation</b> or <b>body corporate</b> is an individual or a group of people, such as an association or <a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">company</a>, that has been authorized by the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> to act as a single entity (a legal entity recognized by private and public law as "born out of statute"; a <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal person</a> in a legal context) and recognized as such in <a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">law</a> for certain purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><b><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup></b> Early incorporated entities were established by <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> (i.e., by an <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a></i> act granted by a monarch or passed by a parliament or legislature). Most <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a> now allow the creation of new corporations through <a href="/wiki/List_of_company_registers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of company registers">registration</a>. Corporations come in many different types but are usually divided by the law of the jurisdiction where they are chartered based on two aspects: whether they can issue <a href="/wiki/Share_capital" title="Share capital">stock</a>, or whether they are formed to make a <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">profit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the number of owners, a corporation can be classified as <i>aggregate</i> (the subject of this article) or <i><a href="/wiki/Corporation_sole" title="Corporation sole">sole</a></i> (a legal entity consisting of a single incorporated office occupied by a single <a href="/wiki/Natural_person" title="Natural person">natural person</a>). </p><p>Registered corporations have <a href="/wiki/Legal_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personality">legal personality</a> recognized by local authorities and their shares are owned by shareholders<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose liability is generally <a href="/wiki/Limited_liability" title="Limited liability">limited</a> to their investment. One of the attractive early advantages business corporations offered to their <a href="/wiki/Investors" class="mw-redirect" title="Investors">investors</a>, compared to earlier business entities like <a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">sole proprietorships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joint_partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint partnership">joint partnerships</a>, was limited liability. Limited liability separates control of a company from ownership and means that a passive shareholder in a corporation will not be personally liable either for contractually agreed obligations of the corporation, or for <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">torts</a> (involuntary harms) committed by the corporation against a third party (acts done by the controllers of the corporation).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Where <a href="/wiki/Local_ordinance" title="Local ordinance">local law</a> distinguishes corporations by their ability to issue <a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">stock</a>, corporations allowed to do so are referred to as <i>stock corporations</i>; one type of investment in the corporation is through stock, and owners of stock are referred to as <i>stockholders</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholders</a></i>. Corporations not allowed to issue stock are referred to as <i>non-stock corporations</i>; i.e. those who are considered the owners of a non-stock corporation are persons (or other entities) who have obtained membership in the corporation and are referred to as a <i>member</i> of the corporation. Corporations chartered in regions where they are distinguished by whether they are allowed to be for-profit are referred to as <i>for-profit</i> and <i>not-for-profit</i> corporations, respectively. </p><p>Shareholders do not typically actively manage a corporation; shareholders instead elect or appoint a <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> to control the corporation in a <a href="/wiki/Fiduciary" title="Fiduciary">fiduciary</a> capacity. In most circumstances, a shareholder may also serve as a director or officer of a corporation. Countries with <a href="/wiki/Co-determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-determination">co-determination</a> employ the practice of workers of an enterprise having the right to vote for representatives on the board of directors in a company. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Collegium_(ancient_Rome)" title="Collegium (ancient Rome)">Collegium (ancient Rome)</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_companies" title="List of oldest companies">List of oldest companies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stora_Kopparberg_1288.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stora_Kopparberg_1288.jpg/250px-Stora_Kopparberg_1288.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stora_Kopparberg_1288.jpg/330px-Stora_Kopparberg_1288.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stora_Kopparberg_1288.jpg/500px-Stora_Kopparberg_1288.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>1/8 share of the <a href="/wiki/Falun_Mine" title="Falun Mine">Stora Kopparberg</a> mine, dated June 16, 1288</figcaption></figure> <p>The word "corporation" derives from <i>corpus</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for body, or a "body of people". By the time of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a> (reigned 527–565), <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> recognized a range of corporate entities under the names <i>Universitas</i>, <i>corpus</i> or <i>collegium</i>. Following the passage of the <i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Julia" title="Lex Julia">Lex Julia</a></i> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> as <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Consul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">Dictator</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> (49–44 BC), and their reaffirmation during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Caesar Augustus</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Princeps_senatus" title="Princeps senatus">Princeps senatus</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_army" title="Roman army">Roman Army</a> (27 BC–14 AD), <i>collegia</i> required the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a> in order to be <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">authorized as legal bodies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Ligt_2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Ligt_2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included the state itself (the <i>Populus Romanus</i>), municipalities, and such private associations as sponsors of a <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">religious cult</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burial_society" title="Burial society">burial clubs</a>, political groups, and guilds of craftsmen or traders. Such bodies commonly had the right to own property and make contracts, to receive gifts and legacies, to sue and be sued, and, in general, to perform legal acts through representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private associations were granted designated privileges and liberties by the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of the corporation was revived in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> with the recovery and annotation of Justinian's <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis" title="Corpus Juris Civilis">Corpus Juris Civilis</a></i></span> by the <a href="/wiki/Glossator" title="Glossator">glossators</a> and their successors the <a href="/wiki/Postglossators" class="mw-redirect" title="Postglossators">commentators</a> in the 11th–14th centuries. Particularly important in this respect were the Italian jurists <a href="/wiki/Bartolus_de_Saxoferrato" title="Bartolus de Saxoferrato">Bartolus de Saxoferrato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baldus_de_Ubaldis" title="Baldus de Ubaldis">Baldus de Ubaldis</a>, the latter of whom connected the corporation to the metaphor of the <a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">body politic</a> to describe the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early entities which carried on business and were the subjects of legal rights included the <a href="/wiki/Collegium" class="mw-redirect" title="Collegium">collegium</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sreni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sreni">sreni</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a> in ancient India.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In medieval Europe, churches became incorporated, as did local governments, such as the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London_Corporation" title="City of London Corporation">City of London Corporation</a>. The point was that the incorporation would survive longer than the lives of any particular member, existing in perpetuity. The alleged oldest commercial corporation in the world, the <a href="/wiki/Falun_Mine" title="Falun Mine">Stora Kopparberg</a> mining community in <a href="/wiki/Falun" title="Falun">Falun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, obtained a <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> from King <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Eriksson" title="Magnus Eriksson">Magnus Eriksson</a> in 1347. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval times</a>, traders would do business through <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> constructs, such as <a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">partnerships</a>. Whenever people acted together with a view to profit, the law deemed that a partnership arose. Early <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livery_company" title="Livery company">livery companies</a> were also often involved in the <a href="/wiki/Restraint_of_trade" title="Restraint of trade">regulation of competition</a> between traders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mercantilism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></div> <p>Dutch and English chartered companies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> (also known by its Dutch initials: VOC) and the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>, were created to lead the colonial ventures of European nations in the 17th century. Acting under a charter sanctioned by the Dutch government, the Dutch East India Company defeated <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> forces and established itself in the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Moluccan Islands</a> in order to profit from the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> demand for <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>. Investors in the VOC were issued paper certificates as proof of share ownership, and were able to trade their shares on the original <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam Stock Exchange">Amsterdam Stock Exchange</a>. Shareholders were also explicitly granted <a href="/wiki/Limited_liability" title="Limited liability">limited liability</a> in the company's royal charter.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England, the government created corporations under a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a> with the grant of a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> over a specified territory. The best-known example, established in 1600, was the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth I</a> granted it the exclusive right to trade with all countries to the east of the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>. Some corporations at this time would act on the government's behalf, bringing in revenue from its exploits abroad. Subsequently, the company became <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">increasingly integrated</a> with English and later British military and colonial policy, just as most corporations were essentially dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>'s ability to control trade routes. </p><p>Labeled by both contemporaries and historians as "the grandest society of merchants in the universe", the English East India Company would come to symbolize the dazzlingly rich potential of the corporation, as well as new methods of business that could be both brutal and exploitative.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 31 December 1600, Queen Elizabeth I granted the company a 15-year monopoly on trade to and from the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1711, shareholders in the East India Company were earning a <a href="/wiki/Return_on_investment" title="Return on investment">return on their investment</a> of almost 150 per cent. Subsequent stock offerings demonstrated just how lucrative the company had become. Its first stock offering in 1713–1716 raised £418,000, its second in 1717–1722 raised £1.6 million.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar <a href="/wiki/Chartered_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Chartered company">chartered company</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a>, was established in 1711 to trade in the Spanish South American colonies, but met with less success. The South Sea Company's monopoly rights were supposedly backed by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a>, signed in 1713 as a settlement following the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, which gave <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> an <i><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">asiento</a></i> to trade in the region for thirty years. In fact, the Spanish remained hostile and let only one ship a year enter. Unaware of the problems, investors in Britain, enticed by extravagant promises of profit from <a href="/wiki/Corporate_promoter" title="Corporate promoter">company promoters</a> bought thousands of shares. By 1717, the South Sea Company was so wealthy (still having done no real business) that it assumed the <a href="/wiki/Government_debt" title="Government debt">public debt</a> of the British government. This accelerated the inflation of the share price further, as did the <a href="/wiki/Bubble_Act" title="Bubble Act">Bubble Act 1720</a>, which (possibly with the motive of protecting the South Sea Company from competition) prohibited the establishment of any companies without a royal charter. The share price rose so rapidly that people began buying shares merely in order to sell them at a higher price, which in turn led to higher share prices. This was the first <a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">speculative bubble</a> the country had seen, but by the end of 1720, the bubble had "burst", and the share price sank from £1,000 to under £100. As bankruptcies and recriminations ricocheted through government and high society, the mood against corporations and errant directors was bitter. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South-sea-bubble-chart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/South-sea-bubble-chart.png/220px-South-sea-bubble-chart.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/South-sea-bubble-chart.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="302" /></a><figcaption>Chart of the <a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a>'s stock prices. The rapid inflation of the stock value in the 1710s led to the <a href="/wiki/Bubble_Act" title="Bubble Act">Bubble Act 1720</a>, which restricted the establishment of companies without a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Kyd" title="Stewart Kyd">Stewart Kyd</a>, the author of the first treatise on <a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">corporate law</a> in English, defined a corporation as: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>a collection of many individuals united into one body, under a special denomination, having <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_succession" title="Perpetual succession">perpetual succession</a> under an artificial form, and vested, by the policy of the law, with the capacity of acting, in several respects, as an individual, particularly of taking and granting property, of contracting obligations, and of suing and being sued, of enjoying privileges and immunities in common, and of exercising a variety of political rights, more or less extensive, according to the design of its institution, or the powers conferred upon it, either at the time of its creation or at any subsequent period of its existence.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>A Treatise on the Law of Corporations, Stewart Kyd (1793–1794)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_modern_company_law">Development of modern company law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development of modern company law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the late 18th century abandonment of <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilist</a> economic theory and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> economic theory due to a revolution in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> and other economists, corporations transitioned from being government or <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guild</a> affiliated entities to being public and private economic entities free of governmental directions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith wrote in his 1776 work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i> that mass corporate activity could not match private entrepreneurship, because people in charge of others' money would not exercise as much care as they would with their own.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deregulation">Deregulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Deregulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jack_and_the_Giant_Joint-Stock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jack_and_the_Giant_Joint-Stock.jpg/250px-Jack_and_the_Giant_Joint-Stock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Jack_and_the_Giant_Joint-Stock.jpg/330px-Jack_and_the_Giant_Joint-Stock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Jack_and_the_Giant_Joint-Stock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>"Jack and the Giant Joint-Stock", a cartoon in <i>Town Talk</i> (1858) satirizing the 'monster' joint-stock economy that came into being after the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Stock_Companies_Act_1844" title="Joint Stock Companies Act 1844">Joint Stock Companies Act 1844</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The British <a href="/wiki/Bubble_Act_1720" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubble Act 1720">Bubble Act 1720</a>'s prohibition on establishing companies remained in force until its repeal in 1825. By this point, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> had gathered pace, pressing for legal change to facilitate business activity.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repeal was the beginning of a gradual lifting on restrictions, though business ventures (such as those chronicled by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chuzzlewit" title="Martin Chuzzlewit">Martin Chuzzlewit</a></i>) under primitive companies legislation were often scams. Without cohesive regulation, proverbial operations like the "Anglo-Bengalee Disinterested Loan and Life Assurance Company" were undercapitalized ventures promising no hope of success except for richly paid promoters.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(business)" title="Incorporation (business)">incorporation</a> was possible only through a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Local_and_personal_Acts_of_Parliament_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Local and personal Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom">private act</a> and was limited, owing to Parliament's jealous protection of the privileges and advantages thereby granted. As a result, many businesses came to be operated as <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">unincorporated associations</a> with possibly thousands of members. Any consequent <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">litigation</a> had to be carried out in the joint names of all the members and was almost impossibly cumbersome. Though Parliament would sometimes grant a private act to allow an individual to represent the whole in legal proceedings, this was a narrow and necessarily costly expedient, allowed only to established companies. </p><p>Then, in 1843, <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a> became the chairman of a Parliamentary Committee on Joint Stock Companies, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Stock_Companies_Act_1844" title="Joint Stock Companies Act 1844">Joint Stock Companies Act 1844</a>, regarded as the first modern piece of company law.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act created the <a href="/wiki/Registrar_of_Companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Registrar of Companies">Registrar of Joint Stock Companies</a>, empowered to register companies by a two-stage process. The first, provisional, stage cost £5 and did not confer corporate status, which arose after completing the second stage for another £5. For the first time in history, it was possible for ordinary people through a simple registration procedure to incorporate.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The advantage of establishing a company as a <a href="/wiki/Legal_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personality">separate legal person</a> was mainly administrative, as a unified entity under which the rights and duties of all investors and managers could be channeled. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Limited_liability">Limited liability</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Limited liability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>However, there was still no limited liability and company members could still be held responsible for unlimited losses by the company.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next, crucial development, then, was the <a href="/wiki/Limited_Liability_Act_1855" title="Limited Liability Act 1855">Limited Liability Act 1855</a>, passed at the behest of the then Vice President of the Board of Trade, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lowe" title="Robert Lowe">Robert Lowe</a>. This allowed investors to limit their liability in the event of business failure to the amount they invested in the company – <a href="/wiki/Shareholder" title="Shareholder">shareholders</a> were still liable directly to <a href="/wiki/Creditor" title="Creditor">creditors</a>, but just for the unpaid portion of their <a href="/wiki/Share_(finance)" title="Share (finance)">shares</a>. (The principle that shareholders are liable to the corporation had been introduced in the Joint Stock Companies Act 1844). </p><p>The 1855 Act allowed limited liability to companies of more than 25 members (shareholders). <a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance companies</a> were excluded from the act, though it was standard practice for insurance contracts to exclude action against individual members. Limited liability for insurance companies was allowed by the <a href="/wiki/Companies_Act_1862" title="Companies Act 1862">Companies Act 1862</a>. </p><p>This prompted the English periodical <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> to write in 1855 that "never, perhaps, was a change so vehemently and generally demanded, of which the importance was so much overrated."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major error of this judgment was recognised by the same magazine more than 70 years later, when it claimed that, "[t]he economic historian of the future... may be inclined to assign to the nameless inventor of the principle of limited liability, as applied to trade corporations, a place of honour with <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">Watt</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">Stephenson</a>, and other pioneers of the Industrial Revolution. "<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These two features – a simple registration procedure and limited liability – were subsequently codified into the landmark 1856 <a href="/wiki/Joint_Stock_Companies_Act_1856" title="Joint Stock Companies Act 1856">Joint Stock Companies Act</a>. This was subsequently consolidated with a number of other statutes in the Companies Act 1862, which remained in force for the rest of the century, up to and including the time of the decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Salomon_v_A_Salomon_%26_Co_Ltd" title="Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd">Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legislation quickly led to a railway boom, resulting in a surge in the formation of companies. However, in the later nineteenth century, a period of depression set in, causing many of these companies to collapse and become insolvent. Strong academic, legislative, and judicial opinions emerged, opposing the notion that businessmen could escape accountability for their role in the failing businesses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Further_developments">Further developments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LordLindley_cropp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/LordLindley_cropp.jpg/220px-LordLindley_cropp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/LordLindley_cropp.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Lindley,_Baron_Lindley" title="Nathaniel Lindley, Baron Lindley">Lindley LJ</a> was the leading expert on partnerships and company law in the <i><a href="/wiki/Salomon_v_A_Salomon_%26_Co_Ltd" title="Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd">Salomon v. Salomon & Co.</a></i> case. The landmark case confirmed the <a href="/wiki/Corporate_identity" title="Corporate identity">distinct corporate identity</a> of the company.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1892, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> introduced the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_mit_beschr%C3%A4nkter_Haftung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung">Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung</a></i></span> with a separate <a href="/wiki/Legal_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personality">legal personality</a> and limited liability even if all the shares of the company were held by only one person. This inspired other countries to introduce corporations of this kind. </p><p>The last significant development in the history of companies was the 1897 decision of the House of Lords in <i><a href="/wiki/Salomon_v_A_Salomon_%26_Co_Ltd" title="Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd">Salomon v. Salomon & Co.</a>,</i> where the House of Lords confirmed the separate legal personality of the company, and that the liabilities of the company were separate and distinct from those of its owners. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, forming a corporation usually required an act of legislation until the late 19th century. Many private firms, such as <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Carnegie</a>'s steel company and <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" title="John D. Rockefeller">Rockefeller</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a>, avoided the corporate model for this reason (as a <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trust</a>). State governments began to adopt more permissive corporate laws from the early 19th century, although these were all restrictive in design, often with the intention of preventing corporations from gaining too much wealth and power.<sup id="cite_ref-Corporate_Law_textbook_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Law_textbook-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1896, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> was the first state to adopt an "enabling" corporate law, with the goal of attracting more business to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1899, Delaware followed New Jersey's lead by enacting an enabling corporate statute. However, Delaware only emerged as the leading corporate state after the enabling provisions of the 1896 New Jersey corporate law were repealed in 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-Corporate_Law_textbook_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Law_textbook-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of the 19th century saw the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">holding companies</a> and corporate <a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">mergers</a> creating larger corporations with dispersed shareholders. Countries began enacting <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">antitrust</a> laws to prevent anti-competitive practices and corporations were granted more legal rights and protections. The 20th century witnessed a proliferation of laws allowing for the creation of corporations through registration worldwide. These laws played a significant role in driving economic booms in many countries both before and after World War I. Another major post World War I shift was toward the development of <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">conglomerates</a>, in which large corporations purchased smaller corporations to expand their industrial base. </p><p>Starting in the 1980s, many countries with large state-owned corporations began moving toward <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a>, which involved selling publicly owned (or 'nationalized') services and enterprises to corporations. <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a> aimed at reducing the regulation of corporate activity, often accompanied privatization as part of a laissez-faire policy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ownership_and_control">Ownership and control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ownership and control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A corporation is, at least in theory, owned and controlled by its members. In a <a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">joint-stock company</a>, the members are known as shareholders, and each of their shares in the ownership, control, and profits of the corporation is determined by the portion of shares in the company that they own. Thus, a person who owns a quarter of the shares of a joint-stock company owns a quarter of the company, is entitled to a quarter of the profit (or at least a quarter of the profit given to shareholders as dividends) and has a quarter of the votes capable of being cast at general meetings. </p><p>In another kind of corporation, the legal document which established the corporation or which contains its current rules will determine the requirements for membership in the corporation. What these requirements are depends on the kind of corporation involved. In a <a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">worker cooperative</a>, the members are people who work for the cooperative. In a <a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">credit union</a>, the members are people who have accounts with the credit union.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The day-to-day activities of a corporation are typically controlled by individuals appointed by the members. In some cases, this will be a single individual but more commonly corporations are controlled by a committee or by committees. Broadly speaking, there are two kinds of committee structure. </p> <ul><li>A single committee known as a <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board of directors</a> is the method favored in most <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> countries. Under this model, the board of directors is composed of both executive and non-executive directors, the latter being meant to supervise the former's management of the company.</li> <li>A two-tiered committee structure with a <a href="/wiki/Supervisory_board" title="Supervisory board">supervisory board</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Vorstand" title="Vorstand">managing board</a> is common in <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In countries with <a href="/wiki/Co-determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-determination">co-determination</a> (such as in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>), workers elect a fixed fraction of the corporation's board. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, corporations were created by a charter granted by the government. As explained above, such charters were often enacted as <a href="/wiki/Public_and_private_bills" title="Public and private bills">private bills</a>. </p><p>Today, a corporation is formed, or <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(business)" title="Incorporation (business)">incorporated</a>, by registering with the state, province, or national government and regulated by the laws enacted by that government. Registration is the main prerequisite to the corporation's assumption of limited liability. The law sometimes requires the corporation to designate its principal address, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Registered_agent" title="Registered agent">registered agent</a> (a person or company designated to receive legal service of process). It may also be required to designate an <a href="/wiki/Law_of_agency" title="Law of agency">agent</a> or other legal representatives of the corporation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Generally, a corporation files <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_incorporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of incorporation">articles of incorporation</a> with the government, laying out the general nature of the corporation, the amount of stock it is authorized to issue, and the names and addresses of directors. Once the articles are approved, the corporation's directors meet to create <a href="/wiki/By-law" title="By-law">bylaws</a> that govern the internal functions of the corporation, such as meeting procedures and officer positions. </p><p>In theory, a corporation cannot own its own stock. An exception is <a href="/wiki/Treasury_stock" title="Treasury stock">treasury stock</a>, where the company essentially buys back stock from its shareholders, which reduces its outstanding shares. This essentially becomes the equivalent of unissued capital, where it is not classified as an asset on the balance sheet (passive capital). </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Internal_affairs_doctrine" title="Internal affairs doctrine">internal affairs doctrine</a>, the law of the jurisdiction in which a corporation is incorporated will govern its internal activities—that is, conflicts between shareholders and managers such as the board of directors and corporate officers.<sup id="cite_ref-LoPucki_Page_74_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoPucki_Page_74-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a corporation operates outside its home state, it is usually required to register with other governments as a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_corporation" title="Foreign corporation">foreign corporation</a> and must formally appoint a <a href="/wiki/Registered_agent" title="Registered agent">registered agent</a> to accept service of process within such other jurisdictions.<sup id="cite_ref-LoPucki_Page_74_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoPucki_Page_74-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A foreign corporation is almost always subject to the laws of its host state pertaining to external affairs such as <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crimes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contracts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">civil actions</a>, and the like.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming">Naming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Corporations generally have a distinct name. Historically, some corporations were named after the members of their boards of directors: for example, the "<a href="/wiki/President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College" title="President and Fellows of Harvard College">President and Fellows of Harvard College</a>" is the name of one of the two governing boards of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, but it is also the exact name under which Harvard was legally incorporated.<sup id="cite_ref-GoverningHarvard_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoverningHarvard-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays, corporations in most jurisdictions have a distinct name that does not need to make reference to the members of their boards. In Canada, this possibility is taken to its logical extreme: many smaller Canadian corporations have no names at all, merely numbers based on a registration number (for example, "12345678 Ontario Limited"), which is assigned by the provincial or territorial government where the corporation incorporates. </p><p>In most countries, corporate names include a term or an abbreviation that denotes the corporate status of the entity (for example, "Incorporated" or "Inc." in the United States) or the limited liability of its members (for example, "Limited", "Ltd.", or "LLC").<sup id="cite_ref-Bartlett_Page54_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett_Page54-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LoPucki_Page_58_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoPucki_Page_58-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These terms vary by jurisdiction and language. In some jurisdictions, they are mandatory, and in others, such as California, they are not.<sup id="cite_ref-LoPucki_Page_58_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoPucki_Page_58-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their use puts everybody on <a href="/wiki/Constructive_notice" title="Constructive notice">constructive notice</a> that they are dealing with an entity whose <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liability</a> is limited: one can only collect from whatever assets the entity still controls when one obtains a judgment against it. </p><p>Corporate names are supposed to be unique to the jurisdiction in which the corporation is registered.<sup id="cite_ref-LoPucki_Page_59_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoPucki_Page_59-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governments will not allow another corporation or any other kind of legal entity to register a name that is too similar to the name of an existing corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-LoPucki_Page_59_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoPucki_Page_59-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since "different states may register entities with the same names, a corporate name is a unique identifier only when combined with the name of the state of incorporation".<sup id="cite_ref-LoPucki_Page_59_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoPucki_Page_59-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This explains why lawyers in legal papers often expressly refer to a corporation's state of incorporation after the first mention of its name.<sup id="cite_ref-LoPucki_Page_59_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoPucki_Page_59-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some jurisdictions do not allow the use of the word "<b>company</b>" alone to denote corporate status, since the word "<a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">company</a>" may refer to a partnership or some other form of collective ownership (in the United States it can be used by a <a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">sole proprietorship</a> but this is not generally the case elsewhere).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personhood">Personhood</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Corporate_personhood" title="Corporate personhood">Corporate personhood</a></div> <p>Despite not being human beings, corporations have been ruled <a href="/wiki/Legal_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personality">legal persons</a> in a few countries, and have many of the same rights as <a href="/wiki/Natural_person" title="Natural person">natural persons</a> do. For example, a corporation can own property, and can sue or be sued for as long as it exists. Corporations can exercise <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> against real individuals and the state,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they can themselves be responsible for human rights violations.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corporations can be "dissolved" either by statutory operation, the order of the court, or voluntary action on the part of shareholders. <a href="/wiki/Insolvency" title="Insolvency">Insolvency</a> may result in a form of corporate failure, when creditors force the liquidation and dissolution of the corporation under court order,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it most often results in a restructuring of corporate holdings. Corporations can even be convicted of special criminal offenses in the UK, such as <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corporate_manslaughter" title="Corporate manslaughter">corporate manslaughter</a>. However, corporations are not considered living entities in the way that humans are.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legal scholars and others, such as <a href="/wiki/Joel_Bakan" title="Joel Bakan">Joel Bakan</a>, have observed that a business corporation created as a "legal person" has a <a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">psychopathic personality</a> because it is required to elevate its own interests above those of others even when this <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">inflicts major risks and grave harms</a> on the public or on other third-parties. Such critics note that the legal mandate of the corporation to focus exclusively on corporate profits and self-interest often victimizes employees, customers, the public at large, and/or the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">natural resources</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political theorist <a href="/wiki/David_Runciman" title="David Runciman">David Runciman</a> notes that corporate personhood forms a fundamental part of the 21st century conception <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>, and believes the idea of the corporation as legal persons can help to clarify the role of citizens as political <a href="/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)" title="Stakeholder (corporate)">stakeholders</a>, and to break down the sharp conceptual dichotomy between the state and the people or the individual, a distinction that, on his account, is "increasingly unable to meet the demands placed on the state in the modern world".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"><b>Law</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Commercial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_corporate_law" title="United States corporate law">United States corporate law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_corporate_law" title="Canadian corporate law">Canadian corporate law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_corporate_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European corporate law">European corporate law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_company_law" title="German company law">German company law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_company_law_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of company law in the United Kingdom">History of company law in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_company_law" title="United Kingdom company law">United Kingdom company law</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corporate_activism" title="Anti-corporate activism">Anti-corporate activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_attire" class="mw-redirect" title="Business attire">Business attire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blocker_corporation" title="Blocker corporation">Blocker corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-determination">Co-determination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worker_representation_on_corporate_boards_of_directors" title="Worker representation on corporate boards of directors">Worker representation on corporate boards of directors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_interest_company" title="Community interest company">Community interest company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">Corporate governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_group" title="Corporate group">Corporate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_haven" title="Corporate haven">Corporate haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Corporate propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_warfare" title="Corporate warfare">Corporate warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_welfare" title="Corporate welfare">Corporate welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation_sole" title="Corporation sole">Corporation sole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatization" title="Corporatization">Corporatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_autonomous_organization" title="Decentralized autonomous organization">Decentralized autonomous organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_standing" title="Good standing">Good standing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">Government-owned corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_competition_law" title="History of competition law">History of competition law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_(business)" title="Incorporation (business)">Incorporation (business)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_liability_company" title="Limited liability company">Limited liability company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">Living wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacorporation" title="Megacorporation">Megacorporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">Multinational corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_corporation" title="Nonprofit corporation">Nonprofit corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Organizational culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preferred_stock" title="Preferred stock">Preferred stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_corporation" title="Professional corporation">Professional corporation</a> (PC or P.C.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_limited_company" title="Public limited company">Public limited company</a> (PLC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf_corporation" title="Shelf corporation">Shelf corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">Small business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">Tulip mania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" title="United States antitrust law">United States antitrust law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_company" title="Unlimited company">Unlimited company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_liability_corporation" title="Unlimited liability corporation">Unlimited liability corporation</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHirst2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hirst, Scott (2018-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/343">"The Case for Investor Ordering"</a>. <i>The Harvard Law School Program on Corporate Governance Discussion Paper</i>. <span class="nowrap">2017–</span>13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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(2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41539517">"D. 47,22, 1, pr.-1 and the Formation of Semi-Public "Collegia"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Latomus</i>. <b>60</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">346–</span>349. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0023-8856">0023-8856</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41539517">41539517</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112195606/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41539517">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latomus&rft.atitle=D.+47%2C22%2C+1%2C+pr.-1+and+the+Formation+of+Semi-Public+%22Collegia%22&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E346-%3C%2Fspan%3E349&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41539517%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0023-8856&rft.aulast=de+Ligt&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41539517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavenport2018" class="citation book cs1">Davenport, Caillan (2018-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JsyCDwAAQBAJ&q=roman+contract+feeding+of+the+sacred+geese&pg=PT82"><i>A History of the Roman Equestrian Order</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-75017-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-75017-2"><bdi>978-1-108-75017-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Roman+Equestrian+Order&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018-12-31&rft.isbn=978-1-108-75017-2&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Caillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJsyCDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Droman%2Bcontract%2Bfeeding%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bsacred%2Bgeese%26pg%3DPT82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold Joseph Berman, <i>Law and Revolution</i> (vol. 1)<i>: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition</i>, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983, pp. 215–216. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-51776-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-51776-8">0-674-51776-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCanning1996" class="citation book cs1">Canning, Joseph (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jx_KAgAAQBAJ"><i>A History of Medieval Political Thought: 300–1450</i></a>. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39415-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39415-4"><bdi>978-0-415-39415-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Medieval+Political+Thought%3A+300%E2%80%931450&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-39415-4&rft.aulast=Canning&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djx_KAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCanning2011" class="citation book cs1">Canning, Joseph (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fpMdtNgggN8C"><i>Ideas of Power in the Late Middle Ages, 1296–1417</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">145–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01141-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01141-0"><bdi>978-1-107-01141-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideas+of+Power+in+the+Late+Middle+Ages%2C+1296%E2%80%931417&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01141-0&rft.aulast=Canning&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfpMdtNgggN8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vikramaditya S. Khanna (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract="><i>The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327104142/http://ssrn.com/abstract=">Archived</a> 2009-03-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrakash1998" class="citation book cs1">Prakash, Om (1998). <i>European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Commercial+Enterprise+in+Pre-Colonial+India&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Prakash&rft.aufirst=Om&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeay1991" class="citation book cs1">Keay, John (1991). <i>The Honorable Company: A History of the English East India Company</i>. New York: MacMillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Honorable+Company%3A+A+History+of+the+English+East+India+Company&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen-VrignaudMetzDunvilleHeath" class="citation web cs1">Cohen-Vrignaud, Gerard; Metz, Stephanie; Dunville, Jody; Heath, Shannon; McLeod, Julia P.; Powell, Kat; Robida, Brent; Stromski, John; Haynes, Brandon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082932/http://web.utk.edu/~gerard/romanticpolitics/britisheastindia.html">"British East India Company"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.utk.edu/~gerard/romanticpolitics/britisheastindia.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+East+India+Company&rft.aulast=Cohen-Vrignaud&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft.au=Metz%2C+Stephanie&rft.au=Dunville%2C+Jody&rft.au=Heath%2C+Shannon&rft.au=McLeod%2C+Julia+P.&rft.au=Powell%2C+Kat&rft.au=Robida%2C+Brent&rft.au=Stromski%2C+John&rft.au=Haynes%2C+Brandon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.utk.edu%2F~gerard%2Fromanticpolitics%2Fbritisheastindia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ibid.</i> at p. 113<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (August 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://political-economy.com/adam-smith-laissez-faire/">"Adam Smith Laissez-Faire"</a>. <i>political-economy.com</i>. 24 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100731092626/http://political-economy.com/adam-smith-laissez-faire/">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-07-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=political-economy.com&rft.atitle=Adam+Smith+Laissez-Faire&rft.date=2010-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitical-economy.com%2Fadam-smith-laissez-faire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Smith, <i><a href="/wiki/An_Inquiry_into_the_Nature_and_Causes_of_the_Wealth_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations">An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations</a></i> (1776), Book V, ch 1, para 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Bubble_Companies,_etc._Act_1825" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubble Companies, etc. Act 1825">Bubble Companies, etc. Act 1825</a>, 6 Geo 4, c 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/C_Dickens" class="mw-redirect" title="C Dickens">C Dickens</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chuzzlewit" title="Martin Chuzzlewit">Martin Chuzzlewit</a></i> (1843) <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Martin_Chuzzlewit/Chapter_27" class="extiw" title="s:Martin Chuzzlewit/Chapter 27">ch 27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Report of the Parliamentary Committee on Joint Stock Companies</i> (1844) in <i>British Parliamentary Papers</i>, vol. VII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Lyndon_Davies2010" class="citation book cs1">Paul Lyndon Davies (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQflMqcZyOoC"><i>Introduction to Company Law</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960132-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960132-5"><bdi>978-0-19-960132-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Company+Law&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960132-5&rft.au=Paul+Lyndon+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQflMqcZyOoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Re Sea Fire and Life Assurance Co., Greenwood's Case</i> (1854) 3 De GM&G 459</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAchesonTurner" class="citation web cs1">Acheson, Graeme G.; Turner, John D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113082939/http://www.ehs.org.uk/ehs/conference2004/assets/AchesonTurnerPaper.pdf">"The Impact of Limited Liability on Ownership and Control: Irish Banking, 1877–1914"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. School of Management and Economics, Queen's University of Belfast. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehs.org.uk/ehs/conference2004/assets/AchesonTurnerPaper.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Limited+Liability+on+Ownership+and+Control%3A+Irish+Banking%2C+1877%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=School+of+Management+and+Economics%2C+Queen%27s+University+of+Belfast&rft.aulast=Acheson&rft.aufirst=Graeme+G.&rft.au=Turner%2C+John+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehs.org.uk%2Fehs%2Fconference2004%2Fassets%2FAchesonTurnerPaper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAchesonTurner2006" class="citation web cs1">Acheson, Graeme G.; Turner, John D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111172110/http://www1.fee.uva.nl/fm/conference/legal/ehr_2006_%20Acheson%20and%20Turner.pdf">"The Impact of Limited Liability on Ownership and Control: Irish Banking, 1877–1914"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Economic History Review</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.fee.uva.nl/fm/conference/legal/ehr_2006_%20Acheson%20and%20Turner.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Limited+Liability+on+Ownership+and+Control%3A+Irish+Banking%2C+1877%E2%80%931914&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Acheson&rft.aufirst=Graeme+G.&rft.au=Turner%2C+John+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.fee.uva.nl%2Ffm%2Fconference%2Flegal%2Fehr_2006_%2520Acheson%2520and%2520Turner.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Economist</i>, December 18, 1926, at 1053, as quoted in Mahoney, <i>supra</i>, at 875.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Salomon_v_A_Salomon_%26_Co_Ltd" title="Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd">Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd</a></i> [1897] AC 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corporate_Law_textbook-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Corporate_Law_textbook_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corporate_Law_textbook_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmiddyCunningham2010" class="citation cs2">Smiddy, Linda O.; Cunningham, Lawrence A. (2010), <i>Corporations and Other Business Organizations: Cases, Materials, Problems</i> (Seventh ed.), LexisNexis, pp. <span class="nowrap">228–</span>231, 241, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4224-7659-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4224-7659-8"><bdi>978-1-4224-7659-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corporations+and+Other+Business+Organizations%3A+Cases%2C+Materials%2C+Problems&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E228-%3C%2Fspan%3E231%2C+241&rft.edition=Seventh&rft.pub=LexisNexis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4224-7659-8&rft.aulast=Smiddy&rft.aufirst=Linda+O.&rft.au=Cunningham%2C+Lawrence+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftzqaBv7X_sC&pg=PA159">The Law of Business Organizations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230105140507/https://books.google.com/books?id=ftzqaBv7X_sC&pg=PA159">Archived</a> 2023-01-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Cengage Learning</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBesleyBrigham2008" class="citation book cs1">Besley, Scott; Brigham, Eugene (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesoffina0000besl_4edi/page/105"><i>Principles of Finance</i></a> (4th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesoffina0000besl_4edi/page/105">105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-324-65588-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-324-65588-9"><bdi>978-0-324-65588-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Finance&rft.pages=105&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-324-65588-9&rft.aulast=Besley&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Brigham%2C+Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesoffina0000besl_4edi%2Fpage%2F105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116125800/http://www.internationallawoffice.com/newsletters/detail.aspx?g=f4815d3b-0de3-44d3-81d8-16114b49b8d8">"Company & Commercial – Netherlands: In a nutshell – one-tier boards"</a>. International Law Office. 10 April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationallawoffice.com/newsletters/detail.aspx?g=f4815d3b-0de3-44d3-81d8-16114b49b8d8">the original</a> on 16 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Company+%26+Commercial+%E2%80%93+Netherlands%3A+In+a+nutshell+%E2%80%93+one-tier+boards&rft.pub=International+Law+Office&rft.date=2012-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationallawoffice.com%2Fnewsletters%2Fdetail.aspx%3Fg%3Df4815d3b-0de3-44d3-81d8-16114b49b8d8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoPucki_Page_74-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LoPucki_Page_74_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoPucki_Page_74_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoPuckiVerstein2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_M._LoPucki" title="Lynn M. LoPucki">LoPucki, Lynn M.</a>; Verstein, Andrew (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twgNEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74"><i>Business Associations: A Systems Approach</i></a> (2nd ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Aspen Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">74–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798892073653" title="Special:BookSources/9798892073653"><bdi>9798892073653</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+Associations%3A+A+Systems+Approach&rft.place=Burlington%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Aspen+Publishing&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9798892073653&rft.aulast=LoPucki&rft.aufirst=Lynn+M.&rft.au=Verstein%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtwgNEQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoverningHarvard-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GoverningHarvard_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChaitDanielLorschRosovsky2006" class="citation news cs1">Chait, Richard P.; <a href="/wiki/Ron_Daniel" title="Ron Daniel">Daniel, D. Ronald</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jay_Lorsch" title="Jay Lorsch">Lorsch, Jay W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Henry_Rosovsky" title="Henry Rosovsky">Rosovsky, Henry</a> (May–June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardmagazine.com/2006/05/governing-harvard.html">"Governing Harvard: A Harvard Magazine Roundtable"</a>. <i>Harvard Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416101007/https://harvardmagazine.com/2006/05/governing-harvard.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Magazine&rft.atitle=Governing+Harvard%3A+A+Harvard+Magazine+Roundtable&rft.date=2006-05%2F2006-06&rft.aulast=Chait&rft.aufirst=Richard+P.&rft.au=Daniel%2C+D.+Ronald&rft.au=Lorsch%2C+Jay+W.&rft.au=Rosovsky%2C+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharvardmagazine.com%2F2006%2F05%2Fgoverning-harvard.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bartlett_Page54-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bartlett_Page54_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartlett1995" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Joseph W. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j5ngCEGebrwC&pg=PA54"><i>Equity Finance: Venture Capital, Buyouts, Restructurings and Reorganizations</i></a> (2nd ed.). New York: Aspen Publishers. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-07355-7077-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-07355-7077-1"><bdi>978-07355-7077-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Equity+Finance%3A+Venture+Capital%2C+Buyouts%2C+Restructurings+and+Reorganizations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=54&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Aspen+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-07355-7077-1&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj5ngCEGebrwC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoPucki_Page_58-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LoPucki_Page_58_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoPucki_Page_58_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoPuckiVerstein2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_M._LoPucki" title="Lynn M. LoPucki">LoPucki, Lynn M.</a>; Verstein, Andrew (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twgNEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58"><i>Business Associations: A Systems Approach</i></a> (2nd ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Aspen Publishing. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798892073653" title="Special:BookSources/9798892073653"><bdi>9798892073653</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+Associations%3A+A+Systems+Approach&rft.place=Burlington%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=58&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Aspen+Publishing&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9798892073653&rft.aulast=LoPucki&rft.aufirst=Lynn+M.&rft.au=Verstein%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtwgNEQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">California does not require corporations to indicate corporate status in their names, except for close corporations. The drafters of the 1977 revision of the California General Corporation Law considered the possibility of forcing all California corporations to have a name indicating corporate status, but decided against it because of the huge number of corporations that would have had to change their names, and the lack of any evidence that anyone had been harmed in California by entities whose corporate status was not immediately apparent from their names. However, the 1977 drafters were able to impose the current disclosure requirement for close corporations. See Harold Marsh, Jr., R. Roy Finkle, Larry W. Sonsini, and Ann Yvonne Walker, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uVKArsf8CtIC&pg=SA5-PA15"><i>Marsh's California Corporation Law</i></a>, 4th ed., vol. 1 (New York: Aspen Publishers, 2004), 5–15 — 5–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoPucki_Page_59-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LoPucki_Page_59_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoPucki_Page_59_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoPucki_Page_59_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LoPucki_Page_59_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoPuckiVerstein2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lynn_M._LoPucki" title="Lynn M. LoPucki">LoPucki, Lynn M.</a>; Verstein, Andrew (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twgNEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA59"><i>Business Associations: A Systems Approach</i></a> (2nd ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Aspen Publishing. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798892073653" title="Special:BookSources/9798892073653"><bdi>9798892073653</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+Associations%3A+A+Systems+Approach&rft.place=Burlington%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=59&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Aspen+Publishing&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9798892073653&rft.aulast=LoPucki&rft.aufirst=Lynn+M.&rft.au=Verstein%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtwgNEQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmberland2006" class="citation book cs1">Emberland, Marius (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120617104051/http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-928983-2.pdf"><i>The Human Rights of Companies: Exploring the Structure of ECHR Protection</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928983-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928983-7"><bdi>978-0-19-928983-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-928983-2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Human+Rights+of+Companies%3A+Exploring+the+Structure+of+ECHR+Protection&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928983-7&rft.aulast=Emberland&rft.aufirst=Marius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffds.oup.com%2Fwww.oup.co.uk%2Fpdf%2F0-19-928983-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <a href="/wiki/South_African_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Constitution">South African Constitution</a> Sect.8, especially Art.(4)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phillip I. Blumberg, The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law: The Search for a New Corporate Personality, (1993) discusses the controversial nature of additional rights being granted to corporations.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, the Business Corporations Act (B.C.) [SBC 2002] chapter 57, Part 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <a href="/wiki/Corporate_Manslaughter_and_Corporate_Homicide_Act_2007" title="Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007">Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joel Bakan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Corporation/Joel-Bakan/9780743247467">"The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730014716/https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Corporation/Joel-Bakan/9780743247467">Archived</a> 2021-07-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (New York: The Free Press, 2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRunciman2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Runciman" title="David Runciman">Runciman, David</a> (2000). "Is the State a Corporation?". <i>Government and Opposition</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 90, <span class="nowrap">103–</span>104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1477-7053.00014">10.1111/1477-7053.00014</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143599471">143599471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Government+and+Opposition&rft.atitle=Is+the+State+a+Corporation%3F&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=90%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1477-7053.00014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143599471%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarnetMuller1974" class="citation book cs1">Barnet, Richard; Muller, Ronald E. (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalreachpower00barn"><i>Global Reach: The Power of the Multinational Corporation</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Reach%3A+The+Power+of+the+Multinational+Corporation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Barnet&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Muller%2C+Ronald+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglobalreachpower00barn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bakan, Joel. <i>The New Corporation: How "Good" Corporations Are Bad for Democracy</i>. (2020)</li> <li>Blackstone, W. <i>Commentaries on the Laws of England</i> (1765) 455–473</li> <li>Blumberg, Phillip I., <i>The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law: The Search for a New Corporate Personality</i>, (1993)</li> <li>Blumberg, PI, <i>The Multinational Challenge to Corporation Law</i> (1993)</li> <li>Bromberg, Alan R. <i>Crane and Bromberg on Partnership</i>. 1968.</li> <li>Brown, Bruce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astonisher.com/archives/corporation/corporation_intro.html"><i>The History of the Corporation</i></a> (2003)</li> <li>Cadman, John William. <i>The Corporation in New Jersey: Business and Politics</i> (1949)</li> <li>Conard, Alfred F. <i>Corporations in Perspective</i>. 1976.</li> <li>Cooke, C.A., <i>Corporation, Trust and Company: A Legal History</i>, (1950)</li> <li>Davies, PL, and LCB Gower, <i>Principles of Modern Company Law</i> (6th ed., Sweet and Maxwell, 1997), chapters 2–4</li> <li>Davis, John P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/davisjohn/index.html"><i>Corporations</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611003708/http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/davisjohn/index.html">Archived</a> 2011-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1904)</li> <li>Davis, Joseph S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/davisjoe/index.html"><i>Essays in the Earlier History of American Corporations</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610214651/http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/davisjoe/index.html">Archived</a> 2011-06-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1917)</li> <li>Dignam, Alan and John Lowry (2020), <i>Company Law</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928936-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928936-3">978-0-19-928936-3</a></li> <li>Dodd, Edwin Merrick. <i>American Business Corporations Until 1860, with Special Reference to Massachusetts</i> (1954)</li> <li>DuBois, A. B. <i>The English Business Company after the Bubble Act</i> (1938)</li> <li>Formoy, RR, <i>The Historical Foundations of Company Law</i> (Sweet and Maxwell 1923) 21</li> <li>Freedman, Charles. <i>Joint-stock Enterprise in France: From Privileged Company to Modern Corporation</i> (1979)</li> <li>Frentrop, P, <i>A History of Corporate Governance 1602–2002</i> (Brussels et al., 2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Freund" title="Ernst Freund">Freund, Ernst</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050129193644/http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/freund/index.html"><i>The Legal Nature of the Corporation</i></a> (1897), MCMaster.ca</li> <li>Hallis, Frederick. <i>Corporate Personality: A Study in Jurisprudence</i> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hessen" title="Robert Hessen">Hessen, Robert</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/In_Defense_of_the_Corporation" title="In Defense of the Corporation">In Defense of the Corporation</a></i>. Hoover Institute. 1979.</li> <li>Hunt, Bishop. <i>The Development of the Business Corporation in England </i> (1936)</li> <li>Klein and Coffee. <i>Business Organization and Finance: Legal and Economic Principles</i>. Foundation. 2002.</li> <li>Kocaoglu, Kagan (Cahn Kojaolu) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1103644">A Comparative Bibliography: Regulatory Competition on Corporate Law</a></li> <li>Kyd, S, <i>A Treatise on the Law of Corporations</i> (1793–1794)</li> <li>Mahoney, PG, "Contract or Concession? An Essay on the History of Corporate Law" (2000) 34 Ga. Law Review 873</li> <li>Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/majumdar/index.html"><i>Corporate Life in Ancient India</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706185250/http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/majumdar/index.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (1920)</li> <li>Means, Robert Charles. <i>Underdevelopment and the Development of Law: Corporations and Corporation Law in Nineteenth-century Colombia</i>, (1980)</li> <li>Micklethwait, John and Wooldridge, Adrian. <i>The Company: A Short History of a Revolutionary Idea</i>. New York: Modern Library. 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProvostKennard2023" class="citation book cs1">Provost, Claire; <a href="/wiki/Matt_Kennard_(journalist)" title="Matt Kennard (journalist)">Kennard, Matt</a> (2023). <i>Silent Coup: How Corporations Overthrew Democracy</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350269989" title="Special:BookSources/978-1350269989"><bdi>978-1350269989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Coup%3A+How+Corporations+Overthrew+Democracy&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1350269989&rft.aulast=Provost&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Kennard%2C+Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACorporation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Owen, Thomas. <i>The Corporation Under Russian Law: A Study in Tsarist Economic Policy</i> (1991)</li> <li>Rungta, Radhe Shyam. <i>The Rise of the Business Corporation in India, 1851–1900</i> (1970)</li> <li>Scott, W. R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/scott/index.html"><i>Constitution and Finance of English, Scottish and Irish Joint-Stock Companies to 1720</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706185257/http://socserv2.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/scott/index.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sobel" title="Robert Sobel">Sobel, Robert</a>. <i>The Age of Giant Corporations: A Microeconomic History of American Business</i>. (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Tooze, Adam</a>, "Democracy and Its Discontents", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, vol. LXVI, no. 10 (6 June 2019), pp. 52–53, 56–57. "Democracy has no clear answer for the mindless operation of <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technological power</a>. We may indeed be witnessing its extension in the form of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">robotics</a>. Likewise, after decades of dire warning, the <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmental problem</a> remains fundamentally unaddressed.... Bureaucratic overreach and environmental catastrophe are precisely the kinds of slow-moving existential challenges that democracies deal with very badly.... Finally, there is the threat du jour: corporations and the technologies they promote." (pp. 56–57.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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the English Law by Barrister Daniel Bennett</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aspects_of_corporations422" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_corporations" title="Template:Aspects of corporations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aspects_of_corporations" title="Template talk:Aspects of corporations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aspects_of_corporations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aspects of corporations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aspects_of_corporations422" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aspects of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">corporations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_appointeeship" title="Corporate appointeeship">Appointeeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_communication" title="Corporate communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_entertainment" title="Corporate entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_ethics" title="Business ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_identity" title="Corporate identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlocking_directorate" title="Interlocking directorate">Interlocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Liability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_in_the_workplace" title="Machiavellianism in the workplace">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_narcissism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_opportunity" title="Corporate opportunity">Opportunity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_pathos" title="Corporate pathos">Pathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate power">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_promoter" title="Corporate promoter">Promoter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_raid" title="Corporate raid">Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_recovery" title="Corporate recovery">Recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_resolution" title="Corporate resolution">Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corporate_scandals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of corporate scandals">Scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_services" title="Corporate services">Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_entrepreneurship" title="Corporate social entrepreneurship">Social entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_media" title="Corporate social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sourcing" title="Corporate sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_statism" title="Corporate statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sustainability" title="Corporate sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_synergy" title="Corporate synergy">Synergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">Tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_taxonomy" title="Corporate taxonomy">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_trainer" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate trainer">Trainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_transparency" title="Corporate transparency">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_travel_management" title="Corporate travel management">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_trust" title="Corporate trust">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piercing_the_corporate_veil" title="Piercing the corporate veil">Veil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_video" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate video">Video</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/20px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/40px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> See also templates</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_jobs" title="Template:Aspects of jobs">Aspects of jobs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_occupations" title="Template:Aspects of occupations">Aspects of occupations</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_organizations" title="Template:Aspects of organizations">Aspects of organizations</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_workplaces" title="Template:Aspects of workplaces">Aspects of workplaces</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Corporate_titles" title="Template:Corporate titles">Corporate titles</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aspects_of_workplaces131" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_workplaces" title="Template:Aspects of workplaces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aspects_of_workplaces" title="Template talk:Aspects of workplaces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aspects_of_workplaces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aspects of workplaces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aspects_of_workplaces131" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aspects of <a href="/wiki/Workplace" title="Workplace">workplaces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absenteeism" title="Absenteeism">Absenteeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_aggression" title="Workplace aggression">Aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pattern" title="Anti-pattern">Anti-pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_impact_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Workplace impact of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_climate" title="Organisation climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_surveillance_in_the_workplace" title="Computer surveillance in the workplace">Computer surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_conflict" title="Organizational conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_freak" title="Control freak">Control freak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterproductive_work_behavior" title="Counterproductive work behavior">Counterproductive behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coworking" title="Coworking">Coworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear#In_the_workplace" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_deviance" title="Workplace deviance">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(business)" title="Diversity (business)">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_overtime" title="Effects of overtime">Effects of overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">Emotional labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace" title="Emotions in the workplace">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_assistance_program" title="Employee assistance program">Employee assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_engagement" title="Employee engagement">Employee engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_experience_design" title="Employee experience design">Employee experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_monitoring" title="Employee monitoring">Employee monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_morale" title="Employee morale">Employee morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_recognition" title="Employee recognition">Employee recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_silence" title="Employee silence">Employee silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_surveys" title="Employee surveys">Employee surveys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment#In_workplace_management" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaluation_(workplace)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaluation (workplace)">Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminisation_of_the_workplace" title="Feminisation of the workplace">Feminisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generations_in_the_workforce" title="Generations in the workforce">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goofing_off" title="Goofing off">Goofing off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossip#Workplace_gossip" title="Gossip">Gossip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_at_work" title="Happiness at work">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_promotion" title="Workplace health promotion">Health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_surveillance" title="Workplace health surveillance">Health surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostile_work_environment" title="Hostile work environment">Hostile work environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_humor" title="Office humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace intervention">Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_jargon" title="Corporate jargon">Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick_the_cat" title="Kick the cat">Kick the cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_up_kick_down" title="Kiss up kick down">Kiss up kick down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_listening" title="Workplace listening">Listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_in_the_workplace" title="Machiavellianism in the workplace">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause_in_the_workplace" title="Menopause in the workplace">Menopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromanagement" title="Micromanagement">Micromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_politics" title="Workplace politics">Office politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_law" title="Parkinson's law">Parkinson's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_appraisal" title="Performance appraisal">Performance appraisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_clash#In_the_workplace" title="Personality clash">Personality clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_phobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace phobia">Phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology_in_the_workplace" title="Positive psychology in the workplace">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_privacy" title="Workplace privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probation_(workplace)" title="Probation (workplace)">Probation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">Profanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_of_working_life" title="Quality of working life">Quality of working life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_bee_syndrome" title="Queen bee syndrome">Queen bee syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_race" title="Rat race">Rat race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace relationships">Relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_revenge" title="Workplace revenge">Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_robotics_safety" title="Workplace robotics safety">Robotics safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_conflict" title="Role conflict">Role conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_spirituality" title="Workplace spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_strategy" title="Workplace strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_leader" title="Toxic leader">Toxic leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_development" title="Professional development">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnover_(employment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnover (employment)">Turnover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_undermining" title="Social undermining">Undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_violence" title="Workplace violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_workplace" title="Virtual workplace">Virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_wellness" title="Workplace wellness">Wellness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93family_conflict" title="Work–family conflict">Work–family conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workload" title="Workload">Workload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Workplace harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workwear" title="Workwear">Workwear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters" title="Headquarters">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job" class="mw-redirect" title="Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_sharing" title="Job sharing">Job sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office" title="Office">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">Remote work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/20px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/40px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> Templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_corporations" title="Template:Aspects of corporations">Aspects of corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_jobs" title="Template:Aspects of jobs">Aspects of jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_occupations" title="Template:Aspects of occupations">Aspects of occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_organizations" title="Template:Aspects of organizations">Aspects of organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Employment" title="Template:Employment">Employment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/19px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/29px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167037#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata804" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167037#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4128521-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85032928">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000059943&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007565198305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638871">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporation&oldid=1282715802">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporation&oldid=1282715802</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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