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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Early Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_the_Armenian_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_the_Armenian_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>World War I and the Armenian genocide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_the_Armenian_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Republic_of_Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Republic_of_Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>First Republic of Armenia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Republic_of_Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_SSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_SSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Armenian SSR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_SSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1922_to_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1922_to_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>1922 to World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1922_to_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_post-Stalinist_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_post-Stalinist_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>World War II and post-Stalinist period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_post-Stalinist_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gorbachev_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gorbachev_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.3</span> <span>Gorbachev era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gorbachev_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration_of_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration_of_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Restoration of independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration_of_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.1</span> <span>2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_and_freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_and_freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Human rights and freedom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_and_freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Science and technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Health care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Music and dance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Source_attribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source_attribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Source attribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source_attribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Citations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Armenia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 278 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-278" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">278 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A8nia" title="Armènia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Armènia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Ермэлые – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ермэлые" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Армение – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Армение" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeni%C3%AB" title="Armenië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Armenië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenien" title="Armenien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Armenien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%AD%E1%88%98%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB" title="አርመኒያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አርመኒያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आर्मेनिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="आर्मेनिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ермантәыла – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ермантәыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="أرمينيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرمينيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%AA%DC%A1%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܐܪܡܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܪܡܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հայաստան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հայաստան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminii" title="Arminii – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Arminii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A8nia" title="Armènia – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Armènia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आर्मेनिया – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="आर्मेनिया" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aym%C3%A9%C3%B1a" title="Ayméña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ayméña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Армения – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Армения" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erm%C9%99nistan" title="Ermənistan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ermənistan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ارمنیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ارمنیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nia" title="Arménia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Arménia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আর্মেনিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আর্মেনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%80%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Әрмәнстан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Әрмәнстан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Арменія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арменія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Армэнія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Армэнія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आर्मीनिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आर्मीनिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenya" title="Armenya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Armenya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenia" title="Amenia – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Amenia" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Армения – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Армения" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenien" title="Armenien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Armenien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨར་མེ་ནི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨར་མེ་ནི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenija" title="Armenija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Armenija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Армени – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Армени" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A8nia" title="Armènia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Armènia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Эрмени – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Эрмени" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenya" title="Armenya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Armenya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nie" title="Arménie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arménie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arumeniya" title="Arumeniya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Arumeniya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenien" title="Armenien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Armenien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="أرمينيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أرمينيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeni" title="Armeni – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Armeni" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenien" title="Armenien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Armenien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7" title="އަރުމީނިއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އަރުމީނިއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzi%C5%82k%CA%BCi_Dah_N%C3%A1z%CA%BC%C3%A9elii_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Dziłkʼi Dah Názʼéelii Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dziłkʼi Dah Názʼéelii Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arme%C5%84ska" title="Armeńska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Armeńska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आर्मेनिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="आर्मेनिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1" title="ཨར་མི་ནི་ཡ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཨར་མི་ནི་ཡ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeenia" title="Armeenia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Armeenia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αρμενία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρμενία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A8gna" title="Armègna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Armègna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Армения Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Армения Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenio" title="Armenio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Armenio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arme%C3%B1a" title="Armeña – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Armeña" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ارمنستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارمنستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nie" title="Arménie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arménie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeenje" title="Armeenje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Armeenje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armaaniya" title="Armaaniya – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Armaaniya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenie" title="Armenie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Armenie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Airm%C3%A9in" title="An Airméin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Airméin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Armeain" title="Yn Armeain – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Armeain" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermenistan" title="Ermenistan – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Ermenistan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airmeinia" title="Airmeinia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Airmeinia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Эрмалойче – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Эрмалойче" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="أرمنستان – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="أرمنستان" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="આર્મેનિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આર્મેનિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌾𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐍂𐌼𐌴𐌽𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अर्मेनिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="अर्मेनिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Арменин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Арменин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%A9%94%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="아르메니아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르메니아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniya" title="Armeniya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Armeniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C4%80m%C4%93nia" title="ʻĀmēnia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻĀmēnia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հայաստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आर्मीनिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आर्मीनिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenska" title="Armenska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Armenska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenija" title="Armenija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Armenija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আর্মেনিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="আর্মেনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Сомих – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сомих" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armen%C3%ADa" title="Armenía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Armenía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="ארמניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ארמניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A8ni" title="Armèni – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Armèni" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenii" title="Armenii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Armenii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಆರ್ಮೇನಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆರ್ಮೇನಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Эрмения – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Эрмения" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="სომხეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სომხეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenij%C3%B4" title="Armenijô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Armenijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Армения – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Армения" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeni" title="Armeni – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Armeni" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arumeniya" title="Arumeniya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Arumeniya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Армения – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Армения" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xayastana" title="Xayastana – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Xayastana" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameni" title="Ameni – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ameni" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9ni" title="Arméni – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Arméni" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermenistan" title="Ermenistan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ermenistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Армения – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Армения" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Армени – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Армени" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດອາກເມນີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອາກເມນີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeneja" title="Armeneja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Armeneja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C4%93nija" title="Armēnija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Armēnija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenien" title="Armenien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Armenien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Эрменистан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Эрменистан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C4%97nija" title="Armėnija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Armėnija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeni%C3%AB" title="Armenië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Armenië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeni" title="Armeni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Armeni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiastan" title="Haiastan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Haiastan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armienii" title="Armienii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Armienii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rm%C3%A9nyorsz%C3%A1g" title="Örményország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Örményország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आर्मेनिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="आर्मेनिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Ерменија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ерменија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="അർമേനിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അർമേനിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenja" title="Armenja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Armenja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80menia" title="Āmenia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Āmenia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आर्मेनिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आर्मेनिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="სომხეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სომხეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ارمينيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ارمينيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ارمنسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ارمنسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯑꯔꯃꯦꯅꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯔꯃꯦꯅꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nia" title="Arménia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Arménia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Армения – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Армения" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Армени – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Армени" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အာမေးနီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အာမေးနီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeni%C3%AB" title="Armenië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Armenië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeni%C3%AB" title="Armenië – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Armenië" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आर्मेनिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आर्मेनिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आर्मेनिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आर्मेनिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="アルメニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルメニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C" title="Эрмалойчоь – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Эрмалойчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeenien" title="Armeenien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Armeenien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarmanya" title="Aarmanya – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Aarmanya" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Армений – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Армений" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଆର୍ମେନିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆର୍ମେନିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeeniyaa" title="Armeeniyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Armeeniyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armaniston" title="Armaniston – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Armaniston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਆਰਮੀਨੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਰਮੀਨੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आर्मीनिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="आर्मीनिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayastan" title="Hayastan – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Hayastan" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آرمینیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آرمینیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ارمنستان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ارمنستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aamiinia" title="Aamiinia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aamiinia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8" title="អាមេនី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាមេនី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nie" title="Arménie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Arménie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenien" title="Armenien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Armenien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αρμενία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Αρμενία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nia" title="Arménia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arménia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeniya" title="Armeniya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Armeniya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermenistan" title="Ermenistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ermenistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80menia" title="Āmenia – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Āmenia" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayasuyu" title="Hayasuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hayasuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Арменія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Арменія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Армения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Армения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Эрмээнийэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Эрмээнийэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenia" title="Amenia – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Amenia" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आर्मीनिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आर्मीनिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armen%C3%AFi" title="Armenïi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Armenïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱨᱢᱮᱱᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A8nia" title="Armènia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Armènia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeinie" title="Armeinie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Armeinie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenien" title="Armenien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Armenien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ආර්මේනියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආර්මේනියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="آرمينيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آرمينيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Arimeniya" title="I-Arimeniya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="I-Arimeniya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nsko" title="Arménsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arménsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenija" title="Armenija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Armenija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%94%D0%BD%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Армєнїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Армєнїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armynij%C5%8F" title="Armynijŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Armynijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armiiniya" title="Armiiniya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Armiiniya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئەرمەنستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەرمەنستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenikondre" title="Armenikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Armenikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Јерменија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јерменија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenija" title="Armenija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Armenija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nia" title="Arménia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Arménia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenien" title="Armenien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Armenien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenya" title="Armenya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Armenya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="ஆர்மீனியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆர்மீனியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminya" title="Arminya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Arminya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arminya" title="Arminya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Arminya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D1%80%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Әрмәнстан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әрмәнстан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BC%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းဢႃႇမေးၼီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢႃႇမေးၼီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="ఆర్మేనియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆర్మేనియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9nia" title="Arménia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Arménia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศอาร์มีเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอาร์มีเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Арманистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Арманистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAm%C4%93nia" title="ʻAmēnia – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻAmēnia" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B5%E1%8E%BB%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A0" title="ᎠᎵᎻᏂᎠ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎵᎻᏂᎠ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermenistan" title="Ermenistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ermenistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermenistan" title="Ermenistan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ermenistan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminia" title="Aminia – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Aminia" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1ri%CC%B1meniya" title="A̱ri̱meniya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱ri̱meniya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Армения – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Армения" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Вірменія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вірменія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="آرمینیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آرمینیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%90%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئەرمېنىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئەرمېنىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A8nia" title="Armènia – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Armènia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenii" title="Armenii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Armenii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larmeniy%C3%A4n" title="Larmeniyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Larmeniyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeeni%C3%A4" title="Armeeniä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Armeeniä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85rmeneye" title="Årmeneye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Årmeneye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="亞美尼亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="亞美尼亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeni%C3%AB" title="Armenië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Armenië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenya" title="Armenya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Armenya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeeni" title="Armeeni – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Armeeni" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="亚美尼亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚美尼亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ארמעניע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ארמעניע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9n%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Arméníà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Arméníà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="亞美尼亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞美尼亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ermen%C4%B1stan" title="Ermenıstan – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ermenıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armeni%C3%AB" title="Armenië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Armenië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armien%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Armienėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Armienėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="亞美尼亞 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亞美尼亞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lem%C3%A8nder" title="Lemènder – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Lemènder" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Armenia" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Armenia" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Country in West Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hayastan" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Armenia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Armenia (disambiguation)">Armenia (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hayastan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hayastan (disambiguation)">Hayastan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Armenia</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy" style="font-style: normal;">Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>)</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;"><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun</i></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Armenia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Armenia"><img alt="Flag of Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/125px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/188px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/250px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Armenia" title="Flag of Armenia">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Armenia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia" title="Coat of arms of Armenia"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Մեր Հայրենիք</span></span><br /><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mer_Hayrenik" title="Mer Hayrenik">Mer Hayrenik</a></i></span><br />"Our Fatherland"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" 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/></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Armenia"><img alt="Location of Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Armenia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Armenia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Armenia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Armenia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Armenia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Armenia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Armenia</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Armenia&params=40_11_N_44_31_E_type:city(1,100,000)_region:AM-ER"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°11′N</span> <span class="longitude">44°31′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.183°N 44.517°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.183; 44.517</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="ib-country-lang">Recognized languages</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><b>List</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Suret_language" title="Suret language">Assyrian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">Official script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>98.1% <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li><li>1.1% <a href="/wiki/Yazidis_in_Armenia" title="Yazidis in Armenia">Yazidis</a></li><li>0.8% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Armenia" title="Ethnic minorities in Armenia">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA6_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>96.8% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>95.2% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia#Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li>1.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia#Other_Christian_denominations" title="Religion in Armenia">other Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li>0.6% no religion</li><li>0.9% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">other</a></li><li>1.7% unspecified</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vahagn_Khachaturyan" title="Vahagn Khachaturyan">Vahagn Khachaturyan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan" title="Nikol Pashinyan">Nikol Pashinyan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Armenia" title="President of the National Assembly of Armenia">President of the National Assembly</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alen_Simonyan" title="Alen Simonyan">Alen Simonyan</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Establishment</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">860 BC–547/90 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">331 BC–428 AD</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid Armenia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">880s–1045</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1198/99–1375</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid Armenia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1201–1350</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">Republic of Armenia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 May 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 November 1920</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Restoration</a> of <a href="/wiki/1991_Armenian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Armenian independence referendum">independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 September 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">CIS accession</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 December 1991</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">29,743 km<sup>2</sup> (11,484 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">138th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4.71<sup id="cite_ref-cia-fact_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-fact-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Demographics of Armenia">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,015,400 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">138th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">101.5/km<sup>2</sup> (262.9/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $64.432 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.AM_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AM-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">114th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $21,746<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.AM_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AM-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">77th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $25.408 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.AM_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AM-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">115th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $8,575<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.AM_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.AM-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">84th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 27.9<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:forestgreen">low inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.786<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:forestgreen">high</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">76th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram" title="Armenian dram">Dram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram_sign" title="Armenian dram sign">֏</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">AMD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+4</span> (<a href="/wiki/Armenia_Time" title="Armenia Time">AMT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd.mm.yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Armenia" title="Telephone numbers in Armenia">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Armenia" title="Telephone numbers in Armenia">+374</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:AM" title="ISO 3166-2:AM">AM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.am" title=".am">.am</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5" title=".հայ">.հայ</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website"><b>Website</b><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.am">www<wbr />.gov<wbr />.am</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Armenia</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Republic of Armenia</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-classification_of_world_regions_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classification_of_world_regions-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region and is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> to the east, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and the Azerbaijani <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a>, largest city and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">financial center</a>. </p><p>Armenia is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a>, multi-party, democratic <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation-state</a> with an ancient cultural heritage. The Armenian Highlands has been home to the <a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shupria" title="Shupria">Shupria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nairi" title="Nairi">Nairi</a>. By at least 600 BC, an archaic form of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language, had diffused into the Armenian Highlands.<sup id="cite_ref-EIEC_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIEC-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drews2017_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drews2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Armenian state of <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> was established in 860 BC, and by the 6th century BC it was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Satrapy of Armenia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a> reached its height under <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes the Great</a> in the 1st century BC and in the year 301 became the first state in the world to adopt <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> as its <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenia still recognises the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>, the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">national church</a>, as the country's primary religious establishment.<sup id="cite_ref-Article_18_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article_18-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient Armenian kingdom was split between the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empires</a> around the early 5th century. Under the <a href="/wiki/Bagratuni_dynasty" title="Bagratuni dynasty">Bagratuni dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Kingdom_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia">Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia</a> was restored in the 9th century before falling in 1045. <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician Armenia</a>, an Armenian principality and later a kingdom, was located on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> between the 11th and 14th centuries. </p><p>Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the traditional Armenian homeland composed of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenia" title="Eastern Armenia">Eastern Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a> came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">Persian</a> empires, repeatedly ruled by either of the two over the centuries. By the 19th century, Eastern Armenia had been conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, while most of the western parts of the traditional Armenian homeland remained under Ottoman rule. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, up to 1.5 million Armenians living in their ancestral lands in the Ottoman Empire were systematically exterminated in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>. In 1918, following the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, all non-Russian countries declared their independence after the Russian Empire ceased to exist, leading to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a>. By 1920, the state was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian SSR</a>. The modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>. </p><p>Armenia is a <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a> and ranks 76th on the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> as of 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Its economy</a> is primarily based on industrial output and mineral extraction. While Armenia is geographically located in the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>, it is generally considered <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitically</a> European. Since Armenia aligns itself in many respects geopolitically with <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the country is a member of numerous European organisations including the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-Operation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">Assembly of European Regions</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a>. Armenia is also a member of certain regional groups throughout <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Development_Bank" title="Eurasian Development Bank">Eurasian Development Bank</a>. Armenia supported the once <i>de facto</i> independent <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a> (Nagorno-Karabakh), which was proclaimed in 1991 on territory internationally recognized as part of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, until the republic's <a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">dissolution</a> in September 2023. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Armenia" title="Name of Armenia">Name of Armenia</a></div> <p>The original native <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> name for the country was <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Հայք</span></span> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%84" class="extiw" title="wikt:Հայք"><span title="Armenian-language text"><i lang="hy-Latn">Hayk'</i></span></a>); however, it is currently rarely used. The contemporary name <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Հայաստան</span></span> (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:Հայաստան">Hayastan</a></i>) became popular in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> by addition of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> suffix <i><a href="/wiki/-stan" title="-stan">-stan</a></i> (place).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the origins of the name Hayastan trace back to much earlier dates and were first attested in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 5th century</span> in the works of <a href="/wiki/Agathangelos" title="Agathangelos">Agathangelos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Faustus_of_Byzantium" class="mw-redirect" title="Faustus of Byzantium">Faustus of Byzantium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ghazar_Parpetsi" title="Ghazar Parpetsi">Ghazar Parpetsi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Koryun" class="mw-redirect" title="Koryun">Koryun</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sebeos" title="Sebeos">Sebeos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name has traditionally been derived from <a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">Hayk</a> (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Հայկ</span></span>), the legendary patriarch of the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> and a great-great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a>, who, according to the 5th-century AD author <a href="/wiki/Moses_of_Chorene" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses of Chorene">Moses of Chorene (Movsis Khorenatsi)</a>, defeated the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_Babylon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Kings of Babylon">Babylonian king</a> Bel in <a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC" title="3rd millennium BC">2492 BC</a> and established his nation in the <a href="/wiki/Ararat,_Armenia" title="Ararat, Armenia">Ararat</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The further origin of the name is uncertain. It is also further postulated<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bauer_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauer-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the name <i>Hay</i> comes from one of the two confederated, Hittite vassal states – the <a href="/wiki/Hayasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayasa">Ḫayaša</a>-Azzi (1600–1200 BC). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Exonym_and_endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym and endonym">exonym</a> <i>Armenia</i> is attested in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a> (515 BC) as <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%A0%F0%90%8E%BC%F0%90%8E%B7%F0%90%8E%A1%F0%90%8E%B4#Old_Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴">Armina</a></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="script-Xpeo">𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴</span>). The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> terms <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%88%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἀρμενία">Ἀρμενία</a></span> (<i>Armenía</i>) and <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%88%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἀρμένιος">Ἀρμένιοι</a></span> (<i>Arménioi</i>, "Armenians") are first mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus of Miletus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550 BC</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 476 BC</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have linked the name <i>Armenia</i> with the Early Bronze Age state of <i><a href="/wiki/Armani_(kingdom)" title="Armani (kingdom)">Armani (Armanum, Armi)</a></i> or the Late Bronze Age state of <i><a href="/wiki/Shupria" title="Shupria">Arme (Shupria)</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These connections are inconclusive as it is not known what languages were spoken in these kingdoms. Additionally, while it is agreed that Arme was located to the immediate west of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Van" title="Lake Van">Lake Van</a> (probably in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Sason" title="Sason">Sason</a>, and therefore in the greater Armenia region), the location of the older site of Armani is a matter of debate. Some modern researchers have placed it near modern <a href="/wiki/Samsat" title="Samsat">Samsat</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have suggested it was populated, at least partially, by an early Indo-European-speaking people.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that the name <i>Armenia</i> originates in <i>Armini</i>, Urartian for "inhabitant of Arme" or "Armean country".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arme tribe of Urartian texts may have been the Urumu, who in the 12th century BC attempted to invade Assyria from the north with their allies the <a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kaskians" title="Kaskians">Kaskians</a>. The Urumu apparently settled in the vicinity of Sason, lending their name to the regions of Arme and the nearby lands of Urme and Inner Urumu.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to the histories of both Moses of Chorene and Michael Chamchian, <i>Armenia</i> derives from the name of <a href="/wiki/Aram_(given_name)" title="Aram (given name)">Aram</a>, a lineal descendant of Hayk.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-battles_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-battles-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>/<a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Table_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of Nations">Table of Nations</a> lists <a href="/wiki/Aram,_son_of_Shem" title="Aram, son of Shem">Aram</a> as the son of <a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a>, to whom the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a> attests, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And for Aram there came forth the fourth portion, all the land of Mesopotamia between the Tigris and the Euphrates to the north of the Chaldees to the border of the mountains of Asshur and the land of 'Arara'.<sup id="cite_ref-pseudepigrapha_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pseudepigrapha-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-digitalcommons.andrews.edu_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digitalcommons.andrews.edu-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Jubilees 8:21 also apportions the Mountains of Ararat to <a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a>, which Jubilees 9:5 expounds to be apportioned to <a href="/wiki/Aram,_son_of_Shem" title="Aram, son of Shem">Aram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pseudepigrapha_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pseudepigrapha-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-digitalcommons.andrews.edu_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digitalcommons.andrews.edu-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian Flavius Josephus also states in his <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a>, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Aram had the Aramites, which the Greeks called <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrians</a>;... Of the four sons of Aram, Uz founded <a href="/wiki/Trachonitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Trachonitis">Trachonitis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>: this country lies between <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celesyria" class="mw-redirect" title="Celesyria">Celesyria</a>. Ul founded Armenia; and Gather the <a href="/wiki/Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrians">Bactrians</a>; and Mesa the Mesaneans; it is now called <a href="/wiki/Charax_Spasini" class="mw-redirect" title="Charax Spasini">Charax Spasini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">History of Armenia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric">Prehistoric</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Prehistoric Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of the Armenians">Prehistory of the Armenians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian archeology">Armenian archeology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zorats_Karer_2008,_part_of_the_stone_circle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Zorats_Karer_2008%2C_part_of_the_stone_circle.jpg/220px-Zorats_Karer_2008%2C_part_of_the_stone_circle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Zorats_Karer_2008%2C_part_of_the_stone_circle.jpg/330px-Zorats_Karer_2008%2C_part_of_the_stone_circle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Zorats_Karer_2008%2C_part_of_the_stone_circle.jpg/440px-Zorats_Karer_2008%2C_part_of_the_stone_circle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption>Bronze Age burial site <a href="/wiki/Zorats_Karer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zorats Karer">Zorats Karer</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Zorats_Karer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zorats Karer">Karahunj</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p>The first human traces are supported by the presence of Acheulean tools, generally close to the obsidian outcrops more than 1 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most recent and important excavation is at the <a href="/wiki/Nor_Geghi" title="Nor Geghi">Nor Geghi 1</a> Stone Age site in the <a href="/wiki/Hrazdan_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrazdan river">Hrazdan river</a> valley.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of 325,000 year-old artifacts may indicate that this stage of human technological innovation occurred intermittently throughout the Old World, rather than spreading from a single point of origin (usually hypothesized to be Africa), as was previously thought.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bull_Petroglyph_Ukhtasar_Volcano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bull_Petroglyph_Ukhtasar_Volcano.jpg/220px-Bull_Petroglyph_Ukhtasar_Volcano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bull_Petroglyph_Ukhtasar_Volcano.jpg/330px-Bull_Petroglyph_Ukhtasar_Volcano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bull_Petroglyph_Ukhtasar_Volcano.jpg/440px-Bull_Petroglyph_Ukhtasar_Volcano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3477" data-file-height="2318" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyphs</a> with images of various animals on Mount <a href="/wiki/Ughtasar_Petroglyphs" title="Ughtasar Petroglyphs">Ughtasar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many early Bronze Age settlements were built in Armenia (Valley of Ararat, Shengavit, Harich, Karaz, Amiranisgora, Margahovit, Garni, etc.). One of the important sites of the Early Bronze Age is <a href="/wiki/Shengavit_(site)" title="Shengavit (site)">Shengavit Settlement</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-o766_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-o766-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was located on the site of today's capital of Armenia, <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>. </p><p>Such things were discovered in Armenia, for example, the oldest <a href="/wiki/Areni-1_shoe" title="Areni-1 shoe">shoe</a>, oldest <a href="/wiki/Wagon" title="Wagon">wagon</a>, oldest <a href="/wiki/Areni-1_cave" title="Areni-1 cave">skirt</a>, and the oldest <a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">wine-making facility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Satrapy of Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Armenia" title="Lesser Armenia">Lesser Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arshakuni_Armenia_150-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Arshakuni_Armenia_150-en.svg/290px-Arshakuni_Armenia_150-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Arshakuni_Armenia_150-en.svg/435px-Arshakuni_Armenia_150-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Arshakuni_Armenia_150-en.svg/580px-Arshakuni_Armenia_150-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2717" data-file-height="1595" /></a><figcaption>Historical Armenia, 150 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Armenia lies in the highlands surrounding the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Ararat</a>. There is evidence of an early civilisation in Armenia in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and earlier, dating to about 4000 BC. Archaeological surveys in 2010 and 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Areni-1_cave_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Areni-1 cave complex">Areni-1 cave complex</a> have resulted in the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Areni-1_shoe" title="Areni-1 shoe">the world's earliest known leather shoe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CNNc_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNNc-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> skirt,<sup id="cite_ref-strawskirt_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strawskirt-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">wine-producing facility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Geographic_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Geographic-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> cultures and states flourished in the area of Greater Armenia, including the <a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti-Vanadzor culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> (located in southwestern historical Armenia), all of which are believed to have had Indo-European populations.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nairi" title="Nairi">Nairi</a> confederation and its successor, <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a>, successively established their sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a>. Each of the aforementioned nations and confederacies participated in the ethnogenesis of the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large cuneiform lapidary inscription found in <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> established that the modern capital of Armenia was founded in the summer of 782 BC by King <a href="/wiki/Argishti_I_of_Urartu" title="Argishti I of Urartu">Argishti I</a>. Yerevan is one of the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_continuously_inhabited_cities" title="List of oldest continuously inhabited cities">oldest continuously inhabited cities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg/220px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg/330px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg/440px-Darius_I_the_Great%27s_inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription of Darius I</a> mentioning Armenia. 6th century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>After the fall of the state of <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a> at the beginning of the 6th century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a> were for some time under the hegemony of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, and after that they were part of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. Armenia was part of the Achaemenid state from the second half of the 6th century BC until the second half of the 4th century BC divided into two satrapies - XIII (western part, with the capital in <a href="/wiki/Melitene" class="mw-redirect" title="Melitene">Melitene</a>) and XVIII (northeastern part).<sup id="cite_ref-ИВ_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ИВ-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late 6th century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">first geographical entity that was called Armenia</a> by neighbouring populations was established under the <a href="/wiki/Orontid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Orontid Dynasty">Orontid Dynasty</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, as part of the latter's territories.<sup id="cite_ref-c210_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c210-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Tigranes_II_the_Great,_Antioch_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Coin_of_Tigranes_II_the_Great%2C_Antioch_mint.jpg/220px-Coin_of_Tigranes_II_the_Great%2C_Antioch_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Coin_of_Tigranes_II_the_Great%2C_Antioch_mint.jpg/330px-Coin_of_Tigranes_II_the_Great%2C_Antioch_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Coin_of_Tigranes_II_the_Great%2C_Antioch_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes the Great</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The kingdom became fully sovereign from the sphere of influence of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> in 190 BC under King <a href="/wiki/Artaxias_I" title="Artaxias I">Artaxias I</a> and begun the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty" title="Artaxiad dynasty">Artaxiad dynasty</a>. Armenia reached its height between 95 and 66 BC under <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes the Great</a>, becoming the most powerful kingdom of its time east of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RydénRosenqvist1993_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RydénRosenqvist1993-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the next centuries, Armenia was in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a>'s sphere of influence during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_I_of_Armenia" title="Tiridates I of Armenia">Tiridates I</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia">Arsacid dynasty of Armenia</a>, which itself was a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>. Throughout its history, the kingdom of Armenia enjoyed both periods of independence and periods of autonomy subject to contemporary empires. Its strategic location between two continents has subjected it to invasions by many peoples, including <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> (under <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a>, at around 669–627 BC, the boundaries of Assyria reached as far as Armenia and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, the successive <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar</a> dynasties of Iran, and the Russians. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garni_Temple_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Garni_Temple_02.JPG/220px-Garni_Temple_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Garni_Temple_02.JPG/330px-Garni_Temple_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Garni_Temple_02.JPG/440px-Garni_Temple_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2462" data-file-height="2365" /></a><figcaption>The pagan <a href="/wiki/Garni_Temple" title="Garni Temple">Garni Temple</a>, probably built in the first century, is the only "Greco-Roman <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnaded</a> building" in the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Religion in ancient Armenia was historically related to a set of beliefs that, in Persia, led to the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>. It particularly focused on the worship of <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a> and also included a pantheon of gods such as <a href="/wiki/Aramazd" title="Aramazd">Aramazd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vahagn" title="Vahagn">Vahagn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anahit" title="Anahit">Anahit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Astghik" class="mw-redirect" title="Astghik">Astghik</a>. The country used the solar <a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian calendar</a>, which consisted of 12 months.<sup id="cite_ref-j409_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-j409-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christianity spread into the country in the early 4th century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tiridates_III_of_Armenia" title="Tiridates III of Armenia">Tiridates III of Armenia</a> (238–314) made Christianity the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> in 301,<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-almanac_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-almanac-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> partly, in defiance of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, it seems,<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> becoming the first officially Christian state, ten years before the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> granted Christianity an official toleration under <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a>, and 36 years before <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> was baptised. Prior to this, during the latter part of the Parthian period, Armenia was a predominantly Zoroastrian country.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.nl_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fall of the Kingdom of Armenia in 428, most of Armenia was incorporated as a <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia"><i>marzpanate</i> within the Sasanian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Geukjian2016_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geukjian2016-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Avarayr" title="Battle of Avarayr">Battle of Avarayr</a> in 451, Christian Armenians maintained their religion and Armenia gained autonomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Panossian2006_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panossian2006-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Medieval Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid Armenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Armenia" title="Mongol Armenia">Mongol Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etchmiadzin_cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Etchmiadzin_cathedral.jpg/220px-Etchmiadzin_cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Etchmiadzin_cathedral.jpg/330px-Etchmiadzin_cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Etchmiadzin_cathedral.jpg/440px-Etchmiadzin_cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1875" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Etchmiadzin_Cathedral" title="Etchmiadzin Cathedral">Etchmiadzin Cathedral</a>, Armenia's Mother Church traditionally dated 303 AD, is considered the oldest cathedral in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Sassanid Empire was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> in the mid 7th century, reuniting Armenian lands previously taken by the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, and Armenia subsequently emerged as <a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Arminiya</a>, an autonomous principality under the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>. The principality was ruled by the Prince of Armenia, and recognised by the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliph</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine Emperor</a>. It was part of the administrative division/emirate <i>Arminiya</i> created by the Arabs, which also included parts of Georgia and <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a>, and had its centre in the Armenian city, <a href="/wiki/Dvin_(ancient_city)" title="Dvin (ancient city)">Dvin</a>. Arminiya lasted until 884, when it regained its independence from the weakened <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ashot_I_of_Armenia" title="Ashot I of Armenia">Ashot I of Armenia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanardCahen1960_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanardCahen1960-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reemergent Armenian kingdom was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Bagratuni_dynasty" title="Bagratuni dynasty">Bagratuni dynasty</a> and lasted until 1045. In time, several areas of the Bagratid Armenia separated as independent kingdoms and principalities such as the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Vaspurakan" title="Vaspurakan">Vaspurakan</a> ruled by the House of <a href="/wiki/Artsruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Artsruni">Artsruni</a> in the south, Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Syunik_Province" title="Syunik Province">Syunik</a> in the east, or <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Kingdom of Artsakh</a> on the territory of modern <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>, while still recognising the supremacy of the Bagratid kings.<sup id="cite_ref-Payaslian2008_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payaslian2008-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1045, the Byzantine Empire conquered Bagratid Armenia. Soon, the other Armenian states fell under Byzantine control as well. The Byzantine rule was short-lived, as in 1071 the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> defeated the Byzantines and conquered Armenia at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a>, establishing the Seljuk Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To escape death or servitude at the hands of those who had assassinated his relative, <a href="/wiki/Gagik_II_of_Armenia" title="Gagik II of Armenia">Gagik II of Armenia</a>, King of <a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a>, an Armenian named <a href="/wiki/Ruben_I,_Prince_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruben I, Prince of Armenia">Ruben I, Prince of Armenia</a>, went with some of his countrymen into the gorges of the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> and then into <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>. The Byzantine governor of the palace gave them shelter where the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a> was eventually established on 6 January 1198 under <a href="/wiki/Leo_I,_King_of_Armenia" title="Leo I, King of Armenia">Leo I, King of Armenia</a>, a descendant of Prince Ruben.<sup id="cite_ref-EvansWixomWixom1997_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EvansWixomWixom1997-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cilicia was a strong ally of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">European Crusaders</a>, and saw itself as a bastion of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> in the East. Cilicia's significance in Armenian history and statehood is also attested by the transfer of the seat of the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church, the spiritual leader of the Armenian people, to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-g429_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g429-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Seljuk Empire soon started to collapse. In the early 12th century, Armenian princes of the Zakarid family drove out the Seljuk Turks and established a semi-independent principality in northern and eastern Armenia known as <a href="/wiki/Zakarid_Armenia" title="Zakarid Armenia">Zakarid Armenia</a>, which lasted under the patronage of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgian Kingdom</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Orbelian_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbelian Dynasty">Orbelian Dynasty</a> shared control with the Zakarids in various parts of the country, especially in Syunik and <a href="/wiki/Vayots_Dzor_Province" title="Vayots Dzor Province">Vayots Dzor</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hasan-Jalalyan" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Hasan-Jalalyan">House of Hasan-Jalalyan</a> controlled provinces of <a href="/wiki/Artsakh_(historic_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artsakh (historic province)">Artsakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utik" title="Utik">Utik</a> as the Kingdom of Artsakh.<sup id="cite_ref-Hovannisian2004_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hovannisian2004-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Modern_era">Early Modern era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Armenians in the Ottoman Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Safavid_persia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Map_Safavid_persia.png/220px-Map_Safavid_persia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Map_Safavid_persia.png/330px-Map_Safavid_persia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Map_Safavid_persia.png/440px-Map_Safavid_persia.png 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>In 1501–02, most of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenia" title="Eastern Armenia">Eastern Armenian</a> territories, including Yerevan, were conquered by the emerging <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> of Iran led by Shah <a href="/wiki/Ismail_I" title="Ismail I">Ismail I</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1230s, the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> conquered Zakarid Armenia and then the remainder of Armenia. The Mongolian invasions were soon followed by those of other Central Asian tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/A%C4%9F_Qoyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ağ Qoyunlu">Ağ Qoyunlu</a>, which continued from the 13th century until the 15th century. After incessant invasions, each bringing destruction to the country, with time Armenia became weakened.<sup id="cite_ref-Hovannisian2004b_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hovannisian2004b-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> of Iran divided Armenia. From the early 16th century, both <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenia" title="Eastern Armenia">Eastern Armenia</a> fell to the Safavid Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ward2014_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ward2014-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to the century long <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_relations" title="Ottoman–Safavid relations">Turco-Iranian geopolitical rivalry</a> that would last in West Asia, significant parts of the region were frequently fought over between the two rivalling empires during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Ottoman–Persian Wars">Ottoman–Persian Wars</a>. From the mid 16th century with the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Amasya" title="Peace of Amasya">Peace of Amasya</a>, and decisively from the first half of the 17th century with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zuhab" title="Treaty of Zuhab">Treaty of Zuhab</a> until the first half of the 19th century,<sup id="cite_ref-HerzigKurkchiyan2004_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HerzigKurkchiyan2004-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern Armenia was ruled by the successive Safavid, <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_dynasty" title="Afsharid dynasty">Afsharid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar</a> empires, while Western Armenia remained under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkey">Ottoman</a> rule. </p><p>From 1604, <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas I of Persia">Abbas I of Iran</a> implemented a "<a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a>" policy in the region to protect his north-western frontier against any <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Safavid_War_(1603%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Safavid War (1603–1618)">invading Ottoman forces</a>, a policy that involved a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia#Persian_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">forced resettlement</a> of masses of Armenians outside of their homelands.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Erivan_Fortress_on_1_October_1827.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Siege_of_Erivan_Fortress_on_1_October_1827.jpg/220px-Siege_of_Erivan_Fortress_on_1_October_1827.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Siege_of_Erivan_Fortress_on_1_October_1827.jpg/330px-Siege_of_Erivan_Fortress_on_1_October_1827.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Siege_of_Erivan_Fortress_on_1_October_1827.jpg/440px-Siege_of_Erivan_Fortress_on_1_October_1827.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Erivan" title="Capture of Erivan">Capture of Erivan</a> fortress by Russian troops in 1827 during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%9328)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–28)">Russo-Persian War (1826–28)</a> by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Roubaud" title="Franz Roubaud">Franz Roubaud</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1813 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a> and the 1828 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%9313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–13)">Russo-Persian War (1804–13)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%9328)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–28)">Russo-Persian War (1826–28)</a>, respectively, the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a> of Iran was forced to irrevocably cede <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenia" title="Eastern Armenia">Eastern Armenia</a>, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Erivan_Khanate" title="Erivan Khanate">Erivan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate" title="Karabakh Khanate">Karabakh Khanates</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mikaberidze2011_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze2011-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dowling2014_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowling2014-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period is known as <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Armenia</a>. </p><p>While Western Armenia still remained under Ottoman rule, the Armenians were granted considerable autonomy within their own <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclaves</a> and lived in relative harmony with other groups in the empire (including the ruling Turks). However, as Christians under a strict Muslim <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structure</a>, Armenians faced pervasive discrimination. In response to <a href="/wiki/1894_Sasun_rebellion" title="1894 Sasun rebellion">1894 Sasun rebellion</a>, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> organised state-sponsored massacres against the Armenians between 1894 and 1896, resulting in an estimated death toll of 80,000 to 300,000 people. The <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Hamidian massacres</a>, as they came to be known, gave Hamid international infamy as the "Red Sultan" or "Bloody Sultan".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ErevanKhanate.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ErevanKhanate.gif/220px-ErevanKhanate.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ErevanKhanate.gif/330px-ErevanKhanate.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/ErevanKhanate.gif/440px-ErevanKhanate.gif 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Armenian_oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian oblast">Armenian oblast</a> (1828–1840) included the territory of the former Erivan (marked in yellow) and Nakhichevan (marked in light green) khanates</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1890s, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a>, commonly known as <i>Dashnaktsutyun</i>, became active within the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> with the aim of unifying the various small groups in the empire that were advocating for reform and defending Armenian villages from massacres that were widespread in some of the Armenian-populated areas of the empire. Dashnaktsutyun members also formed <a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">Armenian fedayi</a> groups that defended Armenian civilians through armed resistance. The Dashnaks also worked for the wider goal of creating a "free, independent and unified" Armenia, although they sometimes set aside this goal in favour of a more realistic approach, such as advocating autonomy. </p><p>The Ottoman Empire began to collapse, and in 1908, the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> overthrew the government of Sultan Hamid. In April 1909, the <a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Adana_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Vilayet">Adana Vilayet</a> of the Ottoman Empire resulting in the deaths of as many as 20,000–30,000 Armenians. The Armenians living in the empire hoped that the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> would change their second-class status. The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_reform_package" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian reform package">Armenian reform package</a> (1914) was presented as a solution by appointing an <a href="/wiki/Inspector_general" title="Inspector general">inspector general</a> over Armenian issues.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_the_Armenian_genocide">World War I and the Armenian genocide</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/220px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/330px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg/440px-Ambassador_Morgenthau%27s_Story_p314.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3999" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> victims in 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>The outbreak of World War I led to confrontation between the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persian campaigns</a>. The new government in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> began to look on the Armenians with distrust and suspicion because the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> contained a contingent of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_volunteer_units" title="Armenian volunteer units">Armenian volunteers</a>. On 24 April 1915, <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Armenian_intellectuals_on_24_April_1915" title="Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915">Armenian intellectuals were arrested by Ottoman authorities</a> and, with the <a href="/wiki/Tehcir_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehcir Law">Tehcir Law</a> (29 May 1915), eventually a large proportion of Armenians living in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> perished in what has become known as the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a354_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a354-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-k407_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k407-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genocide was implemented in two phases: the wholesale killing of the able-bodied male population through massacre and subjection of army conscripts to forced labour, followed by the deportation of women, children, the elderly and infirm on <a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">death marches</a> leading to the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian desert">Syrian desert</a>. Driven forward by military escorts, the deportees were deprived of food and water and subjected to periodic robbery, rape, and massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was local <a href="/wiki/Armenian_resistance_during_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian resistance during the Armenian genocide">Armenian resistance</a> in the region, developed against the activities of the Ottoman Empire. The events of 1915 to 1917 are regarded by Armenians and the vast majority of Western historians to have been state-sponsored mass killings, or genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turkish authorities deny the genocide took place to this day. The Armenian Genocide is acknowledged to have been one of the first modern <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24.04.1998_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24.04.1998-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the research conducted by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold J. Toynbee</a>, an estimated 600,000 Armenians died during deportation from 1915 to 1916. This figure, however, accounts for solely the first year of the Genocide and does not take into account those who died or were killed after the report was compiled on 24 May 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Genocide_Scholars" title="International Association of Genocide Scholars">International Association of Genocide Scholars</a> places the death toll at "more than a million".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of people killed has been most widely estimated at between 1 and 1.5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have been campaigning for <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_the_Armenian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition of the Armenian genocide">official recognition</a> of the events as genocide for over 30 years. These events are traditionally commemorated yearly on 24 April, the Armenian Martyr Day, or the Day of the Armenian genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-Matiossian2021_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matiossian2021-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Republic_of_Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Republic_of_Armenia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/First_Republic_of_Armenia.png/220px-First_Republic_of_Armenia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/First_Republic_of_Armenia.png/330px-First_Republic_of_Armenia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/First_Republic_of_Armenia.png/440px-First_Republic_of_Armenia.png 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="855" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7F00; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Territory held by <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">Armenia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Karabakh_Council" title="Karabakh Council">Karabakh Council</a> at some point</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:beige; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Area given to Armenia by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>, which was never enforced<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Caucasus_Army_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Caucasus Army (World War I)">Russian Caucasus Army</a> of Imperial forces commanded by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Nikolai Yudenich</a> and Armenians in volunteer units and Armenian militia led by <a href="/wiki/Andranik_Ozanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Andranik Ozanian">Andranik Ozanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tovmas_Nazarbekian" title="Tovmas Nazarbekian">Tovmas Nazarbekian</a> succeeded in gaining most of <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a> during World War I, their gains were lost with the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution of 1917</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-c446_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c446-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, Russian-controlled <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenia" title="Eastern Armenia">Eastern Armenia</a>, Georgia, and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> attempted to bond together in the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a>. This federation, however, lasted from only February to May 1918, when all three parties decided to dissolve it. As a result, the Dashnaktsutyun government of Eastern Armenia declared its independence on 28 May as the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Aram_Manukian" title="Aram Manukian">Aram Manukian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a193_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a193-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Government-House-of-Republic-of-Armenia-1918-1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Government-House-of-Republic-of-Armenia-1918-1920.jpg/170px-Government-House-of-Republic-of-Armenia-1918-1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Government-House-of-Republic-of-Armenia-1918-1920.jpg/255px-Government-House-of-Republic-of-Armenia-1918-1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Government-House-of-Republic-of-Armenia-1918-1920.jpg/340px-Government-House-of-Republic-of-Armenia-1918-1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3829" data-file-height="5473" /></a><figcaption>The Government house of the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a> (1918–1920)</figcaption></figure> <p>The First Republic's short-lived independence was fraught with war, <a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">territorial disputes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_uprisings_in_Kars_and_Sharur%E2%80%93Nakhichevan" title="Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan">large-scale rebellions</a>, and a mass influx of refugees from Western Armenia, bringing with them disease and starvation. The <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a> sought to help the newly founded Armenian state through relief funds and other forms of support.<sup id="cite_ref-h780_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h780-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the war, the victorious powers sought to divide up the Ottoman Empire. Signed between the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied and Associated Powers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> at <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres" title="Sèvres">Sèvres</a> on 10 August 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> promised to maintain the existence of the Armenian republic and to attach the former territories of Western Armenia to it.<sup id="cite_ref-e219_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e219-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the new borders of Armenia were to be drawn by United States President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, Western Armenia was also referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Wilsonian_Armenia" title="Wilsonian Armenia">Wilsonian Armenia</a>". In addition, just days prior, on 5 August 1920, <a href="/wiki/Mihran_Damadian" title="Mihran Damadian">Mihran Damadian</a> of the Armenian National Union, the de facto Armenian administration in Cilicia, declared the independence of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> as an Armenian autonomous republic under French protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was even consideration of making Armenia a mandate under the protection of the United States. The treaty, however, was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_National_Movement" title="Turkish National Movement">Turkish National Movement</a>, and never came into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-k548_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k548-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement used the treaty as the occasion to declare itself the rightful <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">government of Turkey</a>, replacing the monarchy based in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> with a republic based in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>. </p><p>In 1920, Turkish nationalist forces invaded the fledgling Armenian republic from the east. Turkish forces under the command of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kazım Karabekir</a> captured Armenian territories that Russia had annexed in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)">1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War</a> and occupied the old city of Alexandropol (present-day <a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a>). The violent conflict finally concluded with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alexandropol" title="Treaty of Alexandropol">Treaty of Alexandropol</a> on 2 December 1920. The treaty forced Armenia to disarm most of its <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces">military forces</a>, cede all former Ottoman territory granted to it by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a>, and to give up all the "Wilsonian Armenia" granted to it at the Sèvres treaty. Simultaneously, the <a href="/wiki/11th_Army_(RSFSR)" title="11th Army (RSFSR)">Soviet Eleventh Army</a>, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Grigoriy_Ordzhonikidze" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze">Grigoriy Ordzhonikidze</a>, invaded Armenia at Karavansarai (present-day <a href="/wiki/Ijevan" title="Ijevan">Ijevan</a>) on 29 November. By 4 December, Ordzhonikidze's forces entered Yerevan and the short-lived Armenian republic collapsed.<sup id="cite_ref-Pipes1997_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pipes1997-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fall of the republic, the <a href="/wiki/February_Uprising" title="February Uprising">February Uprising</a> soon took place in 1921, and led to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia" title="Republic of Mountainous Armenia">Republic of Mountainous Armenia</a> by Armenian forces under command of <a href="/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh" title="Garegin Nzhdeh">Garegin Nzhdeh</a> on 26 April, which fought off both Soviet and Turkish intrusions in the Zangezur region of southern Armenia. After Soviet agreements to include the <a href="/wiki/Syunik_Province" title="Syunik Province">Syunik Province</a> in Armenia's borders, the rebellion ended and the Red Army took control of the region on 13 July. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_SSR">Armenian SSR</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Armenian_SSR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Emblem_of_the_Armenian_SSR.svg/220px-Emblem_of_the_Armenian_SSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Emblem_of_the_Armenian_SSR.svg/330px-Emblem_of_the_Armenian_SSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Emblem_of_the_Armenian_SSR.svg/440px-Emblem_of_the_Armenian_SSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>The coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Armenia</a> depicting <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a> in the centre</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1922_to_World_War_II">1922 to World War II</h4></div> <p>Armenia was annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and along with <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan</a>, was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian SFSR">Transcaucasian SFSR</a> (TSFSR) on 4 March 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-main1_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-main1-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BSE_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSE-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this annexation, the Treaty of Alexandropol was superseded by the Turkish-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Treaty of Kars</a>. In the agreement, Turkey allowed the Soviet Union to assume control over <a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a> with the port city of <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> in return for sovereignty over the cities of <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardahan" title="Ardahan">Ardahan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r" title="Iğdır">Iğdır</a>, all of which were part of Russian Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-main1_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-main1-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BSE_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BSE-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The TSFSR existed from 1922 to 1936, when it was divided up into three separate entities (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian SSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan SSR</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic">Georgian SSR</a>). Armenians enjoyed a period of relative stability within USSR in contrast to the turbulent final years of the Ottoman Empire. The situation was difficult for the church, which struggled with <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_soviet_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in soviet union">secular policies of USSR</a>. After the death of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, the general secretary of the <a href="/wiki/CPSU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPSU">Communist Party</a>, gradually established himself as the dictator of the USSR. Stalin's reign was characterized by mass repressions, that cost millions of lives all over the USSR.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Repressions, sure, but millions of lives is a heavily disputed topic, so it would be good to have sources for this in this context (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II_and_post-Stalinist_period">World War II and post-Stalinist period</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArmenianStamps-066-069.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ArmenianStamps-066-069.jpg/300px-ArmenianStamps-066-069.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ArmenianStamps-066-069.jpg/450px-ArmenianStamps-066-069.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/ArmenianStamps-066-069.jpg/600px-ArmenianStamps-066-069.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Armenian <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Marshal of the Soviet Union">Marshals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_Fleet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Admiral of the Fleet of the Soviet Union">Admiral</a> of World War II on stamps: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bagramyan" title="Ivan Bagramyan">Bagramyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Isakov" title="Ivan Isakov">Isakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamazasp_Babadzhanian" title="Hamazasp Babadzhanian">Babadzhanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Khudyakov" title="Sergei Khudyakov">Khudyakov</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Armenia was not the scene of any battles in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">World War II</a>. An estimated 500,000 Armenians (nearly a third of the population) served in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> during the war, and 175,000 died.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 117 citizens of Armenia including 10 non ethnic Armenians were awarded <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Hero of the Soviet Union</a>. Six special military divisions were formed in Soviet Armenia in 1941–42, partly because so many draftees from the republic could not understand Russian. Five of them, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_89th_%22Tamanyan%22_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet 89th "Tamanyan" Division">89th</a>, <a href="/wiki/409th_Rifle_Division" title="409th Rifle Division">409th</a>, <a href="/wiki/408th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="408th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">408th</a>, <a href="/wiki/390th_Rifle_Division" title="390th Rifle Division">390th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/76th_Rifle_Division_(Soviet_Union)" title="76th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)">76th</a> Divisions, would have a distinguished war record, while the sixth was ordered to stay in Armenia to guard the republic's western borders against a possible incursion by neighboring Turkey. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_89th_%22Tamanyan%22_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet 89th "Tamanyan" Division">89th Tamanyan Division</a>, composed of ethnic Armenians, fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a> and entered <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>. </p><p>It is claimed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2023)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that the freedom index in the region had seen an improvement after the <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="State funeral of Joseph Stalin">death of Joseph Stalin</a> in 1953 and the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> as the new general secretary of the <a href="/wiki/CPSU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPSU">CPSU</a>. Soon, life in Armenia's SSR began to see rapid improvement. The church, which was limited during the secretaryship of Stalin, was revived when <a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians" title="Catholicos of All Armenians">Catholicos</a> <a href="/wiki/Vazgen_I" title="Vazgen I">Vazgen I</a> assumed the duties of his office in 1955. In 1967, a memorial to the victims of the Armenian genocide was built at the <a href="/wiki/Tsitsernakaberd" title="Tsitsernakaberd">Tsitsernakaberd</a> hill above the <a href="/wiki/Hrazdan" title="Hrazdan">Hrazdan</a> <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">gorge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>. This occurred after <a href="/wiki/1965_Yerevan_demonstrations" title="1965 Yerevan demonstrations">mass demonstrations</a> took place on the tragic event's fiftieth anniversary in 1965. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gorbachev_era">Gorbachev era</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karabakh_movement_demonstration_at_Yerevan_Opera_square_(4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Karabakh_movement_demonstration_at_Yerevan_Opera_square_%284%29.jpg/220px-Karabakh_movement_demonstration_at_Yerevan_Opera_square_%284%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Karabakh_movement_demonstration_at_Yerevan_Opera_square_%284%29.jpg/330px-Karabakh_movement_demonstration_at_Yerevan_Opera_square_%284%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Karabakh_movement_demonstration_at_Yerevan_Opera_square_%284%29.jpg/440px-Karabakh_movement_demonstration_at_Yerevan_Opera_square_%284%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Armenians gather at <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Square,_Yerevan" title="Freedom Square, Yerevan">Theater Square</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> to claim unification of <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast">Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian SSR">Armenian SSR</a>, 1988</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a> era of the 1980s, with the reforms of <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a>, Armenians began to demand better environmental care for their country, opposing the pollution that Soviet-built factories brought. Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>, a majority-Armenian region. About 484,000 <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Azerbaijan" title="Armenians in Azerbaijan">Armenians</a> lived in Azerbaijan in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armenians of Karabakh demanded unification with Soviet Armenia. Peaceful protests in Armenia supporting the Karabakh Armenians were met with anti-Armenian <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> in Azerbaijan, such as the one in <a href="/wiki/Sumgait_pogrom" title="Sumgait pogrom">Sumgait</a>, which was followed by <a href="/wiki/Gugark_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gugark massacre">anti-Azerbaijani violence</a> in Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compounding Armenia's problems was a <a href="/wiki/1988_Armenian_earthquake" title="1988 Armenian earthquake">devastating earthquake</a> in 1988 with a <a href="/wiki/Moment_magnitude_scale" title="Moment magnitude scale">moment magnitude</a> of 7.2.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gorbachev's inability to alleviate any of Armenia's problems created disillusionment among the Armenians and fed a growing hunger for independence. In May 1990, the New <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Army">Armenian Army</a> (NAA) was established, serving as a defence force separate from the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. Clashes soon broke out between the NAA and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs">Soviet Internal Security Forces</a> (MVD) troops based in Yerevan when Armenians decided to commemorate the establishment of the 1918 First Republic of Armenia. The violence resulted in the deaths of five Armenians killed in a shootout with the MVD at the railway station. Witnesses there claimed that the MVD used excessive force and that they had instigated the fighting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Further firefights between Armenian militiamen and Soviet troops occurred in <a href="/wiki/Nubarashen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubarashen">Sovetashen</a>, near the capital and resulted in the deaths of over 26 people, mostly Armenians. The <a href="/wiki/Pogrom_of_Armenians_in_Baku" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogrom of Armenians in Baku">pogrom of Armenians in Baku</a> in January 1990 forced almost all of the 200,000 Armenians in the Azerbaijani capital <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> to flee to Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 August 1990, Armenia declared its sovereignty on its territory. On 17 March 1991, Armenia, along with the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, Georgia and <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldova</a>, boycotted a nationwide <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_Union_referendum" title="1991 Soviet Union referendum">referendum</a> in which 78% of all voters voted for the retention of the Soviet Union in a reformed form.<sup id="cite_ref-NewsBrief_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewsBrief-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restoration_of_independence">Restoration of independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia#Independent_Armenia_(1991-today)" title="History of Armenia">History of Armenia § Independent Armenia (1991-today)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NKR_war.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/NKR_war.JPG/220px-NKR_war.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/NKR_war.JPG/330px-NKR_war.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/NKR_war.JPG/440px-NKR_war.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>Armenian soldiers in 2008, during the ongoing and unresolved <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 21 September 1991, Armenia officially declared its <a href="/wiki/Statehood" class="mw-redirect" title="Statehood">statehood</a> after the <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">failed August coup</a> in Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">RSFSR</a>. <a href="/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan" title="Levon Ter-Petrosyan">Levon Ter-Petrosyan</a> was popularly elected the first President of the newly independent Republic of Armenia on 16 October 1991. He had risen to prominence by leading the <a href="/wiki/Karabakh_movement" title="Karabakh movement">Karabakh movement</a> for the unification of the Armenian-populated <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Croissant_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croissant-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 December 1991, the Soviet Union ceased to exist and Armenia's independence was recognised. </p><p>Ter-Petrosyan led Armenia alongside defence minister <a href="/wiki/Vazgen_Sargsyan" title="Vazgen Sargsyan">Vazgen Sargsyan</a> through the <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> with neighbouring Azerbaijan. The initial post-Soviet years were marred by economic difficulties, which had their roots early in the Karabakh conflict when the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Popular_Front_Party" title="Azerbaijani Popular Front Party">Azerbaijani Popular Front</a> managed to pressure the Azerbaijan SSR to instigate a railway and air <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> against Armenia. This move effectively debilitated Armenia's economy as 85% of its cargo and goods arrived through rail traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-Croissant_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croissant-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, Turkey joined the blockade against Armenia in support of Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-GHF_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GHF-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Karabakh war ended after a Russian-brokered <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> was put in place in 1994. The war was a success for the Karabakh Armenian forces who managed to capture 16% of Azerbaijan's internationally recognised territory including almost all of the Nagorno-Karabakh itself.<sup id="cite_ref-DeWaal_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeWaal-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armenian backed forces remained in control of practically all of that territory until 2020. The economies of both Armenia and Azerbaijan have been hurt in the absence of a complete resolution and Armenia's borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan remain closed. By the time both Azerbaijan and Armenia had finally agreed to a ceasefire in 1994, an estimated 30,000 people had been killed and over a million had been displaced.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several thousand were killed in the later 2020 Karabakh war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> <p>In the 21st century, Armenia faces many hardships. It has made a full switch to a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>. One study ranks it the 50th most "economically free" nation in the world, as of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-economic-index_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economic-index-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its relations with Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> have allowed Armenia to increase trade.<sup id="cite_ref-EPP_Group_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPP_Group-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arka_news_agency_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arka_news_agency-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gas, oil, and other supplies come through two vital routes: Iran and Georgia. As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Armenia maintained cordial relations with both countries.<sup id="cite_ref-European_Dialogue_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European_Dialogue-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The text near this tag is dated. (January 2020)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Armenian revolution">2018 Armenian Revolution</a> was a series of anti-government protests in Armenia from April to May 2018 staged by various political and civil groups led by a member of the Armenian parliament — <a href="/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan" title="Nikol Pashinyan">Nikol Pashinyan</a> (head of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Contract_(Armenia)" title="Civil Contract (Armenia)">Civil Contract</a> party). Protests and marches took place initially in response to <a href="/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan" title="Serzh Sargsyan">Serzh Sargsyan</a>'s third consecutive term as President of Armenia and later against the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Armenia" title="Republican Party of Armenia">Republican Party</a> controlled government in general. Pashinyan declared the movement, which led to Sargsyan's resignation, a "<a href="/wiki/Velvet_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Velvet revolution">velvet revolution</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2018, the Armenian parliament elected <a href="/wiki/Armen_Sarkissian" title="Armen Sarkissian">Armen Sarkissian</a> as the new President of Armenia. The controversial constitutional reform to reduce presidential power was implemented, while the authority of the prime minister was strengthened.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2018, parliament elected opposition leader Nikol Pashinyan as the new prime minister. His predecessor Serzh Sargsyan resigned two weeks earlier following <a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Armenian revolution">widespread anti-government demonstrations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 September 2020, a full-scale war erupted due to the unresolved <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the armed forces of Armenia and Azerbaijan reported military and civilian casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement</a> to end the six-week <a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war">war between Armenia and Azerbaijan</a> was seen by many as Armenia's defeat and capitulation.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The year-long <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Armenian_protests" title="2020–2021 Armenian protests">March of Dignity</a> protests forced early elections. </p><p>On 20 June 2021, Pashinyan's Civil Contract party won an early parliamentary <a href="/wiki/2021_Armenian_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Armenian parliamentary election">election</a>. Acting Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan was officially appointed to the post of prime minister by Armenia's President Armen Sarkissian.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2022, Armenian President Armen Sarkissian resigned from office, stating that the constitution no longer gives the president sufficient powers or influence.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 March 2022, <a href="/wiki/Vahagn_Khachaturyan" title="Vahagn Khachaturyan">Vahagn Khachaturyan</a> was elected as the fifth president of Armenia in the second round of parliamentary vote.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next month <a href="/wiki/2022_Armenian_protests" title="2022 Armenian protests">yet more protests broke out</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh">2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Armenians" title="Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians">Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians</a></div> <p>Between 19 and 20 September 2023, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> launched a large-scale military offensive against the <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Political status of Nagorno-Karabakh">self-declared</a> breakaway state of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a>, a move seen by the European Parliament as a violation of the <a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">2020 ceasefire agreement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The offensive took place in the disputed region of <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>, which is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan, but populated by <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attacks occurred in the midst of an escalating crisis caused by Azerbaijan <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockade of the Republic of Artsakh (2022–present)">blockading Artsakh</a>, which resulted in significant scarcities of essential supplies such as food, medicine, and other goods in the affected region.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagorno-Karabakh_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagorno-Karabakh-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One day after the offensive started, on 20 September, a <a href="/wiki/2023_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2023 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">ceasefire agreement</a> was reached at the mediation of the <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping_operations_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Peacekeeping operations in Nagorno-Karabakh">Russian peacekeeping command</a> in Nagorno-Karabakh.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Azerbaijan held a meeting with representatives of the Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians on 21 September in <a href="/wiki/Yevlakh" title="Yevlakh">Yevlakh</a>, to be followed by another meeting in October.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceasefire violations by Azerbaijan were nonetheless reported by both Artsakhi residents and officials.<sup id="cite_ref-ceasefirevio1_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ceasefirevio1-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ceasefirevio2_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ceasefirevio2-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human rights organisations and experts in genocide prevention issued multiple alerts, stating that the region's Armenian population was at risk or actively <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Armenians" title="Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians">being subjected to ethnic cleansing and genocide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Luis_Moreno_Ocampo" title="Luis Moreno Ocampo">Luis Moreno Ocampo</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" title="Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court">prosecutor of the International Criminal Court</a>, warned that another <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> could take place, and attributed the inaction of the international community to encouraging Azerbaijan that it would face no serious consequences.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost-genocide_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost-genocide-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Geography of Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_Armenia_in_May_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Satellite_image_of_Armenia_in_May_2003.jpg/220px-Satellite_image_of_Armenia_in_May_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Satellite_image_of_Armenia_in_May_2003.jpg/330px-Satellite_image_of_Armenia_in_May_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Satellite_image_of_Armenia_in_May_2003.jpg/440px-Satellite_image_of_Armenia_in_May_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of the territory of Armenia (2003).</figcaption></figure> <p>Armenia is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Geopolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Geopolitical">geopolitical</a> <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasus">Transcaucasus</a> (South <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>) region, that is located in the Southern <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a> and their lowlands between the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, and northeast of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highland" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highland">Armenian Highlands</a>. Located in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-classification_of_world_regions_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-classification_of_world_regions-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Highlands">Armenian Highlands</a>, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Lachin_corridor" title="Lachin corridor">Lachin corridor</a> which is a part of <a href="/wiki/Lachin_District" title="Lachin District">Lachin District</a> that is under the control of a Russian peacekeeping force and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> proper to the east, and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and Azerbaijan's <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenia lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38°</a> and <a href="/wiki/42nd_parallel_north" title="42nd parallel north">42° N</a>, and meridians <a href="/wiki/43rd_meridian_east" title="43rd meridian east">43°</a> and <a href="/wiki/47th_meridian_east" title="47th meridian east">47° E</a>. It contains two terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_mixed_forests" title="Caucasus mixed forests">Caucasus mixed forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolian_montane_steppe" title="Eastern Anatolian montane steppe">Eastern Anatolian montane steppe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenien_topo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Armenien_topo.jpg/220px-Armenien_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Armenien_topo.jpg/330px-Armenien_topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Armenien_topo.jpg/440px-Armenien_topo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>Armenia's mountainous and volcanic <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Armenia has a territorial area of 29,743 square kilometres (11,484 sq mi). The terrain is mostly mountainous, with fast flowing rivers, and few forests. The land rises to 4,090 metres (13,419 feet) <a href="/wiki/Metres_above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Metres above sea level">above sea level</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Aragats" title="Mount Aragats">Mount Aragats</a>, and no point is below 390 metres (1,280 ft) <a href="/wiki/Metres_above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Metres above sea level">above sea level</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_average_elevation" title="List of countries by average elevation">Average elevation of the country</a> area is tenth highest in the world and it has 85.9% mountain area, more than Switzerland or <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a>, which was historically part of Armenia, is the highest mountain in the region at 5,137 meters (16,854 feet). Now located in Turkey, but clearly visible from Armenia, it is regarded by the Armenians as a symbol of their land. Because of this, the mountain is present on the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia" title="Coat of arms of Armenia">Armenian national emblem</a> today.<sup id="cite_ref-Azarian2007_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azarian2007-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adalian2010_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adalian2010-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Minahan1998_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minahan1998-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Armenia" title="Climate of Armenia">Climate of Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_ARM_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Koppen-Geiger_Map_ARM_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_ARM_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Koppen-Geiger_Map_ARM_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_ARM_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Koppen-Geiger_Map_ARM_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_ARM_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1455" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger_climate_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen-Geiger climate classification">Köppen-Geiger climate classification</a> map for Armenia<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The climate in Armenia is markedly highland <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental</a>. Summers are hot, dry and sunny, lasting from June to mid-September. The temperature fluctuates between 22 and 36 °C (72 and 97 °F). However, the low humidity level mitigates the effect of high temperatures. Evening breezes blowing down the mountains provide a welcome refreshing and cooling effect. Springs are short, while autumns are long. Autumns are known for their vibrant and colourful foliage. </p><p>Winters are quite cold with plenty of snow, with temperatures ranging between −10 and −5 °C (14 and 23 °F). <a href="/wiki/Winter_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter sport">Winter sports</a> enthusiasts enjoy skiing down the hills of <a href="/wiki/Tsaghkadzor" title="Tsaghkadzor">Tsaghkadzor</a>, located thirty minutes outside Yerevan. <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sevan" title="Lake Sevan">Lake Sevan</a>, nestled up in the Armenian highlands, is the second largest lake in the world relative to its altitude, at 1,900 metres (6,234 ft) <a href="/wiki/Metres_above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Metres above sea level">above sea level</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO2_emissions_per_capita_in_Armenia,_Azerbaijan,_Georgia,_Russia,_Germany,_Italy,_USA_in_2000-2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/CO2_emissions_per_capita_in_Armenia%2C_Azerbaijan%2C_Georgia%2C_Russia%2C_Germany%2C_Italy%2C_USA_in_2000-2012.jpg/220px-CO2_emissions_per_capita_in_Armenia%2C_Azerbaijan%2C_Georgia%2C_Russia%2C_Germany%2C_Italy%2C_USA_in_2000-2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/CO2_emissions_per_capita_in_Armenia%2C_Azerbaijan%2C_Georgia%2C_Russia%2C_Germany%2C_Italy%2C_USA_in_2000-2012.jpg/330px-CO2_emissions_per_capita_in_Armenia%2C_Azerbaijan%2C_Georgia%2C_Russia%2C_Germany%2C_Italy%2C_USA_in_2000-2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/CO2_emissions_per_capita_in_Armenia%2C_Azerbaijan%2C_Georgia%2C_Russia%2C_Germany%2C_Italy%2C_USA_in_2000-2012.jpg/440px-CO2_emissions_per_capita_in_Armenia%2C_Azerbaijan%2C_Georgia%2C_Russia%2C_Germany%2C_Italy%2C_USA_in_2000-2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>Carbon dioxide emissions in metric tons per capita in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, Germany, Italy, USA in 2000–2012. World Bank data.</figcaption></figure> <p>Armenia ranked 63rd out of 180 countries on <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a> (EPI) in 2018. Its rank on subindex Environmental Health (which is weighted at 40% in EPI) is 109, while Armenia's rank on subindex of Ecosystem Vitality (weighted at 60% in EPI) is 27th best in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests that main environmental issues in Armenia are with <a href="#Health_care">population health</a>, while environment vitality is of lesser concern. Out of sub-subindices contributing to Environmental Health subindex ranking on Air Quality to which population is exposed is particularly unsatisfying. </p><p>In Armenia <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 12% of the total land area, equivalent to 328,470 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 334,730 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 310,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 18,470 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 5% was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 0% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Waste management in Armenia</a> is underdeveloped, as no waste sorting or recycling takes place at Armenia's 60 landfills. A waste processing plant is scheduled for construction near <a href="/wiki/Hrazdan" title="Hrazdan">Hrazdan</a> city, which will allow for closure of 10 waste dumps.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the availability of abundant renewable energy sources in Armenia (especially <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>) and calls from EU officials to shut down the <a href="/wiki/Metsamor_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant">nuclear power plant at Metsamor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Armenian Government is exploring the possibilities of installing new small modular nuclear reactors. In 2018 existing nuclear plant is scheduled for modernisation to enhance its safety and increase power production by about 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Armenia" title="Government of Armenia">Government of Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Politics of Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Erywa%C5%84,_Budynek_Zgromadzenia_Narodowego_Republiki_Armenii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/2014_Erywa%C5%84%2C_Budynek_Zgromadzenia_Narodowego_Republiki_Armenii.jpg/220px-2014_Erywa%C5%84%2C_Budynek_Zgromadzenia_Narodowego_Republiki_Armenii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/2014_Erywa%C5%84%2C_Budynek_Zgromadzenia_Narodowego_Republiki_Armenii.jpg/330px-2014_Erywa%C5%84%2C_Budynek_Zgromadzenia_Narodowego_Republiki_Armenii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/2014_Erywa%C5%84%2C_Budynek_Zgromadzenia_Narodowego_Republiki_Armenii.jpg/440px-2014_Erywa%C5%84%2C_Budynek_Zgromadzenia_Narodowego_Republiki_Armenii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2412" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">National Assembly</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Armenia is a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative parliamentary democratic</a> republic. The Armenian constitution adhered to the model of a <a href="/wiki/Semi-Presidential_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-Presidential Republic">semi-presidential republic</a> until April 2018. </p><p>According to the current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Constitution of Armenia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">President</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> holding largely representational functions, while the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Prime Minister</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> and exercises <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive power</a>. </p><p>Since 1995 <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislative power</a> is vested in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Armenia">Azgayin Zhoghov</a> or <i><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Armenia">National Assembly</a></i>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral parliament">unicameral parliament</a> consisting of 105 members.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer-2018_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-2018-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fragile_States_Index" title="Fragile States Index">Fragile States Index</a> since its first report in 2006 until most recent in 2019, consistently ranked Armenia better than all its neighboring countries (with one exception in 2011).<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armenia has universal <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> above the age of eighteen.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">Foreign relations of Armenia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Armenia–European Union relations">Armenia–European Union relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia in the Council of Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93BSEC_relations" title="Armenia–BSEC relations">Armenia–BSEC relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93CSTO_relations" title="Armenia–CSTO relations">Armenia–CSTO relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Armenia–NATO relations">Armenia–NATO relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Armenia–OSCE relations">Armenia–OSCE relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Armenia and the United Nations">Armenia and the United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Armenia–Russia relations">Armenia–Russia relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Armenia–Turkey relations">Armenia–Turkey relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Armenia–United States relations">Armenia–United States relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Armenian_Prime_Minister_(53541470490).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Armenian_Prime_Minister_%2853541470490%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Armenian_Prime_Minister_%2853541470490%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Armenian_Prime_Minister_%2853541470490%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Armenian_Prime_Minister_%2853541470490%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Armenian_Prime_Minister_%2853541470490%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Blinken_Meets_with_Armenian_Prime_Minister_%2853541470490%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2302" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>Armenian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan" title="Nikol Pashinyan">Nikol Pashinyan</a> with U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Antony Blinken</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Armenia became a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> on 2 March 1992, and is a signatory to a number of its organisations and other international agreements. Armenia is also a member of international organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Customs_Organization" title="World Customs Organization">World Customs Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">La Francophonie</a>. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective Security Treaty Organisation">CSTO</a> military alliance, and also participates in <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> programme and the <a href="/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" title="Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council">Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council</a>. In 2004, its forces joined <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">KFOR</a>, a NATO-led international force in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>. Armenia is also an observer member of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Armenia_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armenia-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, and a dialogue partner in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a>. As a result of its historical ties to France, Armenia was selected to host the biennial <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Francophonie summit</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armenia has a difficult relation with neighbouring countries <a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_relations" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan relations">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Armenia–Turkey relations">Turkey</a>. Tensions were running high between Armenians and Azerbaijanis during the final years of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a> dominated the region's politics throughout the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-CFR-9148_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR-9148-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this day, Armenia's borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan are under severe blockade. In addition, a permanent solution for the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has not been reached despite the mediation provided by organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a>. </p><p>Turkey also has a long history of poor relations with Armenia over its refusal to acknowledge the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, even though it was one of the first countries to recognize the Republic of Armenia (the third republic) after its independence from the USSR in 1991. Despite this, for most of the 20th century and early 21st century, relations remain tense and there are no formal diplomatic relations between the two countries due to Turkey's refusal to establish them for numerous reasons. During the first Nagorno-Karabakh War, and citing it as the reason, Turkey closed its border with Armenia in 1993. It has not lifted its blockade despite pressure from the powerful Turkish business lobby interested in Armenian markets.<sup id="cite_ref-CFR-9148_174-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFR-9148-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Nikol_Pashinyan_(2018-05-14)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vladimir_Putin_and_Nikol_Pashinyan_%282018-05-14%29_02.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Nikol_Pashinyan_%282018-05-14%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vladimir_Putin_and_Nikol_Pashinyan_%282018-05-14%29_02.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Nikol_Pashinyan_%282018-05-14%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vladimir_Putin_and_Nikol_Pashinyan_%282018-05-14%29_02.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Nikol_Pashinyan_%282018-05-14%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4570" data-file-height="3042" /></a><figcaption>Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> shakes hands with Armenian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan" title="Nikol Pashinyan">Nikol Pashinyan</a>, 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 October 2009, Armenia and Turkey <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Protocols" title="Zurich Protocols">signed protocols</a> on the normalisation of relations, which set a timetable for restoring diplomatic ties and reopening their joint border.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ratification of those had to be made in the national parliaments. In Armenia, before sending the protocols to the parliament, it was sent to the Constitutional Court to have their <a href="/wiki/Constitutionality" title="Constitutionality">constitutionality</a> to be approved. The Constitutional Court made references to the preamble of the protocols underlying three main issues.<sup id="cite_ref-iaireport_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iaireport-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of them stated that the implementation of the protocols did not imply Armenia's official recognition of the existing Turkish-Armenian border established by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars" title="Treaty of Kars">Treaty of Kars</a>. By doing so, the Constitutional Court rejected one of the main premises of the protocols, i.e. "the mutual recognition of the existing border between the two countries as defined by relevant treaties of international law".<sup id="cite_ref-iaireport_176-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iaireport-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was for the Turkish Government the reason to back down from the Protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armenian President had made multiple public announcements, both in Armenia and abroad, that, as the leader of the political majority of Armenia, he assured the parliamentary ratification of the protocols if Turkey also ratified them. Despite this, the process stopped, as Turkey continuously added more preconditions to its ratification and also "delayed it beyond any reasonable time-period".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Unclear which preconditions were added by Turkey (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Due to its position between two hostile neighbours, Armenia has close security ties with Russia. At the request of the Armenian government, Russia maintains a <a href="/wiki/Russian_102nd_Military_Base" title="Russian 102nd Military Base">military base</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a> located in Northwestern Armenia<sup id="cite_ref-Armenia-base_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armenia-base-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a deterrent against Turkey.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Despite this, Armenia has also been looking toward <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">Euro-Atlantic</a> structures in recent years. Armenia maintains positive relations with the United States, which is home to the second largest <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian diaspora</a> community in the world. According to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">US Census Bureau</a>, there are 427,822 <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian Americans</a> in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dmitry_Medvedev_at_Armenian_Genocide_memorial-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dmitry_Medvedev_at_Armenian_Genocide_memorial-2.jpg/220px-Dmitry_Medvedev_at_Armenian_Genocide_memorial-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dmitry_Medvedev_at_Armenian_Genocide_memorial-2.jpg/330px-Dmitry_Medvedev_at_Armenian_Genocide_memorial-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dmitry_Medvedev_at_Armenian_Genocide_memorial-2.jpg/440px-Dmitry_Medvedev_at_Armenian_Genocide_memorial-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Russian President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Tsitsernakaberd" title="Tsitsernakaberd">Armenian Genocide memorial</a> in Yerevan</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the illicit border blockades by Azerbaijan and Turkey, Armenia continues to maintain solid relations with its southern neighbour Iran, especially in the economic sector. Economic projects are being developed between the two nations, including a gas pipeline going from Iran to Armenia. </p><p>Armenia is a member of the Council of Europe and maintains close relations with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>; especially with its <a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">member states</a> France and Greece. In January 2002, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> noted that Armenia may enter the EU in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2005 survey reported that 64% of Armenians favoured joining the EU,<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a move multiple Armenian officials have voiced support for.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Armenian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian SSR">A former republic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Emerging_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emerging democracy">emerging democracy</a>, Armenia was negotiating to become an associate EU partner and had completed negotiations to sign an <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Association_Agreement" title="European Union Association Agreement">Association Agreement</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Deep_and_Comprehensive_Free_Trade_Area" title="Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area">Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area</a> with the EU in 2013. However, the government opted not to finalize <a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93Armenia_Partnership_and_Cooperation_Agreement#Cancellation_of_Association_Agreement" title="EU–Armenia Partnership and Cooperation Agreement">the agreement</a>, and instead joined the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, Armenia and the EU finalized the <a href="/wiki/Armenia-EU_Comprehensive_and_Enhanced_Partnership_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia-EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement">Armenia-EU Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement</a> (CEPA) on 24 November 2017. The agreement enhances the relationship between Armenia and the EU to a new partnership level, further develops cooperation in economic, trade and political areas, aims to improve investment climate, and is designed to bring <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Armenia" title="Law of Armenia">Armenian law</a> gradually closer to the <a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">EU acquis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legally speaking, Armenia has the right to be considered as a <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">prospective EU member</a> provided it meets necessary standards and criteria, though officially such a plan does not exist in Brussels.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenia is included in the EU's <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy</a> (ENP) and participates in both the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a>, which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh</a>, Armenia's relations with a long-term ally Russia started to deteriorate. In February 2024, Armenian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan" title="Nikol Pashinyan">Nikol Pashinyan</a> said that the CSTO "hasn't fulfilled its security obligations towards Armenia" and that "in practice we have basically frozen our participation in the CSTO".<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 February 2024, during a speech made in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">National Assembly</a>, Pashinyan further stated that the CSTO is "a threat to the national security of Armenia".<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2024, Armenia officially expelled Russian border guards from the <a href="/wiki/Zvartnots_International_Airport" title="Zvartnots International Airport">Zvartnots International Airport</a> in Yerevan.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 March 2024, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan advised that Armenia would officially "apply to become a candidate for EU membership in the coming days, within a month at most".<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 March, Pashinyan stated that Armenia would apply for EU candidacy by Autumn 2024 at the latest.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 March 2024, Armenian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ararat_Mirzoyan" title="Ararat Mirzoyan">Ararat Mirzoyan</a> stated, "Armenia is seeking to get closer to the West amid worsening relations with Russia" and "New opportunities are largely being discussed in Armenia nowadays, that includes membership in the European Union".<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Armenia" title="Armed Forces of Armenia">Armed Forces of Armenia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Armenia" title="Military history of Armenia">Military history of Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_Air_force_(896484593).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Armenian_Air_force_%28896484593%29.jpg/220px-Armenian_Air_force_%28896484593%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Armenian_Air_force_%28896484593%29.jpg/330px-Armenian_Air_force_%28896484593%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Armenian_Air_force_%28896484593%29.jpg/440px-Armenian_Air_force_%28896484593%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Air_Force" title="Armenian Air Force">Armenian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Su-25" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-25">Su-25s</a> during a military parade</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Army">Armenian Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Air_Force" title="Armenian Air Force">Air Force</a> are the two branches of the Armed Forces of Armenia. The Armenian military was formed after the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1985%E2%80%9391)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Soviet Union (1985–91)">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991 and with the establishment of the Ministry of Defence in 1992. The <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> of the military is the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Prime Minister of Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan" title="Nikol Pashinyan">Nikol Pashinyan</a>. The Ministry of Defence is in charge of political leadership, headed by <a href="/wiki/David_Tonoyan" title="David Tonoyan">Davit Tonoyan</a>, while military command remains in the hands of the general staff, headed by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Armenia)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Armenia)">Chief of Staff</a>, who is Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Onik_Gasparyan" title="Onik Gasparyan">Onik Gasparyan</a>. </p><p>Active forces now number about 81,000 soldiers, with an additional <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">reserve</a> of 32,000 troops. Armenian border guards are in charge of patrolling the country's borders with <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, while Russian troops continue to monitor its borders with Iran and Turkey. In the case of an attack, Armenia is able to mobilize every able-bodied man between the age of 15 and 59, with military preparedness.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe" title="Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe">Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe</a>, which establishes comprehensive limits on key categories of military equipment, was ratified by the Armenian parliament in July 1992. In March 1993, Armenia signed the multilateral <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a>, which calls for the eventual elimination of chemical weapons. Armenia acceded to the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> (NPT) as a non-nuclear weapons state in July 1993. Armenia is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective Security Treaty Organisation">Collective Security Treaty Organisation</a> (CSTO). Armenia also has an <a href="/wiki/Individual_Partnership_Action_Plan" title="Individual Partnership Action Plan">Individual Partnership Action Plan</a> with <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and it participates in NATO's <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">Partnership for Peace</a> (PiP) programme and the <a href="/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" title="Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council">Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council</a> (EAPC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_and_freedom">Human rights and freedom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Armenia" title="Human rights in Armenia">Human rights in Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raffi-kojian_20180423_190358284.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Raffi-kojian_20180423_190358284.jpg/220px-Raffi-kojian_20180423_190358284.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Raffi-kojian_20180423_190358284.jpg/330px-Raffi-kojian_20180423_190358284.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Raffi-kojian_20180423_190358284.jpg/440px-Raffi-kojian_20180423_190358284.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>In April 2018, a quasi-authoritarian <a href="/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan" title="Serzh Sargsyan">regime</a> collapsed as a result of a nationwide <a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Armenian revolution">protest movement in Armenia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Human rights in Armenia tend to be better than those in most <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">former Soviet republics</a> and have drawn closer to acceptable standards, especially economically.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nonetheless, there are still several considerable problems. </p><p>Armenia scored 5.63 on <a href="/wiki/The_Economist_Democracy_Index" title="The Economist Democracy Index">The Economist Democracy Index</a>, published in January 2023 (data for 2022). Although still classified as "<a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">hybrid regime</a>", Armenia recorded the strongest improvement among European countries and reached its ever-best score since calculation began in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armenia is classified as "partly free" in the 2019 report (with data from 2018) by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, which gives it a score of 51 out of 100,<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is 6 points ahead of the previous estimate.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armenia recorded unprecedented progress in the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">World Press Freedom Index</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>, improving its position by 19 points and ranking 61st on the list. The publication also confirms the absence of cases of killed journalists, citizen journalists or media assistants.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armenia ranks 26th in the 2022 report of The Human Freedom Index published by the American <a href="/wiki/CATO_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="CATO Institute">CATO Institute</a> and Canada's <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Institute" title="Fraser Institute">Fraser Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armenia ranked 29th for economic freedom and 76th for personal freedom among 159 countries in the 2017 <a href="/wiki/List_of_freedom_indices" title="List of freedom indices">Human Freedom Index</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2023 Armenia ratified signing the <a href="/wiki/Rome_statute" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome statute">Rome statute</a>, whereby Armenia will become a full member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Armenia" title="Administrative divisions of Armenia">Administrative divisions of Armenia</a></div> <div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 386px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Armenia_template.svg/386px-Armenia_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="386" height="394" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Armenia_template.svg/579px-Armenia_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Armenia_template.svg/772px-Armenia_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="740" /></span></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:35px; top:60px"><a href="/wiki/Shirak_Province" title="Shirak Province">Shirak</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:114px; top:49px"><a href="/wiki/Lori_Province" title="Lori Province">Lori</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:183px; top:62px"><a href="/wiki/Tavush" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavush">Tavush</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:47px; top:139px"><a href="/wiki/Aragatsotn" class="mw-redirect" title="Aragatsotn">Aragatsotn</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:52px; top:177px"><a href="/wiki/Armavir_Province" title="Armavir Province">Armavir</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:104px; top:172px"><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:146px; top:206px"><a href="/wiki/Ararat_Province" title="Ararat Province">Ararat</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:132px; top:142px"><a href="/wiki/Kotayk_Province" title="Kotayk Province">Kotayk</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:189px; top:149px"><a href="/wiki/Gegharkunik_Province" title="Gegharkunik Province">Gegharkunik</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:219px; top:225px"><a href="/wiki/Vayots_Dzor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vayots Dzor">Vayots<br />Dzor</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:302px; top:290px"><a href="/wiki/Syunik_Province" title="Syunik Province">Syunik</a></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4.jpg/220px-%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4.jpg/330px-%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4.jpg/440px-%D4%B3%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4161" data-file-height="2747" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geghard" title="Geghard">Geghard</a> monastery, <a href="/wiki/Kotayk_Province" title="Kotayk Province">Kotayk Province</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Armenia is divided into ten <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Armenia" title="Administrative divisions of Armenia">provinces</a> (<i>marzer</i>, singular <i>marz</i>), with the city (<i>kaghak</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> (<span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Երևան</span></span>) having special administrative status as the country's capital. The chief executive in each of the ten provinces is the <i>marzpet</i> (<i>marz</i> governor), appointed by the government of Armenia. In Yerevan, the chief executive is the mayor, elected since 2009. </p><p>Within each province there are <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of municipalities of Armenia">communities</a> (<i>hamaynkner</i>, singular <i>hamaynk</i>). Each community is self-governing and consists of one or more settlements (<i>bnakavayrer</i>, singular <i>bnakavayr</i>). Settlements are classified as either towns (<i>kaghakner</i>, singular <i>kaghak</i>) or villages (<i>gyugher</i>, singular <i>gyugh</i>). As of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Armenia includes 915 communities, of which 49 are considered urban and 866 are considered rural. The capital, Yerevan, also has the status of a community.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Yerevan is divided into twelve semi-autonomous districts. </p> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:100%; text-align:left;"> <th colspan="2">Province </th> <th colspan="2">Capital </th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Population (2011 census)<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Population (2022 census)<sup id="cite_ref-2022_Census_213-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022_Census-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aragatsotn_Province" title="Aragatsotn Province">Aragatsotn</a></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Արագածոտն</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashtarak" title="Ashtarak">Ashtarak</a></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Աշտարակ</span></span> </td> <td>2,756 </td> <td>132,925 </td> <td>128,941 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ararat_Province" title="Ararat Province">Ararat</a></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Արարատ</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artashat,_Armenia" title="Artashat, Armenia">Artashat</a></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Արտաշատ</span></span> </td> <td>2,090 </td> <td>260,367 </td> <td>248,982 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armavir_Province" title="Armavir Province">Armavir</a></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Արմավիր</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armavir,_Armenia" title="Armavir, Armenia">Armavir</a></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Արմավիր</span></span> </td> <td>1,242 </td> <td>265,770 </td> <td>253,493 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gegharkunik_Province" title="Gegharkunik Province">Gegharkunik</a>  </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Գեղարքունիք</span></span>   </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gavar" title="Gavar">Gavar</a></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Գավառ</span></span> </td> <td>5,349 </td> <td>235,075 </td> <td>209,669 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kotayk_Province" title="Kotayk Province">Kotayk</a></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Կոտայք</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hrazdan" title="Hrazdan">Hrazdan</a></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Հրազդան</span></span> </td> <td>2,086 </td> <td>254,397 </td> <td>269,883 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lori_Province" title="Lori Province">Lori</a></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Լոռի</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadzor" title="Vanadzor">Vanadzor</a></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Վանաձոր</span></span> </td> <td>3,799 </td> <td>235,537 </td> <td>222,805 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shirak_Province" title="Shirak Province">Shirak</a></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Շիրակ</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Գյումրի</span></span> </td> <td>2,680 </td> <td>251,941 </td> <td>235,484 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Syunik_Province" title="Syunik Province">Syunik</a></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Սյունիք</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kapan" title="Kapan">Kapan</a></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Կապան</span></span> </td> <td>4,506 </td> <td>141,771 </td> <td>114,488 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tavush" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavush">Tavush</a></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Տավուշ</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ijevan" title="Ijevan">Ijevan</a></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Իջևան</span></span> </td> <td>2,704 </td> <td>128,609 </td> <td>114,940 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vayots_Dzor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vayots Dzor">Vayots Dzor</a></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Վայոց Ձոր</span></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yeghegnadzor" title="Yeghegnadzor">Yeghegnadzor</a>  </td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Եղեգնաձոր</span></span>   </td> <td>2,308 </td> <td>52,324 </td> <td>47,369 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></td> <td><span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy">Երևան</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center">–</td> <td style="text-align:center">– </td> <td>223 </td> <td>1,060,138 </td> <td>1,086,677 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Economy of Armenia</a></div> <p>The economy relies heavily on investment and support from Armenians abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before independence, Armenia's economy was largely industry-based – <a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a>, machinery, <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">processed food</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a>, and textile – and highly dependent on outside resources. The republic had developed a modern <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">industrial sector</a>, supplying <a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">machine tools</a>, textiles, and other <a href="/wiki/Final_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Final goods">manufactured goods</a> to sister republics in exchange for raw materials and energy.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agriculture accounted for less than 20% of both <a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">net material product</a> and <a href="/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment">total employment</a> before the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1985%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991. After independence, the importance of agriculture in the economy increased markedly, its share at the end of the 1990s rising to more than 30% of GDP and more than 40% of total employment.<sup id="cite_ref-agri_215-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agri-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This increase in the importance of agriculture was attributable to food security needs of the population in the face of uncertainty during the first phases of <a href="/wiki/Transition_economy" title="Transition economy">transition</a> and the collapse of the non-agricultural sectors of the economy in the early 1990s. As the economic situation stabilised and growth resumed, the share of agriculture in GDP dropped to slightly over 20% (2006 data), although the share of agriculture in employment remained more than 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-yb2007_216-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yb2007-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Ararat_and_the_Yerevan_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mount_Ararat_and_the_Yerevan_skyline.jpg/220px-Mount_Ararat_and_the_Yerevan_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mount_Ararat_and_the_Yerevan_skyline.jpg/330px-Mount_Ararat_and_the_Yerevan_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Mount_Ararat_and_the_Yerevan_skyline.jpg/440px-Mount_Ararat_and_the_Yerevan_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> is the economic and cultural centre of Armenia.</figcaption></figure> <p>Armenian mines produce copper, zinc, gold, and lead. The vast majority of energy is produced with fuel imported from Russia, including gas and nuclear fuel (for its one nuclear power plant); the main domestic energy source is hydroelectric. Small deposits of coal, gas, and petroleum exist but have not yet been developed. </p><p>Access to <a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">biocapacity</a> in Armenia is lower than world average. In 2016, Armenia had 0.8 global hectares <sup id="cite_ref-footprintdata_217-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016 Armenia used 1.9 global hectares of biocapacity per person—their <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> of consumption. This means they use double as much biocapacity as Armenia contains. As a result, Armenia is running a biocapacity deficit.<sup id="cite_ref-footprintdata_217-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">newly independent states</a> of the former Soviet Union, Armenia's economy suffers from the breakdown of former Soviet trading patterns. Soviet investment in and support of Armenian industry has virtually disappeared, so that few major enterprises are still able to function. In addition, the effects of the <a href="/wiki/1988_Armenian_earthquake" title="1988 Armenian earthquake">1988 Spitak earthquake</a>, which killed more than 25,000 people and made 500,000 homeless, are still being felt. The conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh has not been resolved. Shutdown of the nuclear power plant in 1989 led to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_energy_crisis_of_1990s" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian energy crisis of 1990s">Armenian energy crisis of 1990s</a>. The GDP fell nearly 60% between 1989 and 1993, but then resumed robust growth after the power plant was reopened in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-agri_215-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agri-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national currency, the dram, suffered hyperinflation for the first years after its introduction in 1993. </p><p>Nevertheless, the government was able to make wide-ranging economic reforms that paid off in dramatically lower inflation and steady growth. The 1994 ceasefire in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict has also helped the economy. Armenia has had strong economic growth since 1995, building on the turnaround that began the previous year, and inflation has been negligible for the past several years. New sectors, such as precious-stone processing and jewelry making, information and communication technology and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Armenia" title="Tourism in Armenia">tourism</a> are beginning to supplement more traditional sectors of the economy, such as agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This steady economic progress has earned Armenia increasing support from international institutions. The <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF), <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a> (EBRD), and other <a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">international financial institutions</a> (IFIs) and foreign countries are extending considerable grants and loans. Loans to Armenia since 1993 exceed $1.1 billion. These loans are targeted at reducing the budget deficit and stabilising the currency; developing private businesses; energy; agriculture; food processing; transportation; the health and education sectors; and ongoing rehabilitation in the earthquake zone. The government joined the WTO on 5 February 2003. But one of the main sources of foreign direct investments remains the Armenian diaspora, which finances major parts of the reconstruction of infrastructure and other public projects. Being a growing democratic state, Armenia also hopes to get more financial aid from the Western World. </p><p>A liberal foreign investment law was approved in June 1994, and a law on privatisation was adopted in 1997, as well as a programme of state property privatisation. Continued progress will depend on the ability of the government to strengthen its macroeconomic management, including increasing revenue collection, improving the investment climate, and making strides against corruption. However, unemployment, which was 18.5% in 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> still remains a major problem due to the influx of thousands of refugees from the Karabakh conflict. </p><p>In 2017, the economy grew by 7.5% due to rising copper prices.<sup id="cite_ref-Fischer-2018_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fischer-2018-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, Armenia's GDP stood at $39.4 billion, and enjoyed an economic freedom index of 65.3, according to Heritage Organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Armenian economy is predicted to grow by 13% in 2022 due to a huge influx of Russian citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IMF's preliminary forecast as of March 2022 predicted growth of 1.5% for the year.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Armenia" title="Science and technology in Armenia">Science and technology in Armenia</a></div> <p>Research spending is low in Armenia, averaging 0.25% of GDP over 2010–2013. However, the statistical record of research expenditure is incomplete, as expenditure by privately owned business enterprises is not surveyed in Armenia. The world average for domestic expenditure on research was 1.7% of GDP in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-Erocal-2015_224-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erocal-2015-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GERD_GDP_ratio_for_the_Black_Sea_countries,_2001%E2%80%932013.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/GERD_GDP_ratio_for_the_Black_Sea_countries%2C_2001%E2%80%932013.svg/220px-GERD_GDP_ratio_for_the_Black_Sea_countries%2C_2001%E2%80%932013.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/GERD_GDP_ratio_for_the_Black_Sea_countries%2C_2001%E2%80%932013.svg/330px-GERD_GDP_ratio_for_the_Black_Sea_countries%2C_2001%E2%80%932013.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/GERD_GDP_ratio_for_the_Black_Sea_countries%2C_2001%E2%80%932013.svg/440px-GERD_GDP_ratio_for_the_Black_Sea_countries%2C_2001%E2%80%932013.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) to GDP ratio for the Black Sea countries, 2001–2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 12.3.</figcaption></figure> <p>The country's <i>Strategy for the Development of Science 2011–2020</i> envisions that 'by 2020, Armenia is a country with a knowledge-based economy and is competitive within the European Research Area with its level of basic and applied research.' It fixes the following targets:<sup id="cite_ref-Erocal-2015_224-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erocal-2015-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Creation of a system capable of sustaining the development of science and technology;</li> <li>Development of scientific potential, modernisation of scientific infrastructure;</li> <li>Promotion of basic and applied research;</li> <li>Creation of a synergistic system of education, science and innovation; and</li> <li>Becoming a prime location for scientific specialisation in the European Research Area.</li></ul> <p>Based on this strategy, the accompanying <i>Action Plan</i> was approved by the government in June 2011. It defines the following targets:<sup id="cite_ref-Erocal-2015_224-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erocal-2015-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Improve the management system for science and technology and create the requisite conditions for sustainable development;</li> <li>Involve more young, talented people in education and research, while upgrading research infrastructure;</li> <li>Create the requisite conditions for the development of an integrated national innovation system; and</li> <li>Enhance international co-operation in research and development.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GERD_in_the_Black_Sea_region_by_sector_of_performance,_2005_and_2013.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/GERD_in_the_Black_Sea_region_by_sector_of_performance%2C_2005_and_2013.svg/220px-GERD_in_the_Black_Sea_region_by_sector_of_performance%2C_2005_and_2013.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/GERD_in_the_Black_Sea_region_by_sector_of_performance%2C_2005_and_2013.svg/330px-GERD_in_the_Black_Sea_region_by_sector_of_performance%2C_2005_and_2013.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/GERD_in_the_Black_Sea_region_by_sector_of_performance%2C_2005_and_2013.svg/440px-GERD_in_the_Black_Sea_region_by_sector_of_performance%2C_2005_and_2013.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>GERD in the Black Sea region by sector of performance, 2005 and 2013. Source: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 (2015), Figure 12.5.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the <i>Strategy</i> clearly pursues a 'science push' approach, with public research institutes serving as the key policy target, it nevertheless mentions the goal of establishing an innovation system. However, the main driver of innovation, the business sector, is not mentioned. In between publishing the <i>Strategy</i> and <i>Action Plan</i>, the government issued a resolution in May 2010 on <i>Science and Technology Development Priorities for 2010–2014</i>. These priorities are:<sup id="cite_ref-Erocal-2015_224-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erocal-2015-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Armenian studies, humanities and social sciences;</li> <li>Life sciences;</li> <li>Renewable energy, new energy sources;</li> <li>Advanced technologies, information technologies;</li> <li>Space, Earth sciences, sustainable use of natural resources; and</li> <li>Basic research promoting essential applied research.</li></ul> <p>The Law on the National Academy of Sciences was adopted in May 2011. This law is expected to play a key role in shaping the Armenian innovation system. It allows the National Academy of Sciences to extend its business activities to the commercialisation of research results and the creation of spin-offs; it also makes provision for restructuring the National Academy of Sciences by combining institutes involved in closely related research areas into a single body. Three of these new centres are particularly relevant: the Centre for Biotechnology, the Centre for Zoology and Hydro-ecology and the Centre for Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-Erocal-2015_224-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erocal-2015-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government is focusing its support on selected industrial sectors. More than 20 projects have been cofunded by the State Committee of Science in targeted branches: pharmaceuticals, medicine and biotechnology, agricultural mechanisation and machine building, electronics, engineering, chemistry and, in particular, the sphere of information technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Erocal-2015_224-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erocal-2015-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the past decade, the government has made an effort to encourage science–industry linkages. The Armenian information technology sector has been particularly active: a number of public–private partnerships have been established between companies and universities, in order to give students marketable skills and generate innovative ideas at the interface of science and business. Examples are Synopsys Inc. and the Enterprise Incubator Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-Erocal-2015_224-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erocal-2015-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenia was ranked 63rd in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Demographics of Armenia">Demographics of Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Armenien_2016.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Armenien_2016.png/220px-Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Armenien_2016.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Armenien_2016.png/330px-Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Armenien_2016.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Armenien_2016.png/440px-Bev%C3%B6lkerungspyramide_Armenien_2016.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>Armenia has a population of 2,932,731 as of 2022<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the third most densely populated of the former Soviet republics.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been a problem of <a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">population decline</a> due to elevated levels of <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a> after the break-up of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the past years emigration levels have declined and some population growth is observed since 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArmenianDiaspora.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/ArmenianDiaspora.png/220px-ArmenianDiaspora.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/ArmenianDiaspora.png/330px-ArmenianDiaspora.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/ArmenianDiaspora.png/440px-ArmenianDiaspora.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">Armenian population around the world</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Armenia has <a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">a relatively large external diaspora</a> (8 million by some estimates, greatly exceeding the 3 million population of Armenia itself), with communities existing across the globe. The largest Armenian communities outside of Armenia can be found in Russia, France, Iran, the United States, Georgia, Syria, Lebanon, Australia, Canada, Greece, Cyprus, Israel, Poland, Ukraine and Brazil. 40,000 to 70,000 Armenians still live in Turkey (mostly in and around <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 1,000 Armenians reside in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Quarter" title="Armenian Quarter">Armenian Quarter</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, a remnant of a once-larger community.<sup id="cite_ref-231" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italy is home to the <a href="/wiki/San_Lazzaro_degli_Armeni" title="San Lazzaro degli Armeni">San Lazzaro degli Armeni</a>, an island located in the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Lagoon" title="Venetian Lagoon">Venetian Lagoon</a>, which is completely occupied by a monastery run by the <a href="/wiki/Mechitarists" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechitarists">Mechitarists</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic</a> congregation.<sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 139,000 Armenians lived in the de facto independent country <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a> where they formed a majority before 1 October 2023, when almost the entire population of the region had fled to Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities">Cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Armenia" title="Municipalities of Armenia">Municipalities of Armenia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Armenia</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Armenia 2022 census<sup id="cite_ref-2022_Census_213-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022_Census-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Armenia_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Armenia by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Armenia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Armenia">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Armenia_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Armenia by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Armenia_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Armenia by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Armenia">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Armenia">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Armenia_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Armenia by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Yerevan"><img alt="Yerevan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6.JPG/120px-%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6.JPG/180px-%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6.JPG/240px-%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B6.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4743" data-file-height="3159" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyumri_(historical_center).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gyumri"><img alt="Gyumri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gyumri_%28historical_center%29.jpg/120px-Gyumri_%28historical_center%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gyumri_%28historical_center%29.jpg/180px-Gyumri_%28historical_center%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gyumri_%28historical_center%29.jpg/240px-Gyumri_%28historical_center%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="342" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,086,677</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Artashat,_Armenia" title="Artashat, Armenia">Artashat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ararat_Province" title="Ararat Province">Ararat</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,020 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hayq_Square,_Vanadzor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vanadzor"><img alt="Vanadzor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hayq_Square%2C_Vanadzor.jpg/120px-Hayq_Square%2C_Vanadzor.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hayq_Square%2C_Vanadzor.jpg/180px-Hayq_Square%2C_Vanadzor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Hayq_Square%2C_Vanadzor.jpg/240px-Hayq_Square%2C_Vanadzor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Vanadzor" title="Vanadzor">Vanadzor</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abovyan,_Jan._2016_(6),_Ara_mountain_in_the_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abovyan"><img alt="Abovyan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Abovyan%2C_Jan._2016_%286%29%2C_Ara_mountain_in_the_background.jpg/120px-Abovyan%2C_Jan._2016_%286%29%2C_Ara_mountain_in_the_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Abovyan%2C_Jan._2016_%286%29%2C_Ara_mountain_in_the_background.jpg/180px-Abovyan%2C_Jan._2016_%286%29%2C_Ara_mountain_in_the_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Abovyan%2C_Jan._2016_%286%29%2C_Ara_mountain_in_the_background.jpg/240px-Abovyan%2C_Jan._2016_%286%29%2C_Ara_mountain_in_the_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Abovyan" title="Abovyan">Abovyan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shirak_Province" title="Shirak Province">Shirak</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">112,301</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sevan,_Armenia" title="Sevan, Armenia">Sevan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gegharkunik_Province" title="Gegharkunik Province">Gegharkunik</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,705 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadzor" title="Vanadzor">Vanadzor</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lori_Province" title="Lori Province">Lori</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">75,186</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ijevan" title="Ijevan">Ijevan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tavush_Province" title="Tavush Province">Tavush</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,689 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Abovyan" title="Abovyan">Abovyan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kotayk_Province" title="Kotayk Province">Kotayk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,434</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gavar" title="Gavar">Gavar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gegharkunik_Province" title="Gegharkunik Province">Gegharkunik</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,741 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vagharshapat" title="Vagharshapat">Vagharshapat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Armavir_Province" title="Armavir Province">Armavir</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">44,837</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Artik" title="Artik">Artik</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shirak_Province" title="Shirak Province">Shirak</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,647 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hrazdan" title="Hrazdan">Hrazdan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kotayk_Province" title="Kotayk Province">Kotayk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">44,231</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Goris" title="Goris">Goris</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Syunik_Province" title="Syunik Province">Syunik</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,113 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kapan" title="Kapan">Kapan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Syunik_Province" title="Syunik Province">Syunik</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">32,780</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ararat,_Armenia" title="Ararat, Armenia">Ararat</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ararat_Province" title="Ararat Province">Ararat</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">16,592 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Armavir,_Armenia" title="Armavir, Armenia">Armavir</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Armavir_Province" title="Armavir Province">Armavir</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">27,470</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dilijan" title="Dilijan">Dilijan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tavush_Province" title="Tavush Province">Tavush</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,914 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Charentsavan" title="Charentsavan">Charentsavan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kotayk_Province" title="Kotayk Province">Kotayk</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">22,071</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ashtarak" title="Ashtarak">Ashtarak</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aragatsotn_Province" title="Aragatsotn Province">Aragatsotn</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,686 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Masis,_Armenia" title="Masis, Armenia">Masis</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ararat_Province" title="Ararat Province">Ararat</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,081</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sisian" title="Sisian">Sisian</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Syunik_Province" title="Syunik Province">Syunik</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,179 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Armenia" title="Ethnic minorities in Armenia">Ethnic minorities in Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_distribution_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Armenian_distribution_map.png/220px-Armenian_distribution_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Armenian_distribution_map.png/330px-Armenian_distribution_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Armenian_distribution_map.png/440px-Armenian_distribution_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption><b>Historical and modern distribution of Armenians.<br /></b>Settlement area of Armenians in early 20th century:<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#967117; color:black;"> </span> >50%</span><span class="nowrap">     </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFA700; color:black;"> </span> 25–50%</span><span class="nowrap">     </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FBEC5D; color:black;"> </span> <25%</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Armenian settlement area today</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> make up 98.1% of the population. <a href="/wiki/Yazidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidi">Yazidis</a> make up 1.1%, and Russians 0.5%. Other minorities include <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Greeks</a> (usually called <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Jews</a>. There are also smaller communities of <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mordvins" title="Mordvins">Mordvins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udi_people" title="Udi people">Udis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a>. Minorities of <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Caucasus Germans</a> also exist though they are heavily <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russified</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-minorities_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minorities-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022, there are 31,077 Yazidis in Armenia.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet era">Soviet era</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> were historically the second largest population in the country, numbering 76,550 in 1922,<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and forming about 2.5% in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-1989census_238-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1989census-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to the conflict over <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>, virtually all of them emigrated from Armenia to Azerbaijan. Conversely, Armenia received a large influx of Armenian refugees from Azerbaijan, thus giving Armenia a more homogeneous character. </p><p>According to Gallup research conducted in 2017 Armenia has one of the highest migrant acceptance (welcoming) rates in eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Languages of Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THE_ARMENIAN_ALPHABET,_OSHAKAN,_ARMENIA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/THE_ARMENIAN_ALPHABET%2C_OSHAKAN%2C_ARMENIA.jpg/170px-THE_ARMENIAN_ALPHABET%2C_OSHAKAN%2C_ARMENIA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/THE_ARMENIAN_ALPHABET%2C_OSHAKAN%2C_ARMENIA.jpg/255px-THE_ARMENIAN_ALPHABET%2C_OSHAKAN%2C_ARMENIA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/THE_ARMENIAN_ALPHABET%2C_OSHAKAN%2C_ARMENIA.jpg/340px-THE_ARMENIAN_ALPHABET%2C_OSHAKAN%2C_ARMENIA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Armenian-language writing</figcaption></figure> <p>Armenians have their own distinct <a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">language</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the only official language. The alphabet was invented <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 405</span> by <a href="/wiki/Mesrop_Mashtots" title="Mesrop Mashtots">Mesrop Mashtots</a> and consists of thirty-nine letters, three of which were added during the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilician period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main foreign languages that Armenians know are Russian and English. Due to its Soviet past, most of the old population can speak Russian quite well. According to a 2013 survey, 95% of Armenians said they had some knowledge of Russian (24% advanced, 59% intermediate) compared to 40% who said they knew some English (4% advanced, 16% intermediate and 20% beginner). However, more adults (50%) think that English should be taught in public secondary schools than those who prefer Russian (44%).<sup id="cite_ref-2012_knowledge_242-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2012_knowledge-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Religion in Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kohrvirab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kohrvirab.jpg/220px-Kohrvirab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kohrvirab.jpg/330px-Kohrvirab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kohrvirab.jpg/440px-Kohrvirab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2334" /></a><figcaption>The 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Khor_Virap" title="Khor Virap">Khor Virap</a> monastery in the shadow of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a>, the peak on which <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark" title="Noah's Ark">Noah's Ark</a>, is said to have landed during the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">biblical flood</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PortalEchmiazin1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PortalEchmiazin1.jpg/170px-PortalEchmiazin1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PortalEchmiazin1.jpg/255px-PortalEchmiazin1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/PortalEchmiazin1.jpg/340px-PortalEchmiazin1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="4063" /></a><figcaption>Portal to the <i>Holy City</i> at Echmiazin, the seat of the Catholicos</figcaption></figure> <p>Armenia was the first nation to adopt <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> as a <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, an event traditionally dated to AD 301.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The predominant <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">religion in Armenia</a> is Christianity. Its roots go back to the 1st century AD, when it was founded by two of Jesus' twelve <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">apostles</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Thaddaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> – who preached Christianity in Armenia between AD 40–60. </p><p>Over 93% of Christians in Armenia belong to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-census1_246-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CI1A_247-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CI1A-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is in communion only with the churches comprising <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy#Oriental_Orthodox_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>—of which it is itself a member. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> maintains jurisdictions of both the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a> in Armenia. Of note are the <a href="/wiki/Mechitarists" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechitarists">Mechitarists</a> (also spelled "Mekhitarists" <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Մխիթարեան</span>), a congregation of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict">Benedictine</a> monks in the Armenian Catholic Church, founded in 1712 by <a href="/wiki/Mekhitar_of_Sebaste" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekhitar of Sebaste">Mekhitar of Sebaste</a>. They are best known for their series of scholarly publications of ancient <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> versions of otherwise lost ancient Greek texts. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Armenian Evangelical Church</a> has several thousand members throughout the country. </p><p>Other Christian denominations in Armenia are the Pentecostal branches of Protestant community such as the Word of Life, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Brotherhood_Church" title="Armenian Brotherhood Church">Armenian Brotherhood Church</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> (which are known as one of the oldest existing denominations in Armenia, and were permitted by the authorities of the Soviet Union),<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-250" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-251" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armenia is also home to a <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Armenia" title="Russians in Armenia">Russian</a> community of <a href="/wiki/Molokan" class="mw-redirect" title="Molokan">Molokans</a> which practice a form of Spiritual Christianity originated from the Russian Orthodox Church.<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Yazidis, who live in the western part of the country, practice <a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's largest Yazidi temple, <a href="/wiki/Quba_M%C3%AAr%C3%AA_D%C3%AEwan%C3%AA" title="Quba Mêrê Dîwanê">Quba Mêrê Dîwanê</a>, was completed in 2019<sup id="cite_ref-Al_Jazeera_254-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al_Jazeera-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the village of <a href="/wiki/Aknalich" title="Aknalich">Aknalich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_236-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Jewish community in Armenia</a> of approximately 750 people since independence with most emigrants leaving for Israel. There are currently two synagogues in Armenia – one in the capital, Yerevan, and the other in the city of <a href="/wiki/Sevan_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sevan (city)">Sevan</a> located near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sevan" title="Lake Sevan">Lake Sevan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_care">Health care</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Armenia" title="Health in Armenia">Health in Armenia</a></div> <p>Healthcare in Armenia has undergone significant changes since independence in 1991. Initially, the Soviet healthcare system was highly centralized and provided free medical assistance to all citizens. After independence, the healthcare system underwent reform and primary care services have been free of charge since 2006. Despite improvements in accessibility and the implementation of an Open Enrollment programme, out-of-pocket health expenditures remain high and corruption among healthcare professionals remains a concern.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, healthcare became free for all citizens under the age of 18 and the number of people receiving free or subsidized care under the Basic Benefits Package was increased.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a significant decline in earlier decades, crude<sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> birth rates in Armenia slightly increased from 13.0 (per 1000 people) in the year 1998 to 14.2 in 2015;<sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this timeframe also showed a similar trajectory in the crude death rate, which grew from 8.6 to 9.3.<sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy at birth</a> at 74.8 years was the 4th-highest among the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_building_of_Yerevan_State_University2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Old_building_of_Yerevan_State_University2.jpg/220px-Old_building_of_Yerevan_State_University2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Old_building_of_Yerevan_State_University2.jpg/330px-Old_building_of_Yerevan_State_University2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Old_building_of_Yerevan_State_University2.jpg/440px-Old_building_of_Yerevan_State_University2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yerevan_State_University" title="Yerevan State University">Yerevan State University</a> building</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Education in Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Armenia" title="List of universities in Armenia">List of universities in Armenia</a></div> <p>In medieval times, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Gladzor" title="University of Gladzor">University of Gladzor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tatev_Monastery#Tatev_University" title="Tatev Monastery">University of Tatev</a> took an important role for Armenian education.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A literacy rate of 100% was reported as early as 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_262-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">In the communist era</a>, Armenian education followed the standard Soviet model of complete state control (from Moscow) of <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curricula</a> and teaching methods and close integration of education activities with other aspects of society, such as politics, culture, and the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_262-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1988–89 school year, 301 students per 10,000 were in specialized secondary or higher education, a figure slightly lower than the Soviet average.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_262-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, some 58% of Armenians over age fifteen had completed their secondary education, and 14% had a higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_262-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1990–91 school year, the estimated 1,307 primary and secondary schools were attended by 608,800 students.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_262-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another seventy specialised secondary institutions had 45,900 students, and 68,400 students were enrolled in a total of ten postsecondary institutions that included universities.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_262-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, 35% of eligible children attended <a href="/wiki/Preschool_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Preschool education">preschools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_262-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992 Armenia's largest institution of higher learning, <a href="/wiki/Yerevan_State_University" title="Yerevan State University">Yerevan State University</a>, had eighteen departments, including ones for social sciences, sciences, and law.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_262-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its faculty numbered about 1,300 teachers and its student population about 10,000 students.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_262-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Polytechnic_University_of_Armenia" title="National Polytechnic University of Armenia">National Polytechnic University of Armenia</a> is operating since 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_262-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1990s, Armenia made substantial changes to the centralised and regimented Soviet system.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_262-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because at least 98% of students in higher education were Armenian, curricula began to emphasise <a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenian history</a> and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_262-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> became the dominant language of instruction, and many schools that had taught in Russian closed by the end of 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_262-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian was still widely taught, however, as a second language.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_262-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the National Programme for Educational Excellence embarked on creating an internationally competitive and academically rigorous alternative educational programme (the Araratian Baccalaureate) for Armenian schools and increasing the importance and status of the teacher's role in society.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ministry of Education and Science is responsible for regulation of the sector. Primary and secondary education in Armenia is free, and completion of secondary school is compulsory.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_262-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher education in Armenia is harmonized with the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna process</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Higher_Education_Area" title="European Higher Education Area">European Higher Education Area</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Armenian National Academy of Sciences">Armenian National Academy of Sciences</a> plays an important role in postgraduate education. </p><p>Schooling takes 12 years in Armenia and breaks down into primary (4 years), middle (5 years) and high school (3 years). Schools engage a 10-grade mark system. The government also supports <a href="/wiki/List_of_Armenian_schools#Schools_outside_Armenia" title="List of Armenian schools">Armenian schools outside of Armenia</a>. </p><p>Gross enrollment in <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a> at 44% in 2015 surpassed peer countries of the South Caucasus but remained below the average for Europe and Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, public spending per student in tertiary education in GDP-ratio terms is one of the lowest for post-USSR countries (for which data was available).<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Culture of Armenia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Armenian architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Prowincja_Armawir,_Zwartnoc,_Ruiny_katedry_Zwartnoc_14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2014_Prowincja_Armawir%2C_Zwartnoc%2C_Ruiny_katedry_Zwartnoc_14.JPG/220px-2014_Prowincja_Armawir%2C_Zwartnoc%2C_Ruiny_katedry_Zwartnoc_14.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2014_Prowincja_Armawir%2C_Zwartnoc%2C_Ruiny_katedry_Zwartnoc_14.JPG/330px-2014_Prowincja_Armawir%2C_Zwartnoc%2C_Ruiny_katedry_Zwartnoc_14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/2014_Prowincja_Armawir%2C_Zwartnoc%2C_Ruiny_katedry_Zwartnoc_14.JPG/440px-2014_Prowincja_Armawir%2C_Zwartnoc%2C_Ruiny_katedry_Zwartnoc_14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4489" data-file-height="2524" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zvartnots_Cathedral" title="Zvartnots Cathedral">Zvartnots Cathedral</a>, 643–652, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Armenian architecture, as it originates in an earthquake-prone region, tends to be built with this hazard in mind. Armenian buildings tend to be rather low-slung and thick-walled in design. Armenia has abundant resources of stone, and relatively few forests, so stone was nearly always used throughout for large buildings. Small buildings and most residential buildings were normally constructed of lighter materials, and hardly any early examples survive, as at the abandoned medieval capital of <a href="/wiki/Ani" title="Ani">Ani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Music of Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_folk_music_3a.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Armenian_folk_music_3a.JPG/220px-Armenian_folk_music_3a.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Armenian_folk_music_3a.JPG/330px-Armenian_folk_music_3a.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Armenian_folk_music_3a.JPG/440px-Armenian_folk_music_3a.JPG 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Armenian folk musicians</figcaption></figure> <p>Armenian music is a mix of indigenous folk music, perhaps best-represented by <a href="/wiki/Djivan_Gasparyan" title="Djivan Gasparyan">Djivan Gasparyan</a>'s well-known <a href="/wiki/Duduk" title="Duduk">duduk</a> music, as well as light pop, and extensive <a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Christian music</a>. </p><p>Instruments like the duduk, <a href="/wiki/Dhol" title="Dhol">dhol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zurna" title="Zurna">zurna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanun (instrument)">kanun</a> are commonly found in Armenian folk music. Artists such as <a href="/wiki/Sayat_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayat Nova">Sayat Nova</a> are famous due to their influence in the development of Armenian folk music. One of the oldest types of Armenian music is the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_chant" title="Armenian chant">Armenian chant</a> which is the most common kind of religious music in Armenia. Many of these chants are ancient in origin, extending to pre-Christian times, while others are relatively modern, including several composed by Saint Mesrop Mashtots, the inventor of the Armenian alphabet. Whilst under <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> rule, the Armenian classical music composer <a href="/wiki/Aram_Khatchaturian" class="mw-redirect" title="Aram Khatchaturian">Aram Khatchaturian</a> became internationally well known for his music, for various ballets and the <a href="/wiki/Sabre_Dance" title="Sabre Dance">Sabre Dance</a> from his composition for the ballet <a href="/wiki/Gayane_(ballet)" title="Gayane (ballet)">Gayane</a>. </p><p>The Armenian Genocide caused widespread emigration that led to the settlement of Armenians in various countries in the world. Armenians kept to their traditions and certain diasporans rose to fame with their music. In the post-genocide Armenian community of the United States, the so-called "kef" style Armenian dance music, using Armenian and Middle Eastern folk instruments (often electrified/amplified) and some western instruments, was popular. This style preserved the folk songs and dances of <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a>, and many artists also played the contemporary popular songs of Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries from which the Armenians emigrated. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armeniapedia_dance2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Armeniapedia_dance2.jpg/220px-Armeniapedia_dance2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Armeniapedia_dance2.jpg/330px-Armeniapedia_dance2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Armeniapedia_dance2.jpg/440px-Armeniapedia_dance2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Armenian_dance" title="Armenian dance">Armenian dance</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hagopian" title="Richard Hagopian">Richard Hagopian</a> is perhaps the most famous artist of the traditional "kef" style and the Vosbikian Band was notable in the 1940s and 1950s for developing their own style of "kef music" heavily influenced by the popular American <a href="/wiki/Big_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Band">Big Band</a> Jazz of the time. Later, stemming from the Middle Eastern Armenian diaspora and influenced by Continental European (especially French) pop music, the Armenian pop music genre grew to fame in the 1960s and 1970s with artists such as <a href="/wiki/Adiss_Harmandian" title="Adiss Harmandian">Adiss Harmandian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harout_Pamboukjian" title="Harout Pamboukjian">Harout Pamboukjian</a> performing to the Armenian diaspora and Armenia; also with artists such as <a href="/wiki/Sirusho" title="Sirusho">Sirusho</a>, performing pop music combined with Armenian folk music in today's entertainment industry. </p><p>Other Armenian diasporans that rose to fame in classical or international music circles are world-renowned <a href="/wiki/List_of_French-Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French-Armenians">French-Armenian</a> singer and composer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Aznavour" title="Charles Aznavour">Charles Aznavour</a>, pianist <a href="/wiki/Sahan_Arzruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahan Arzruni">Sahan Arzruni</a>, prominent opera sopranos such as <a href="/wiki/Hasmik_Papian" title="Hasmik Papian">Hasmik Papian</a> and more recently <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Bayrakdarian" title="Isabel Bayrakdarian">Isabel Bayrakdarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Kasyan" title="Anna Kasyan">Anna Kasyan</a>. Certain Armenians settled to sing non-Armenian tunes such as the heavy metal band <a href="/wiki/System_of_a_Down" title="System of a Down">System of a Down</a> (which nonetheless often incorporates traditional Armenian instrumentals and styling into their songs) or pop star <a href="/wiki/Cher" title="Cher">Cher</a>. In the Armenian diaspora, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Revolutionary Songs">Armenian revolutionary songs</a> are popular with the youth. These songs encourage Armenian patriotism and are generally about Armenian history and national heroes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_art" title="Armenian art">Armenian art</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Armenia" title="List of museums in Armenia">List of museums in Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khachkar-raffi_kojian-IMG_0513.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Khachkar-raffi_kojian-IMG_0513.JPG/170px-Khachkar-raffi_kojian-IMG_0513.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Khachkar-raffi_kojian-IMG_0513.JPG/255px-Khachkar-raffi_kojian-IMG_0513.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Khachkar-raffi_kojian-IMG_0513.JPG/340px-Khachkar-raffi_kojian-IMG_0513.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Armenian <a href="/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar">Khachkars</a> (cross-stones)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Yerevan_Vernissage" title="Yerevan Vernissage">Yerevan Vernissage</a> (arts and crafts market), close to Republic Square, bustles with hundreds of vendors selling a variety of crafts on weekends and Wednesdays (though the selection is much reduced mid-week). The market offers woodcarving, antiques, fine lace, and the hand-knotted wool carpets and kilims that are a Caucasus speciality. <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a>, which is found locally, is crafted into assortment of jewellery and ornamental objects. Armenian gold smithery enjoys a long tradition, populating one corner of the market with a selection of gold items. Soviet relics and souvenirs of recent Russian manufacture – nesting dolls, watches, enamel boxes and so on – are also available at the Vernisage. </p><p>Across from the Opera House, a popular art market fills another city park on the weekends. Armenia's long history as a crossroads of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient world</a> has resulted in a landscape with innumerable fascinating <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological sites</a> to explore. <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> sites are all within a few hours drive from the city. All but the most spectacular remain virtually undiscovered, allowing visitors to view churches and fortresses in their original settings. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zabel_return.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Zabel_return.jpg/220px-Zabel_return.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Zabel_return.jpg/330px-Zabel_return.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Zabel_return.jpg/440px-Zabel_return.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1075" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Isabella,_Queen_of_Armenia" title="Isabella, Queen of Armenia">Queen Zabel</a>'s Return to the Palace</i>, <a href="/wiki/Vardges_Sureniants" title="Vardges Sureniants">Vardges Sureniants</a> (1909)</figcaption></figure> <p>The National Art Gallery in Yerevan has more than 16,000 works that date back to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, which indicate Armenia's rich tales and stories of the times. It houses paintings by many <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> masters as well. The Modern Art Museum, the Children's Picture Gallery, and the <a href="/wiki/Martiros_Saryan" title="Martiros Saryan">Martiros Saryan</a> Museum are only a few of the other noteworthy collections of fine art on display in Yerevan. Moreover, many private galleries are in operation, with many more opening every year, featuring rotating exhibitions and sales. </p><p>On 13 April 2013, the Armenian government announced a change in law to allow <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama" title="Freedom of panorama">freedom of panorama</a> for 3D works of art.<sup id="cite_ref-268" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Armenia">Media of Armenia</a></div> <p>Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscription">subscription</a>, and other sales-related revenues. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Constitution of Armenia</a> guarantees freedom of speech and Armenia ranks 61st in the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> report compiled by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-FH_269-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FH-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armenia's press freedom rose considerably following the 2018 Velvet Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020, the biggest issue facing press freedom in Armenia is judicial harassment of journalists, specifically defamation suits and attacks on journalists' right to protect sources,<sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as excessive responses to combat disinformation spread by social media users. Reporters Without Borders also cites continued concerns about lack of transparency regarding ownership of media outlets.<sup id="cite_ref-FH_269-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FH-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Cinema of Armenia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Armenia" title="Special:EditPage/Armenia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Armenia%22">"Armenia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Armenia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Armenia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Armenia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Armenia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Armenia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cinema in Armenia was born on 16 April 1923, when the Armenian State Committee of Cinema was established by a decree of the Soviet Armenian government. </p><p>However, the first Armenian film with Armenian subject called "Haykakan Sinema" was produced earlier in 1912 in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> by Armenian-Egyptian publisher Vahan Zartarian. The film was premiered in Cairo on 13 March 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1924, the first Armenian film studio; <i><a href="/wiki/Armenfilm" title="Armenfilm">Armenfilm</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Հայֆիլմ</span> "Hayfilm", <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Арменкино</span> "Armenkino") was established in Yerevan, starting with a <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">documentary film</a> called <i>Soviet Armenia</i>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Namus_(film)" title="Namus (film)">Namus</a></i> was the first Armenian <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent</a> <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> film, directed by <a href="/wiki/Hamo_Beknazarian" title="Hamo Beknazarian">Hamo Beknazarian</a> in 1925, based on a play of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shirvanzade" title="Alexander Shirvanzade">Alexander Shirvanzade</a>, describing the ill fate of two lovers, who were engaged by their families to each other since childhood, but because of violations of <i><a href="/wiki/Namus" title="Namus">namus</a></i> (a tradition of honor), the girl was married by her father to another person. The first <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound film</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pepo_(film)" title="Pepo (film)">Pepo</a></i> was shot in 1935 and directed by <a href="/wiki/Hamo_Beknazarian" title="Hamo Beknazarian">Hamo Beknazarian</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Armenia" title="Special:EditPage/Armenia">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandzak_Armenia_Wine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gandzak_Armenia_Wine.jpg/170px-Gandzak_Armenia_Wine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gandzak_Armenia_Wine.jpg/255px-Gandzak_Armenia_Wine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Gandzak_Armenia_Wine.jpg/340px-Gandzak_Armenia_Wine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">Armenian wine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Armenian cuisine is closely related to eastern and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean cuisine</a>; various <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a> combine to present unique dishes. The main characteristics of Armenian cuisine are a reliance on the quality of the ingredients rather than heavily spicing food, the use of herbs, the use of wheat in a variety of forms, of legumes, nuts, and fruit (as a main ingredient as well as to sour food), and the stuffing of a wide variety of leaves. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a>, with its symbolic association with fertility, represents the nation. The <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricot</a> is the national fruit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Armenia" title="Special:EditPage/Armenia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Armenia%22">"Armenia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Armenia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Armenia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Armenia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Armenia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Armenia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Armenia" title="Sport in Armenia">Sport in Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chess_in_Armenia" title="Chess in Armenia">Chess in Armenia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenia_vs_Portugal,_13_June_2015,_V._Sargsyan_Rep._Stad._Yerevan_(7).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Armenia_vs_Portugal%2C_13_June_2015%2C_V._Sargsyan_Rep._Stad._Yerevan_%287%29.jpg/220px-Armenia_vs_Portugal%2C_13_June_2015%2C_V._Sargsyan_Rep._Stad._Yerevan_%287%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Armenia_vs_Portugal%2C_13_June_2015%2C_V._Sargsyan_Rep._Stad._Yerevan_%287%29.jpg/330px-Armenia_vs_Portugal%2C_13_June_2015%2C_V._Sargsyan_Rep._Stad._Yerevan_%287%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Armenia_vs_Portugal%2C_13_June_2015%2C_V._Sargsyan_Rep._Stad._Yerevan_%287%29.jpg/440px-Armenia_vs_Portugal%2C_13_June_2015%2C_V._Sargsyan_Rep._Stad._Yerevan_%287%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vazgen_Sargsyan_Republican_Stadium" title="Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium">Vazgen Sargsyan Republican Stadium</a> in Yerevan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_Armenia_teams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ireland_Armenia_teams.jpg/220px-Ireland_Armenia_teams.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ireland_Armenia_teams.jpg/330px-Ireland_Armenia_teams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ireland_Armenia_teams.jpg/440px-Ireland_Armenia_teams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Armenia_national_football_team" title="Armenia national football team">Armenia national football team</a> in Dublin, Ireland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Levon_Aronian_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Levon_Aronian_2011.jpg/170px-Levon_Aronian_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Levon_Aronian_2011.jpg/255px-Levon_Aronian_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Levon_Aronian_2011.jpg/340px-Levon_Aronian_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Chess Grandmaster <a href="/wiki/Levon_Aronian" title="Levon Aronian">Levon Aronian</a> is a former <a href="/wiki/FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a> No. 2 rated player and the <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history#Elo_system" title="Comparison of top chess players throughout history">fourth-highest rated player in history</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigran_Petrosian_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tigran_Petrosian_1962.jpg/170px-Tigran_Petrosian_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tigran_Petrosian_1962.jpg/255px-Tigran_Petrosian_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Tigran_Petrosian_1962.jpg/340px-Tigran_Petrosian_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="1628" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tigran_Petrosyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigran Petrosyan">Tigran Petrosyan</a> 9th <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Champion" class="mw-redirect" title="World Chess Champion">World Chess Champion</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A wide array of sports are played in Armenia, the most popular among them being wrestling, weightlifting, judo, association football, chess, and boxing. Armenia's mountainous terrain provides great opportunities for the practice of sports like skiing and climbing. Being a landlocked country, water sports can only be practised on lakes, notably <a href="/wiki/Lake_Sevan" title="Lake Sevan">Lake Sevan</a>. Competitively, Armenia has been successful in chess, weightlifting and wrestling at the international level. Armenia is also an active member of the international sports community, with full membership in the Union of European Football Associations (<a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a>) and International Ice Hockey Federation (<a href="/wiki/IIHF" class="mw-redirect" title="IIHF">IIHF</a>). It also hosts the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Armenian_Games" title="Pan-Armenian Games">Pan-Armenian Games</a>. </p><p>Prior to 1992, Armenians would participate in the Olympics representing the USSR. As part of the Soviet Union, Armenia was very successful, winning plenty of medals and helping the USSR win the medal standings at the Olympics on numerous occasions. The first medal won by an Armenian in modern Olympic history was by <a href="/wiki/Hrant_Shahinyan" title="Hrant Shahinyan">Hrant Shahinyan</a> (sometimes spelled as Grant Shaginyan), who won two golds and two silvers in gymnastics at the <a href="/wiki/1952_Summer_Olympics" title="1952 Summer Olympics">1952 Summer Olympics</a> in Helsinki. To highlight the level of success of Armenians in the Olympics, Shahinyan was quoted as saying: </p><p>"Armenian sportsmen had to outdo their opponents by several notches for the shot at being accepted into any Soviet team. But those difficulties notwithstanding, 90 percent of Armenian athletes on Soviet Olympic teams came back with medals."<sup id="cite_ref-ArmeniaNow.com_273-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmeniaNow.com-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armenia first participated at the <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Summer Olympics</a> in Barcelona under a unified CIS team, where it was very successful, winning three golds and one silver in weightlifting, wrestling and sharp shooting, despite only having five athletes. Since the <a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics" title="1994 Winter Olympics">1994 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lillehammer" title="Lillehammer">Lillehammer</a>, Armenia has participated as an independent nation. </p><p>Armenia participates in the Summer Olympic Games in boxing, wrestling, weightlifting, judo, gymnastics, track and field, diving, swimming and sharp shooting. It also participates in the Winter Olympic Games in alpine skiing, cross-country skiing and figure skating. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Armenia" title="Football in Armenia">Football</a> is also popular in Armenia. The most successful team was the <a href="/wiki/FC_Ararat_Yerevan" title="FC Ararat Yerevan">FC Ararat Yerevan</a> team of the 1970s who won the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Cup" title="Soviet Cup">Soviet Cup</a> in 1973 and 1975 and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Top_League_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Top League 1973">Soviet Top League</a> in 1973. The latter achievement saw FC Ararat gain entry to the <a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_European_Cup" title="1974–75 European Cup">European Cup</a> where – despite a home victory in the second leg – they lost on aggregate at the quarter-final stage to eventual winner <a href="/wiki/FC_Bayern_Munich" title="FC Bayern Munich">FC Bayern Munich</a>. Armenia competed internationally as part of the <a href="/wiki/USSR_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR national football team">USSR national football team</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian national football team">Armenian national football team</a> was formed in 1992 after the split of the Soviet Union. Armenia have never qualified for a major tournament although recent improvements saw the team to achieve 44th position in the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA World Rankings">FIFA World Rankings</a> in September 2011. The national team is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Football_Federation_of_Armenia" title="Football Federation of Armenia">Football Federation of Armenia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Premier_League" title="Armenian Premier League">Armenian Premier League</a> is the highest level football competition in Armenia, and has been dominated by <a href="/wiki/FC_Pyunik" title="FC Pyunik">FC Pyunik</a> in recent seasons. The league currently consists of eight teams and relegates to the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_First_League" title="Armenian First League">Armenian First League</a>. </p><p>Armenia and the Armenian diaspora have produced many successful footballers, including <a href="/wiki/Henrikh_Mkhitaryan" title="Henrikh Mkhitaryan">Henrikh Mkhitaryan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youri_Djorkaeff" title="Youri Djorkaeff">Youri Djorkaeff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alain_Boghossian" title="Alain Boghossian">Alain Boghossian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andranik_Eskandarian" title="Andranik Eskandarian">Andranik Eskandarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andranik_Teymourian" title="Andranik Teymourian">Andranik Teymourian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Manucharyan" title="Edgar Manucharyan">Edgar Manucharyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoren_Oganesian" title="Khoren Oganesian">Khoren Oganesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Simonyan" title="Nikita Simonyan">Nikita Simonyan</a>. Djokaeff and Boghossian won the <a href="/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1998 FIFA World Cup">1998 FIFA World Cup</a> with <a href="/wiki/France_national_football_team" title="France national football team">France</a>, Teymourian competed in the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006 World Cup</a> for <a href="/wiki/Iran_national_football_team" title="Iran national football team">Iran</a> and Manucharyan played in the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Eredivisie" title="Eredivisie">Eredivisie</a> for <a href="/wiki/AFC_Ajax" title="AFC Ajax">Ajax</a>. Mkhitaryan has been one of the most successful Armenian footballers in recent years, playing for international clubs such as <a href="/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund" title="Borussia Dortmund">Borussia Dortmund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C." title="Manchester United F.C.">Manchester United</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_F.C." title="Arsenal F.C.">Arsenal</a>, <a href="/wiki/A.S._Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="A.S. Roma">A.S. Roma</a> and currently for <a href="/wiki/Inter_Milan" title="Inter Milan">Inter Milan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> has been a successful sport in the Olympics for Armenia. At the <a href="/wiki/Armenia_at_the_1996_Summer_Olympics" title="Armenia at the 1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armen_Nazaryan" title="Armen Nazaryan">Armen Nazaryan</a> won the gold in the Men's <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a> Flyweight (52 kg) category and <a href="/wiki/Armen_Mkrtchyan" title="Armen Mkrtchyan">Armen Mkrtchyan</a> won the silver in Men's <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">Freestyle</a> Paperweight (48 kg) category, securing Armenia's first two medals in its Olympic history. </p><p>Traditional Armenian wrestling is called Kokh and practised in traditional garb; it was one of the influences included in the Soviet combat sport of <a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a>, which is also very popular.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">government of Armenia</a> budgets about $2.8 million annually for sports and gives it to the National Committee of Physical Education and Sports, the body that determines which programmes should benefit from the funds.<sup id="cite_ref-ArmeniaNow.com_273-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmeniaNow.com-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the lack of success lately on the international level, in recent years, Armenia has rebuilt 16 Soviet-era sports schools and furnished them with new equipment for a total cost of $1.9 million. The rebuilding of the regional schools was financed by the Armenian government. $9.3 million has been invested in the resort town of <a href="/wiki/Tsaghkadzor" title="Tsaghkadzor">Tsaghkadzor</a> to improve the <a href="/wiki/Winter_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter sport">winter sports</a> infrastructure because of dismal performances at recent <a href="/wiki/Winter_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter sport">winter sports</a> events. In 2005, a cycling centre was opened in <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> with the aim of helping produce world class Armenian cyclists. The government has also promised a cash reward of $700,000 to Armenians who win a gold medal at the Olympics.<sup id="cite_ref-ArmeniaNow.com_273-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmeniaNow.com-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armenia has also been very successful in chess, winning the <a href="/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship" title="World Team Chess Championship">World Champion</a> in 2011 and the <a href="/wiki/Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">World Chess Olympiad</a> on three occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">History of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Armenia-related_articles" title="Index of Armenia-related articles">Index of Armenia-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_on_coins_of_Armenia" title="List of people on coins of Armenia">List of people on coins of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Armenia" title="Outline of Armenia">Outline of Armenia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The list recognises the language of Yazidis, as separate from Kurdish.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Through the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/46\/En-us-Armenia.ogg\/En-us-Armenia.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Armenia.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/46/En-us-Armenia.ogg/En-us-Armenia.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Armenia.ogg" title="File:En-us-Armenia.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">ar-<span style="font-size:90%">MEE</span>-nee-ə</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Հայաստան</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Hayastan</i></span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">[hɑjɑsˈtɑn]</a></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun</i></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="hy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">[hɑjɑstɑˈni<span class="wrap"> </span>hɑnɾɑpɛtutʰˈjun]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smaller nations that have claimed a prior official adoption of Christianity include <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Silures" title="Silures">Silures</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_official_adoptions_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of official adoptions of Christianity">Timeline of official adoptions of Christianity</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The republic has <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On 12 June 2024, Armenia announced that it would formally withdraw from the CSTO at a later unspecified date</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crude rates are not age-adjusted.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Source_attribution">Source attribution</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf"><i>UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030</i></a>, 324–26, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://president.am/en/constitution-2015">"Constitution of Armenia, Article 20"</a>. president.am. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203013237/https://president.am/en/constitution-2015/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Armenia%2C+Article+20&rft.pub=president.am&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpresident.am%2Fen%2Fconstitution-2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rm.coe.int/november-2022-revised-table-languages-covered-english-/1680a8fef4">"States Parties to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and their regional or minority languages"</a>. <i>Council of Europe</i>. 1 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.date=2024-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Farmenia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-fact-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cia-fact_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/">"The World Fact Book – Armenia"</a>. Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184358/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Fact+Book+%E2%80%93+Armenia&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Farmenia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=12&id=11001">"Average de jure Population Number, thousand pers.* / 2024"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+de+jure+Population+Number%2C+thousand+pers.%2A+%2F+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armstat.am%2Fen%2F%3Fnid%3D12%26id%3D11001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.AM-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.AM_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.AM_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.AM_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.AM_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=911,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024"</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2024&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2024-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FApril%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D911%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AM">"Gini index - Armenia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121041937/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AM">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+index+-+Armenia&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DAM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HDI_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HDI_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx">"Human Development Report 2023/2024"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 19 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F2024&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-24_HDR%2FHDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/armenia?s=t">Armenia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210220614/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/armenia?s=t">Archived</a> 10 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Dictionary.com Unabridged. 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-classification_of_world_regions-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-classification_of_world_regions_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-classification_of_world_regions_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm">classification of world regions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020625192322/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm">Archived</a> 25 June 2002 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> places Armenia in West Asia; the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">World Factbook</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/">"Armenia"</a>. <i>The World Factbook</i>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184358/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Armenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Farmenia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/society/education-resources/?xpop=1">"Armenia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070808084113/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=asia&Rootmap=armeni&Mode=d&SubMode=w">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenia&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fsociety%2Feducation-resources%2F%3Fxpop%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/35178/Armenia">"Armenia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090401081831/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/35178/Armenia">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Armenia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F35178%2FArmenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Calendario Atlante De Agostini</i> (in Italian) (111 ed.). Novara: Istituto Geografico De Agostini. 2015. p. sub voce. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-511-2490-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-511-2490-8"><bdi>978-88-511-2490-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendario+Atlante+De+Agostini&rft.place=Novara&rft.pages=sub+voce&rft.edition=111&rft.pub=Istituto+Geografico+De+Agostini&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-88-511-2490-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span> and <i>Oxford Reference Online</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"World Encyclopedia". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi00oxfo"><i>Oxford Reference</i></a></span>. <i>World Encyclopedia</i>. Oxford Reference Online. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199546091.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954609-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954609-1"><bdi>978-0-19-954609-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.btitle=World+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Oxford+Reference+Online&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199546091.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954609-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldencyclopedi00oxfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span> also place Armenia in Asia.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfa.am/en/overview/">"General information about Republic of Armenia"</a>. Armenia: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Armenia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Armenia)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Armenia)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005071515/https://www.mfa.am/en/overview/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>. <q>The country is situated in western part of Asia, occupies the north-eastern part of Armenian plateau – between Caucasus and Nearest Asia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+information+about+Republic+of+Armenia&rft.place=Armenia&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+%28Armenia%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.am%2Fen%2Foverview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse/page/156"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 2003. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse/page/156">156</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510507-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510507-0"><bdi>978-0-19-510507-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Economic+History&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510507-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordencycloped0000unse%2Fpage%2F156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIEC-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EIEC_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalloryAdams1997" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J. P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). <i>Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture</i>. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-98-5"><bdi>978-1-884964-98-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37931209">37931209</a>. <q>Armenian presence in their historical seats should then be sought at some time before c 600 BC; [...] Armenian phonology, for instance, appears to have been greatly affected by Urartian, which may suggest a long period of bilingualism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indo-European+culture&rft.place=London&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37931209&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-98-5&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Douglas+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drews2017-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drews2017_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Drews (2017). <i>Militarism and the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-88600-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-88600-4">978-0-367-88600-4</a>. p. 228: "The vernacular of the Great Kingdom of Biainili was quite certainly Armenian. The Armenian language was obviously the region's vernacular in the fifth century BC, when Persian commanders and Greek writers paired it with Phrygian. That it as brought into the region between the early sixth and the early fifth century BC, and that it immediately obliterated whatever else had been spoken there, can hardly be supposed; [...] Because Proto-Armenian speakers seem to have lived not far from Hurrian speakers our conclusion must be that the Armenian language of Mesrop Mashtots was descended from an Indo-European language that had been spoken in southern Caucasia in the Bronze Age."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarsoïan1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nina_Garso%C3%AFan" title="Nina Garsoïan">Garsoïan, Nina</a> (1997). R.G. Hovannisian (ed.). <i>Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenian+People+from+Ancient+to+Modern+Times&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Garso%C3%AFan&rft.aufirst=Nina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStringer2005" class="citation book cs1">Stringer, Martin D. (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sociologicalhist00stri"><i>A Sociological History of Christian Worship</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sociologicalhist00stri/page/n101">92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81955-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81955-8"><bdi>978-0-521-81955-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sociological+History+of+Christian+Worship&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81955-8&rft.aulast=Stringer&rft.aufirst=Martin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsociologicalhist00stri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1947" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, René (1947). <i>Histoire de l'Arménie</i> (1984 ed.). Payot. p. 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27Arm%C3%A9nie&rft.pages=122&rft.edition=1984&rft.pub=Payot&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span>. Estimated dates vary from 284 to 314. Garsoïan (<i>op.cit.</i> p. 82), following the research of Ananian, favours the latter.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Article_18-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Article_18_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://president.am/en/constitution-2015">"Constitution of Armenia - Library - The President of Armenia"</a>. <i>president.am</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203013237/https://president.am/en/constitution-2015/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=president.am&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+Armenia+-+Library+-+The+President+of+Armenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpresident.am%2Fen%2Fconstitution-2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharian1946" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Hrachia_Acharian" title="Hrachia Acharian">Acharian, Hrachia</a> (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=35&query=%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6"><i>Hayocʿ anjnanunneri baṙaran</i></a> [<i>Dictionary of Personal Names of Armenians</i>] (in Armenian). Vol. 3. Yerevan: Yerevan University Press. p. 29. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005071515/http://www.nayiri.com/imagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp?dictionaryId=35&query=%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayoc%CA%BF+anjnanunneri+ba%E1%B9%99aran&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Yerevan+University+Press&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Acharian&rft.aufirst=Hrachia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nayiri.com%2FimagedDictionaryBrowser.jsp%3FdictionaryId%3D35%26query%3D%25D5%2580%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B5%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BD%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ագաթանգեղոս §§ 13 (ի Հայաստան աշխարհէս), 16 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս 2x, ի Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 35 (Հայաստան աշխարհին), 160 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 249 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 715 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 776 (Հայաստան աշխարհին), 784 (Հայաստան աշխարհին), 796 (ի մէջ Հայաստան աշխարհի), 808 (հասանէին ի Հայաստան աշխարհն)։</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ագաթանգեղոս § 885 (ի Հայաստան երկրին)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Փաւստոս Բուզանդ 1883=1984, էջ 1 (Հայաստան աշխարհին)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Փաւստոս Բուզանդ 1883=1984, 4.բ, էջ 56 (Հայաստան երկրին)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">904=1985, էջ 2 (Հայաստան աշխարհիս), 110 (կանայս ի Հայաստան աշխարհիս)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Կորիւն 1994, էջ 83 (Հայաստան աշխարհի), 93 (Հայաստան աշխարհին), 103 (ի Հայաստան աշխարհին), 120 (ի Հայաստան աշխարհէս)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ժը (սեռ. Հայաստանեայց, բացառ. ի Հայաստանեայց), տես Աբգարյան 1979, էջ 66, 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Razmik Panossian, The Armenians: From Kings And Priests to Merchants And Commissars, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a> (2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13926-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-13926-7">978-0-231-13926-7</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rafael Ishkhanyan, "Illustrated History of Armenia," Yerevan, 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bauer-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bauer_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elisabeth Bauer. <i>Armenia: Past and Present</i> (1981), p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Χαλύβοισι πρὸς νότον Ἀρμένιοι ὁμουρέουσι</span></span> (The Armenians border on the <a href="/wiki/Chalybes" title="Chalybes">Chalybes</a> to the south)". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChahin2001" class="citation book cs1">Chahin, Mark (2001). <i>The Kingdom of Armenia</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. fr. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1452-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1452-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-1452-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Armenia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=fr.+203&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1452-0&rft.aulast=Chahin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXenophon" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anabasis_(Xenophon)" title="Anabasis (Xenophon)"><i>Anabasis</i></a>. pp. IV.v.2–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anabasis&rft.pages=IV.v.2-9&rft.au=Xenophon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbp_Inc2013" class="citation book cs1">Ibp Inc (1 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3WqaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA42"><i>Armenia Country Study Guide Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments</i></a>. International Business Publications, USA. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4387-7382-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4387-7382-7"><bdi>978-1-4387-7382-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+Country+Study+Guide+Volume+1+Strategic+Information+and+Developments&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=International+Business+Publications%2C+USA&rft.date=2013-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4387-7382-7&rft.au=Ibp+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3WqaAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Archi, Alfonso (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/34915656">"Egypt or Iran in the Ebla Texts?"</a>. <i>Orientalia</i>. <b>85</b>: 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815194611/https://www.academia.edu/34915656">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orientalia&rft.atitle=Egypt+or+Iran+in+the+Ebla+Texts%3F&rft.volume=85&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Archi&rft.aufirst=Alfonso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F34915656&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroonenBarjamovicPeyrot2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kroonen G, Barjamovic G, Peyrot M (9 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1240524">"Linguistic supplement to Damgaard et al. 2018: Early Indo-European languages, Anatolian, Tocharian and Indo-Iranian"</a>. <i>Zenodo</i>: 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.1240524">10.5281/zenodo.1240524</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190629152739/https://zenodo.org/record/1240524">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zenodo&rft.atitle=Linguistic+supplement+to+Damgaard+et+al.+2018%3A+Early+Indo-European+languages%2C+Anatolian%2C+Tocharian+and+Indo-Iranian&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.1240524&rft.aulast=Kroonen&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Barjamovic%2C+G&rft.au=Peyrot%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1240524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armen Petrosyan. <i>The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic</i>. <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies.</i> Institute for the Study of Man. 2002. p. 184. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/3656244/The_Indo_European_and_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Sources_of_the_Armenian_Epic_Washington_D_C_2002?auto=download">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184415/https://www.academia.edu/3656244/The_Indo_European_and_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Sources_of_the_Armenian_Epic_Washington_D_C_2002?auto=download">Archived</a> 9 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armen Petrosyan. <i>The Indo-European and Ancient Near Eastern Sources of the Armenian Epic</i>. <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>. Institute for the Study of Man. 2002. pp. 166–167. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.academia.edu/3656244/The_Indo_European_and_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Sources_of_the_Armenian_Epic_Washington_D_C_2002?auto=download">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184415/https://www.academia.edu/3656244/The_Indo_European_and_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Sources_of_the_Armenian_Epic_Washington_D_C_2002?auto=download">Archived</a> 9 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moses of Chorene,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/khorenaci/index.html"><i>The History of Armenia</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030419093358/http://www.vehi.net/istoriya/armenia/khorenaci/index.html">Archived</a> 19 April 2003 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Book 1, Ch. 12 <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-battles-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-battles_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>History of Armenia</i> by Father Michael Chamich from B.C. 2247 to the Year of Christ 1780, or 1229 of the Armenian era, Bishop's College Press, Calcutta, 1827, p. 19: "[Aram] was the first to raise the Armenian name to any degree of renown; so that contemporary nations... called them the Aramians, or followers of <a href="/wiki/Aram_(given_name)" title="Aram (given name)">Aram</a>, a name which has been corrupted into Armenians; and the country they inhabited, by universal consent, took the name of Armenia."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pseudepigrapha-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pseudepigrapha_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pseudepigrapha_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pseudepigrapha.com/jubilees/8.htm">"Charles, R.H. (1913). The Book of Jubilees 9:5 from The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament. Clarendon Press"</a>. <i>www.pseudepigrapha.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614031249/http://www.pseudepigrapha.com/jubilees/8.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pseudepigrapha.com&rft.atitle=Charles%2C+R.H.+%281913%29.+The+Book+of+Jubilees+9%3A5+from+The+Apocrypha+and+Pseudepigrapha+of+the+Old+Testament.+Clarendon+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pseudepigrapha.com%2Fjubilees%2F8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-digitalcommons.andrews.edu-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-digitalcommons.andrews.edu_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-digitalcommons.andrews.edu_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=papers">"Charles, R.H. (1913). The Book of Jubilees 8:21 from The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament. Clarendon Press"</a>. <i>digitalcommons.andrews.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613134227/https://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=papers">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalcommons.andrews.edu&rft.atitle=Charles%2C+R.H.+%281913%29.+The+Book+of+Jubilees+8%3A21+from+The+Apocrypha+and+Pseudepigrapha+of+the+Old+Testament.+Clarendon+Press.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.andrews.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1003%26context%3Dpapers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephus" class="citation book cs1">Josephus, Flavius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0146:book=1:section=143&highlight=aram"><i>Antiquities of the Jews</i></a>. p. Book 1, section 143. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171014101850/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0146:book=1:section=143&highlight=aram">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquities+of+the+Jews&rft.pages=Book+1%2C+section+143&rft.aulast=Josephus&rft.aufirst=Flavius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0146%3Abook%3D1%3Asection%3D143%26highlight%3Daram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolukhanovAslanianKolpakovBelyaeva2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dolukhanov, Pavel; Aslanian, Stepan; Kolpakov, Evgeny; Belyaeva, Elena (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/dolukhanov301/#author">"Prehistoric Sites in Northern Armenia"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>78</b> (301). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170529032337/http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/dolukhanov301/#author">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+Sites+in+Northern+Armenia&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=301&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Dolukhanov&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft.au=Aslanian%2C+Stepan&rft.au=Kolpakov%2C+Evgeny&rft.au=Belyaeva%2C+Elena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquity.ac.uk%2Fprojgall%2Fdolukhanov301%2F%23author&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdlerWilkinsonBlockleyMark2014" class="citation journal cs1">Adler, D. S.; Wilkinson, K. N.; Blockley, S.; Mark, D. F.; Pinhasi, R.; Schmidt-Magee, B. A.; Nahapetyan, S.; Mallol, C.; Berna, F. (26 September 2014). "Early Levallois technology and the Lower to Middle Paleolithic transition in the Southern Caucasus". <i>Science</i>. <b>345</b> (6204): <span class="nowrap">1609–</span>1613. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Sci...345.1609A">2014Sci...345.1609A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1256484">10.1126/science.1256484</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25258079">25258079</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10266660">10266660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Early+Levallois+technology+and+the+Lower+to+Middle+Paleolithic+transition+in+the+Southern+Caucasus&rft.volume=345&rft.issue=6204&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1609-%3C%2Fspan%3E1613&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10266660%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Sci...345.1609A&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1256484&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25258079&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+K.+N.&rft.au=Blockley%2C+S.&rft.au=Mark%2C+D.+F.&rft.au=Pinhasi%2C+R.&rft.au=Schmidt-Magee%2C+B.+A.&rft.au=Nahapetyan%2C+S.&rft.au=Mallol%2C+C.&rft.au=Berna%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science20.com/news_articles/325000_year_old_stone_age_site_in_armenia_leads_to_human_technology_rethink-145698">"325,000 Year Old Stone Age Site In Armenia Leads To Human Technology Rethink"</a>. 28 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306142614/https://www.science20.com/news_articles/325000_year_old_stone_age_site_in_armenia_leads_to_human_technology_rethink-145698">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=325%2C000+Year+Old+Stone+Age+Site+In+Armenia+Leads+To+Human+Technology+Rethink&rft.date=2014-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science20.com%2Fnews_articles%2F325000_year_old_stone_age_site_in_armenia_leads_to_human_technology_rethink-145698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-o766-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-o766_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whitelevy.fas.harvard.edu/view-highlands-history-shengavit-armenia-4th-and-3rd-millennia-bce">"A View from the Highlands: The History of Shengavit, Armenia in the 4th and 3rd Millennia BCE"</a>. <i>The Shelby White and Leon Levy Program for Archaeological Publications</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240511151201/https://whitelevy.fas.harvard.edu/view-highlands-history-shengavit-armenia-4th-and-3rd-millennia-bce">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Shelby+White+and+Leon+Levy+Program+for+Archaeological+Publications&rft.atitle=A+View+from+the+Highlands%3A+The+History+of+Shengavit%2C+Armenia+in+the+4th+and+3rd+Millennia+BCE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhitelevy.fas.harvard.edu%2Fview-highlands-history-shengavit-armenia-4th-and-3rd-millennia-bce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peopleofar.com/2014/12/17/10-worlds-oldest-things-from-armenia/">"10 World's Oldest Things from Armenia"</a>. 17 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+World%27s+Oldest+Things+from+Armenia&rft.date=2014-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peopleofar.com%2F2014%2F12%2F17%2F10-worlds-oldest-things-from-armenia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNNc-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNNc_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/06/09/armenia.old.shoe/">"Armenian cave yields what may be world's oldest leather shoe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 9 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128074651/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/06/09/armenia.old.shoe/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Раздел «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HE1/he129.htm#he129para1">Закавказье и сопредельные страны в период эллинизма</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150712015334/http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/HE1/he129.htm#he129para1">Archived</a> 2015-07-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c210-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c210_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/ungegn/sessions/3rd_session_2023/documents/GEGN.2_2023_97_CRP97.pdf">"Report on the Activities on the national standardization of the names of geographical objects of the Republic of Armenia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assyria&rft.btitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.au=Joshua+J.+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fassyria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_W._HartleyG._Bike_YazicioğluAdam_T._Smith2012" class="citation book cs1">Charles W. Hartley; G. Bike Yazicioğlu; Adam T. Smith, eds. (2012). <i>The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01652-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01652-1"><bdi>978-1-107-01652-1</bdi></a>. <q>...the unique temple-tomb at Garni, just east of Yerevan – the only Greco-Roman colonnaded building anywhere in the Soviet Union.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Power+and+Politics+in+Eurasia%3A+Regimes+and+Revolutions&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01652-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-j409-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-j409_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeltonBaumann2010" class="citation book cs1">Melton, J.G.; Baumann, M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qejaEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA470"><i>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices [6 volumes]</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 470. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-204-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+World%3A+A+Comprehensive+Encyclopedia+of+Beliefs+and+Practices+%5B6+volumes%5D&rft.pages=470&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-204-3&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.G.&rft.au=Baumann%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqejaEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/">"The World Factbook: Armenia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184358/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook%3A+Armenia&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Farmenia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-almanac-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-almanac_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunner2006" class="citation book cs1">Brunner, Borgna (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timealmanac2007w00brun/page/685"><i>Time Almanac with Information Please 2007</i></a>. New York: Time Home Entertainment. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timealmanac2007w00brun/page/685">685</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933405-49-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933405-49-0"><bdi>978-1-933405-49-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+Almanac+with+Information+Please+2007&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=685&rft.pub=Time+Home+Entertainment&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-933405-49-0&rft.aulast=Brunner&rft.aufirst=Borgna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimealmanac2007w00brun%2Fpage%2F685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.nl-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Boyce. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&pg=PA84"><i>Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919131431/https://books.google.com/books?id=a6gbxVfjtUEC&pg=PA84">Archived</a> 19 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Psychology Press, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23902-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23902-8">0-415-23902-8</a> p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geukjian2016-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geukjian2016_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhannes_Geukjian2016" class="citation book cs1">Ohannes Geukjian (13 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E_AoDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30"><i>Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the Legacy of Soviet Nationalities Policy</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 30–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-14074-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-14074-0"><bdi>978-1-317-14074-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity%2C+Nationalism+and+Conflict+in+the+South+Caucasus%3A+Nagorno-Karabakh+and+the+Legacy+of+Soviet+Nationalities+Policy&rft.pages=30-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-05-13&rft.isbn=978-1-317-14074-0&rft.au=Ohannes+Geukjian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE_AoDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panossian2006-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Panossian2006_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazmik_Panossian2006" class="citation book cs1">Razmik Panossian (27 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cEL-CuhdWU4C&pg=PA48"><i>The Armenians: From Kings and Priests to Merchants and Commissars</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 48–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51133-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51133-9"><bdi>978-0-231-51133-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1017996521">1017996521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians%3A+From+Kings+and+Priests+to+Merchants+and+Commissars&rft.pages=48-&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2006-05-27&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1017996521&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51133-9&rft.au=Razmik+Panossian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcEL-CuhdWU4C%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes,_Jamie2008" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Jamie, ed. (2008). <i>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2676-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2676-0"><bdi>978-1-4381-2676-0</bdi></a>. <q>Etchmiatzin is located in the west of modern Armenia, close to the border with Turkey, and its fourth-century cathedral is generally regarded as the oldest in the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Peoples+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2676-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer-Manndorff1981" class="citation book cs1">Bauer-Manndorff, Elisabeth (1981). <i>Armenia: Past and Present</i>. Lucerne: Reich Verlag. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8063377">8063377</a>. <q>Etchmiadzin, with the world's oldest cathedral and the seat of the Catholicos, draws tourists from all over the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.place=Lucerne&rft.pub=Reich+Verlag&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8063377&rft.aulast=Bauer-Manndorff&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUtudjian1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Utudjian" title="Édouard Utudjian">Utudjian, Édouard</a> (1968). <i>Armenian Architecture: fourth to 17th Century</i>. Paris: Editions A. Morancé. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/464421">464421</a>. <q>...the oldest cathedral in Christendom, that of Etchmiadzin, founded in the fourth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenian+Architecture%3A+fourth+to+17th+Century&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Editions+A.+Moranc%C3%A9&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F464421&rft.aulast=Utudjian&rft.aufirst=%C3%89douard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanardCahen1960-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanardCahen1960_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanardCahen1960">Canard & Cahen 1960</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payaslian2008-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Payaslian2008_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Payaslian2008" class="citation book cs1">S. Payaslian (13 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UMIWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA52"><i>The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present</i></a>. Springer. pp. 52–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60858-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60858-0"><bdi>978-0-230-60858-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1001334466">1001334466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Armenia%3A+From+the+Origins+to+the+Present&rft.pages=52-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008-03-13&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1001334466&rft.isbn=978-0-230-60858-0&rft.au=S.+Payaslian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUMIWDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltLambtonLewis1977" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Ann Katharine Swynford & Lewis, Bernard (1977). <i>The Cambridge History of Islam</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">231–</span>32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Peter+Malcolm&rft.au=Lambton%2C+Ann+Katharine+Swynford&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EvansWixomWixom1997-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EvansWixomWixom1997_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art_(New_York,_N.Y.)N._Y.)_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_(New_YorkSperos_P._(jr.)_VryonisThomas_F._Mathews1997" class="citation book cs1">Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.); N. Y.) Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York; Speros P. (jr.) Vryonis; Thomas F. Mathews; Jeffrey C. Anderson; Annemarie Weyl Carr; Henry Maguire; Robert G. Ousterhout; Ioli Kalavrezou; Eunice Dauterman Maguire; Olenka Z. Pevny; Joseph D. Alchermes; S. Peter Cowe; Thelma K. Thomas; Jaroslav Folda; Priscilla Soucek (1997). Helen C. Evans; William D. Wixom; William D.. Wixom (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Caqa12aj55wC&pg=PA361"><i>The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843-1261</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 361–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-777-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-777-8"><bdi>978-0-87099-777-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1008249298">1008249298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glory+of+Byzantium%3A+Art+and+Culture+of+the+Middle+Byzantine+Era%2C+A.D.+843-1261&rft.pages=361-&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1008249298&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-777-8&rft.au=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+%28New+York%2C+N.Y.%29&rft.au=N.+Y.%29+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+%28New+York&rft.au=Speros+P.+%28jr.%29+Vryonis&rft.au=Thomas+F.+Mathews&rft.au=Jeffrey+C.+Anderson&rft.au=Annemarie+Weyl+Carr&rft.au=Henry+Maguire&rft.au=Robert+G.+Ousterhout&rft.au=Ioli+Kalavrezou&rft.au=Eunice+Dauterman+Maguire&rft.au=Olenka+Z.+Pevny&rft.au=Joseph+D.+Alchermes&rft.au=S.+Peter+Cowe&rft.au=Thelma+K.+Thomas&rft.au=Jaroslav+Folda&rft.au=Priscilla+Soucek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCaqa12aj55wC%26pg%3DPA361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g429-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g429_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhazarian2000" class="citation book cs1">Ghazarian, J.G. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3W89PVbKLZwC&pg=PA23"><i>The Armenian Kingdom in Cilicia During the Crusades: The Integration of Cilician Armenians with the Latins, 1080-1393</i></a>. Caucasus world. Curzon. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1418-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1418-6"><bdi>978-0-7007-1418-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Kingdom+in+Cilicia+During+the+Crusades%3A+The+Integration+of+Cilician+Armenians+with+the+Latins%2C+1080-1393&rft.series=Caucasus+world&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Curzon&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1418-6&rft.aulast=Ghazarian&rft.aufirst=J.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3W89PVbKLZwC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hovannisian2004-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hovannisian2004_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_G._Hovannisian2004" class="citation book cs1">Richard G. Hovannisian (11 February 2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armenianpeoplefr00rich_0/page/57/mode/2up"><i>The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century</i></a></span>. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6422-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6422-9"><bdi>978-1-4039-6422-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/805125065">805125065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+People+from+Ancient+to+Modern+Times%3A+Volume+I%3A+The+Dynastic+Periods%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Fourteenth+Century&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2004-02-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F805125065&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6422-9&rft.au=Richard+G.+Hovannisian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmenianpeoplefr00rich_0%2Fpage%2F57%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hovannisian2004b-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hovannisian2004b_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_G._Hovannisian2004" class="citation book cs1">Richard G. Hovannisian (11 February 2004). <i>The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times: Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century</i>. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. <span class="nowrap">23–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6422-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6422-9"><bdi>978-1-4039-6422-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/805125065">805125065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+People+from+Ancient+to+Modern+Times%3A+Volume+I%3A+The+Dynastic+Periods%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Fourteenth+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2004-02-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F805125065&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6422-9&rft.au=Richard+G.+Hovannisian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2013" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, Donald (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PxQpmg_JIpwC&pg=PA165"><i>Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia</i></a>. Reaktion Books. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-070-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-070-2"><bdi>978-1-78023-070-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205172633/https://books.google.com/books?id=PxQpmg_JIpwC&pg=PA165">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires%3A+A+History+of+Georgia&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-070-2&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPxQpmg_JIpwC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward2014-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ward2014_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2014" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Steven R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOuVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43"><i>Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces</i></a>. Georgetown University Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62616-032-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62616-032-3"><bdi>978-1-62616-032-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205171942/https://books.google.com/books?id=MOuVAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immortal%2C+Updated+Edition%3A+A+Military+History+of+Iran+and+Its+Armed+Forces&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62616-032-3&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Steven+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOuVAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HerzigKurkchiyan2004-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HerzigKurkchiyan2004_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzigKurkchiyan2004" class="citation book cs1">Herzig, Edmund; Kurkchiyan, Marina (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B8WRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47"><i>The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity</i></a>. Routledge. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79837-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79837-6"><bdi>978-1-135-79837-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170111210219/https://books.google.com/books?id=B8WRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians%3A+Past+and+Present+in+the+Making+of+National+Identity&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79837-6&rft.aulast=Herzig&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.au=Kurkchiyan%2C+Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB8WRAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Nahavandi, Y. Bomati, <i>Shah Abbas, empereur de Perse (1587–1629)</i> (Perrin, Paris, 1998)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mikaberidze2011-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mikaberidze2011_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze" title="Alexander Mikaberidze">Mikaberidze, Alexander</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&pg=PA351"><i>Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 33, 351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-337-8"><bdi>978-1-59884-337-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205173031/https://books.google.com/books?id=jBBYD2J2oE4C&pg=PA351">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Conquest+in+the+Islamic+World%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=33%2C+351&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-337-8&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjBBYD2J2oE4C%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dowling2014-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dowling2014_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowling2014" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, Timothy C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728"><i>Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 728–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-948-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208103437/https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+at+War%3A+From+the+Mongol+Conquest+to+Afghanistan%2C+Chechnya%2C+and+Beyond+%26%2391%3B2+volumes%26%2393%3B&rft.pages=728-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-948-6&rft.aulast=Dowling&rft.aufirst=Timothy+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTq2BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinahan2010" class="citation book cs1">Minahan, James (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ"><i>The complete guide to national symbols and emblems</i></a>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34497-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34497-8"><bdi>978-0-313-34497-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151025182604/https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+complete+guide+to+national+symbols+and+emblems&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34497-8&rft.aulast=Minahan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjfrWCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirakosian1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kirakosian, J. S. (1972). <i>Hayastane michazkayin divanakitut'yan ew sovetakan artakin kaghakakanut'yan pastateghterum, 1828–1923</i> [<i>Armenia in the documents of international diplomacy and Soviet foreign policy, 1828–1923</i>] (in Armenian). Yerevan. pp. <span class="nowrap">149–</span>358.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hayastane+michazkayin+divanakitut%27yan+ew+sovetakan+artakin+kaghakakanut%27yan+pastateghterum%2C+1828%E2%80%931923&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E358&rft.pub=Yerevan&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Kirakosian&rft.aufirst=J.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a354-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a354_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKifner2018" class="citation web cs1">Kifner, John (9 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_armeniangenocide.html?onwardjourney=584162_v1">"Armenian Genocide of 1915: An Overview"</a>. <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Armenian+Genocide+of+1915%3A+An+Overview&rft.date=2018-04-09&rft.aulast=Kifner&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fref%2Ftimestopics%2Ftopics_armeniangenocide.html%3Fonwardjourney%3D584162_v1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k407-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-k407_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkçam2023" class="citation book cs1">Akçam, Taner (4 May 2023). "The Armenian Genocide". <i>The Cambridge World History of Genocide</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">67–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108767118.004">10.1017/9781108767118.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-76711-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-76711-8"><bdi>978-1-108-76711-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+Genocide&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History+of+Genocide&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108767118.004&rft.isbn=978-1-108-76711-8&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Taner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieserSchaller2002" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Schaller, Dominik J. (2002), <i>Der Völkermord an den Armeniern und die Shoah</i> [<i>The Armenian genocide and the Shoah</i>] (in German), Chronos, p. 114, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-0340-0561-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-0340-0561-6"><bdi>978-3-0340-0561-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+V%C3%B6lkermord+an+den+Armeniern+und+die+Shoah&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Chronos&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-0340-0561-6&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rft.au=Schaller%2C+Dominik+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1980" class="citation cs2">Walker, Christopher J. (1980), <i>Armenia: The Survival of A Nation</i>, London: Croom Helm, pp. <span class="nowrap">200–</span>03</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%3A+The+Survival+of+A+Nation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E03&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011116212954/http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/gen_bib1.html">"Extensive bibliography by University of Michigan on the Armenian genocide"</a>. Umd.umich.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/gen_bib1.html">the original</a> on 16 November 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extensive+bibliography+by+University+of+Michigan+on+the+Armenian+genocide&rft.pub=Umd.umich.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umd.umich.edu%2Fdept%2Farmenian%2Ffacts%2Fgen_bib1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24.04.1998-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24.04.1998_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.153/current_category.7/affirmation_detail.html">"Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution"</a>. Armenian genocide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171925/http://www.armenian-genocide.org/Affirmation.153/current_category.7/affirmation_detail.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Council+of+Europe+Parliamentary+Assembly+Resolution&rft.pub=Armenian+genocide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenian-genocide.org%2FAffirmation.153%2Fcurrent_category.7%2Faffirmation_detail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson, Niall</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warofworldtwenti00nial/page/177"><i>The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West</i></a>. New York: Penguin Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warofworldtwenti00nial/page/177">177</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-100-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-100-4"><bdi>978-1-59420-100-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+World%3A+Twentieth-Century+Conflict+and+the+Descent+of+the+West&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-100-4&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarofworldtwenti00nial%2Fpage%2F177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Melson_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Melson (political scientist)">Robert Melson</a>, <i>Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</i>, University of Chicago Press, 15 October 1992, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6045182.stm">Q&A: Armenian genocide dispute</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070301211630/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6045182.stm">Archived</a> 1 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News. 10 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/Description_and_history.php">"Tsitsernakaberd Memorial Complex"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide_Museum-Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute">Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120092829/http://www.genocide-museum.am/eng/Description_and_history.php">Archived</a> from the original on 20 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tsitsernakaberd+Memorial+Complex&rft.pub=Armenian+Genocide+Museum-Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocide-museum.am%2Feng%2FDescription_and_history.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matiossian2021-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matiossian2021_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVartan_Matiossian2021" class="citation book cs1">Vartan Matiossian (23 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-j9DEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA125"><i>The Politics of Naming the Armenian Genocide: Language, History and 'Medz Yeghern'<span></span></i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 125–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4109-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4109-3"><bdi>978-0-7556-4109-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1247655673">1247655673</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Naming+the+Armenian+Genocide%3A+Language%2C+History+and+%27Medz+Yeghern%27&rft.pages=125-&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2021-09-23&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1247655673&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-4109-3&rft.au=Vartan+Matiossian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-j9DEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHille2010" class="citation book cs1">Hille, Charlotte Mathilde Louise (2010). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statebuildingcon00hill"><i>State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus</i></a></span>. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/statebuildingcon00hill/page/n165">151</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17901-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17901-1"><bdi>978-90-04-17901-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Building+and+Conflict+Resolution+in+the+Caucasus&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17901-1&rft.aulast=Hille&rft.aufirst=Charlotte+Mathilde+Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatebuildingcon00hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c446-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-c446_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarifian2024" class="citation book cs1">Zarifian, J. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oT8DEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP29"><i>The United States and the Armenian Genocide: History, Memory, Politics</i></a>. Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights. Rutgers University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9788-3794-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9788-3794-2"><bdi>978-1-9788-3794-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+the+Armenian+Genocide%3A+History%2C+Memory%2C+Politics&rft.series=Genocide%2C+Political+Violence%2C+Human+Rights&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-9788-3794-2&rft.aulast=Zarifian&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoT8DEQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a193-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a193_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzigKurkchiyan2004" class="citation book cs1">Herzig, E.; Kurkchiyan, M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B8WRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA98"><i>The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity</i></a>. Caucasus World: Peoples of the Caucasus. Taylor & Francis. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79837-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79837-6"><bdi>978-1-135-79837-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenians%3A+Past+and+Present+in+the+Making+of+National+Identity&rft.series=Caucasus+World%3A+Peoples+of+the+Caucasus&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-79837-6&rft.aulast=Herzig&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Kurkchiyan%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB8WRAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-h780-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-h780_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1968" class="citation journal cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G. (1968). "The Allies and Armenia, 1915-18". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>3</b> (1). Sage Publications, Ltd.: <span class="nowrap">145–</span>168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200946800300108">10.1177/002200946800300108</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/259971">259971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+Allies+and+Armenia%2C+1915-18&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E168&rft.date=1968&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F259971%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200946800300108&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e219-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e219_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArhireRoşu2019" class="citation book cs1">Arhire, S.; Roşu, T. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WBHCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA254"><i>The Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) and Its Aftermath: Settlements, Problems and Perceptions</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-4395-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-4395-9"><bdi>978-1-5275-4395-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paris+Peace+Conference+%281919-1920%29+and+Its+Aftermath%3A+Settlements%2C+Problems+and+Perceptions&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-4395-9&rft.aulast=Arhire&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Ro%C5%9Fu%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWBHCDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hovannisian, Richard, and Simon Payaslian. Armenian Cilicia. Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, Inc., 2008. 483. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k548-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-k548_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroteRöder2016" class="citation book cs1">Grote, R.; Röder, T.J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YEi1DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA481"><i>Constitutionalism, Human Rights, and Islam after the Arab Spring</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 481. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062765-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-062765-2"><bdi>978-0-19-062765-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutionalism%2C+Human+Rights%2C+and+Islam+after+the+Arab+Spring&rft.pages=481&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-062765-2&rft.aulast=Grote&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=R%C3%B6der%2C+T.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYEi1DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pipes1997-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pipes1997_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Pipes1997" class="citation book cs1">Richard Pipes (25 April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IVgwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT167"><i>The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917-1923, First Edition</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-41764-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-41764-9"><bdi>978-0-674-41764-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1259423784">1259423784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+Soviet+Union%3A+Communism+and+Nationalism%2C+1917-1923%2C+First+Edition&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997-04-25&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1259423784&rft.isbn=978-0-674-41764-9&rft.au=Richard+Pipes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIVgwEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-main1-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-main1_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-main1_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countriesquest.com/asia/azerbaijan/history/the_soviet_period.htm">"The Soviet Period – History – Azerbaijan – Asia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929150339/http://www.countriesquest.com/asia/azerbaijan/history/the_soviet_period.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Period+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+Azerbaijan+%E2%80%93+Asia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.countriesquest.com%2Fasia%2Fazerbaijan%2Fhistory%2Fthe_soviet_period.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BSE-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BSE_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BSE_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925080238/http://bse.chemport.ru/zakavkazskaya_federatsiya.shtml">Закавказская федерация</a>. <i>Большая советская энциклопедия</i>, 3-е изд., гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. Москва: Советская энциклопедия, 1972. Т. 9 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._M._Prokhorov1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">A. M. Prokhorov; et al., eds. (1972). "Transcaucasian Federation". <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia"><i>Great Soviet Encyclopedia</i></a> (in Russian). Vol. 9. Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transcaucasian+Federation&rft.btitle=Great+Soviet+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Soviet+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Mouradian, <i>L'Armenie sovietique</i>, pp. 278–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Azerbaijan+Soviet+Socialist+Republic">Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103114602/http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Azerbaijan+Soviet+Socialist+Republic">Archived</a> 3 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". The Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1979).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaegele2008" class="citation news cs1">Naegele, Jolyon (9 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20201220163702/https://www.rferl.org/a/1088062.html">"Azerbaijan: Armenians and Azerbaijanis Remember Suffering"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/1088062.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Armenians+and+Azerbaijanis+Remember+Suffering&rft.date=2008-04-09&rft.aulast=Naegele&rft.aufirst=Jolyon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2F1088062.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2004. p. 74 by Imogen Gladman, <a href="/wiki/Taylor_and_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor and Francis">Taylor & Francis</a> Group</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/rights/articles/pp021603.shtml">Notes from Baku: Black January</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827072157/http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/rights/articles/pp021603.shtml">Archived</a> 27 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Rufat Ahmedov. EurasiaNet Human Rights.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewsBrief-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewsBrief_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061015092843/http://www.soviethistory.org/index.php?action=L2&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991">"The March Referendum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soviethistory.org/index.php?action=L2&SubjectID=1991march&Year=1991">the original</a> on 15 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+March+Referendum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoviethistory.org%2Findex.php%3Faction%3DL2%26SubjectID%3D1991march%26Year%3D1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Croissant-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Croissant_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croissant_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroissant1998" class="citation book cs1">Croissant, Michael P. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniaazerbaija00croi"><i>The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications</i></a>. London: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96241-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96241-8"><bdi>978-0-275-96241-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenia-Azerbaijan+Conflict%3A+Causes+and+Implications&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96241-8&rft.aulast=Croissant&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmeniaazerbaija00croi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GHF-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GHF_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060820170846/http://www.globalheritagefund.org/news/GHF_in_the_news/economist_ties_that_divide_june_17_06.asp">"The Ties That Divide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_Heritage_Fund" title="Global Heritage Fund">Global Heritage Fund</a>. 17 June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalheritagefund.org/news/GHF_in_the_news/economist_ties_that_divide_june_17_06.asp">the original</a> on 20 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ties+That+Divide&rft.pub=Global+Heritage+Fund&rft.date=2006-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalheritagefund.org%2Fnews%2FGHF_in_the_news%2Feconomist_ties_that_divide_june_17_06.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeWaal-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeWaal_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Waal2004" class="citation book cs1">De Waal, Thomas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jycTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA240"><i>Black Garden: Armenia And Azerbaijan Through Peace and War</i></a>. New York: New York University Press. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1945-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1945-9"><bdi>978-0-8147-1945-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Garden%3A+Armenia+And+Azerbaijan+Through+Peace+and+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1945-9&rft.aulast=De+Waal&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjycTCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1283/conflict_that_can_be_resolved_in_time.html">A Conflict That Can Be Resolved in Time: Nagorno-Karabakh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001192200/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1283/conflict_that_can_be_resolved_in_time.html">Archived</a> 1 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. International Herald Tribune. 29 November 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-economic-index-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-economic-index_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230929071128/https://www.heritage.org/index/country/armenia">"Heritage Index of Economic Freedom"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+negotiations+with+Armenia+and+Georgia+on+Free+Trade+Agreements+successfully+concluded&rft.pub=EPP+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feppgroup.eu%2Fpress-release%2FGeorgia-and-Armenia%253A-EU-reaches-trade-deal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arka_news_agency-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arka_news_agency_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arka.am/en/news/interview/armenia_will_significantly_increase_its_revenues_by_reinforcing_its_role_of_a_transit_country_betwee/">"Armenia will significantly increase its revenues by reinforcing its role of a transit country between Europe, CIS and Middle East"</a>. Arka News Agency. 28 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216041554/http://arka.am/en/news/interview/armenia_will_significantly_increase_its_revenues_by_reinforcing_its_role_of_a_transit_country_betwee/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenia+will+significantly+increase+its+revenues+by+reinforcing+its+role+of+a+transit+country+between+Europe%2C+CIS+and+Middle+East&rft.pub=Arka+News+Agency&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farka.am%2Fen%2Fnews%2Finterview%2Farmenia_will_significantly_increase_its_revenues_by_reinforcing_its_role_of_a_transit_country_betwee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-European_Dialogue-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-European_Dialogue_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160217042353/http://eurodialogue.eu/676">"Europe Could Draw Gas Through Iran–Armenia Pipeline"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europe+Could+Draw+Gas+Through+Iran%E2%80%93Armenia+Pipeline&rft.pub=European+dialogue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurodialogue.eu%2F676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/caucasus/armenia/velvet-revolution-takes-armenia-unknown">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Velvet Revolution" Takes Armenia into the Unknown"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Crisis_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis Group">Crisis Group</a>. 20 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426124258/https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/caucasus/armenia/velvet-revolution-takes-armenia-unknown">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22Velvet+Revolution%22+Takes+Armenia+into+the+Unknown&rft.date=2020-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crisisgroup.org%2Feurope-central-asia%2Fcaucasus%2Farmenia%2Fvelvet-revolution-takes-armenia-unknown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/armenia-armen-sarkissian-elected-into-new-less-powerful-presidential-role/a-42797330">"Armenia: Armen Sarkissian elected into new, less powerful presidential role | DW | 02.03.2018"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418050344/https://www.dw.com/en/armenia-armen-sarkissian-elected-into-new-less-powerful-presidential-role/a-42797330">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Armenia%3A+Armen+Sarkissian+elected+into+new%2C+less+powerful+presidential+role+%26%23124%3B+DW+%26%23124%3B+02.03.2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Farmenia-armen-sarkissian-elected-into-new-less-powerful-presidential-role%2Fa-42797330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/5/8/armenia-nikol-pashinyan-elected-as-new-prime-minister">"Pashinyan elected as Armenia's new prime minister"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109132248/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/5/8/armenia-nikol-pashinyan-elected-as-new-prime-minister">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Pashinyan+elected+as+Armenia%27s+new+prime+minister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F5%2F8%2Farmenia-nikol-pashinyan-elected-as-new-prime-minister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/europe-azerbaijan-armenia-41a103bcde14fa8b28968000d7992b84">"Fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh goes on despite US mediation"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i>. 24 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404032113/https://apnews.com/article/europe-azerbaijan-armenia-41a103bcde14fa8b28968000d7992b84">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Fighting+over+Nagorno-Karabakh+goes+on+despite+US+mediation&rft.date=2020-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Feurope-azerbaijan-armenia-41a103bcde14fa8b28968000d7992b84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-armenia-azerbaijan-war-fighting-peace-deal-b1720219.html">"Fury and celebrations as Russia brokers peace deal to end Nagorno-Karabakh war"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 11 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404091111/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/russia-armenia-azerbaijan-war-fighting-peace-deal-b1720219.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Fury+and+celebrations+as+Russia+brokers+peace+deal+to+end+Nagorno-Karabakh+war&rft.date=2020-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Frussia-armenia-azerbaijan-war-fighting-peace-deal-b1720219.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/armenia-azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh-truce-1.5796470">"Armenians vent fury at West after truce in bloody war in Nagorno-Karabakh"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. 11 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405035231/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/armenia-azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh-truce-1.5796470">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Armenians+vent+fury+at+West+after+truce+in+bloody+war+in+Nagorno-Karabakh&rft.date=2020-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farmenia-azerbaijan-nagorno-karabakh-truce-1.5796470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2021/aug/02/nikol-pashinyan-officially-appointed-armenias-prime-minister-2339082.html">"Nikol Pashinyan officially appointed Armenia's prime minister"</a>. <i>The New Indian Express</i>. 2 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220082131/https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2021/aug/02/nikol-pashinyan-officially-appointed-armenias-prime-minister-2339082.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Nikol+Pashinyan+officially+appointed+Armenia%27s+prime+minister&rft.date=2021-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Faug%2F02%2Fnikol-pashinyan-officially-appointed-armenias-prime-minister-2339082.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/23/armenian-president-armen-sarkissian-resigns">"Armenian president resigns over lack of influence"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404120554/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/23/armenian-president-armen-sarkissian-resigns">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Armenian+president+resigns+over+lack+of+influence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2022%2F1%2F23%2Farmenian-president-armen-sarkissian-resigns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/vahagn-khachaturyan-elected-new-armenian-president/2522507">"Vahagn Khachaturyan elected new Armenian president"</a>. <i>www.aa.com.tr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015154740/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/politics/vahagn-khachaturyan-elected-new-armenian-president/2522507">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.aa.com.tr&rft.atitle=Vahagn+Khachaturyan+elected+new+Armenian+president&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fpolitics%2Fvahagn-khachaturyan-elected-new-armenian-president%2F2522507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesolowsky2022" class="citation news cs1">Wesolowsky, Tony (7 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-pashinian-karabakh-options-protests/31837928.html">"Facing Mass Protests Calling For Him To Resign, Armenia's Prime Minister Is Running Out Of Options"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404120554/https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-pashinian-karabakh-options-protests/31837928.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Facing+Mass+Protests+Calling+For+Him+To+Resign%2C+Armenia%27s+Prime+Minister+Is+Running+Out+Of+Options&rft.date=2022-05-07&rft.aulast=Wesolowsky&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Farmenia-pashinian-karabakh-options-protests%2F31837928.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230919182727/https://worldview.stratfor.com/situation-report/armenia-azerbaijan-baku-launches-military-operation-nagorno-karabakh">"Armenia, Azerbaijan: Baku Launches Military Operation In Nagorno-Karabakh"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stratfor" title="Stratfor">Stratfor</a></i>. 19 September 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldview.stratfor.com/situation-report/armenia-azerbaijan-baku-launches-military-operation-nagorno-karabakh">the original</a> on 19 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span>. <q>...the Russian peacekeeping contingent is incapable of preventing Azerbaijan's seizure of the region, despite this being a clear violation of the November 2020 ceasefire brokered by Russia that ended the last war.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stratfor&rft.atitle=Armenia%2C+Azerbaijan%3A+Baku+Launches+Military+Operation+In+Nagorno-Karabakh&rft.date=2023-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldview.stratfor.com%2Fsituation-report%2Farmenia-azerbaijan-baku-launches-military-operation-nagorno-karabakh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/delegations/en/joint-statement-on-azerbaijan-s-attack-o/product-details/20230919DPU37422">"Joint statement on Azerbaijan's attack on Nagorno-Karabakh"</a>. European Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922111407/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/delegations/en/joint-statement-on-azerbaijan-s-attack-o/product-details/20230919DPU37422">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>. <q>We condemn in the strongest terms today's pre-planned and unjustified attack of Azerbaijan against Nagorno-Karabakh...We recall that the attack takes place in the context of a major humanitarian crisis in Nagorno-Karabakh, following Azerbaijan's blockade of the Lachin Corridor for the past nine months, in violation of Baku's commitments under the ceasefire statement of 9 November 2020 and of the legally binding orders of the International Court of Justice. Humanitarian access to Nagorno-Karabakh needs to be fully and permanently restored.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+statement+on+Azerbaijan%27s+attack+on+Nagorno-Karabakh&rft.pub=European+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fdelegations%2Fen%2Fjoint-statement-on-azerbaijan-s-attack-o%2Fproduct-details%2F20230919DPU37422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/azerbaijan-says-six-its-citizens-were-killed-by-land-mines-karabakh-2023-09-19/">"Azerbaijani forces strike Armenian-controlled Karabakh, raising risk of new Caucasus war"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 19 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230919114910/https://www.reuters.com/world/azerbaijan-says-six-its-citizens-were-killed-by-land-mines-karabakh-2023-09-19/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Azerbaijani+forces+strike+Armenian-controlled+Karabakh%2C+raising+risk+of+new+Caucasus+war&rft.date=2023-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fazerbaijan-says-six-its-citizens-were-killed-by-land-mines-karabakh-2023-09-19%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlyushina2023" class="citation news cs1">Ilyushina, Mary (19 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/19/nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan-armenia/">"Fighting flares between Azerbaijan and Armenia in Nagorno-Karabakh"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230919200531/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/19/nagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan-armenia/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2023</span>. <q>Azerbaijan and Armenia have repeatedly clashed over Nagorno-Karabakh, which is internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan but largely populated by ethnic Armenians and largely governed by the unrecognized Republic of Artsakh.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Fighting+flares+between+Azerbaijan+and+Armenia+in+Nagorno-Karabakh&rft.date=2023-09-19&rft.aulast=Ilyushina&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2F09%2F19%2Fnagorno-karabakh-azerbaijan-armenia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagorno-Karabakh-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nagorno-Karabakh_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2023" class="citation web cs1">Roth, Andrew (19 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/19/azerbaijan-launches-anti-terrorist-campaign-in-disputed-nagorno-karabakh-region">"Azerbaijan launches 'anti-terrorist' campaign in disputed Nagorno-Karabakh region"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230919111008/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/19/azerbaijan-launches-anti-terrorist-campaign-in-disputed-nagorno-karabakh-region">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan+launches+%27anti-terrorist%27+campaign+in+disputed+Nagorno-Karabakh+region&rft.date=2023-09-19&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fsep%2F19%2Fazerbaijan-launches-anti-terrorist-campaign-in-disputed-nagorno-karabakh-region&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1120051.html">"Russian-mediated ceasefire announced in Nagorno-Karabakh"</a>. <i>Armenpress</i>. 20 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019071651/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/1120051.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Armenpress&rft.atitle=Russian-mediated+ceasefire+announced+in+Nagorno-Karabakh&rft.date=2023-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmenpress.am%2Feng%2Fnews%2F1120051.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/20/asia/nagorno-karabakh-russia-ceasefire-intl/index.html">"Ethnic Armenians accept Russia ceasefire plan after Azerbaijan offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 20 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920132915/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/20/asia/nagorno-karabakh-russia-ceasefire-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Armenians+accept+Russia+ceasefire+plan+after+Azerbaijan+offensive+in+Nagorno-Karabakh&rft.date=2023-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2023%2F09%2F20%2Fasia%2Fnagorno-karabakh-russia-ceasefire-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.civilnet.am/en/news/751112/breaking-stepanakert-to-disband-army-in-ceasefire-deal/">"BREAKING: Stepanakert to disband army in ceasefire deal"</a>. CIVILNET. 20 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230920132923/https://www.civilnet.am/en/news/751112/breaking-stepanakert-to-disband-army-in-ceasefire-deal/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BREAKING%3A+Stepanakert+to+disband+army+in+ceasefire+deal&rft.date=2023-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilnet.am%2Fen%2Fnews%2F751112%2Fbreaking-stepanakert-to-disband-army-in-ceasefire-deal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ceasefirevio1-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ceasefirevio1_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meduza.io/news/2023/09/21/mvd-nagornogo-karabaha-obvinilo-azerbaydzhan-v-narushenii-dogovora-o-prekraschenii-ognya">"МВД Нагорного Карабаха обвинило Азербайджан в нарушении договора о прекращении огня"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Meduza" title="Meduza">Meduza</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921113954/https://meduza.io/news/2023/09/21/mvd-nagornogo-karabaha-obvinilo-azerbaydzhan-v-narushenii-dogovora-o-prekraschenii-ognya">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meduza&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%92%D0%94+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeduza.io%2Fnews%2F2023%2F09%2F21%2Fmvd-nagornogo-karabaha-obvinilo-azerbaydzhan-v-narushenii-dogovora-o-prekraschenii-ognya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ceasefirevio2-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ceasefirevio2_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rp-online.de/politik/ausland/berg-karabach-aserbaidschan-soll-waffenruhe-gebrochen-haben_aid-98086627">"Aserbaidschan soll Waffenruhe gebrochen haben"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rheinische_Post" title="Rheinische Post">Rheinische Post</a></i>. 21 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230921114231/https://rp-online.de/politik/ausland/berg-karabach-aliyev-entschuldigt-sich-fuer-tod-russischer-soldaten_aid-98086627">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rheinische+Post&rft.atitle=Aserbaidschan+soll+Waffenruhe+gebrochen+haben&rft.date=2023-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frp-online.de%2Fpolitik%2Fausland%2Fberg-karabach-aserbaidschan-soll-waffenruhe-gebrochen-haben_aid-98086627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-washingtonpost-genocide-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost-genocide_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoreno_Ocampo2023" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luis_Moreno_Ocampo" title="Luis Moreno Ocampo">Moreno Ocampo, Luis</a> (22 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/09/22/nagorno-karabakh-genocide-armenia/">"Call what is happening in Nagorno-Karabakh by its proper name"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922173112/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2023/09/22/nagorno-karabakh-genocide-armenia/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Call+what+is+happening+in+Nagorno-Karabakh+by+its+proper+name&rft.date=2023-09-22&rft.aulast=Moreno+Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fopinions%2F2023%2F09%2F22%2Fnagorno-karabakh-genocide-armenia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency2014" class="citation book cs1">Central Intelligence Agency (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xutfBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT5241"><i>The CIA World Factbook 2015</i></a>. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 5241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62914-903-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62914-903-5"><bdi>978-1-62914-903-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CIA+World+Factbook+2015&rft.pages=5241&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62914-903-5&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxutfBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT5241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist, Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"</a>. <i>BioScience</i>. <b>67</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">534–</span>545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014">10.1093/biosci/bix014</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568">0006-3568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">5451287</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869">28608869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E534-%3C%2Fspan%3E545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_2.pdf">"Geographic Characteristic of The Republic of Armenia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Marzes of the Republic of Armenia in Figures, 2002–2006</i>. National Statistical Service of the Republic of Armenia. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325034102/http://www.armstat.am/file/article/marz_07_e_2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marzes+of+the+Republic+of+Armenia+in+Figures%2C+2002%E2%80%932006&rft.atitle=Geographic+Characteristic+of+The+Republic+of+Armenia&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armstat.am%2Ffile%2Farticle%2Fmarz_07_e_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://farm1.staticflickr.com/779/30949572663_37d588c515_o.jpg">"Percentage of Mountain Area per Country (map)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109155517/https://farm1.staticflickr.com/779/30949572663_37d588c515_o.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Percentage+of+Mountain+Area+per+Country+%28map%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffarm1.staticflickr.com%2F779%2F30949572663_37d588c515_o.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azarian2007-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Azarian2007_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatasha_May_Azarian2007" class="citation book cs1">Natasha May Azarian (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QJDLYMq7ZuAC&pg=PA96"><i>The Seeds of Memory: Narrative Renditions of the Armenian genocide Across Generations</i></a>. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-53005-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-53005-3"><bdi>978-0-549-53005-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528131920/http://books.google.com/books?id=QJDLYMq7ZuAC&pg=PA96">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2013</span>. <q>Mount Ararat is considered the 'heart' of historical Armenia as it is Armenian folklore which considers the majestic mountain to be the place where Noah's Arc landed. Armenian businesses, households, and schools almost ubiquitously have at ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seeds+of+Memory%3A+Narrative+Renditions+of+the+Armenian+genocide+Across+Generations&rft.pages=96&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-549-53005-3&rft.au=Natasha+May+Azarian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQJDLYMq7ZuAC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adalian2010-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Adalian2010_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouben_Paul_Adalian2010" class="citation book cs1">Rouben Paul Adalian (13 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QS-vSjHObOYC&pg=PA85"><i>Historical Dictionary of Armenia</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7450-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7450-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-7450-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528164521/http://books.google.com/books?id=QS-vSjHObOYC&pg=PA85">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2013</span>. <q>Although the mythology associated with the pagan worship of the mountain is now lost to popular belief, Mount Ararat has played a very ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Armenia&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010-05-13&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7450-3&rft.au=Rouben+Paul+Adalian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQS-vSjHObOYC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minahan1998-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minahan1998_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Minahan1998" class="citation book cs1">James Minahan (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RSxt-JB-PDkC&pg=PA2"><i>Miniature empires: a historical dictionary of the newly independent states</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30610-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30610-5"><bdi>978-0-313-30610-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528125621/http://books.google.com/books?id=RSxt-JB-PDkC&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2013</span>. <q>Mount Ararat, the legendary landing place of Noah's Ark, is located in what is now modern Turkey. Situated near the border, the peak is visible from nearly every area of Armenia. Historically, the mountain has been the Armenian people's most ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miniature+empires%3A+a+historical+dictionary+of+the+newly+independent+states&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30610-5&rft.au=James+Minahan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRSxt-JB-PDkC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckZimmermannMcVicarVergopolan2018" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis; <a href="/wiki/Eric_Franklin_Wood" title="Eric Franklin Wood">Wood, Eric F.</a> (30 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/20.500.11850/302311/2/sdata2018214.pdf">"Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Scientific Data</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 180214. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSD...580214B">2018NatSD...580214B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsdata.2018.214">10.1038/sdata.2018.214</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6207062">6207062</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30375988">30375988</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004180229/https://bitstream/handle/20.500.11850/302311/sdata2018214.pdf;jsessionid=65665A2C93110E4FCFCF1D01F6392834?sequence=2">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Data&rft.atitle=Present+and+future+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification+maps+at+1-km+resolution&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=180214&rft.date=2018-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6207062%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30375988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsdata.2018.214&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatSD...580214B&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Hylke+E.&rft.au=Zimmermann%2C+Niklaus+E.&rft.au=McVicar%2C+Tim+R.&rft.au=Vergopolan%2C+Noemi&rft.au=Berg%2C+Alexis&rft.au=Wood%2C+Eric+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research-collection.ethz.ch%2Fbitstream%2F20.500.11850%2F302311%2F2%2Fsdata2018214.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016193854/https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/epi-country-report/ARM">"Environmental Performance Index"</a>. <i>epi.envirocenter.yale.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epi.envirocenter.yale.edu/epi-country-report/ARM">the original</a> on 16 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=epi.envirocenter.yale.edu&rft.atitle=Environmental+Performance+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepi.envirocenter.yale.edu%2Fepi-country-report%2FARM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content"><i>Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194</i></a>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terms+and+Definitions+FRA+2025+Forest+Resources+Assessment%2C+Working+Paper+194&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.fao.org%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2Fa6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/ARM/home/overview">"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Armenia"</a>. <i>Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.atitle=Global+Forest+Resources+Assessment+2020%2C+Armenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffra-data.fao.org%2Fassessments%2Ffra%2F2020%2FARM%2Fhome%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204522/http://www.gov.am/en/news/item/9338/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"We have good reasons to boast economic growth in the coming years" – Karen Karapetyan Pleased with 2017 Indices in Kotayk Marz"</a>. <i>www.gov.am</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.am/en/news/item/9338/">the original</a> on 16 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.am&rft.atitle=%22We+have+good+reasons+to+boast+economic+growth+in+the+coming+years%22+%E2%80%93+Karen+Karapetyan+Pleased+with+2017+Indices+in+Kotayk+Marz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.am%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fitem%2F9338%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204447/https://news.am/eng/news/433776.html">"EU: Armenia nuclear plant should be shut down as soon as possible"</a>. <i>news.am</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.am/eng/news/433776.html">the original</a> on 16 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=news.am&rft.atitle=EU%3A+Armenia+nuclear+plant+should+be+shut+down+as+soon+as+possible&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.am%2Feng%2Fnews%2F433776.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arka.am/en/news/technology/modernization_to_increase_the_capacity_of_armenian_nuclear_power_plant_by_10/">"Modernization to increase the capacity of Armenian nuclear power plant by 10%"</a>. <i>arka.am</i>. 13 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216143937/http://arka.am/en/news/technology/modernization_to_increase_the_capacity_of_armenian_nuclear_power_plant_by_10/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arka.am&rft.atitle=Modernization+to+increase+the+capacity+of+Armenian+nuclear+power+plant+by+10%25&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farka.am%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2Fmodernization_to_increase_the_capacity_of_armenian_nuclear_power_plant_by_10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216204336/https://armenpress.am/eng/news/922486/armenian-nuclear-power-plant-upgrading-program-to-continue-in-2018.html">"Armenian Nuclear Power Plant upgrading program to continue in 2018"</a>. <i>armenpress.am</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armenpress.am/eng/news/922486/armenian-nuclear-power-plant-upgrading-program-to-continue-in-2018.html">the original</a> on 16 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=armenpress.am&rft.atitle=Armenian+Nuclear+Power+Plant+upgrading+program+to+continue+in+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmenpress.am%2Feng%2Fnews%2F922486%2Farmenian-nuclear-power-plant-upgrading-program-to-continue-in-2018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer-2018-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer-2018_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer-2018_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Fischer Weltalmanach 2019- Zahlen Daten Fakten</i>. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer. 1 July 2018. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-596-72019-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-596-72019-4"><bdi>978-3-596-72019-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fischer+Weltalmanach+2019-+Zahlen+Daten+Fakten&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Fischer&rft.date=2018-07-01&rft.isbn=978-3-596-72019-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fragilestatesindex.org/data/">"Global Data | Fragile States Index"</a>. <i>fragilestatesindex.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715052132/https://fragilestatesindex.org/data/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fragilestatesindex.org&rft.atitle=Global+Data+%7C+Fragile+States+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffragilestatesindex.org%2Fdata%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Armenia_2005?lang=en">"Armenia 1995 (rev. 2005) Constitution - Constitute"</a>. <i>www.constituteproject.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150549/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Armenia_2005?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.constituteproject.org&rft.atitle=Armenia+1995+%28rev.+2005%29+Constitution+-+Constitute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FArmenia_2005%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aceproject.org/electoral-advice/archive/CDCountry?set_language=en&topic=VR&country=AM">"Archive —"</a>. <i>aceproject.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225172910/https://aceproject.org/electoral-advice/archive/CDCountry?set_language=en&topic=VR&country=AM">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aceproject.org&rft.atitle=Archive+%E2%80%94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faceproject.org%2Felectoral-advice%2Farchive%2FCDCountry%3Fset_language%3Den%26topic%3DVR%26country%3DAM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armenia-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armenia_172-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azad-hye.blogspot.ca/2005/01/observer-status-for-armenia-in-arab.html">"Armenia invited as observer for Arab League"</a>. Azad Hye. 19 January 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421002247/http://azad-hye.blogspot.ca/2005/01/observer-status-for-armenia-in-arab.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenia+invited+as+observer+for+Arab+League&rft.pub=Azad+Hye&rft.date=2005-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fazad-hye.blogspot.ca%2F2005%2F01%2Fobserver-status-for-armenia-in-arab.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeblanc2018" class="citation news cs1">Leblanc, Daniel (9 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-prime-minister-trudeau-has-last-shot-to-help-michaelle-jean-stay-on-as/">"Prime Minister Trudeau has last shot to help Michaëlle Jean stay on as Francophonie leader"</a>. <i>Globe and Mail</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009065544/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-prime-minister-trudeau-has-last-shot-to-help-michaelle-jean-stay-on-as/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Prime+Minister+Trudeau+has+last+shot+to+help+Micha%C3%ABlle+Jean+stay+on+as+Francophonie+leader&rft.date=2018-10-09&rft.aulast=Leblanc&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fpolitics%2Farticle-prime-minister-trudeau-has-last-shot-to-help-michaelle-jean-stay-on-as%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CFR-9148-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CFR-9148_174-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CFR-9148_174-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/nagorno-karabakh-crisis-caucasus">"Nagorno-Karabakh: The Crisis in the Caucasus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060721165228/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9148/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nagorno-Karabakh%3A+The+Crisis+in+the+Caucasus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfr.org%2Fbackgrounder%2Fnagorno-karabakh-crisis-caucasus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091014080048/http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20091010/ts_nm/us_turkey_armenia_9">"Armenia and Turkey sign peace deal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20091010/ts_nm/us_turkey_armenia_9">the original</a> on 14 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenia+and+Turkey+sign+peace+deal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Fnm%2F20091010%2Fts_nm%2Fus_turkey_armenia_9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iaireport-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iaireport_176-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iaireport_176-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNona_Mikhelidze2010" class="citation web cs1">Nona Mikhelidze (5 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iai1005.pdf">"The Turkish-Armenian Rapprochement at the Deadlock"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IAI Istituto Affari Internazionali</i>. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516101433/http://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iai1005.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IAI+Istituto+Affari+Internazionali&rft.atitle=The+Turkish-Armenian+Rapprochement+at+the+Deadlock&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2010-03-05&rft.au=Nona+Mikhelidze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iai.it%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fiai1005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.tr/site_media/html/zurih-protokolleri-en.pdf">"Protocol on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of. Turkey and the Republic of Armenia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726083609/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/site_media/html/zurih-protokolleri-en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+Turkey&rft.atitle=Protocol+on+the+Establishment+of+Diplomatic+Relations+between+the+Republic+of.+Turkey+and+the+Republic+of+Armenia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.tr%2Fsite_media%2Fhtml%2Fzurih-protokolleri-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-armenia.en.mfa">"Relations between Turkey and Armenia"</a>. <i>Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726091256/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-armenia.en.mfa">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+Turkey&rft.atitle=Relations+between+Turkey+and+Armenia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.tr%2Frelations-between-turkey-and-armenia.en.mfa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armenia-base-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armenia-base_179-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160701181240/http://hetq.am/eng/print/10037/">"Baku and Moscow – 'One Hundred Percent Strategic Partners'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Hetq Online. 27 February 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hetq.am/eng/print/10037/">the original</a> on 1 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Baku+and+Moscow+%E2%80%93+%27One+Hundred+Percent+Strategic+Partners%27&rft.date=2006-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhetq.am%2Feng%2Fprint%2F10037%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov">"Ancestry Data"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180804222046/http://www.census.gov/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancestry+Data&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?Lang=E&T=501&GV=1&GID=0">The 2001 Canadian Census</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409060848/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?Lang=E&T=501&GV=1&GID=0">Archived</a> 9 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> determined that there are 40,505 persons of Armenian ancestry currently living in Canada. However, these are liable to be low numbers, since people of mixed ancestry, very common in North America tend to be under-counted: the 1990 census US <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/language/table5.txt">indicates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170724134730/https://www.census.gov/population/socdemo/language/table5.txt">Archived</a> 24 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 149,694 people who speak the Armenian language at home. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060826182306/http://www.armembassycanada.ca/diaspora/diaspora6.htm">"The Armenian Embassy in Canada"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armembassycanada.ca/diaspora/diaspora6.htm">the original</a> on 26 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Embassy+in+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armembassycanada.ca%2Fdiaspora%2Fdiaspora6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span> estimates 1 million ethnic Armenians in the US and 100,000 in Canada. The Armenian Church of America makes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030202125735/http://www.armenianchurch.org/heritage/history/america.html">a similar estimate</a>. By all accounts, over half of the Armenians in the United States live in California.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+REPORT+A5-2002-0028+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN"><i>European Parliament on the European Union's relations with the South Caucasus</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200702131223/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-%2F%2FEP%2F%2FTEXT+REPORT+A5-2002-0028+0+DOC+XML+V0%2F%2FEN&language=EN">archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Parliament+on+the+European+Union%27s+relations+with+the+South+Caucasus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fsides%2FgetDoc.do%3FpubRef%3D-%2F%2FEP%2F%2FTEXT%2BREPORT%2BA5-2002-0028%2B0%2BDOC%2BXML%2BV0%2F%2FEN%26language%3DEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101120111039/http://armeniaforeignministry.am/news/inthenews/050107_eu.html">"RFE/RL Caucasus Report"</a>. Armenian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 7 January 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armeniaforeignministry.am/news/inthenews/050107_eu.html">the original</a> on 20 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RFE%2FRL+Caucasus+Report&rft.pub=Armenian+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2005-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armeniaforeignministry.am%2Fnews%2Finthenews%2F050107_eu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113164842/http://www.arminfo.am/political-issue22.html">"Interview with RA National Assembly Speaker Artur Baghdasaryan"</a>. ArmInfo News Agency. 26 October 2005. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-251720-armenias-disappearing-population.html">the original</a> on 27 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenia%27s+disappearing+population&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayszaman.com%2Fcolumnist-251720-armenias-disappearing-population.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_cd&dl=en#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_pop_grow&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:ARM&ifdim=region&tstart=319579200000&tend=1455652800000&dl=en&ind=false">"World Development Indicators – Google Public Data Explorer"</a>. <i>www.google.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004180235/https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_cd&dl=en#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_pop_grow&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:ARM&ifdim=region&tstart=319579200000&tend=1455652800000&dl=en&ind=false">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=World+Development+Indicators+%E2%80%93+Google+Public+Data+Explorer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fpublicdata%2Fexplore%3Fds%3Dd5bncppjof8f9_%26met_y%3Dny_gdp_mktp_cd%26dl%3Den%23%21ctype%3Dl%26strail%3Dfalse%26bcs%3Dd%26nselm%3Dh%26met_y%3Dsp_pop_grow%26scale_y%3Dlin%26ind_y%3Dfalse%26rdim%3Dregion%26idim%3Dcountry%3AARM%26ifdim%3Dregion%26tstart%3D319579200000%26tend%3D1455652800000%26dl%3Den%26ind%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuray" class="citation web cs1">Turay, Anna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bolsohays.com/webac.asp?referans=1">"Tarihte Ermeniler"</a>. Bolsohays:Istanbul Armenians Like many other ethnicities <a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_India" title="Armenians in India">Armenians in India</a> too have played a role historically and had an impact historically. Today however the community has been reduced to about a hundred living in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209171028/http://www.bolsohays.com/webac.asp?referans=1">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tarihte+Ermeniler&rft.pub=Bolsohays%3AIstanbul+Armenians+Like+many+other+ethnicities+Armenians+in+India+too+have+played+a+role+historically+and+had+an+impact+historically.+Today+however+the+community+has+been+reduced+to+about+a+hundred+living+in+Calcutta.&rft.aulast=Turay&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bolsohays.com%2Fwebac.asp%3Freferans%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/armenianq.html">"Jerusalem – The Old City: The Armenian Quarter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121182041/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_%26_Culture/geo/armenianq.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jerusalem+%E2%80%93+The+Old+City%3A+The+Armenian+Quarter&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FSociety_%26_Culture%2Fgeo%2Farmenianq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europeforvisitors.com/venice/articles/san_lazzaro_degli_armeni.htm">"San Lazzaro degli Armeni – Venice for Visitors"</a>. Europeforvisitors.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122040326/http://europeforvisitors.com/venice/articles/san_lazzaro_degli_armeni.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Lazzaro+degli+Armeni+%E2%80%93+Venice+for+Visitors&rft.pub=Europeforvisitors.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropeforvisitors.com%2Fvenice%2Farticles%2Fsan_lazzaro_degli_armeni.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/en/europe/20230930-nagorno-karabakh-almost-empty-as-most-of-population-flees-to-armenia">"Nagorno-Karabakh almost empty as most of population flees to Armenia"</a>. Radio France Internationale. 30 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231002020258/https://www.rfi.fr/en/europe/20230930-nagorno-karabakh-almost-empty-as-most-of-population-flees-to-armenia">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nagorno-Karabakh+almost+empty+as+most+of+population+flees+to+Armenia&rft.date=2023-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Fen%2Feurope%2F20230930-nagorno-karabakh-almost-empty-as-most-of-population-flees-to-armenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100331153541/http://www.stat-nkr.am/2002_2007/0_2%20himcuc_6-10.pdf">"Population in Nagorno-Karabakh 2007"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. National Statistical Service of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat-nkr.am/2002_2007/0_2%20himcuc_6-10.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 31 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+in+Nagorno-Karabakh+2007&rft.pub=National+Statistical+Service+of+Nagorno-Karabakh+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat-nkr.am%2F2002_2007%2F0_2%2520himcuc_6-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-minorities-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-minorities_235-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsatryanArakelova2002" class="citation book cs1">Asatryan, Garnik; Arakelova, Victoria (2002). <i>The Ethnic Minorities of Armenia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethnic+Minorities+of+Armenia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Asatryan&rft.aufirst=Garnik&rft.au=Arakelova%2C+Victoria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_236-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_236-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623">"The Main Results of RA Census 2022"</a>. <i>ArmStat</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080520030736/https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ArmStat&rft.atitle=The+Main+Results+of+RA+Census+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armstat.am%2Fen%2F%3Fnid%3D82%26id%3D2623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fkHjAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA497">"The Transcaucasian Soviet Federation"</a>. <i>Russian Review</i>. <b>3</b> (24). Washington, D.C.: The Russian Information Bureau: 498. 15 December 1925<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russian+Review&rft.atitle=The+Transcaucasian+Soviet+Federation&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=498&rft.date=1925-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfkHjAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1989census-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1989census_238-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=13">The All-Union Population Census of 1989</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120104081804/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php?reg=13">Archived</a> 4 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Demoscope.ru</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.gallup.com/poll/216377/new-index-shows-least-accepting-countries-migrants.aspx?g_source=link_newsv9&g_campaign=item_224375&g_medium=copy">"New Index Shows Least-, Most-Accepting Countries for Migrants"</a>. <i>Gallup.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119175602/http://news.gallup.com/poll/216377/new-index-shows-least-accepting-countries-migrants.aspx?g_source=link_newsv9&g_campaign=item_224375&g_medium=copy">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gallup.com&rft.atitle=New+Index+Shows+Least-%2C+Most-Accepting+Countries+for+Migrants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F216377%2Fnew-index-shows-least-accepting-countries-migrants.aspx%3Fg_source%3Dlink_newsv9%26g_campaign%3Ditem_224375%26g_medium%3Dcopy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Dowsett, E. Peters. <i>Sayat'-Nova. An 18th-century Troubadour: a Biographical and Literary Study</i>. Peeters Publishers, 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6831-795-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-6831-795-4">90-6831-795-4</a>; p. xv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHacikyanBasmajianFranchukOuzounian2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Agop_Jack_Hacikyan" title="Agop Jack Hacikyan">Hacikyan, Agop Jack</a>; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2000). <i>The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Oral Tradition to the Golden Age</i>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uvA-oV0alP8C&pg=PA91">91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2815-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2815-6"><bdi>978-0-8143-2815-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heritage+of+Armenian+Literature%3A+From+the+Oral+Tradition+to+the+Golden+Age&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2815-6&rft.aulast=Hacikyan&rft.aufirst=Agop+Jack&rft.au=Basmajian%2C+Gabriel&rft.au=Franchuk%2C+Edward+S.&rft.au=Ouzounian%2C+Nourhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2012_knowledge-242"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2012_knowledge_242-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210003/http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/CAD-51-52.pdf">"The South Caucasus Between The EU and the Eurasian Union"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Caucasus Analytical Digest #51–52</i>. Forschungsstelle Osteuropa, Bremen and Center for Security Studies, Zürich. 17 June 2013. pp. <span class="nowrap">22–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1867-9323">1867-9323</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/CAD-51-52.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Caucasus+Analytical+Digest+%2351%E2%80%9352&rft.atitle=The+South+Caucasus+Between+The+EU+and+the+Eurasian+Union&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2013-06-17&rft.issn=1867-9323&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.css.ethz.ch%2Fpublications%2Fpdfs%2FCAD-51-52.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/neareast/f/1stchristian.htm">"Armenia – Which Nation First Adopted Christianity?"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenia+to+introduce+free+healthcare+for+the+under-18s&rft.date=2019-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femerging-europe.com%2Fnews%2Farmenia-to-introduce-free-healthcare-for-the-under-18s%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_dyn_cbrt_in&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:ARM&idim=region:ECS&ifdim=region&hl=en&dl=en&ind=false">"Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)"</a>. <i>www.google.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904234224/http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=Chart+%E2%80%93+World+Development+Indicators+%28Google+Public+Data+Explorer%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fpublicdata%2Fexplore%3Fds%3Dd5bncppjof8f9_%26ctype%3Dl%26strail%3Dfalse%26bcs%3Dd%26nselm%3Dh%26met_y%3Dsp_dyn_cbrt_in%26scale_y%3Dlin%26ind_y%3Dfalse%26rdim%3Dregion%26idim%3Dcountry%3AARM%26idim%3Dregion%3AECS%26ifdim%3Dregion%26hl%3Den%26dl%3Den%26ind%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_dyn_cdrt_in&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:ARM&idim=region:ECS&ifdim=region&hl=en&dl=en&ind=false">"Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)"</a>. <i>www.google.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904234224/http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=Chart+%E2%80%93+World+Development+Indicators+%28Google+Public+Data+Explorer%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fpublicdata%2Fexplore%3Fds%3Dd5bncppjof8f9_%26ctype%3Dl%26strail%3Dfalse%26bcs%3Dd%26nselm%3Dh%26met_y%3Dsp_dyn_cdrt_in%26scale_y%3Dlin%26ind_y%3Dfalse%26rdim%3Dregion%26idim%3Dcountry%3AARM%26idim%3Dregion%3AECS%26ifdim%3Dregion%26hl%3Den%26dl%3Den%26ind%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=c&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_dyn_le00_in&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&idim=country:ARM:GEO:BLR:LVA:LTU:RUS:AZE:KAZ:MDA:TJK:TKM:UZB:EST:UKR:KGZ&ifdim=country:region:ECS&tunit=Y&pit=1424721600000&hl=en&dl=en&ind=false&icfg">"Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)"</a>. <i>www.google.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904234224/http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=Chart+%E2%80%93+World+Development+Indicators+%28Google+Public+Data+Explorer%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fpublicdata%2Fexplore%3Fds%3Dd5bncppjof8f9_%26ctype%3Dc%26strail%3Dfalse%26bcs%3Dd%26nselm%3Dh%26met_y%3Dsp_dyn_le00_in%26scale_y%3Dlin%26ind_y%3Dfalse%26idim%3Dcountry%3AARM%3AGEO%3ABLR%3ALVA%3ALTU%3ARUS%3AAZE%3AKAZ%3AMDA%3ATJK%3ATKM%3AUZB%3AEST%3AUKR%3AKGZ%26ifdim%3Dcountry%3Aregion%3AECS%26tunit%3DY%26pit%3D1424721600000%26hl%3Den%26dl%3Den%26ind%3Dfalse%26icfg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loc-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loc_262-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_262-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_262-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_262-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_262-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_262-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_262-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_262-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_262-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_262-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_262-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_262-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_262-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_262-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-loc_262-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Curtis, Glenn E. and Ronald G. Suny. "Education". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/amtoc.html">Armenia: A Country Study</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090912060405/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/amtoc.html">Archived</a> 12 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a> (March 1994). <i>This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://araratbaccalaureate.am/en/about-us">"About us"</a>. <i>araratbaccalaureate.am</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202130722/http://araratbaccalaureate.am/en/about-us">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=araratbaccalaureate.am&rft.atitle=About+us&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fararatbaccalaureate.am%2Fen%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foundation.ayb.am/frontend/images/ck/files/Armenia%20Araratian%20Baccalaureate%20Briefing.pdf">"The Araratian Baccalaureate: A guide for universities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201004180225/https://foundation.ayb.am/frontend/images/ck/files/Armenia%20Araratian%20Baccalaureate%20Briefing.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Araratian+Baccalaureate%3A+A+guide+for+universities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffoundation.ayb.am%2Ffrontend%2Fimages%2Fck%2Ffiles%2FArmenia%2520Araratian%2520Baccalaureate%2520Briefing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=school_enrollment&fdim_y=education_level:4&fdim_y=gross_net:1&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=region:ECS&idim=country:ARM:GEO:AZE&ifdim=region&tstart=888264000000&tend=1424721600000&dl=en&ind=false">"Chart – World Development Indicators (Google Public Data Explorer)"</a>. <i>www.google.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726124548/https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=school_enrollment&fdim_y=education_level:4&fdim_y=gross_net:1&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=region:ECS&idim=country:ARM:GEO:AZE&ifdim=region&tstart=888264000000&tend=1424721600000&dl=en&ind=false">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=Chart+%E2%80%93+World+Development+Indicators+%28Google+Public+Data+Explorer%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fpublicdata%2Fexplore%3Fds%3Dd5bncppjof8f9_%26ctype%3Dl%26strail%3Dfalse%26bcs%3Dd%26nselm%3Dh%26met_y%3Dexpenditure_per_student%26fdim_y%3Deducation_level%3A4%26scale_y%3Dlin%26ind_y%3Dfalse%26rdim%3Dregion%26idim%3Dregion%3AECS%26idim%3Dcountry%3AARM%3ARUS%3ALVA%3AAZE%3ABLR%3AEST%3AGEO%3AKAZ%3AKGZ%3AMDA%3ATJK%3AUKR%26ifdim%3Dregion%26tstart%3D888264000000%26tend%3D1424721600000%26dl%3Den%26ind%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150215053413/http://armenianstudies.csufresno.edu:80/arts_of_armenia/architecture.htm">"Arts of Armenia (Architecture)"</a>. <i>armenianstudies.csufresno.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armenianstudies.csufresno.edu/arts_of_armenia/architecture.htm">the original</a> on 15 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=armenianstudies.csufresno.edu&rft.atitle=Arts+of+Armenia+%28Architecture%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farmenianstudies.csufresno.edu%2Farts_of_armenia%2Farchitecture.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=4717">"Legislation: National Assembly of Armenia"</a>. Parliament.am. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150701073128/http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=4717">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legislation%3A+National+Assembly+of+Armenia&rft.pub=Parliament.am&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.am%2Flegislation.php%3Fsel%3Dshow%26ID%3D4717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FH-269"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FH_269-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FH_269-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/armenia">"2020 Press Freedom report"</a>. <i>Reporters Without Borders</i>. 14 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423152125/https://rsf.org/en/armenia">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.atitle=2020+Press+Freedom+report&rft.date=2020-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Farmenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefesPaturyan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Stefes, C.; Paturyan, Yevgenya J. 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Reporters Without Borders. February 18, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armenian Cinema 100, by <a href="/wiki/Artsvi_Bakhchinyan" title="Artsvi Bakhchinyan">Artsvi Bakhchinyan</a>, Yerevan, 2012, pp. 111–112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArmeniaNow.com-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ArmeniaNow.com_273-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArmeniaNow.com_273-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ArmeniaNow.com_273-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.armenianow.com/features/6903/ambassadors_in_sport_independent">"Ambassadors in Sport?: Independent Armenia far below the glory of Soviet times on the pitch, mat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ArmeniaNow" title="ArmeniaNow">ArmeniaNow</a>. 15 December 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128074613/https://www.armenianow.com/features/6903/ambassadors_in_sport_independent">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ambassadors+in+Sport%3F%3A+Independent+Armenia+far+below+the+glory+of+Soviet+times+on+the+pitch%2C+mat&rft.pub=ArmeniaNow&rft.date=2006-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenianow.com%2Ffeatures%2F6903%2Fambassadors_in_sport_independent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/62021631">"Inter Milan sign Mkhitaryan on free transfer"</a>. <i>BBC Sport</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230929104838/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/62021631">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Sport&rft.atitle=Inter+Milan+sign+Mkhitaryan+on+free+transfer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2F62021631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_A._Green2001" class="citation book cs1">Thomas A. Green, ed. (2001). <i>Martial arts of the world: en encyclopedia</i>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v32oHSE5t6cC&pg=PA718">718</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-150-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-150-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-150-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martial+arts+of+the+world%3A+en+encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+Calif.&rft.pages=718&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-150-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004j7zg">"Armenia: the cleverest nation on earth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a>. 18 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171024030523/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004j7zg">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Armenia%3A+the+cleverest+nation+on+earth&rft.pub=BBC+World+Service&rft.date=2009-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fp004j7zg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanardCahen1960" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marius_Canard" title="Marius Canard">Canard, Marius</a> & <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cahen" title="Claude Cahen">Cahen, Claude</a> (1960). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0064">"Armīniya"</a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb" title="H. A. R. Gibb">Gibb, H. A. R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hendrik_Kramers" title="Johannes Hendrik Kramers">Kramers, J. H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_L%C3%A9vi-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Évariste Lévi-Provençal">Lévi-Provençal, E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schacht" title="Joseph Schacht">Schacht, J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, B.</a> & <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pellat" title="Charles Pellat">Pellat, Ch.</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopaedia_of_Islam#2nd_edition,_EI2" class="mw-redirect" title="The Encyclopaedia of Islam">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition</a>. </i>Volume I:<i> A–B</i>. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">634–</span>640. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495469456">495469456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arm%C4%ABniya&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+Second+Edition.+Volume+I%3A+A%E2%80%93B&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E634-%3C%2Fspan%3E640&rft.pub=E.+J.+Brill&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495469456&rft.aulast=Canard&rft.aufirst=Marius&rft.au=Cahen%2C+Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArmenia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenia_topics" title="Template:Armenia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenia_topics" title="Template talk:Armenia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armenia_articles688" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Armenia-related_articles" title="Index of Armenia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">History</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Armenian_history" title="Timeline of Armenian history">timeline</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Armenians" title="Origin of the Armenians">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Armenia" title="Name of Armenia">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayk" title="Hayk">Hayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayasa-Azzi" title="Hayasa-Azzi">Hayasa-Azzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairi_(Armenian_usages)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nairi (Armenian usages)">Nairi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushki" title="Mushki">Mushki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urumeans" title="Urumeans">Urumeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diauehi" title="Diauehi">Diauehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiuni" title="Etiuni">Etiuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Kingdom of Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satrapy_of_Armenia" title="Satrapy of Armenia">Satrapy of Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Byzantine Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Arminiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagratid_Armenia" title="Bagratid Armenia">Bagratid Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Koyunlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Koyunlu">Kara Koyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1508–1828 Iranian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erivan_Khanate" title="Erivan Khanate">Erivan Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate" title="Karabakh Khanate">Karabakh Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia#Independent_Armenia_(1991-today)" title="History of Armenia">Independent Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_movement" title="Armenian national movement">Armenian national movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Armenia" title="Category:History of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/80px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/120px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/160px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Armenia" title="Geography of Armenia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_Plain" title="Ararat Plain">Ararat Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_highlands" title="Armenian highlands">Armenian highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Armenia" title="List of cities and towns in Armenia">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Armenia" title="Climate of Armenia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Armenia" title="List of earthquakes in Armenia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Armenia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Sevan" title="Lake Sevan">Lake Sevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Armenia" title="Mountains of Armenia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Armenia" title="Municipalities of Armenia">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Armenia" title="List of rivers of Armenia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Armenia" title="List of lakes of Armenia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikahogh_State_Reserve" title="Shikahogh State Reserve">Shikahogh State Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirak_Plain" title="Shirak Plain">Shirak Plain</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Armenia" title="Category:Geography of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Armenia" title="Politics of Armenia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Armenia" title="Administrative divisions of Armenia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Armenia" title="Constitution of Armenia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Armenia" title="Corruption in Armenia">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Armenia" title="Elections in Armenia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Armenia" title="Government of Armenia">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Armenia" title="Human rights in Armenia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Armenia">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Armenia" title="Judiciary of Armenia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Armenia" title="Armed Forces of Armenia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Armenia)" title="National Assembly (Armenia)">National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Service_(Armenia)" title="National Security Service (Armenia)">National Security Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_of_Armenia" title="Police of Armenia">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Armenia" title="List of political parties in Armenia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Armenia" title="President of Armenia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Armenia" title="Prime Minister of Armenia">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Armenia" title="President of the National Assembly of Armenia">President of the National Assembly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Armenia" title="Category:Government of Armenia">more on government</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_Armenia" title="Category:Politics of Armenia">on politics</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Armenia" title="Agriculture in Armenia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Stock_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Stock Exchange">AMX (stock exchange)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Armenia" title="Central Bank of Armenia">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Depository_of_Armenia" title="Central Depository of Armenia">Central Depository </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram" title="Armenian dram">Dram (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Armenia" title="Energy in Armenia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_industry_of_Armenia" title="Mineral industry of Armenia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Armenia" title="Pensions in Armenia">Pension reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Armenia" title="Taxation in Armenia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Armenia" title="Tourism in Armenia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Armenia" title="Waste management in Armenia">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Armenia" title="Transport in Armenia">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus_Railway" title="South Caucasus Railway">South Caucasus Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_architecture" title="Armenian architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_art" title="Armenian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Armenia" title="Cinema of Armenia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_wine" title="Armenian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dance" title="Armenian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dress" title="Armenian dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Armenian" title="Eastern Armenian">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenian" title="Western Armenian">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_literature" title="Armenian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia" title="Music of Armenia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Armenia" title="Sport in Armenia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_of_Armenia" title="Theater of Armenia">Theatre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Armenia" title="Category:Culture of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Demographics of Armenia">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Armenia" title="Census in Armenia">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Armenia" title="Crime in Armenia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Armenia" title="Education in Armenia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Armenia" title="Ethnic minorities in Armenia">Ethnic minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Armenia" title="Health in Armenia">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_diaspora" title="Armenian diaspora">diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Armenia" title="Social issues in Armenia">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Women</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_Armenia" title="Category:Demographics of Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Evangelical_Church" title="Armenian Evangelical Church">Armenian Evangelical Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Brotherhood_Church" title="Armenian Brotherhood Church">Armenian Brotherhood Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Armenia" title="Islam in Armenia">Islam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_in_Armenia" title="Category:Religion in Armenia">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Armenia" title="National symbols of Armenia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Cross" title="Armenian Cross">Armenian Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_eternity_sign" title="Armenian eternity sign">Armenian eternity sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia" title="Coat of arms of Armenia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Armenia" title="Flag of Armenia">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ararat" title="Mount Ararat">Mount Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mer_Hayrenik" title="Mer Hayrenik">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">Apricot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Armenia" title="Outline of Armenia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Armenia-related_articles" title="Index of Armenia-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armenia" title="Category:Armenia">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Armenia94" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Armenia94" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Armenia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Armenia&#124;link=Armenia_Armenian_nationalism177" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenian_nationalism" title="Template:Armenian nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenian_nationalism" title="Template talk:Armenian nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Armenia&#124;link=Armenia_Armenian_nationalism177" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">United Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseghakronism" title="Tseghakronism">Tseghakronism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miatsum" title="Miatsum">Miatsum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Active political parties</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adequate_Party" title="Adequate Party">Adequate Party</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ramgavar" title="Ramgavar">Armenian Democratic Liberal Party</a> (Ramgavar)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a> (Dashnak)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Hosank</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Agenda_Party_(Armenia)" title="National Agenda Party (Armenia)">National Agenda Party</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_(Artsakh)" title="National Revival (Artsakh)">National Revival of Artsakh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sasna_Tsrer_Pan-Armenian_Party" title="Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party">Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Social Democrat Hunchakian Party</a> (Hunchak)</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Defunct parties</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenakan_Party" title="Armenakan Party">Armenakan Party</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_United_Party_(Armenia)" title="National United Party (Armenia)">National United Party</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Defunct militant organizations</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">Armenian fedayi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Secret_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Armenia" title="Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia">Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Independence" title="Army of Independence">Army of Independence</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Armenian_Resistance_Group" title="New Armenian Resistance Group">New Armenian Resistance Group</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Justice_Commandos_of_the_Armenian_Genocide" title="Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide">Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Army" title="Armenian Revolutionary Army">Armenian Revolutionary Army</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Thinkers</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Khachatur Abovian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mikayel_Nalbandian" title="Mikayel Nalbandian">Mikayel Nalbandian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mkrtich_Khrimian" title="Mkrtich Khrimian">Mkrtich Khrimian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shahan_Natalie" title="Shahan Natalie">Shahan Natalie</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh" title="Garegin Nzhdeh">Garegin Nzhdeh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siamanto" title="Siamanto">Siamanto</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avetis_Aharonian" title="Avetis Aharonian">Avetis Aharonian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hayk_Asatryan" title="Hayk Asatryan">Hayk Asatryan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kevork_Ajemian" title="Kevork Ajemian">Kevork Ajemian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Silva_Kaputikyan" title="Silva Kaputikyan">Silva Kaputikyan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rafayel_Ishkhanian" title="Rafayel Ishkhanian">Rafayel Ishkhanian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Monte_Melkonian" title="Monte Melkonian">Monte Melkonian</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Militants and commanders</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arabo" title="Arabo">Arabo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aghbiur_Serob" title="Aghbiur Serob">Aghbiur Serob</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kevork_Chavush" title="Kevork Chavush">Kevork Chavush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andranik" title="Andranik">Andranik</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aram_Manukian" title="Aram Manukian">Aram Manukian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armen_Garo" title="Armen Garo">Armen Garo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh" title="Garegin Nzhdeh">Garegin Nzhdeh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hagop_Hagopian_(militant)" title="Hagop Hagopian (militant)">Hagop Hagopian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Movses_Gorgisyan" title="Movses Gorgisyan">Movses Gorgisyan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Monte_Melkonian" title="Monte Melkonian">Monte Melkonian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vazgen_Sargsyan" title="Vazgen Sargsyan">Vazgen Sargsyan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jirair_Sefilian" title="Jirair Sefilian">Jirair Sefilian</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_awakening" title="Armenian national awakening">Armenian national awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_movement" title="Armenian national movement">Armenian national movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ottoman_Bank" title="Occupation of the Ottoman Bank">Occupation of the Ottoman Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yıldız assassination attempt">Yıldız assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarabad" title="Battle of Sardarabad">Battle of Sardarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Uprising" title="February Uprising">February Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_movement" title="Karabakh movement">Karabakh movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_consulate_attack_in_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish consulate attack in Paris">Turkish consulate attack in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Esenbo%C4%9Fa_Airport_attack" title="Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack">Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Orly_Airport_attack" title="1983 Orly Airport attack">1983 Orly Airport attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Provisional Republic of Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia" title="Republic of Mountainous Armenia">Republic of Mountainous Armenia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia_Government_in_Exile" title="Western Armenia Government in Exile">Western Armenia Government in Exile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provinces_of_Armenia142" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Armenia" title="Template:Administrative divisions of Armenia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_of_Armenia" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions of Armenia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_of_Armenia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative divisions of Armenia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provinces_of_Armenia142" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Armenia">Provinces of Armenia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces <span class="nobold">(մարզեր)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragatsotn_Province" title="Aragatsotn Province">Aragatsotn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_Province" title="Ararat Province">Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armavir_Province" title="Armavir Province">Armavir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gegharkunik_Province" title="Gegharkunik Province">Gegharkunik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotayk_Province" title="Kotayk Province">Kotayk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Province" title="Lori Province">Lori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirak_Province" title="Shirak Province">Shirak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syunik_Province" title="Syunik Province">Syunik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavush_Province" title="Tavush Province">Tavush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayots_Dzor_Province" title="Vayots Dzor Province">Vayots Dzor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/56px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="56" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/84px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/112px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City with special status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> <small>(capital)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_and_towns_in_Armenia369" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_and_towns_in_Armenia" title="Template:Cities and towns in Armenia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_and_towns_in_Armenia" title="Template talk:Cities and towns in Armenia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_and_towns_in_Armenia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities and towns in Armenia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_and_towns_in_Armenia369" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Armenia" title="List of cities and towns in Armenia">Cities and towns</a> in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aragatsotn_Province" title="Aragatsotn Province">Aragatsotn</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ashtarak" title="Ashtarak">Ashtarak</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparan" title="Aparan">Aparan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talin,_Armenia" title="Talin, Armenia">Talin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Armenia" title="Flag of Armenia"><img alt="Flag of Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/100px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/150px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/200px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia" title="Coat of arms of Armenia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ararat_Province" title="Ararat Province">Ararat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Artashat,_Armenia" title="Artashat, Armenia">Artashat</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ararat,_Armenia" title="Ararat, Armenia">Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masis,_Armenia" title="Masis, Armenia">Masis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedi" title="Vedi">Vedi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armavir_Province" title="Armavir Province">Armavir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Armavir,_Armenia" title="Armavir, Armenia">Armavir</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metsamor" title="Metsamor">Metsamor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagharshapat" title="Vagharshapat">Vagharshapat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gegharkunik_Province" title="Gegharkunik Province">Gegharkunik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gavar" title="Gavar">Gavar</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambarak" title="Chambarak">Chambarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martuni,_Armenia" title="Martuni, Armenia">Martuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevan,_Armenia" title="Sevan, Armenia">Sevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardenis" title="Vardenis">Vardenis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kotayk_Province" title="Kotayk Province">Kotayk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Hrazdan" title="Hrazdan">Hrazdan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abovyan" title="Abovyan">Abovyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byureghavan" title="Byureghavan">Byureghavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charentsavan" title="Charentsavan">Charentsavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nor_Hachn" title="Nor Hachn">Nor Hachn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsaghkadzor" title="Tsaghkadzor">Tsaghkadzor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeghvard" title="Yeghvard">Yeghvard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lori_Province" title="Lori Province">Lori</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vanadzor" title="Vanadzor">Vanadzor</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtala" title="Akhtala">Akhtala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaverdi,_Armenia" title="Alaverdi, Armenia">Alaverdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitak" title="Spitak">Spitak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepanavan" title="Stepanavan">Stepanavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashir" title="Tashir">Tashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumanyan,_Armenia" title="Tumanyan, Armenia">Tumanyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shirak_Province" title="Shirak Province">Shirak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gyumri" title="Gyumri">Gyumri</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artik" title="Artik">Artik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maralik" title="Maralik">Maralik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syunik_Province" title="Syunik Province">Syunik</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Kapan" title="Kapan">Kapan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goris" title="Goris">Goris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajaran" title="Kajaran">Kajaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghri" title="Meghri">Meghri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisian" title="Sisian">Sisian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tavush_Province" title="Tavush Province">Tavush</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ijevan" title="Ijevan">Ijevan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayrum" title="Ayrum">Ayrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berd,_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Berd, Armenia">Berd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilijan" title="Dilijan">Dilijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noyemberyan" title="Noyemberyan">Noyemberyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vayots_Dzor_Province" title="Vayots Dzor Province">Vayots Dzor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yeghegnadzor" title="Yeghegnadzor">Yeghegnadzor</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jermuk" title="Jermuk">Jermuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayk" title="Vayk">Vayk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Capital city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Armenia39" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Armenia" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Armenia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Armenia" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Armenia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Armenia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Armenia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Armenia39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Haghpat_Monastery" title="Haghpat Monastery">Haghpat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanahin_Monastery" title="Sanahin Monastery">Sanahin</a></li> <li>Monastery of <a href="/wiki/Geghard" title="Geghard">Geghard</a> and the Upper Azat Valley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etchmiadzin_Cathedral" title="Etchmiadzin Cathedral">Cathedral</a> and Churches of <a href="/wiki/Vagharshapat" title="Vagharshapat">Echmiatsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saint_Hripsime_Church" title="Saint Hripsime Church">Saint Hripsime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Gayane_Church" title="Saint Gayane Church">Saint Gayane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shoghakat_Church" title="Shoghakat Church">Shoghakat</a>) and the Archaeological Site of <a href="/wiki/Zvartnots_Cathedral" title="Zvartnots Cathedral">Zvartnots</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/50px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/75px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/100px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Armenia116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_in_Armenia" title="Template:Intangible Cultural Heritage in Armenia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_in_Armenia" title="Template talk:Intangible Cultural Heritage in Armenia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_in_Armenia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intangible Cultural Heritage in Armenia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Armenia116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_elements_in_Armenia" title="List of Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Armenia">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage elements in Armenia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duduk" title="Duduk">Duduk and its music</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khachkar" title="Khachkar">Armenian cross-stones art. Symbolism and craftsmanship of Khachkars</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daredevils_of_Sassoun" title="Daredevils of Sassoun">Performance of the Armenian epic of 'Daredevils of Sassoun' or 'David of Sassoun</a>' (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavash" title="Lavash">Lavash, the preparation, meaning and appearance of traditional bread as an expression of culture in Armenia</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochari" title="Kochari">Kochari, traditional group dance</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian letter art and its cultural expressions</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a> to the <a href="/wiki/St._Thaddeus_Apostle_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thaddeus Apostle Monastery">St. Thaddeus Apostle Monastery</a> (2020)</li> <li>Tradition of blacksmithing in Gyumri (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px_Geographic_locale147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="25px_Geographic_locale147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/25px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/38px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/50px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Geographic locale</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus149" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Countries and regions of the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus" title="Template talk:Countries and regions of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and regions of the Caucasus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_regions_of_the_Caucasus149" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and regions of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:1em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:left; horizontal-align:left; align:left;"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soviet Caucasia"><img alt="Soviet Caucasia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/105px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/158px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/210px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Soviet Caucasia</figcaption></figure></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Adjara.svg/23px-Flag_of_Adjara.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Adjara.svg/35px-Flag_of_Adjara.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Adjara.svg/45px-Flag_of_Adjara.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Adjara" title="Adjara">Adjara</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flag_of_Adygea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Adygea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Adygea" title="Adygea">Adygea</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Chechen_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Dagestan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Dagestan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ingushetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ingushetia" title="Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kabardino-Balkaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kalmykia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="320" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kalmykia" title="Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Karachay-Cherkessia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Krasnodar_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Ossetia%E2%80%93Alania" title="North Ossetia–Alania">North Ossetia – Alania</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/23px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/35px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg/45px-Flag_of_Stavropol_Krai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Stavropol_Krai" title="Stavropol Krai">Stavropol Krai</a></div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:15em;"><div> <div style="vertical-align:right; horizontal-align:right; align:right;"></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup><small>1</small></sup></span> Partially-recognized states</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a><sup>2</sup> (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative<br />regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe1244" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe1244" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a><sup>3</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a><sup>4</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a><sup>3</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a><sup>2</sup> (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas<br />of internal<br />sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li><sup>3</sup> <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li><sup>4</sup> Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Europe72" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Europe" title="Template talk:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Europe72" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (only <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Armenia" title="Prehistoric Armenia">Prehistoric Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orontid_dynasty#History" title="Orontid dynasty">Orontid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxiad_dynasty#History" title="Artaxiad dynasty">Artaxiad dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia#History" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsacid_dynasty_of_Armenia#History" title="Arsacid dynasty of Armenia"> Arsacid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Armenia#History" title="Sasanian Armenia">Sasanian Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Armenia" title="Medieval Armenia">Medieval Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Georgia" title="Mongol invasions of Georgia">Mongol invasions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia#History" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1453–1829" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1453-1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenia_(1502%E2%80%931828)#History" title="Iranian Armenia (1502–1828)">1502-1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#Ottoman_Armenia:_1829–1878" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1829-1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_the_Ottoman_Empire#National_awakening:_1880s" title="Armenians in the Ottoman Empire">1880-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armenia" title="Russian Armenia">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia#History" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stone Age in Azerbaijan">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_and_Iron_Age_in_Azerbaijan" title="Bronze and Iron Age in Azerbaijan">Bronze and Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages_in_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Middle Ages in Azerbaijan">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_repressions_in_Azerbaijan" title="Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan">Stalinist repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">Russification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_history_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Belarusian history in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_in_Belarus" title="Soviet repressions in Belarus">Soviet repressions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom#History" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Great_Bulgaria#History" title="Old Great Bulgaria">Old Great Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Bulgaria" title="Golden Age of Bulgaria">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire#History" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_(1878%E2%80%931946)" title="History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)">1878-1946</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgaria in World War II">World War II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Bulgaria since 1989">1989-present</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Czech lands">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia#History" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia#History" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_lands_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Czech lands in the High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia#History" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1526%E2%80%931648)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1526–1648)">1526-1648</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1648%E2%80%931867)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1648–1867)">1648-1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Bohemian_Crown_(1867%E2%80%931918)#History" title="Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1867–1918)">1867-1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia" title="History of Czechoslovakia">History of Czechoslovakia</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931938)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)">1918-1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia#History" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech resistance against German occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Czechoslovak_Republic#History" title="Third Czechoslovak Republic">1945-1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Czechoslovakia_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="History of Czechoslovakia (1989–1992)">1989-1992</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)#Danish_conquest" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana#History" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estophilia#Estophile_Enlightenment_Period_(1750–1840)" title="Estophilia">Estophile Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">National awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">1920-1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">Soviet deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Soviet rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia in World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War II">German occupation of Estonia during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Holocaust</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_membership91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="International_membership91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International membership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_organizations_with_Armenia_as_member91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenia_ties" title="Template:Armenia ties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenia_ties" title="Template talk:Armenia ties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenia_ties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenia ties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_organizations_with_Armenia_as_member91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International organizations with <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a> as member</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">ADB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">BSEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">CSTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">EAEU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" title="Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council">EAPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">EBRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe">ECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">EPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Asia_and_the_Pacific" title="United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific">UNESCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">IBRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Free_Trade_Unions" title="International Confederation of Free Trade Unions">ICFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">ICRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">IDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">IFAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">IFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">IFRCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">IOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">IOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">NAM</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">OIF</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">OAS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">OPCW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">PA</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">PACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">PFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">UNCTAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">UNIDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">UPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">UNWTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">WB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Nuclear_Association" title="World Nuclear Association">WNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates observer status</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Council_of_Europe106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Council_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Council_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Council of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Council_of_Europe106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Secretary General of the Council of Europe">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Ministers_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe">Committee of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Council_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Council of Europe">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Commissioner for Human Rights">Commissioner for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_for_the_Efficiency_of_Justice" title="European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice">Commission for the Efficiency of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompidou_Group" title="Pompidou Group">Pompidou Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Member states of the Council of Europe">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Armenia in the Council of Europe">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Azerbaijan in the Council of Europe">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Greece in the Council of Europe">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Council of Europe–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Russia in the Council of Europe">Russia (1996–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar (assoc. 1950–1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)482" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template talk:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)482" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezh Agreement establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata Protocol establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Participants</a>" (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">1991 agreements parties and "participants"</a> (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_relations" title="Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additionally the 1993 <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> parties and "members" (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Self-proclaimed "associate member" as defined in the <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991 agreements parties that do not participate in the summits (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former "participant" that renounced 1991 agreements and 1993 Charter (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (1993–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics" title="Unified Team at the Olympics">Unified Team at the Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Paralympics" title="Unified Team at the Paralympics">Unified Team at the Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_national_bandy_team" title="Commonwealth of Independent States national bandy team">CIS national bandy team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_national_football_team" title="CIS national football team">CIS national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS men's national ice hockey team">CIS national ice hockey team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_(rugby)" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS (rugby)">CIS national rugby union team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Cup" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Cup">CIS Cup (football)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty (1992-1999/2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Armed_Forces_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States">United Armed Forces (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_CIS_Air_Defense_System" title="Joint CIS Air Defense System">Joint CIS Air Defense System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Defense_of_the_CIS" title="Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS">Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Economic_Space_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Common Economic Space of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Common Economic Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Court_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Economic Court of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Economic Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_the_Establishment_of_a_Free_Trade_Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area">1994 FTA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Treaty_on_Free_Trade_Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Treaty on Free Trade Area">2011 FTA Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_Free_Trade_in_Services,_Establishment,_Operations_and_Investment" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations and Investment">2023 Free Trade in Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Aviation_Committee" title="Interstate Aviation Committee">Interstate Aviation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">GOST (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside the CIS framework</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Convention" title="Eurasian Patent Convention">Eurasian Patent Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Organization" title="Eurasian Patent Organization">Eurasian Patent Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Assistance_to_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States">EU Technical Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">New Union Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Rapid_Reaction_Force" title="Collective Rapid Reaction Force">Collective Rapid Reaction Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Category:Commonwealth of Independent States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eurasian_Economic_Union322" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Template:Eurasian Economic Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Template talk:Eurasian Economic Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian Economic Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eurasian_Economic_Union322" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Observer members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union">Prospective members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union#Free_Trade_Zone_agreements" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Free Trade Zone agreements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Political_Community80" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Political_Community" title="Template:European Political Community"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Political_Community" title="Template talk:European Political Community"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Political_Community" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Political Community"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Political_Community80" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_European_Political_Community_Summit" title="1st European Political Community Summit">Prague, Czech Republic; Autumn 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_European_Political_Community_Summit" title="2nd European Political Community Summit">Bulboaca, Moldova; Spring 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_European_Political_Community_Summit" title="3rd European Political Community Summit">Granada, Spain; Autumn 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_European_Political_Community_Summit" title="4th European Political Community Summit">Woodstock, United Kingdom; Spring 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_European_Political_Community_Summit" title="5th European Political Community Summit">Budapest, Hungary; Autumn 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Upcoming summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/6th_European_Political_Community_Summit" title="6th European Political Community Summit">Tirana, Albania; Spring 2025</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_European_Political_Community_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th European Political Community Summit (page does not exist)"> Denmark; Autumn 2025</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participating states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie304" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie304" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_(OSCE)248" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OSCE" title="Template:OSCE"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OSCE" title="Template talk:OSCE"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OSCE" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OSCE"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_(OSCE)248" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partners for <br /> Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations: OSCE-participating States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Armenia–OSCE relations">Armenia–OSCE relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93OSCE_relations" title="Azerbaijan–OSCE relations">Azerbaijan–OSCE relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Italy_to_OSCE" title="List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE">List of ambassadors of Italy to OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomats_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_OSCE" title="List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE">List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mission_to_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" title="United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">United States Mission to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies and posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Conciliation_and_Arbitration" title="Court of Conciliation and Arbitration">Court of Conciliation and Arbitration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Democratic_Institutions_and_Human_Rights" title="Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights">Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Commissioner_on_National_Minorities" title="High Commissioner on National Minorities">Commissioner on National Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Representative_on_Freedom_of_the_Media" title="OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media">Representative on Freedom of the Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Minsk_Group" title="OSCE Minsk Group">OSCE Minsk Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Presence_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Presence in Albania (page does not exist)">Presence in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="OSCE Mission in Kosovo">Mission in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Montenegro (page does not exist)">Mission to Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Moldova (page does not exist)">Mission to Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Serbia (page does not exist)">Mission to Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Mission_to_Skopje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Mission to Skopje (page does not exist)">Mission to Skopje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Centre_in_Ashgabat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Centre in Ashgabat (page does not exist)">Centre in Ashgabat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Programme_Office_in_Astana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Programme Office in Astana (page does not exist)">Programme Office in Astana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Programme_Office_in_Bishkek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Programme Office in Bishkek (page does not exist)">Programme Office in Bishkek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Programme_Office_in_Dushanbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Programme Office in Dushanbe (page does not exist)">Programme Office in Dushanbe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCE_Project_Co-ordinator_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCE Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Project Co-ordinator in Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_Representatives_of_the_OSCE_Chairperson-in-Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Personal Representatives of the OSCE Chairperson-in-Office (page does not exist)">Personal Representatives of the OSCE Chairperson-in-Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former field missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Needs_Assessment_Team_in_Armenia" title="OSCE Needs Assessment Team in Armenia">Needs Assessment Team in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Mission_to_Croatia" title="OSCE Mission to Croatia">Mission to Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Verification_Mission" title="Kosovo Verification Mission">Kosovo Verification Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Initiative" title="Community Security Initiative">Community Security Initiative in Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Special_Monitoring_Mission_to_Ukraine" title="OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine">Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation_(BSEC)112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation_(BSEC)112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:6.5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:12.75em;"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_Armenia_to_BSEC" title="Permanent Mission of Armenia to BSEC">Armenia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:12.75em;"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:12.75em;"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:12.75em;"><div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_SCO_summit" title="2012 SCO summit">Beijing 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">Dushanbe 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_SCO_summit" title="2017 SCO summit">Astana 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_SCO_summit" title="2022 SCO summit">Samarkand 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit" title="2024 SCO summit">Astana 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit_(heads_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 SCO summit (heads of government)">Islamabad 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Armenia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Trade_Organization590" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Trade_Organization" title="Template talk:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Trade_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Trade Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Trade_Organization590" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">System</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Member states of the World Trade Organization">Accession and membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appellate_Body" title="Appellate Body">Appellate Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispute_Settlement_Body" title="Dispute Settlement Body">Dispute Settlement Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Timeline of the World Trade Organization">Chronology of key events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Criticism of the World Trade Organization">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Development_Round" title="Doha Development Round">Doha Development Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_issues" title="Singapore issues">Singapore issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quota_Elimination" title="Quota Elimination">Quota Elimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Clause" title="Peace Clause">Peace Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Agriculture" title="Agreement on Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Application_of_Sanitary_and_Phytosanitary_Measures" title="Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures">Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Technical_Barriers_to_Trade" title="Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade">Technical Barriers to Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Trade-Related_Investment_Measures" title="Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures">Trade-Related Investment Measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Services" title="General Agreement on Trade in Services">Trade in Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRIPS_Agreement" title="TRIPS Agreement">Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Government_Procurement" title="Agreement on Government Procurement">Government Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Agreement" title="Information Technology Agreement">Information Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrakesh_Agreement" title="Marrakesh Agreement">Marrakesh Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doha_Declaration_on_the_TRIPS_agreement_and_public_health" title="Doha Declaration on the TRIPS agreement and public health">Doha Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Package" title="Bali Package">Bali Package</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ministerial_Conference" title="Ministerial Conference">Ministerial<br />Conferences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1996" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1996">1st (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1998" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1998">2nd (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 1999">3rd (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2001" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2001">4th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2003" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2003">5th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2005" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2005">6th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2009" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2009">7th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2011" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2011">8th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2013" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2013">9th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2015" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2015">10th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2017" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2017">11th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_2022" title="World Trade Organization Ministerial Conference of 2022">12th (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngozi_Okonjo-Iweala" title="Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala">Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Director-General of the World Trade Organization">Director-General</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Azev%C3%AAdo" title="Roberto Azevêdo">Roberto Azevêdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Lamy" title="Pascal Lamy">Pascal Lamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supachai_Panitchpakdi" title="Supachai Panitchpakdi">Supachai Panitchpakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Jara" title="Alejandro Jara">Alejandro Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Yerxa" title="Rufus Yerxa">Rufus Yerxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Afghanistan" title="Economy of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Angola" title="Economy of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Economy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Argentina" title="Economy of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Armenia" title="Economy of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bahrain" title="Economy of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bangladesh" title="Economy of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Barbados" title="Economy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belize" title="Economy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Benin" title="Economy of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" title="Economy of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Botswana" title="Economy of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brunei" title="Economy of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Economy of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi" title="Economy of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cameroon" title="Economy of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cape_Verde" title="Economy of Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Economy of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chad" title="Economy of Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Chile" title="Economy of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Colombia" title="Economy of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Costa_Rica" title="Economy of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Economy of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cuba" title="Economy of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Djibouti" title="Economy of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Dominica" title="Economy of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ecuador" title="Economy of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_El_Salvador" title="Economy of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Eswatini" title="Economy of Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Fiji" title="Economy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon" title="Economy of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Gambia" title="Economy of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Economy of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ghana" title="Economy of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Grenada" title="Economy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala" title="Economy of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea" title="Economy of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guinea-Bissau" title="Economy of Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guyana" title="Economy of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Honduras" title="Economy of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hong_Kong" title="Economy of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iceland" title="Economy of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_India" title="Economy of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indonesia" title="Economy of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jamaica" title="Economy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Japan" title="Economy of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Jordan" title="Economy of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kazakhstan" title="Economy of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kenya" title="Economy of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Economy of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lesotho" title="Economy of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liberia" title="Economy of Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Economy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Macau</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Madagascar" title="Economy of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malawi" title="Economy of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malaysia" title="Economy of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Maldives" title="Economy of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mali" title="Economy of Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritania" title="Economy of Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mauritius" title="Economy of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mexico" title="Economy of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Moldova" title="Economy of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mongolia" title="Economy of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco" title="Economy of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Mozambique" title="Economy of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Namibia" title="Economy of Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nepal" title="Economy of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_Zealand" title="Economy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nicaragua" title="Economy of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Niger" title="Economy of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Macedonia" title="Economy of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Oman" title="Economy of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Panama" title="Economy of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Economy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Paraguay" title="Economy of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Peru" title="Economy of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rwanda" title="Economy of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Economy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Economy of Saint Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Economy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Samoa" title="Economy of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Senegal" title="Economy of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Seychelles" title="Economy of Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Economy of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Economy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Africa" title="Economy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Economy of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Suriname" title="Economy of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Switzerland" title="Economy of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tajikistan" title="Economy of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Taiwan</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tanzania" title="Economy of Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Thailand" title="Economy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Togo" title="Economy of Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tonga" title="Economy of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Economy of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tunisia" title="Economy of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Turkey" title="Economy of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uganda" title="Economy of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Ukraine" title="Economy of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Uruguay" title="Economy of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Vietnam" title="Economy of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Yemen" title="Economy of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zambia" title="Economy of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economy of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="European_Union48" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria" title="Economy of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belgium" title="Economy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bulgaria" title="Economy of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Croatia" title="Economy of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cyprus" title="Economy of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Economy of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Denmark" title="Economy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Estonia" title="Economy of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Finland" title="Economy of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Greece" title="Economy of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Latvia" title="Economy of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lithuania" title="Economy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Luxembourg" title="Economy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Malta" title="Economy of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Economy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Poland" title="Economy of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Portugal" title="Economy of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Romania" title="Economy of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia" title="Economy of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Slovenia" title="Economy of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Spain" title="Economy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sweden" title="Economy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China</a>, participating as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao, China".</li> <li>Officially the Republic of China, participates as "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu</a>", and "Chinese Taipei" in short.</li></ol> <p><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_personifications85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_personifications" title="Template:National personifications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_personifications" title="Template talk:National personifications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_personifications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National personifications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_personifications85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_personification" title="National personification">National personifications</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Afghanistan, Iran and Tajikistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Albania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Albania_(statue)" title="Mother Albania (statue)">Mother Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_the_Americas" title="Personification of the Americas">Personification of the Americas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegorical_representations_of_Argentina" title="Allegorical representations of Argentina">Effigies of Argentina</a></li></ul></li> <li>Armenia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Armenia" title="Mother Armenia">Mother Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Boy_from_Manly" title="Little Boy from Manly">Little Boy from Manly</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bangladesh <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangamata" title="Bangamata">Bangamata</a></li></ul></li> <li>Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Belgicus" title="Leo Belgicus">Leo Belgicus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Brazil <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%ADgie_da_Rep%C3%BAblica" title="Efígie da República">Efígie da República</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preah_Thong_and_Neang_Neak" title="Preah Thong and Neang Neak">Preah Thong and Neang Neak</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Canuck" title="Johnny Canuck">Johnny Canuck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chile <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huaso" title="Huaso">Huaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roto" title="Roto">Roto</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panda" class="mw-redirect" title="Panda">Panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Emperor" title="Jade Emperor">Jade Emperor</a></li></ul></li> <li>Croatia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Croatia" title="Mother Croatia">Mother Croatia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Czech Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cechie" title="Čechie">Čechie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Va%C5%A1ek" title="Czech Vašek">Czech Vašek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Soldier_%C5%A0vejk" title="The Good Soldier Švejk">Švejk</a></li></ul></li> <li>Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogier_the_Dane" title="Ogier the Dane">Holger Danske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Denmark" title="Mother Denmark">Mother Denmark</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)" title="Europa (consort of Zeus)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_regina" title="Europa regina">Europa regina</a></li></ul></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Maiden" title="Finnish Maiden">Finnish Maiden</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_rooster" title="Gallic rooster">Gallic rooster</a></li></ul></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartlis_Deda" title="Kartlis Deda">Kartvlis Deda</a></li></ul></li> <li>Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Michel" title="Deutscher Michel">Deutscher Michel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(personification)" title="Germania (personification)">Germania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellas_(personification)" title="Hellas (personification)">Hellas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Haiti <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ezili_Dantor" title="Ezili Dantor">Ezili Dantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Flon" title="Catherine Flon">Catherine Flon</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hungary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_Hungaria" title="Lady of Hungaria">Lady of Hungaria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iceland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Mountain" title="Lady of the Mountain">Lady of the Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Mata" title="Bharat Mata">Bharat Mata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Elephant">Indian Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibu_Pertiwi" title="Ibu Pertiwi">Ibu Pertiwi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89riu" title="Ériu">Ériu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia_(personification)" title="Hibernia (personification)">Hibernia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Ni_Houlihan" title="Kathleen Ni Houlihan">Kathleen Ni Houlihan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srulik" title="Srulik">Srulik</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italia_turrita" title="Italia turrita">Italia turrita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roma_(personification)" title="Roma (personification)">Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amaterasu" title="Amaterasu">Amaterasu</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kenya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wanjiku" title="Wanjiku">Wanjiku</a></li></ul></li> <li>Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dangun" title="Dangun">Dangun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ungnyeo" title="Ungnyeo">Ungnyeo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kyrgyzstan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Manas" title="Epic of Manas">Manas</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lebanon <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Abed" title="Abu Abed">Abu Abed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malaysia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hang_Tuah" title="Hang Tuah">Hang Tuah</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melita_(personification)" title="Melita (personification)">Melita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Netherlands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Maiden" title="Dutch Maiden">Dutch Maiden</a></li></ul></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_man" title="Southern man">Southern man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia_(personification)" title="Zealandia (personification)">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Norway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ola_Nordmann" title="Ola Nordmann">Ola Nordmann</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaheen_falcon" title="Shaheen falcon">Shaheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Jinnah" title="Fatima Jinnah">Māder-e Millat</a></li></ul></li> <li>Palestine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handala" title="Handala">Handala</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Motherland" title="Peruvian Motherland">Madre Patria</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_dela_Cruz" title="Juan dela Cruz">Juan dela Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Clara" title="María Clara">Maria Clara</a></li></ul></li> <li>Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonia_(personification)" title="Polonia (personification)">Polonia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%ADgie_da_Rep%C3%BAblica" title="Efígie da República">Efígie da República</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9_Povinho" title="Zé Povinho">Zé Povinho</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personification_of_Russia" title="Personification of Russia">Mother Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Bear" title="Russian Bear">Russian Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li></ul></li> <li>Serbia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Maiden" title="Kosovo Maiden">Kosovo Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Serbia" title="Mother Serbia">Mother Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Singapore <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merlion" title="Merlion">Merlion</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_(personification)" title="Hispania (personification)">Hispania</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Svea" title="Mother Svea">Mother Svea</a></li></ul></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helvetia" title="Helvetia">Helvetia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Thailand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Devadhiraj" title="Siam Devadhiraj">Siam Devadhiraj</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Mamay" title="Cossack Mamay">Cossack Mamay</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bull" title="John Bull">John Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Morewood_Staniforth#Dame_Wales" title="Joseph Morewood Staniforth">Dame Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brother_Jonathan" title="Brother Jonathan">Brother Jonathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_(personification)" title="Liberty (personification)">Lady Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Justice" title="Lady Justice">Lady Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Yank" title="Billy Yank">Billy Yank</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Northern states</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Reb" title="Johnny Reb">Johnny Reb</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Southern states</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryballs" title="Countryballs">Countryballs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberty_symbols" title="Category:Liberty symbols">Other symbols of Liberty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_with_limited_recognition575" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Template:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Template talk:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_with_limited_recognition575" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Details concerning <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">international recognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign relations</a> provided by the articles linked in parentheses</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Partially_unrecognised22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Partially unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic of Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Cyprus">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Foreign relations of Israel">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Korea" title="Foreign relations of South Korea">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">UN specialized agency members<br /> or <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">GA observer</a> state</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Partially_unrecognised22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Partially unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the State of Palestine">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Kosovo_in_international_organizations" title="Membership of Kosovo in international organizations">membership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Foreign relations of the Cook Islands">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Niue" title="Foreign relations of Niue">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-UN member<br />states</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised by at least<br />one UN member</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Republic of Abkhazia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Abkhazia" title="Foreign relations of Abkhazia">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Northern_Cyprus_in_international_organizations" title="Membership of Northern Cyprus in international organizations">membership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">Republic of South Ossetia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Ossetia" title="Foreign relations of South Ossetia">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised only by<br />non-UN members</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Transnistria" title="Foreign relations of Transnistria">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Republic of Somaliland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somaliland" title="Foreign relations of Somaliland">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q399#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2510" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q399#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2510" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q399#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121643812">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/138518304">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1262063/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJp9mKY4fgRxdKTXWTYXVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4085931-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92057129">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123844340">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123844340">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560353">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arménie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128679&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX456235">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcfdqzk3pmntnv">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007530978905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/6474fa20-e0d6-3ef2-95ce-a6f73408cd5e">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/51bf49cc-1d08-4f0f-954f-e9f7cfab7f2e">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1522241">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/w0cnp4d1">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027316211">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/025005">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045258">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=34714">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenia&oldid=1276089009">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armenia&oldid=1276089009</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armenia" title="Category:Armenia">Armenia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armenian-speaking_countries_and_territories" title="Category:Armenian-speaking countries and territories">Armenian-speaking countries and territories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caucasus" 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[\"CITEREFBournoutian2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanardCahen1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentral_Intelligence_Agency2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChahin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_W._HartleyG._Bike_YazicioğluAdam_T._Smith2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCroissant1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Waal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemourian2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolukhanovAslanianKolpakovBelyaeva2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowling2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErocalYegorov2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarsoïan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavin2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhazarian2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreppinDiakonoff1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroteRöder2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrousset1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHacikyanBasmajianFranchukOuzounian2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerzigKurkchiyan2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHille2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoltLambtonLewis1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHovannisian1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbp_Inc2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIlyushina2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Minahan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosephus\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshua_J._Mark\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKavoukjian1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKieserSchaller2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKifner2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiniry\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirakosian1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKossian1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKroonenBarjamovicPeyrot2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurkjian1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLane1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeblanc2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeven2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinHanscomMurthyGalli2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalloryAdams1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeltonBaumann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art_(New_York,_N.Y.)N._Y.)_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art_(New_YorkSperos_P._(jr.)_VryonisThomas_F._Mathews1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikaberidze2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinahan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoreno_Ocampo2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMovsisyan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaegele2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatasha_May_Azarian2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNona_Mikhelidze2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOhannes_Geukjian2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrosyan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayfield2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRazmik_Panossian2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_G._Hovannisian2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Pipes1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRouben_Paul_Adalian2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Payaslian2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefesPaturyan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStokes,_Jamie2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStringer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvenska_forskningsinstitutet_i_Istanbul1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_A._Green2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuray\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUtudjian1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVartan_Matiossian2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWesolowsky2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXenophon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZahorka\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarifian2024\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 26,\n [\"Administrative divisions of Armenia\"] = 1,\n [\"Armenia Labelled Map\"] = 1,\n [\"Armenia ties\"] = 1,\n [\"Armenia topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Armenian nationalism\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"By whom\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 61,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 124,\n [\"Cities and towns in Armenia\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 6,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Council of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries and regions of the Caucasus\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"EI2\"] = 1,\n [\"Eastern Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 8,\n [\"Eurasian Economic Union (EEU)\"] = 1,\n [\"European Political Community\"] = 1,\n [\"Free-content attribution\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Intangible Cultural Heritage in Armenia\"] = 1,\n [\"La Francophonie\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 27,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 3,\n [\"Legend inline\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 32,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 2,\n [\"National personifications\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 3,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OSCE\"] = 1,\n [\"Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC)\"] = 1,\n [\"Parabr\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Protection padlock\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 3,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Script\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Shanghai Cooperation Organization\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Sovereign states of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 1,\n [\"States with limited recognition\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 2,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Twitter\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 3,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Update after\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 18,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 2,\n [\"World Heritage Sites in Armenia\"] = 1,\n [\"World Trade Organization\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","500","18.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","9.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","220","8.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","200","7.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","6.8"],["recursiveClone 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-02T05:33:58Z","dateModified":"2025-02-16T20:39:18Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2f\/Flag_of_Armenia.svg","headline":"sovereign state in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia"}</script> </body> </html>